Bernoulli Equation

Introduction:

The flow of a fluid has to conform with a number of scientific principles in particular
the conservation of mass and the conservation of energy. The first of these when
applied to a liquid flowing through a conduit requires that for steady flow the velocity
will be inversely proportional to the flow area. The second requires that if the velocity
increases then the pressure must decrease. Bernoulli's apparatus demonstrates both of
these principles and can also be used to examine the onset of turbulence in an
accelerating fluid stream. Both Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation are
essential analytical tools required for the analysis of most problems in the subject of
mechanics of fluids.

Purpose:

To verify Bernoulli's equation by demonstrating the relationship between pressure

head and kinetic

Apparatus:

1. Bernoulli's apparatus (Figure 1).

2. Hydraulic bench.

Figure 1:Bernoulli apparatus.

Where:

1- Daigram.

2-Tube mamometers(static prussure).

3-Watre supply.

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Bernoulli Equation

4-Valve.

5-Venturi nozzel.

6-Water drain.

7-Valve.

8-pitot tube.

9-sigle tube manometer(total prussure).

Venturi meter :
Venturi meter is flow measurment instrument which use aconverging
section of pipe to give an increase in the flow velocity and corresponding
prussure drop from which the flowrate can be deduced. They have been in
common use for many years, especially in the water supply industry,shown
in figure 2.

Figure 2: Venturi meter.

Theory:

1. Bernoulli's theorem Bernoulli's equation is applicable to the steady flow of an

incompressible and inviscid fluid. Bernoulli's equation shows that the sum of the three
quantities :
𝑝
𝜌𝑔
= Prussure head.

𝑉2
= Velocity head.2𝑔

Z = Elevation head.

are constant. Therefore the three terms must be interchangeable so that, for example,
if in a horizontal system the velocity head is increased then the pressure head must
decrease.

𝑝 𝑉2
+ + 𝑍 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

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Bernoulli Equation

2. The continuity equation

The continuity equation is a statement of the conservation of mass. Consider the

steady flow of a fluid through a streamtube of varying cross sectional area as shown
in figure2. For steady flow the mass of fluid entering the streamtube at section 1 must
equal the mass of fluid leaving the streamtube at section 2. The mass flow rate of fluid
at any section along the streamtube must be constant so that :

𝑀̇ = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑀̇ = ρVA = Constant

For an incompressible fluid the density is constant and the continuity equation can be
written as :

VA = Constant

V1A1=V2A2

For an incompressible fluid flowing in a converging duct it follows that as the area
reduces then the velocity must increase, whilst in a diverging duct as the area
increases then the velocity must decrease. Applying Bernoulli's equation if the
velocity increases then the pressure must decrease whilst as the velocity decreases the
pressure must increase.

Procedures:

1. Start the pump and initiate a flow of water through the test section(venturi meter).
Regulate the flow to the inlet head tank so that there is a small but steady overflow
from inlet tank. Adjust the swivel tube of the outlet tank to obtain a differential head
of 50mm.

2. Measure the height of the water level in each manometer tube through the gradient
on the tubes and record on the test sheet. Measure the time taken to fill the bench
measuring tank from zero to 10 liters and record.

3. Increase the differential head between the inlet and outlet head, until the water level
in the centre manometer tubes drops off the scale. For each condition, record the
heights of liquid in the manometer tubes by once again marking the paper positioned
behind the tubes and measure the flow rate.

Results and Calculation :

The following table shows the results of the experiment :

d,m 0.025 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.010

h,m 0.120 0.105 0.090 0.070 0.050
V,m3 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010
t,s 9 9 9 9 9

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 Bernoulli Equation

The calculation of the first result :

At :

V =0.0010m3 , t = 9s , h = 0.120m , d = 0.025m

𝑉
𝑄=
𝑡
0.0010
𝑄= = 0.0001 𝑚3 /𝑠
9
𝑄 0.001 𝑚
𝑣= = = 0.2265
𝐴 0.00049 𝑠
𝑉2 0.22652
= = 0.0026𝑚
2𝑔 2 ∗ 9.8

h= 0.120m

B.C = 0.120 + 0.0026 =0.1226 m

All results are shown in the table below :

d,(m) A(m2) V(m3) time(s) Q(m3/s) v(m/s) h,(m) v2/2g,(m) BC

0.025 0.00049 0.0010 9.0000 0.0001 0.2265 0.120 0.0026 0.1226
0.014 0.00015 0.0010 9.0000 0.0001 0.7326 0.105 0.0274 0.1324
0.012 0.00011 0.0010 9.0000 0.0001 1.0165 0.090 0.0527 0.1427
0.011 0.00009 0.0010 9.0000 0.0001 1.2363 0.070 0.0780 0.1480
0.010 0.00008 0.0010 9.0000 0.0001 1.4154 0.050 0.1022 0.1522

0.140

0.120

0.100
(v2/2g),m

0.080

0.060

0.040

0.020

0.000
0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000
d,m

Figure 3 :Daiameter VS Static prussure ,Daynamic prussure.

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Bernoulli Equation

Discusion and Conclusion :

From the results observe that the flow rate is constant at each daiameter,and the
velocity increase with the decreasing of the daiameter,and the velocity decrease with
the increasing of the daiameter.

References :

https://www.slideshare.net

www.iguza.edu.ps

Fluid mechanics,frank.White.

http://www.scribed.net

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