Dynamic Foundation

Dynamic Foundations:
Basics of Analysis & Design

Agenda
• Resources
• Types of Machines & Foundations
• When
h is i Dynamic
i Analysis
A l i Required?
i d?
• What is Dynamic Analysis?
- Basics of Dynamics
- Preliminary Design
- Machine Manufacturer Criteria
- Detailed Analysis & Design
• Construction Considerations
• Questions
Q i
Resources
• ACI 351.3R-04. “Foundations for Dynamic
Equipment.” American Concrete Institute, 2004.
• El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations-

Lecture Notes.” Geotechnical Research Center,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Western Ontario.
http://www engga uwo ca/People/helnaggar/default htm
http://www.engga.uwo.ca/People/helnaggar/default.htm
• Arya, Suresh; O’Neil, Michael, & Pincus, George.

“D i off St
“Design Structures
t andd F
Foundations
d ti for
f Vibrating
Vib ti
Machines.” Gulf Publishing Co, June 1979.
Types of Dynamic Machines
Pumps
Fans
Turbine Generators
Types of Foundations
Block vs. Table Top

Piles vs. Soil supported
pp
When is dynamic analysis required?
The level of analysis required is primarily dictated by the

design requirements and performance parameters provided by
the machine manufacturer.
Varying
V i levels
l l off dynamic
d i analysis
l i include:
i l d
1. Mass Ratio (Fdn wt : equipment wt)
2. Frequency Analysis
3. Forced Response Analysis
What is the approach to dynamic analysis?
Select Determine
Dimensions D
Dynamic
i
Response
Basics of Dynamics
Source: El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations.”

Basics of Dynamics – Types of Models

Basics of Dynamics – Rigid Body Modes
RIGID BODIES (Translational):

Basics of Dynamics – Rigid Body Modes
RIGID BODIES (Rotational):

Basics of Dynamics – Mode Shapes
Source: Arya, O’Neill, & Pincus, “Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines.”
Basics of Dynamics – Mode Shapes
Source: GERB Vibration Control systems

Basics of Dynamics
SDOF Equation of Motion:
F i function
Forcing f ti
Basics of Dynamics
For a rotating machine:

Basics of Dynamics
Source: ACI 351

Preliminary Design – Rules of Thumb
The following guidelines may be used for the trial dimensions of
the foundation block:
1. Generally, the base of the foundation should be above the

ground water table. It should be resting on competent native
soil
il (no
( backfill
b kfill or vibration-sensitive
ib i i i soil).
il)
2. The mass of the block should be 2-3 times the mass of the
supported rotating machine, and 3-5 times the supported
reciprocating machine.

3. The top of the block should be 0.3 m above the elevation of
the finished floor.
4. The thickness of the block should be the greatest of 0.6 m,

the anchorage length of the anchor bolts and 1/5 the least
di
dimension
i off the
th footing.
f ti
5. The width should be 1-1.5 times the vertical distance from

the base to the machine centerline to increase damping in rock-
ing mode.

6. The length is estimated from the mass requirement and
estimated thickness and width of the foundation. The length
should
h ld then
th beb increased
i d by
b 0.3
0 3 m for
f access maintenance
i t
purposes.
7. The length and width of the foundation are adjusted so that

the center of gravity of the machine plus equipment lies within
5% of the foundation dimension in each direction
direction, from the
foundation center of gravity.

8. It is desirable to increase the embedded depth of the
foundation to increase the damping and provide lateral restraint
as well.
ll
9. Ensure dimensions fit with all physical constraints.

Preliminary Design – Physical Constraints
FD FD
PA FAN PA FAN
FAN FAN
FD FD
FAN FAN
PA FAN PA FAN
Detailed Dynamic Analysis
Design Checks:
Preliminary
- Mass ratio
Frequency (Modal) Analysis

- Natural frequency outside of a range the of
operating frequency
Forced Response (Time History)

- Maximum displacement amplitude
- Min foundation stiffness in all
directions
- Relative displacements between
bearings (multiple rotors)
- Maximum velocity
- Maximum acceleration
Source: ACI 351

Dynamic Amplification
Amplification Factor & Natural Frequency Avoidance
0.8 1.2
Source: ACI 351

Dynamic Amplification – Natural Frequency
Natural Frequency Equation
Source: Pincus & GERB Vibration Control systems

Other Design Considerations
Interesting fact:
Motion
M ti which
hi h may be
b noticed
ti d
by persons is on the order of
1/100 of that which is likely to
cause damage to machines.
Source: Whitman & Richart. “Design Procedures for Dynamically Loaded Foundations”
Machine Manufacturer’s Design Criteria
Source:ACI 351
Additional loads for a turbine:
- Bowed rotor
- Loss of blade
- G
Generator short
h circuit
i i
- Condenser vacuum
- Valve trips
p
Machine Performance
Performance Zones
A=No Faults, New
B=Minor Faults,
Good Condition
C = Faulty, Correct
In 10 Days To Save
$$
D = Failure Is Near,
Correct In 2 Days
E = Stop Now
Source: ACI 351 & Richard P. Ray,

Ph.D., P.E., University of South Carolina
Computer Modeling - Soil Considerations
To accurately account for soil-structure interactions for

damping
p g and stiffness effects on the system,
y , a pprogram
g
which accounts for the geotechnical analysis is necessary.
Geotechnical parameters required for analysis include:

-G, shear modulus
-mass density
-Poisson’s
i ’ ratio
i
-damping ratio
p and thickness of soil layers
-depths y
Input:
Geotechnical parameters, Physical characteristics, Dynamic load
Response Output: Stiffness and Displacements

Check against
M hi
Machine
Requirements:
- Vibration
Amplitudes
- Vibration
Velocities
- Foundation
Stiffness
Computer Modeling - Structural
Structural modeling – Steam Turbine-Generator
Construction Considerations
Summary
• Resources
• Types of Machines & Foundations
• When
h is i Dynamic
i Analysis
A l i Required?
i d?
• What is Dynamic Analysis?
- Basics of Dynamics
- Preliminary Design
- Machine Manufacturer Criteria
- Detailed Analysis & Design
• Construction Considerations
• Questions
Q i
Dynamic Foundations:
Basics of Analysis & Design
Thanks
Th k ffor A
Attending.
di
Have a Great Day.
Day

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Dynamic Foundations:

Basics of Analysis & Design

• El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations-

• Arya, Suresh; O’Neil, Michael, & Pincus, George.

Block vs. Table Top

The level of analysis required is primarily dictated by the

Source: El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations.”

Source: El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations.”

RIGID BODIES (Translational):

RIGID BODIES (Rotational):

Source: GERB Vibration Control systems

SDOF Equation of Motion:

For a rotating machine:

Source: El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations.”

For a rotating machine:

Source: ACI 351

1. Generally, the base of the foundation should be above the

Source: El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations.”

4. The thickness of the block should be the greatest of 0.6 m,

5. The width should be 1-1.5 times the vertical distance from

Source: El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations.”

7. The length and width of the foundation are adjusted so that

Source: El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations.”

9. Ensure dimensions fit with all physical constraints.

Source: El Naggar, M.H. “Design of Machine Foundations.”

Frequency (Modal) Analysis

Forced Response (Time History)

Source: ACI 351

Source: ACI 351

Natural Frequency Equation

Source: Pincus & GERB Vibration Control systems

For a rotating machine:

Additional loads for a turbine:

Source: ACI 351 & Richard P. Ray,

To accurately account for soil-structure interactions for

Geotechnical parameters required for analysis include:

Response Output: Stiffness and Displacements

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