Simplify Materials Selection: Your Guide To Making Choices That Reduce The Impact of Corrosion

Simplify Materials Selection
Your guide to making choices that reduce the impact of corrosion

Identifying Types of Corrosion Understanding Requirements
Choose with Confidence What is Corrosion Steps to Control Corrosion
and Selecting Materials and Standards
Learn More 2
Index
Choose with Confidence 3 316 Stainless Steel 16 Learn More 33
What is Corrosion 4 6-Moly Alloys 17 Materials Science Training 33

Alloy 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel 18 Additional Resources 34
Steps to Control Corrosion 5
Alloy 825 19 Quality and Reliability 34
Identifying Types of Corrosion Alloy 625 20 Product and Systems Training 35
and Selecting Materials 6
Alloy C-276 21 Evaluation and Advisory Services 35
Finding Proper Materials 6
Alloy 400 22 Custom Solutions 35
General (or Uniform) Corrosion 7
Titanium Alloys 23 Find a Technical Advisor 35
Localized Corrosion: Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 8
Engineered Combinations 24 Articles 36
Pitting Corrosion 9
Understanding Requirements and Standards 25 Reference Guide 36
Crevice Corrosion 10
NACE® Requirements 26 Product Test Reports 36
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 11
NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 Overview 27 NACE 36
Sour Gas Cracking or Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) 12
Hydrogen Embrittlement 13 NACE Requirements for Alloy 2507 Super Safe Product Selection 37
Duplex Tube Fittings 28
Intergranular Corrosion (IGC) 14
NACE Requirements for Alloy 625 Standard and
Galvanic Corrosion 15 Medium-Pressure Tube Fittings 29
NACE Requirements for 6-Moly Alloy Tube, Pipe,
and Weld Fittings 30
NORSOK Standards 31
®
Learn More 3
An offshore platform can have nearly 50,000 feet of

tubing, more than 20,000 fluid system components,
no fewer than 10,000 fittings, and as many as 8,000
mechanical connections. Fitting and Tubing Alloy Selection
Application and cost considerations
No wonder choosing one material isn’t easy.
High
In fact, there are many considerations when specifying materials for instrumentation lines,
hydraulic power, chemical injection, deluge systems, and much more. High Alloy
Fitting & Tubing
Application Temperature
That’s where Swagelok can help. We’ve been fighting corrosion since 1947. We simplify
($$$)
selection with our deep understanding of factors that contribute to corrosion, as well as the
properties of materials that help fight it. We use alloys with at least two, but often up to ten Engineered
different elements in optimized concentrations which give our materials superior corrosion Combinations
resistance that helps our products perform better. ($$)
For instance:
Nickel [Ni] + Copper [Cu] = Alloy 400 (Monel®) 316 SS

Iron [Fe] + Nickel [Ni] + Chromium [Cr] + Molybdenum [Mo] = 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel Fitting & Tubing
($)
With stringent quality control measures, expert-led instruction, and authorized sales and
service center support, Swagelok offers unmatched expertise in the world’s toughest Low
environments. We make material selection a matter of confidence for our customers.
Swagelok can make the material difference in your operation. Mild Severe
Corrosive Environment
®
Learn More 4
Oxygen
Just about every metal corrodes under certain conditions.

Water
Corrosion is the physical degradation of a material due to interactions with its
environment. Corrosion occurs when a metal atom is oxidized by a fluid, leading
to a loss of material in the metal surface. This loss reduces the wall thickness of a
component and makes it more prone to mechanical failure. Just about every metal
corrodes under certain conditions. For example, rust is a commonly occurring Rust
byproduct of corrosion, resulting from iron corroding and forming iron oxide. Many hydrated
iron oxides Protective layer
chromium oxide
other types of corrosion exist, however. Each type poses a threat that must be
evaluated when selecting the optimal material for your application. Thickness loss
CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

PITTING CORROSION CREVICE CORROSION
Fe-oxide
Fe-oxide
p
am
Cl
b e
Tu
®
Learn More 5
Total annual costs of corrosion are estimated at $1.3

billion USD for the entire oil and gas production industry.
For oil and gas producers, the problem can be especially costly. NACE International
estimated the total annual cost of corrosion at $1.3 billion USD1 for the entire oil
and gas production industry. But when personnel can visually identify corrosion and
know where to look for it, the risk can be minimized. Better yet, when engineers
can anticipate corrosion and make the best choices, system integrity, longevity of
assets, performance, and safety improve.
Take these steps to reduce the impact of corrosion on your applications:

Identify types of corrosion—what it looks like, where it occurs, and why
l
it happens
l
Select materials resistant to corrosion
l
Minimize locations where crevice corrosion can occur
l
Avoid the contact of dissimilar metals, which can cause galvanic corrosion

Specify everything from the supports and clamps to the tubing itself
l
to reduce the potential for corrosion

l
Understand requirements and standards
l
Learn more through training and other resources
1
Estimated by NACE International (NACE) 2002
®
Learn More 6
6-Moly Alloys
Alloy 2507
Finding a proper materials solution means Alloy 825

Carbon Steel
starting at the source of the problem.

Alloy 625
Ferritic Steel
Alloy C-276
316/316L Martensitic Steel 316/316L
Alloy 400
Precipitation-
Engineered Hardened Alloys
Begin here to learn more about the many types of corrosion, the combinations if only
316/316L tubing is
materials that are affected most, and the materials with greater Localized Crevice affected by crevice Hydrogen
resistance to each type. Corrosion in Chloride- corrosion Embrittlement
Containing Media
316/316L
6-Moly Alloys
6-Moly Alloys
Alloy 2507
Alloy 2507
Alloy 825 316 with high
Carbon Steel Alloy 825 316/316L 316/316L
carbon content
Key Alloy 625
Alloy 625
Alloy C-276
Alloy C-276
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
General (or Uniform) Stress Corrosion Intergranular
Materials Visual or Materials with Corrosion Cracking in Chloride- Corrosion
affected most Microscopic greater resistance Containing Media
by corrosion Appearance to corrosion type
type
Type of Corrosion
6-Moly Alloys
Alloy 2507 Alloy 825 Material in contact Materials with the
316/316L
Alloy 825 Alloy 625 with a much more same or similar
316/316L Alloy 2507 noble material potentials (potential
Alloy 625 Alloy C-276 (e.g., carbon steel difference less than
6-Moly Alloys
Alloy C-276 Alloy 400 and copper) 0.2 Volts)
Alloy 400
Localized Pitting Sour Gas Cracking or Galvanic Corrosion

Corrosion in Chloride- Sulfide Stress Cracking in the Presence of
Containing Media at High Hydrogen Sulfide an Electrolyte
(H2S) Partial Pressure
®
Learn More 7
General (or Uniform) Corrosion

Easily recognized: surface is uniformly affected by formation of “red rust”
What it is: The most well-known type of corrosion is also the easiest to spot and
predict. It is unusual—but not unheard of—for general corrosion to lead to disastrous
failures. For this reason, general corrosion is often regarded as an eyesore rather
than a serious problem. General corrosion occurs relatively uniformly across a
metal surface. The gradual decrease of the wall thickness of a component must be
considered when calculating pressure ratings.
How it forms: In a marine or other corrosive environment, the surface of carbon or

low-alloy steel begins to break down, allowing for the formation of an iron oxide scale
which grows thicker in time until it spalls off and new scale forms.
General corrosion can be measured by:

l
How fast the material recedes on an annual basis. For example, unprotected
carbon steel may recede in a marine environment by 1 mm every year.

The weight loss that is experienced by an alloy when in contact with corrosive
l
fluids, typically measured in milligrams per square centimeter of exposed

material per day
See Potential Solutions: 316/316L; 6-Moly Alloys; Alloy 2507; Alloy 825; Alloy 625; Alloy C-276; Alloy 400
Learn More 8
Localized Corrosion: Pitting and Crevice Corrosion

Common in marine environments
194 (90)
What it is: Both pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion are more difficult to detect 176 (80)
than general corrosion, making these types of corrosion more challenging to identify,
predict, and design against.
158 (70)
Temperature ºF (ºC)
140 (60)
How it forms: The material’s protective oxide layer can break down when it is
exposed to fluids which contain chlorides. A material is more resistant to localized
122 (50)
corrosion the higher its Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) and Critical Crevice Corrosion 104 (40)
Temperature (CCCT). These are the minimum temperatures at which pitting and crevice 86 (30)
corrosion are observed. Methods to measure CPT and CCCT are described in ASTM
Standard G48.
68 (20)
50 (10)
Learn about pitting corrosion
32 (0)
14 (-10)
-4 (-20)
Learn about crevice corrosion 304L 316L 317L 317LMN 904L 6Mo 2304 2205 255 2507
Material
• Measured by ASTM G48 in 10% ferric chloride CCCT CPT
Crevice corrosion can occur at lower temperatures than pitting corrosion. For instance, for 316L stainless
steel in a 10% ferric chloride environment, pitting corrosion can start to occur at 10°C (50°F) whereas
crevice corrosion can begin at -10°C (14°F).
Source: Practical Guidelines for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steels, Int. Molybdenum Assoc., 2001
Material Matters: For further reference, see Preventing Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
as published in World Oil.
See Potential Solutions: 6-Moly Alloys; Alloy 2507; Alloy 825; Alloy 625; Alloy C-276; Alloy 400
Learn More 9
Pitting Corrosion
Common in high-chloride environments at elevated temperatures
C-276
625
What it is: Pitting corrosion causes small cavities, or pits, to form on the surface
of a material. 6HN
Although detectable by thorough visual inspection, these pits can grow deep
enough to perforate tubing. Pitting is more often observed in high-chloride
254 SMO®
environments at elevated temperatures. 2507
How it forms: When the protective layer of oxide (or passive oxide layer) on Sanicro® 28
the surface of the metal breaks down, the metal becomes susceptible to loss
of electrons. This causes iron in the metal to dissolve into a solution in the more 904L
anodic bottom of the pit, diffuse toward the top, and oxidize to iron oxide, or rust.
The iron chloride solution concentration in a pit can increase and become more 825
acidic as the pit gets deeper. These changes result in accelerated growth of the 316
pit, perforation of tubing walls, and leaks.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
PREN
PREN = %Cr + 3.3 x (%Mo + 0.5W) + 16 x %N
317LMN 904L 6Mo 2304 2205 255 2507 Higher PREN values indicate greater pitting corrosion resistance.
Material Pitting corrosion is best prevented by proper alloy selection. Different metals
and alloys can be compared using their Pitting Resistance Equivalence Number
in 10% ferric chloride CCCT CPT (PREN), which is calculated from the chemical composition of the material.
PREN increases with higher levels of chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen.
Learn More 10
Crevice Corrosion
Localized corrosion associated with tight spaces
What it is: In a typical fluid system, crevices exist between tubing and tube supports
or tube clamps, between adjacent tubing runs, and underneath dirt and deposits that
may have accumulated on surfaces. Crevices are virtually impossible to avoid in tubing
installations, and tight crevices pose the greatest danger for corrosion to occur.
How it forms: Like pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion starts with the breakdown of
the passive oxide layer that protects the metal. This breakdown leads to the formation
of small pits. The pits grow larger and deeper until they cover the whole crevice.
In some places, tubing can be perforated. Crevice corrosion occurs at far lower
temperatures than pitting corrosion.
Material Matters: When seawater diffuses into a crevice, some Fe++ ions dissolve
and cannot rapidly diffuse out of a tight crevice. In salt water, negatively charged
chloride ions (Cl-) are attracted by these positively charged Fe++ ions and begin to
diffuse into the crevice. As the chloride concentration increases, the crevice solution
becomes more corrosive, causing more iron to dissolve, which in turn attracts more
chloride ions to diffuse into the crevice. Ultimately, the crevice solution turns into an
acidic solution with high chloride concentration, which is very corrosive.
• Measured by ASTM G48 in 10% ferric chloride CCCT CPT

