Waste Classification Technical Guidance Wm3

Waste
Classification
Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste

(1st edition 2015)
Technical Guidance WM3
Publishing Organisations
Natural Resources Wales / Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA),

Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru, SEPA Corporate Office
Tŷ Cambria, Strathallan House
29 Newport Road, Castle Business Park
Cardiff, Stirling
CF24 0TP. FK9 4TZ,
Tel: 01786 457700

Tel: 0300 065 3000 Fax: 01786 446885
www.naturalresourceswales.gov.uk www.sepa.org.uk
Northern Ireland Environment Environment Agency,

Agency (NIEA),
Land and Resource Management Horizon House,
Unit, Deanery Road,
Klondyke Building, Bristol,
Cromac Avenue, BS1 5AH.
Gasworks Business Park,
Lower Ormeau Road,
Belfast,
BT7 2JA.
Tel 03708 506506
Tel: 028 90549710
Fax: 028 90549310
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environ
www.ni-environment.gov.uk ment-agency
Document History
First Edition : May 2015
Adapted from the third edition of technical guidance WM2.

Contents
Section Title Page
Contents 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Chapter 2 Waste classification and assessment 5
Chapter 3 Further guidance on assessment 21
Appendix A How to use the List of Waste A1
Appendix B Hazardous substances B1
Appendix C Hazardous property assessment C1

C1: Explosive HP 1 C3
C2: Oxidizing HP 2 C7
C3:Flammable HP 3 C9
C4: Irritant HP 4 C15
C5: Specific Target Organ Toxicity/Aspiration Toxicity HP 5 C19
C6: Acute Toxicity HP 6 C23
C7: Carcinogenic HP 7 C27
C8: Corrosive HP 8 C29
C9: Infectious HP 9 C33
C10: Toxic for Reproduction HP 10 C37
C11: Mutagenic HP 11 C39
C12: Produces toxic gases in contact with water, air or acid HP 12 C41
C13: Sensitising HP 13 C45
C14: Ecotoxic HP 14 C47
C15: HP15 (capable of exhibiting a hazardous property listed above not C55
directly displayed by the original waste)
C16: Persistant Organic Pollutants C57
Appendix D Waste sampling D1
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st Edition 2015) C1C
List of Abbreviations
AH Absolute hazardous
AN Absolute non-hazardous
ATP Adaptation to technical progress
AWCCT Asphalt waste containing coal tar
BaP Benzo[a]pyrene
BSI British Standards Institute
CAS Chemical Abstract Service
CEN European Committee for Standardisation
CFC Chlorofluorocarbon
CLI Classification and Labelling Inventory
CLP Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances Regulation (EC 1272/2008)
EC European Community
ECHA European Chemicals Agency
ECVAM European centre for the validation of alternative methods
EEC European Economic Community
ELV End of Life Vehicle
EU European Union
GHS Globally Harmonised System
HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon
HSE Health and Safety Executive
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
LoW List of Waste
LoWD List of Wastes Decision (2002/532/EC)
MFSU Manufacture, formulation, supply and use.
MH Mirror hazardous
MN Mirror non-hazardous
NIEA Northern Ireland Environment Agency
PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls
POP Persistent Organic Pollutant
REACH Registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals
SDS Safety Date Sheet
SEPA Scottish Environment Protection Agency
SoS Secretary of State
STP Standard temperature and pressure (25ºC and 1 atmosphere pressure)
TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
WEEE Waste electronic and electrical equipment
WFD Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC)
XRD X-Ray Diffraction
C2C Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st Edition 2015)
1
Introduction
Overview
As part of your waste duty of care you must classify the waste your business produces:
 before it is collected, disposed of or recovered
 to identify the controls that apply to the movement of the waste
 to complete waste documents and records
 to identify suitably authorised waste management options
 to prevent harm to people and the environment.
You should use this guidance if you produce, manage or regulate waste.
For most wastes, you will need to identify if the waste has a hazardous property before you can
classify or describe it.
This guidance explains how to assess if the waste displays a hazardous property and how to classify
it.
Chapter 2 provides the procedure for waste classification and assessment. This procedure uses the
supporting information provided in five appendices as shown below.
Chapter 2: Waste classification and assessment

Explains the procedure to assess and classify a waste.
Chapter 3: Further guidance on assessment

Provides examples of the assessment of asbestos, oil and coal tar
containing wastes and soil.
Appendix A: How to use the List of Waste

Explains how to use the List of Waste, including some examples.
Appendix B: Hazardous substances

Explains how to identify if a substance is a hazardous substance.
Appendix C: Hazardous property assessment

Explains how to identify if a waste displays one or more hazardous
properties or is hazardous because it contains persistent organic pollutants.
Appendix D: Waste sampling

Provides guidance on how to plan the sampling of a waste to produce an
accurate classification.
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st Edition 2015) C3C
C4C Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st Edition 2015)
2
Waste classification and assessment
Introduction
This chapter explains how to classify a waste and identify its hazardous properties.
You need to classify each waste so you can describe it. The classification:
 must be worked out before the waste is moved, disposed of or recovered
 must be included on waste documents and records
 determines the controls that apply to movement of the waste
 is needed to identify a suitably authorised waste management option
Some examples of the classification of common wastes (for England) are provided by:
https://www.gov.uk/how-to-classify-different-types-of-waste/overview
Waste classification and assessment procedure

Steps to classify the waste
1. check if the waste needs to be classified
2. identify the code or codes that may apply to the waste
3. identify the assessment needed to select the correct code
Steps to assess the waste
4. determine the chemical composition of the waste
5. identify if the substances in the waste are ’hazardous substances’ or ’Persistent Organic
Pollutants’
6. assess the hazardous properties of the waste
7. assign the classification code and describe the classification code
This procedure is a general guide, it applies in most circumstances and must be used with the
supporting appendices. If you’re unsure seek advice from a competent person.
Step 1: Check if the waste needs to be classified
You need to ensure the material is waste, and needs to be classified.
Nearly all household, commercial and industrial wastes do need to be classified. This includes waste
from domestic households.
The material does not need to be classified if it’s either:
 not waste, or
 a waste that is excluded from classification
See box 2.1 for wastes excluded from classification entirely, or excluded where they are covered by
separate legislation.
If the waste you’re trying to classify is listed in Box 2.1, check domestic legislation to see how these
wastes are regulated in each country. This is particularly important if the waste is radioactive or
excluded by Article 2(2) of the Waste Directive.
See the Legal definition of waste guidance - