Bolted Connections

Mechanical Design
Selected Topics
Dr. Amr Shaaban

Assistant Professor at
Ain Shams University, Egypt.
Founder of
Design Online Academy.
https://www.facebook.com/designonlineacademy
The Connection Bolt material
Joint material
Bolt type
Design of Bolted Number of bolts
Bolt size
Connections
The Load Shear Load
Axial Load
Load Factor
Safety factor
Results Initial tension/Pre-stress

Tightening torque
Stresses
Margin of safety
2 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

Fasteners Designation
Bolt’s head ≈ 0.7d Md*L*b Md*L*b* b1

Nut’s head ≈ 0.8d
Core diameter ≈ 0.85d M: Metric
Across flat ≈ 2d d: Outer diameter
Hole clearance ≈ 1.1d L: Total length
From hole’s center to edge ≈ 1.1d b: Threaded length
Washer diameter ≈ 2d b1 : Length of engaged thread in studs.


Tightening Torque Concept
T2: Friction torque between

bolt ‘s head and joint
T: TIGHTENING TORQUE
T1: Friction torque between bolt

and nut connection

Tightening torque calculations
α Helix angle Tan α =p/∏. dm
µ Coefficient of friction 0.2-0.25
β Inclination angle β=30⁰ (fasteners)
p Pitch Defined by bolt’s designation
dm Bolt mean diameter
rm1 Bolt mean radius rm1=dm/2
rm2 Flat mean radius rm2=1.5d+(d+2)/4
µ̀ Inclined Coefficient of friction µ̀= µ/ cosβ
Fa Axial load on bolt (pre-tension) Following slide
Friction torque consumed

T1 between threads
Friction torque consumed
T2 between flat surfaces
T Tightening torque

Manual Calculation Of Initial Tension
F
Pmax
Pbolt
Pex
Pi
CJ Cb Pjoint
Pr
ΔL
λ
ΔL J ΔL b λ
Manual Calculation Of Bolt And Joint Stiffness
Ab1
C: Stiffness (N/mm) Lb1
E: Young’s modulus (Gpa)
A: Area (mm2)
L: Length (mm)
Lb2 Ab2
AJ1
Lb1 LJ1
AJ2
Lb2 LJ2

Manual bolt’s pre-stress and working stress calculation
T
ASSEMBLY STRESSES
n Safety factor 1.5-2.5
T2
dc Core diameter ≈ 0.85d
Ac Core Area
σy Yield stress Depends on bolt’s material (+)

Normal stress due to
σ initial tension
T1
τ Shear stress due to T1
Tap bolt T.D N.F.D
Combines stress due to
τcomb normal and shear
(Von mises‘s theory)
Allowable shear stress WORKING STRESSES
(depends on bolt’s grade)
τall τall should be ≥ τcomb
Pall should be ≥ Pmax

Dynamic analysis for bolted connections
F
Pmax
Pmin
Pex-max
Pi
Pex-min
Pr-max
Pr-min
Cb CJ
ΔL

Soderberg ‘s theory for fatigue
σvar •Based on the max and min values of the

working load, the mean and variance
σen stresses are calculated, and hence, line
OA can be drawn.
•Based on the bolt’s grade selected
through the static analysis, determine
yield and endurance stress, and hence,
draw the soderberg’s line. Point (B) that
B lays on the line represents the critical
point after which failure occurs.
A •If point (A) lays on the safe zoon, then

the bolt’s grade is accepted, and the
safety factor is simply (OB/OA).
σvar
SAFETY ZONE •If point (A) lays out the safe zone, then
o the bolt should be upgraded.
σmean σy σmean
Applications
BRACKETS
F1 F2
F2
F1
Tilting edge
W.L = F1 . L1 + F2 . L2
Pex = (F2/n)+(W/n)
Pex = (F2/n)+(W/µ.n) F1 / L1 = F2 / L2
Tilting load Direct normal
Tilting load Direct shear

BRACKETS
40cos60*175 +40sin60*100 = 2F1 *60 + 2F2 *(120+60)

Tilting edge
F1 / 60 = F2 / (120+60)
Pex = (F2) )+(40sin60/n) +(40cos60/ µn)
Tilting load Direct normal Direct shear

WORK BENCH PRESS
P*(150+400) = 2F *300
Pex = F+(p/2)
Tilting edge Tilting load Direct normal

JIB CRANE
Tilting edge
W . 200 = F1 . 80 + F2 . (160+80)
F1 / 80 = F2 / (160+80)
Pex = F2/2
FOR ONE BOLT

STEEL STRUCTURES
Ps : Direct shear force on bolt=60/6=10KN

F1,2,3,.. : Due to tilting moment (M=P.e) about G.
Pex = Rmax /µ
Rmax: The max resultant force of the 6 bolts

STEEL STRUCTURES
Ps : Direct shear force on bolt=60/6=10KN

F1,2,3,.. : Due to tilting moment (M=60*200) about G.
Pex = Rmax /µ
Rmax: The max resultant force of the 6 bolts

PRESSURE VESSELS
Pex = P.A/n
P: Pressure inside vessel

n: number of bolts
A: projected area of the cover

•Vessel’s inner diameter = 150mm.
•Vessel’s wall thickness = 12mm.
•Number of studs recommended = 8 of M12*1.25.
•Bolt’s pitch circle diameter = 200mm.
•Pressure inside vessel in working status = 2Mpa.
•The residual load in the connection should be 80% of external load.


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Mechanical Design

Dr. Amr Shaaban

Results Initial tension/Pre-stress

2 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

Bolt’s head ≈ 0.7d Md*L*b Md*L*b* b1

4 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

5 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

T2: Friction torque between

T1: Friction torque between bolt

6 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

µ Coefficient of friction 0.2-0.25

β Inclination angle β=30⁰ (fasteners)

p Pitch Defined by bolt’s designation

dm Bolt mean diameter

rm1 Bolt mean radius rm1=dm/2

rm2 Flat mean radius rm2=1.5d+(d+2)/4

µ̀ Inclined Coefficient of friction µ̀= µ/ cosβ

Fa Axial load on bolt (pre-tension) Following slide

Friction torque consumed

7 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

10 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

σy Yield stress Depends on bolt’s material (+)

12 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

13 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

σvar •Based on the max and min values of the

A •If point (A) lays on the safe zoon, then

Tilting load Direct shear

16 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

40cos60*175 +40sin60*100 = 2F1 *60 + 2F2 *(120+60)

Pex = (F2) )+(40sin60/n) +(40cos60/ µn)

Tilting load Direct normal Direct shear

17 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

Tilting edge Tilting load Direct normal

18 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

20 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

Ps : Direct shear force on bolt=60/6=10KN

Rmax: The max resultant force of the 6 bolts

Ps : Direct shear force on bolt=60/6=10KN

Rmax: The max resultant force of the 6 bolts

23 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

P: Pressure inside vessel

24 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

25 Dr.Amr Shaaban- Bolted Connections 1/20/2019

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