Learn More 11
Fe-oxide
¹/2 O2+H2O+2e -
Stress- Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
2OH
➔Common in stainless steels (chloride-induced), mild steel
Fe-oxide
Materials
(cathode) Fe
¹/2 O2+H2O+2e- (alkali-induced), and brass (ammonia-induced)
++ susceptible
to SCC
➔ 2OH -
(cathode) Fe++
e -
What it is: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is dangerous because it can destroy a
e-
Fe
+ 2e- steels are➔
Fe ➔ Festainless
chloride ions, austenitic
++ Fe
component at stress levels below the yield strength
+ 2e
++of an alloy.
- In the presence of
susceptible to SCC. The ions interact with
SCC
the material at the tip(anode) (anode)
of a crack where tensile stresses are highest, making it easier for Tensile Conducive Ten
stress above environmental
the crack to grow. While in progress, SCC can be difficult to detect, and final failure can
critical level conditions
stress
occur suddenly. critica
How it forms: For SCC to occur, three conditions must be met simultaneously: Higher nickel content shows
higher resistance to chloride-
Sanicro 28
l
The metal must be susceptible to SCC induced SCC.
Environmental (fluid or temperature) conditions conducive to SCC must exist
6Mo
l
316
825
Sanicro 28
l
The tensile stress (applied + residual) must be above critical level 1000
100
6Mo
Time to failure (h)
Materials resistant to chloride-induced SCC include:
316
825
10
l
Nickel-based alloys 1000
l
Duplex stainless steels 1
0 10 20 30 40 50
100
Time to failure (h)

Ni content (%)
10
Material Matters: Learn more about selecting fluid system components for sour oilfields 0 10 20 30 40 50
with Swagelok. Read the advice our leading expert has for Offshore Magazine readers. Ni content (%)
Learn More 12
Sour Gas Cracking or Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC)

Common in new sour reservoirs and in aging reservoirs where seawater has
been injected for enhanced oil recovery
What it is: Sour gas cracking, also known as sulfide stress cracking (SSC), is the deterioration of
metal due to contact with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and moisture. H2S becomes severely corrosive in the
presence of water. This condition can lead to embrittlement of the material, resulting in cracking under
the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion.
How it forms: For SSC to occur, three conditions must be met simultaneously:
l
The metal must be susceptible to SSC
l
The environment must be sufficiently sour (high in H2S)
l
The tensile stress (applied + residual) must be above a critical level
The risk of SSC increases when the following factors increase:

l
Material hardness/tensile strength l
Total tensile stress (applied + residual)
l
Hydrogen ion concentration (lower pH value) l
Exposure time
l
H2S partial pressure
The risk of SSC increases at lower temperatures where materials tend to be less ductile.
Material Matters: The NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 standard describes suitable materials for sour
environments in oil and gas production. For more help selecting components for sour oilfields,
refer to this article published in Offshore Magazine.
Reprinted from Science Direct, Volume 1, Issue 3, S.M.R. Ziaei, A.H. Kokabi, M. Nasr-Esehani, Sulfide Stress
Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Induced Cracking of A216-WCC Wellhead Flow Control Valve Body case study,
Pages 223-224, July 2013 with permission from Elsevier.
See Potential Solutions: Alloy 825; Alloy 625; Alloy C-276; Alloy 400
Learn More 13
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Can occur in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen or when
atomic hydrogen is generated at a metal surface
100
What it is: Hydrogen atoms can diffuse into metals, making them brittle. All materials
susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement are also very susceptible to sulfide stress
cracking. 80
Retained tensile ductility, %

Ferritic Commercial Alloys
How it forms: Hydrogen-induced cracking can occur if the metal is subject to static or
cyclic tensile stress. Austenitic High-Purity Alloys
60
Hydrogen can cause changes in the mechanical properties and behavior of the metal,
including:
40
l
Reduction of ductility (elongation and reduction of area)
l
Reduction of impact strength and fracture toughness
20
l
Increased fatigue behavior
Hydrogen embrittlement can be avoided by selecting material resistant to hydrogen,

such as austenitic alloys with nickel content between 10% and 30%. 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Nickel, wt. %
Ferritic alloys with very low nickel content become significantly embrittled, while austenitic
alloys with nickel content between 10% and 30% show relatively little embrittlement.
Source: G.R. Caskey, Hydrogen Compatibility Handbook for Stainless Steels (1983)
®
1
Hydrogen Embrittlement Image Courtesy
See Potential Solutions: 316/316L of Salim Brahimi, IBECA Technologies Corp.
Learn More 14
Intergranular Corrosion (IGC)

Common in welding operations, heat treatment, high-temperature applications
What it is: To understand IGC, consider that all metals consist of individual
grains. Within each grain, the atoms are systematically arranged, forming a three-
dimensional lattice. IGC attacks the material along the grain boundaries (where the
grains that make up the metal come together).
How it forms: During welding, heat treatment, or exposure to high temperatures,

carbides can begin to form on grain boundaries. These carbide precipitates can
grow larger in time. This carbide formation affects the uniform distribution of
elements within the metal by robbing material adjacent to grain boundaries of
important elements, such as chromium. When corrosive fluids (like acids) attack
the chromium-depleted regions, intergranular cracks can form. These cracks can
propagate throughout a material and stay undetected, making IGC a dangerous
form of corrosion.
Precipitate
Acid
Grain boundary
Crack Depletion zone

