A.

Buffer
You have to create buffer all the time, it is fixed distance around the
polygon, polyline or point file. To do that open the tool from Vector
> Geoprocessing Tools > Intersect. Then you assign the layer under
Input layer, buffer distance and output file name.

B. Intersect
Intersect tools allow you to exclude the area that is not overlapping. To do
that open the tool from Vector > Geoprocessing Tools >
Intersect. You assign Input Vector layer and Intersect layer and finally
assign the output file name.
C. Union
Union allow to merge two layer into one layer but it does not remove the
boundary line. To do that open the tool from Vector > Geoprocessing
Tools > Union. You assign Input Vector layer and Union layer and finally
assign the output file name. Attributes from both the layer are copied.
D. Symmetrical Difference
Symmetrical Difference is opposite to intersect, it removes area that is
overlapping. To do that open the tool from Vector > Geoprocessing Tools
> Symmetrical Difference. You assign Input Vector layer and Difference
layer and finally assign the output file name. Attributes from both the layer
are copied.
E. Clip
Clipping allows you to clip the feature with the defined boundary line. To do
that open the tool from Vector > Geoprocessing Tools > Clip. You assign
Input Vector layer that you want to clip and Clip layer that's boundary line
will be used to clip and finally assign the output file name. It is similar to
intersection tools, only difference is input layer attributes are copied.
F. Difference
Difference layers allows to create area of input layer that is not overlapped.
To do that open the tool from Vector > Geoprocessing Tools >
Difference. You assign Input Vector layer that you want to create that is not
overlapped and Difference layer that is overlapping some area of input
layer and finally assign the output file name. Attribute table holds the values
of input layer.
G. Dissolve
Dissolve layer is similar to union but in this everything is merged by the
common field and it works on single layer. To do that open the tool
from Vector > Geoprocessing Tools > Dissolve. You assign Input Vector
layer that you want to work on and dissolve field that is common and finally
assign the output file name.
Clip
Description
This algorithm clips a vector layer using the polygons of an additional polygon layer. Only the parts of the features in the input layer that falls
within the polygons of the clipping layer will be added to the resulting layer.

The attributes of the features are not modified, although properties such as area or length of the features will be modified by the clipping
operation. If such properties are stored as attributes, those attributes will have to be manually updated.

This algorithm uses spatial indexes on the providers, prepared geometries and apply an intersection operation if the geometry isn’t wholly
contained by the mask geometry.

Parameters
Input layer [vector: any]
The layer containing the features to be clipped.

Clip layer [vector: any]

The layer containing the features that are used to clip the features in the input layer.

Open output file after running algorithm

Choose whether to load the clipped layer to the map canvas once the clip operation has been completed.

Outputs
Clipped [vector]

Where to save the clipped layer. Can be saved to file, a temporary file or a memory layer.

Console usage
processing.runalg('qgis:clip', input, overlay, output)

See also
Difference
Description
This algorithm extracts features from the Input layer that don’t fall within the boundaries of the Difference layer. Input Layer Features that are
partially within Difference layer feature(s) are split along the boundary of the clip layer feature(s). If any features are selected in the Input and
Difference Layers, then only those features are used in the operation. If no features are selected, then the operation is performed using all
features.

Parameters
Input layer [vector: any]

The layer containing the features that will be reduced.

Difference layer [vector: any]

The layer containing the features used to reduce the Input Layer.

Outputs
Difference [vector]

Where to save the difference layer. Can be saved to file, a temporary file or a memory layer.
Console usage
processing.runalg('qgis:difference', input, overlay, output)

See also
Intersection
Description
This algorithm combines features from the Input layer and the Intersect Layer, resulting in features that cover both layers’ features. Input
Feature(s) that only partially lie within the other layer’s feature(s) are split along the boundary of the other layer’s feature(s). If any features
are selected in the Input and Intersect Layers, then only those features are used in the operation. If no features are selected then the
operation is performed using all features.

Parameters
Input layer [vector: any]

One layer containing feature(s) to be combined.

Intersect layer [vector: any]

Second layer containing the feature(s) to be combined.

Outputs
Intersection [vector]

Where to save the intersection layer. Can be saved to file, a temporary file or a memory layer.

Console usage
processing.runalg('qgis:intersection', input, input2, output)

See also
Line intersections
Description
<put algorithm description here>
Parameters
Input layer [vector: line]

<put parameter description here>

Intersect layer [vector: line]

<put parameter description here>

Input unique ID field [tablefield: any]

<put parameter description here>

Intersect unique ID field [tablefield: any]

<put parameter description here>

Outputs
Output layer [vector]

Where to save the line intersection layer. Can be saved to file, a temporary file or a memory layer.

Console usage
processing.runalg('qgis:lineintersections', input_a, input_b, field_a,
field_b, output)

See also
Split lines with lines
Description
This algorithm splits the lines in a line layer using the lines in another line layer to define the breaking points. Intersection between
geometries in both layers are considered as split points.

Parameters
Input layer [vector: line]

Line layer containing the lines to be split.

Split layer [vector: line]

Line layer whose lines are used to define the breaking points.
Outputs
Splitted [vector]

Output layer with split lines from input layer.

Console usage
processing.runalg('qgis:splitlineswithlines', input_layer, split_layer,
splitted)

See also
Symmetrical difference
Description
This algorithm creates a layer that includes all feature(s) that are in only one of the two input layers. Feature(s) that only partially lie within the
other layer’s feature(s) are split along the boundary of the other layer’s feature(s). If any features are selected in the Input and Difference
Layers, then only those features are used in the operation. If no features are selected then the operation is performed using all features.

Parameters
Input layer [vector: any]

One layer containing feature(s) to be compared.

Difference layer [vector: any]

Second layer containing feature(s) to be compared.

Outputs
Symmetrical difference [vector]

Where to save the symmetrical difference layer. Can be saved to file, a temporary file or a memory layer.

Console usage
processing.runalg('qgis:symetricaldifference', input, overlay, output)

See also
Union
Description
This algorithm combines the feature(s) of both layers. Features that lie partially within the other layer’s features will be split. Areas that lie
within both layers will be added as new features. If any features are selected in either of the layers, then only those features are used in the
operation. If no features are selected then the operation is performed using all features.

Parameters
Input layer [vector: any]

One layer containing feature(s) to be unioned.

Input layer 2 [vector: any]

Second layer containing feature(s) to be unioned.

Outputs
Union [vector]

Where to save the union layer. Can be saved to file, a temporary file or a memory layer.

Console usage
processing.runalg('qgis:union', input, input2, output)