susceptible to
intergranular
corrosion
Grain
See Potential Solutions: 316/316L

Learn More 15
Oxygen in air
Volts vs. SCE Material
Galvanic Corrosion -1.60 Magnesium
Active
Can occur when two dissimilar materials are Chromium-rich -1.00 Zinc
in intimate contact with each other and an layer -0.95 Aluminum
-0.70 Cadmium
electrolyte is present Chromium-rich oxide -0.60 Steel
layer protecting -0.50 Type 304 (Active)
Stainless steel
stainless steel
What it is: Galvanic corrosion occurs when materials with a dissimilar -0.40 Type 316 (Active)
-0.35 Naval Brass
electrode potential are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte. The -0.30 Muntz Metal
passive layer on stainless steel consists of a very thin chromium-rich -0.30 Copper
oxide film that automatically forms in ambient air and protects the material -0.30 Manganese Bronze
from corrosion. The passive layer makes a material more noble and less -0.25 90-10 Cu-Ni
susceptible to corrosion. The compatibility of metals can be determined -0.20 70-30 Cu-Ni
-0.20 Lead
by the Anodic Index, which describes the potential or voltage difference of -0.15 Nickel
metals measured in seawater against a standard electrode. -0.10 Type 304 (Passive)
Chromium-rich oxide -0.05 Type 316 (Passive)
How it forms: When the potential difference between two dissimilar layer damaged
0.00 E-BRITE® Alloy
(by machining)
metals in the presence of an electrolyte is too great, the material’s passive 0.00 AL 29-4C® Alloy
layer begins to break down. 0.00 AL-6XN® Alloy
0.05 Alloy 625, Alloy 276
To avoid galvanic corrosion, choose materials with a voltage difference .010 Titanium
Noble
that does not exceed 0.2V. For example, a 316 stainless steel fitting .025 Graphite
(-0.05V) with 6-Moly tubing (0.00V) would result in a voltage of 0.05V
between the two alloys. This voltage is significantly less than 0.2V, SCE stands for Standard Calomel Electrode.
meaning the risk of galvanic corrosion is low.
Anodic Index
Chromium-rich Highly noble materials with “passive surfaces” are not as
oxide layer reformed susceptible to galvanic corrosion as less noble materials
automatically or as noble materials with “active surfaces.” In this chart,
magnesium is the least noble material, and graphite is the
most noble material.
®
Learn More 16
Stainless Steel
316 Stainless Steel
In all stainless steels, chromium and nickel are critical for corrosion resistance ASTM
and ductility. The addition of >10% chromium transforms steel into stainless requires 17%
minimum
steel, creating an adherent and invisible oxide layer that is chromium-rich. This 16-18%
oxide layer forms when chromium in the alloy reacts with oxygen in ambient air.
This layer gives steel its stainless character. The addition of nickel provides good
ductility and ease of forming and welding.
But not all bar stock is the same. Swagelok 316/316L stainless steel tube fittings 12% ASTM
and instrumentation valves contain more nickel and chromium than minimally minimum
requires
required by ASTM standards for bars and forgings.
10-14%
Industry Trend
Note that although stainless steels will not suffer from general corrosion, they can
be affected by localized corrosion.
Swagelok
Swagelok
Industry
Trend
Cr Ni
24 28
Chromium Nickel
Swagelok 316 stainless steel tube fittings

Material Matters: The risk of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) increases when chloride and instrumentation valves exceed minimum
concentrations, temperatures, and tensile stress are high. ASTM specifications.
No stainless steel is completely immune to SCC. We have performed SCC testing on
pressurized Swagelok tube fittings with exceptional results. See the test results.
For Fighting: General Corrosion; Hydrogen Embrittlement; Intergranular Corrosion

Learn More 17
Stainless Steel
6-Moly Alloys
Standard Austenitics
6-Moly (6Mo) alloys are superaustenitic stainless steels which contain at least 6% 316
molybdenum and have a PREN of at least 40. Alloy 6HN (UNS N08367) contains 6 17% Cr, 10% Ni, 2%Mo
weight percent more nickel (Ni) than alloy 254 (UNS S31254). This increase in nickel
content gives 6HN added stability with respect to formation of undesirable intermetallic
phases. Alloy 6HN has been found to have better corrosion resistance in chloride-
containing media than alloy 254.
+Cr
+8% Ni
l
Resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion +4% Mo
+N
l
Resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking (CSCC)
+Cr
+25% Ni
l
Material yield strength 50% greater than 300-series austenitic stainless steels +Cu +6% Ni +Cu
l
Impact toughness, workability, and weldability
254 6HN +Cu +5% Ni
l
Suitability for sour gas applications (NACE MR0175/ISO 15156) +Nb +Ti
+Ta +Al
Superaustenitic Stainless Steels

Swagelok 6-Moly products are available from 6HN (UNS N08367) bar stock
l
6-Moly Alloys
and forgings qualified to the requirements of the NORSOK M-650 supply chain
C20 825
qualification standard.
Nickel Alloys
+20% Ni
+Mo
High Nickel Alloys
For Fighting: General Corrosion; Localized Corrosion; Stress Corrosion Cracking

susceptible to
intergranular
corrosion
Identifying Types of Corrosion
Grain
Understanding Requirements
Learn More 18
30 40 50 60
el, wt. %
Stainless Steel Ferritic Austenitic

Grades Grades Nickel
200, 201
Alloy 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel 2304
+CR
+Cu +FE
Duplex stainless steels have a two-phase microstructure of austenite and ferrite grains.
2003
This structure gives these materials a combination of attractive properties, including Lean Duplex Alloy Content Monel
400
600
Cr, Ni, Mo, N
strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Standard Austenitics increases
Material
agnesium 2205 +Al
+Ti
+Cu
Alloy 2507 super duplex, ferritic-austenitic stainless 316

steel is well-suited for service in Duplex
+9%Mo
+Nb
+Cr
nc
uminum highly corrosive conditions. Its composition 17%
includes nickel,
CR, 10% molybdenum, chromium,
Ni, 2%Mo Monel
Zeron Ferralium 625 690
admium nitrogen, and manganese, offering excellent resistance to general corrosion, pitting, 100
2507
255
K-500
teel and crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking (SCC), while maintaining weldability. Super Duplex
ype 304 (Active) +Mo
+W
ype 316 (Active)
aval Brass
l
Higher yield and tensile strength for increased pressure ratings 2707
Hyperduplex Hastelloys
untz Metal +CR B-2, C-22, C-276
opper

Compared to 316/316L tubing
l
of same outside diameter and pressure rating, lower
+8% Ni
anganese Bronze wall thickness allows for increased
+4% MO flow of fluids
140
0-10 Cu-Ni +N
0-30 Cu-Ni l
Weldability 120
ead +CR
ickel +25% Ni 100
l
Applications up to 482°F
+Cu
(250°C) +6% Ni +Cu
ype 304 (Passive) 80
ype 316 (Passive)
-BRITE® Alloy
l
Higher thermal conductivity/lower coefficient of thermal expansion than 316SS 60
L 29-4C® Alloy
L-6XN® Alloy
l 254
Suitability for sour gasSMO 6HN MR0175/ISO 15156)
applications (NACE +Cu +5% Ni 40
+Nb +Ti
loy 625, Alloy 276 +Ta +Al 20
tanium
Swagelok 2507Superaustenitic
l
products are available from bar stock and forgings qualified to
Stainless Steels
raphite the requirements of the 6-Moly
NORSOK Alloys
M-650 supply chain qualification standard 0
304L 304 254 SMO 654SMO 2205 2507 2707
C20 825 316L 316 6HN
Yield Strength (KSI) Tensile Strength (KSI)

Nickel Alloys
The mechanical properties of alloy 2507 make it a very good choice for high-
pressure offshore applications and subsea systems where corrosion, fluid flow, and
weight are of concern.
+20% Ni ®
+Mo
For Fighting: General Corrosion; Localized Corrosion; Stress Corrosion Cracking
High Nickel Alloys
Learn More 19
Nickel Alloys
Alloy 825 Standard Austenitics
Alloy 825 (Incoloy® 825) is a nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum alloy 316

designed to resist general corrosion, pitting, and crevice corrosion, as 17% Cr, 10% Ni, 2%Mo
well as stress corrosion cracking (SCC), in a wide range of media.

Resistance to intergranular corrosion due to being stabilized with
l
titanium
+Cr
+8% Ni
l
Suitability for sour gas applications (NACE MR0175/ISO 15156) +4% Mo
+N
l
Resistance in reducing environments (i.e., sulfuric or phosphoric acid)
+Cr
+25% Ni
+Cu +6% Ni +Cu
254 6HN +Cu +5% Ni

+Nb +Ti
+Ta +Al
Superaustenitic Stainless Steels
6-Moly Alloys
C20 825
Nickel Alloys
+20% Ni
+Mo
High Nickel Alloys
For Fighting: General Corrosion; Localized Corrosion; Stress Corrosion Cracking; Sour Gas Cracking
Learn More 20
Nickel Alloys
Alloy 625
Alloy 625 (Inconel® 625) is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with a Nickel

small quantity of niobium to reduce the risk of intergranular corrosion in a
200, 201
wide variety of severely corrosive environments.
l
Resistance to hydrochloric and nitric acids
+Cr
l
Strength and ductility +Cu +Fe
l
Resistance to crevice and pitting corrosion in high-temperature use
Monel®
Suitability for sour gas applications (NACE MR0175/ISO 15156) 600
400
l
+Al +6%Cr +Ti

+Ti +9%Mo +Cr +Al
+3%Nb +Nb
Monel
625 690 X-750
K-500
+Mo
+W
Hastelloy®
B-2, C-22, C-276
Learn More 21
Nickel Alloys
Alloy C-276
Alloy C-276 (Hastelloy® C-276) contains nickel, molybdenum, and chromium. Nickel
Its high molybdenum content makes it exceptionally resistant to pitting and
200, 201
crevice corrosion, and it is one of only a few materials that can withstand the
corrosive effects of wet chlorine gas, hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide.
l
Resistance to oxidizing and reducing media +Cr
+Cu +Fe
l
Ductility, toughness, and strength at high temperatures

Resistance to crevice and pitting corrosion, sulfide stress cracking (SSC),
l
Monel®
600
and intergranular corrosion (IGC) 400
l
Suitability for sour gas applications (NACE MR0175/ISO 15156)
+Al +6%Cr +Ti
+Ti +9%Mo +Al
Note that this alloy is NOT recommended with highly oxidizing environments, +3%Nb
+Cr
+Nb
such as hot and concentrated nitric acid.
Monel
625 690 X-750
K-500
+Mo
+W
Hastelloy®
B-2, C-22, C-276
Learn More 22
Nickel Alloys
Alloy 400
Alloy 400 (Monel® 400) is a nickel-copper alloy known for its exceptional Nickel
resistance to hydrofluoric acid, as well as resistance to stress corrosion
200, 201
cracking and pitting in most fresh and industrial waters.

Strength and corrosion resistance in a wide range of
l
temperatures and media +Cr

+Cu +Fe
l
Mechanical properties retained at subzero temperatures
Note that stagnant seawater has been shown to induce crevice and pitting Monel®
600
corrosion in this alloy. 400
+Al +6%Cr +Ti

+Ti +9%Mo +Cr +Al
+3%Nb +Nb
Monel
625 690 X-750
K-500
+Mo
+W
Hastelloy®
B-2, C-22, C-276
Learn More 23
Titanium Alloys
A stable, strongly adherent oxide film protects titanium alloys from corrosion. This
film forms instantly when a fresh surface is exposed to air or moisture. Anhydrous
conditions in the absence of a source of oxygen should be avoided since the protective
film may not be regenerated if damaged.
Titanium has been used successfully in many applications because of its excellent
corrosion resistance in:
l
Chloride-containing solutions and moist chlorine gas
l
Aqueous solutions of chlorites, hypochlorites, perchlorates, and chlorine dioxide
l
Natural and chlorinated seawater to relatively high temperatures
Titanium and its alloys:

l
Have exceptionally high resistance to microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC)

Are highly resistant to oxidizing acids over a wide range of concentrations and
l
temperatures. Common acids in this category include nitric, chromic, perchloric,

and hypochlorous (wet Cl2) acids.
Limiting factors for the application of titanium and its alloys include the following:

Unalloyed titanium will sometimes corrode in aqueous chloride environments
l
under conditions not predicted by general corrosion rates

l
Dry chlorine can cause a rapid attack on titanium and may even cause ignition
l
Titanium is unsuitable for use with fluorine gas, pure oxygen, or hydrogen
®
Learn More 24
Engineered Combinations
How Corrosion Resistance is Calculated
In marine installations where Swagelok 316/316L stainless steel fittings have performed well, but 316/316L
tubing has experienced crevice corrosion in tube clamps, it may be cost-effective to use 316/316L fittings PREN = %Cr + 3.3 x (%Mo + 0.5W) + 16 x %N
in combination with tubing from a more corrosion-resistant alloy. Engineered combinations use Swagelok ASTM 316 = 16 + 3.3 x 2 + 16 x 0.03 = 23.1 PREN
316/316L tube fittings with tubing from alloys 254, 904L, 825, or Tungum® (copper alloy UNS C69100) tubing.
Swagelok 316 = 17.5 + 3.3 x 2 + 16 x 0.03 = 24.6 PREN
Elevated chromium and nickel levels in 316/316L provide Swagelok tube fittings with higher resistance to
localized corrosion. Superior tube grip is achieved with Swagelok’s patented hinging-colleting™ back ferrule Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number
(PREN) is the measurement of resistance
design that translates axial motion into radial swaging action on the tube, yet operates with a low assembly to localized pitting corrosion. Higher PREN
torque requirement. Swagelok’s patented SAT12 low-temperature carburization process is used to case- values indicate greater pitting corrosion
harden the surface of the back ferrules, which facilitates achieving excellent tube grip on tubing from the resistance.
above alloys.
Engineered combinations can be a cost-efficient, corrosion-resistant solution that provides these advantages
for installations in marine environments:

Higher nickel and chromium contents in Swagelok standard 316 stainless steel than minimally
l
required by ASTM A479, resulting in a higher PREN value and higher resistance to localized corrosion
l
High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion of special alloy tubing

Low risk of galvanic corrosion based on positions of 316, 254, 904L, and 825 in galvanic chart, or
l
based on long-term successful use of 316/316L fittings with Tungum tubing.
As with any mixed-material assembly, pressure ratings for tubing and fittings from different alloys are governed
by the lower material rating. For pressure ratings, see Tubing Data – Engineered Combinations MS-06-117.
®
Learn More 25
NACE and NORSOK standards
Swagelok fluid system components made from either 316/316L

or special alloys are available as products which meet the
requirements of the NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 sour gas
standard. Valves and fittings from alloys 6HN (UNS N08367)
and 2507 are available from bar stock and forgings which are
manufactured with processes which have been qualified to the
stringent requirements of the NORSOK M-650 supply chain
Learn more about:

NACE requirements
NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 Overview
NACE Requirements for Alloy 2507 Super Duplex

Tube Fittings
NACE Requirements for Alloy 625 Standard

and Medium-Pressure Tube Fittings
NACE Requirements for 6-Moly Alloy Tube, Pipe,

and Weld Fittings
NORSOK Standards
®
Learn More 26
NACE Requirements
The NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 standard lists prequalified materials

for use in upstream oilfield equipment where sulfide-induced stress
corrosion cracking may be a risk in sour environments, i.e., in oil/gas/
seawater mixtures where hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present.
The standard allows the use of tube fittings produced from cold-drawn
316 stainless steel and 6-Moly, respectively, in instrumentation and
control systems. Nickel alloys can also be used in strain-hardened
condition for instrumentation and control systems, and to handle
process fluids.
The document includes:

l
Requirements for material condition and properties
l
Environmental conditions for use of the materials
l
Qualifications for material use under specific sour gas conditions
Read more about NACE
Material Matters: Read more about selecting fluid system components

for sour oilfields in Offshore Magazine.
®
Learn More 27
NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 Overview

Maximum H2S Partial
Condition of Applicable Maximum Temperature, Pressure➀ ,
Alloy Alloy NACE Table Application °C (°F) kPa (psi)
Instrument
Solution- tubing, control-
No restrictions; Refer to NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 for
annealed and A.11 line tubing, and
6Mo cautionary remarks.
cold-drawn compression
(254, 6HN) fittings
Solution- 60 (140) 100 (15)
A.8
annealed
232 (450) 200 (30)
Annealed and Read more about NACE
A.14 218 (425) 2000 (300)
cold-drawn
625 149 (300) any
Solution- Any equipment
No restrictions; Refer to NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 for
annealed or A.13 or component
cautionary remarks.
annealed
Solution-
Not NACE-
annealed and N/A
compliant
2507 cold-drawn
Solution- 232 (450) 20 (3)
A.24
annealed
➀H 2S partial pressure is the pressure contribution of hydrogen sulfide gas to the total pressure. Example, for partial pressure:
Air consists of 21% oxygen; if the total air pressure is 1.00 atm, then the partial pressure of oxygen is 0.21 atm.
Consult ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 for detailed information on the environmental limits of alloys.
®
Learn More 28
NACE Requirements for Alloy 2507 Super Duplex Tube Fittings

For a Swagelok alloy 2507 tube fitting to function correctly, the nut and ferrules must be made from cold-drawn
bar stock. This material has the strength necessary to grip to 2507 tubing (which has a high surface hardness)
and to hold to the high working pressures listed in Swagelok Tubing Data Sheet, MS-01-107.
Swagelok alloy 2507 tube fittings with ordering numbers having the -SG2 designator meet NACE MR0175/ ISO 15156
requirements for use in any equipment, according to Table A.24 of the standard, if the fittings are wetted internally,
but not externally, by sour gas.
NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 standard requirements for alloy 2507:

Straight tube fitting bodies are produced from solution-
l
Back ferrules are produced from cold-drawn 6-Moly
l
annealed alloy 2507 bar stock bar stock but are not wetted by the system fluid

Shaped tube fitting bodies are produced from solution-
l
Front ferrules are produced from cold-drawn alloy
l
annealed alloy 2507 forgings 2507 bar stock

External threads of a tube fitting body that are not wetted l
l
Nose of the front ferrule comprises a wetted surface;
by the system fluid may be produced by thread rolling it is under compression and, therefore, not subject to
SCC or sour gas cracking, as the standard states a
l
Internally wetted threads are cut tensile stress component is required to enable these
l
Tube fitting nuts are produced from cold-drawn 2507 bar cracking modes
stock but are not wetted by the system fluid
Port connectors and plug inserts are produced from
l
solution-annealed alloy 2507 bar stock
Material Matters: For more information, access Swagelok’s full data sheet Alloy 2507
Super Duplex Tube, Pipe, and Weld FittingsNACE MR0175 Compliant, MS-06-115.
®
Learn More 29
NACE Requirements for Alloy 625 Standard

and Medium-Pressure Tube Fittings
For a Swagelok alloy 625 tube fitting and medium pressure tube fitting to function correctly, the nut and ferrules
must be made from cold-drawn bar stock.
This material has the strength necessary to grip to alloy 625 tubing and to hold to the high working pressures
listed in Swagelok Tubing Data Sheet, MS-01-107 and Swagelok Medium and High-Pressure Fittings and
Adapters—Special Alloy Materials, MS-02-474.
Fittings with bodies made from cold-drawn bar stock meet the requirements of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156
Table A.14. Fittings meeting the requirements of Table A.13 are produced as follows:

Straight fitting bodies are produced from l Front ferrules are produced from solution-
l
annealed bar stock annealed and cold-drawn bar stock

Shaped fitting bodies are produced from
l l
Nose of the front ferrule comprises a wetted
annealed forgings or annealed bar stock surface; it is under compression and,
therefore, not subject to SCC or sour gas
l
Nuts are produced from solution-annealed and cracking, as the standard states a tensile
cold-drawn bar stock, but are not wetted by stress component is required to enable these
the system fluid cracking modes

Back ferrules are produced from solution-
l
l
Plugs, port connectors, and tube adapters are
annealed and cold-drawn bar stock, but are produced from annealed bar stock
not wetted by the system fluid
®
Learn More 30
NACE Requirements for 6-Moly Alloy Tube,

1
Pipe, and Weld Fittings
2 4
The NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 standard contains tables that describe material
requirements and environmental limits for materials used in upstream sour gas 3
applications. The NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 tables that define requirements for
6-Moly alloys are Tables A.8 and A.11. 4
Table A.8 specifies the environmental and material limits for highly alloyed austenitic
stainless steels used for any equipment or components in any type of sour gas
installation. 4
Table A.11 defines the environmental and material limits for highly alloyed austenitic
stainless steels used as instrument tubing, control-line tubing, compression fittings, Component Material ASTM Specification Marking
and surface and downhole screen devices. Alloy 254 (UNS
1 Nut S31254) or Alloy 6HN A479➀ 254 or 6HN on face
(UNS N08367)
2 Back
6HN (UNS N08367) A479➁ 6HN on outer rim
ferrule
Alloy 254 (UNS
3 Front 254 or 6HN on outer
S31254) or Alloy 6HN A479➀
ferrule rim
(UNS N08367)
Tube and pipe
fittings— 254 or 6HN
Alloy 254 (UNS Straight body—A479➀ on neck
4 Body S31254) or Alloy 6HN Weld fitting— 254 or
(UNS N08367) Shaped body—A182 6HN on body
Pipe and weld
fittings— SG on body
Material Matters: For more information, access Swagelok’s full data sheet 6-Moly Alloy Wetted components listed in italics
➀ A479 (except for elongation, area of reduction, and hardness when cold-drawn bar)
Tube, Pipe, and Weld Fittings/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 Compliant, MS-06-122. ➁ A479 (except for elongation and hardness)
®
Learn More 31
NORSOK Standards
NORSOK standards (developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry) outline

material and supply chain requirements focused on:
l
Ensuring the safety and cost-effectiveness of operations
l
Replacing oil company specifications
l
Providing a basis for international standardizations process
l
Withdrawing standard upon publication of international standard
In response to the growing interest in NORSOK-approved products, Swagelok

is pleased to quote orders for tube fittings, pipe fittings, and select general
industrial valve products manufactured from NORSOK-certified material.
We offer products manufactured from alloy 2507, 254, and 6HN bars and
forgings that meet the requirements of the NORSOK M-650 supply chain
Read more about NORSOK
®
Learn More 32
NORSOK Standards
The table provides details of the standards.
Standard Description
Covers a set of qualification requirements to verify that the manufacturer has:
Sufficient competence and experience with the relevant material grades
l
M-650: Qualification of Manufacturers Necessary facilities and equipment to manufacture these grades in the required shapes and
l
of Special Materials sizes with acceptable properties

Also covers data sheets for different product forms, including seamless pipes, welded pipes,
fittings, forgings, plate, castings, bars, and tubes.
Provides guidance, in conjunction with ISO 21457, for materials selection for oil and gas
production on offshore installations, including:
M-001: Materials Selection Corrosion protection and control
l
Design limitations for specific materials

l
Qualification requirements for new materials and applications

l
Provides data sheets for the following materials:

Carbon steels: Type 235, Type 235LT, Type 360LT
Ferritic/Austenitic stainless steels: Type 22Cr, Type 25Cr
Copper/Nickel 90/10 and other copper alloys
l
M-630: Material Data Sheets and Element Nickel base alloys: Type 625
l
Data for Piping Polymers, including fiber-reinforced

l
Austenitic stainless steels: Type 6Mo

l
Austenitic stainless steels: Type 316

l
Titanium
l
High-strength, low-alloyed steels

l
®
Learn More 33
Materials Science Training Additional Resources
Materials Science Training
Make the best choices for your application

Swagelok offers Materials Science Training. Learn more about selecting the optimal
corrosion-resistant material for applications which require products to have specific
pressure ratings, are used at very low or very high temperatures, must withstand
corrosive threats, must be compliant with certain industry standards, or must meet
unique performance requirements.

Choose proper materials to keep your fluid systems leak-tight and
l
operating efficiently

Discover how specific alloys resist corrosion, how materials behave,
l
and how industry standards impact your material choice
What You’ll Learn

l
Principles of materials science, corrosion, and other factors affecting
material properties
l
Types of corrosion and how specific alloys resist corrosion

How to select optimal materials of construction for demanding
l
applications based on pressure and temperature ratings, corrosive

threats, and compliance

How to select proper components to address sour gas corrosion and
l
NACE standards

Critical concepts covering the nature and behavior of materials, including
l
an atom-level view of metals, as well as the microstructural

characteristics and mechanical properties of materials
®
Learn More 34
Additional Resources
Quality and Reliability

For any fluid system solution to deliver high-caliber performance and long life,
the design and material must work together. That’s why Swagelok doesn’t just
have a dedicated quality department—our entire company is committed to
excellence, including product ratings and test reports for all special alloys.
Rather than buy materials off the shelf, we choose to strictly control quality by:
l
Holding mills to tighter alloy and quality specifications
l
Employing positive material identification
l
Making our own tooling
l
Using technology-based methods of nondestructive testing
l
Staffing dedicated engineers who work exclusively with the supply chain
These measures enhance material consistency and help prevent defects from
reaching the final product. Once installed in your system, everything we sell is
backed by our Limited Lifetime Warranty.
Read more about Additional Resources
®
Learn More 35
Product and Systems Training

Learn more about fluid systems and enhance your team’s capabilities
with our complete suite of training programs.
Evaluation and Advisory Services

When you need extra support, we can survey your site to evaluate
and troubleshoot sampling systems, hose, steam systems, and more.
Swagelok® Custom Solutions

We can help you design, specify, and build fluid system assemblies.
We produce a professional, repeatable solution, with testing,
inspection, and packaging – all with Swagelok’s Limited Lifetime
Warranty.
Find a Technical Advisor

Want to talk more about your material requirements? Contact your
Swagelok authorized sales and service center.
Read more about Additional Resources
®
Learn More 36
Use the links below to access other helpful reference materials:
Articles Product Test Reports

World Oil: Preventing pitting and crevice corrosion of offshore stainless steel Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (CSCC) Test of 316 Stainless Steel
tubing Swagelok® Tube Fitting Engineered Combinations
Offshore Magazine: Selecting fluid system components for use in sour oilfields PTR-4183 - Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Test
Reference Guide Super Austenitic 254 SMo® (6-moly) Stainless Steel Tubing With Stainless Steel
Tubing Data Sheet MS-01-107 Swagelok® Tube Fittings
Tubing Data - Engineered Combinations MS-06-117 PTR-2834 - Tensile Pull Test
PTR-2835 - High-Temperature Thermal Cycling and Hydrostatic Proof Test
PTR-2836 - Low-Temperature Thermal Cycling and Hydrostatic Proof Test
PTR-2841 - Rotary Flexure Test
PTR-2849 - Hydraulic Impulse Test and Hydrostatic Proof Test
PTR-2852 - Hydrostatic Pressure Test
PTR-2853 - Nitrogen Gas Seal Test with Repeated Reassembly
NACE and NORSOK

NACE and NORSOK Compliant Valves SCS-00193
®
Learn More 37
SAFE PRODUCT SELECTION

When selecting a product, the total system design must be considered to ensure
safe, trouble-free performance. Function, material compatibility, adequate ratings,
proper installation, operation, and maintenance are the responsibilities of the
system designer and user.
HASTELLOY® & HAYNES® are registered trade names of Haynes International, Inc.
MONEL®, INCOLOY® & INCONEL® are registered trade names of Huntington Alloys Corporation.
Offshore Magazine is published by PennWell Corporation © 2007-2018
World Oil is published by Gulf Publishing Company © 2017-2018
NACE® - NACE International—The Corrosion Society © 2018 All rights reserved.
TUNGUM is a registered trademark of TUNGUM HYDRAULICS LIMITED
SANICRO is a registered trademark of SANDVIK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AB
254 SMO is a registered trademark of Outokumpu Oyj
All servicemarks and trademarks shown are registered by Swagelok Company
unless otherwise noted. www.swagelok.com
© 2019 Swagelok Company, Swagelok TM - Swagelok Company
CORP-0171, RevA, April 2019

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Simplify Materials Selection

Your guide to making choices that reduce the impact of corrosion

Choose with Confidence 3 316 Stainless Steel 16 Learn More 33

What is Corrosion 4 6-Moly Alloys 17 Materials Science Training 33

An offshore platform can have nearly 50,000 feet of

Nickel [Ni] + Copper [Cu] = Alloy 400 (Monel®) 316 SS

Just about every metal corrodes under certain conditions.

CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

STAINLESS STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

Total annual costs of corrosion are estimated at $1.3

to reduce the potential for corrosion

Finding a proper materials solution means Alloy 825

starting at the source of the problem.

Localized Pitting Sour Gas Cracking or Galvanic Corrosion

General (or Uniform) Corrosion

How it forms: In a marine or other corrosive environment, the surface of carbon or

General corrosion can be measured by:

fluids, typically measured in milligrams per square centimeter of exposed

Localized Corrosion: Pitting and Crevice Corrosion

Identifying Types of Corrosion Understanding Requirements

Time to failure (h)

Sour Gas Cracking or Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC)

The risk of SSC increases when the following factors increase:

Retained tensile ductility, %

Hydrogen embrittlement can be avoided by selecting material resistant to hydrogen,

Intergranular Corrosion (IGC)

How it forms: During welding, heat treatment, or exposure to high temperatures,

Crack Depletion zone

See Potential Solutions: 316/316L

316 Stainless Steel

Swagelok 316 stainless steel tube fittings

For Fighting: General Corrosion; Hydrogen Embrittlement; Intergranular Corrosion

For Fighting: General Corrosion; Localized Corrosion; Stress Corrosion Cracking

Stainless Steel Ferritic Austenitic

Alloy 2507 super duplex, ferritic-austenitic stainless 316

Yield Strength (KSI) Tensile Strength (KSI)

Alloy 825 Standard Austenitics

Alloy 825 (Incoloy® 825) is a nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum alloy 316

254 6HN +Cu +5% Ni

Alloy 625 (Inconel® 625) is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with a Nickel

+Al +6%Cr +Ti

temperatures and media +Cr

+Al +6%Cr +Ti

Titanium and its alloys:

temperatures. Common acids in this category include nitric, chromic, perchloric,

under conditions not predicted by general corrosion rates

based on long-term successful use of 316/316L fittings with Tungum tubing.

NACE and NORSOK standards

Swagelok fluid system components made from either 316/316L

Learn more about:

NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 Overview

NACE Requirements for Alloy 2507 Super Duplex

NACE Requirements for Alloy 625 Standard

NACE Requirements for 6-Moly Alloy Tube, Pipe,

The NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 standard lists prequalified materials

The document includes:

Read more about NACE

Material Matters: Read more about selecting fluid system components

NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 Overview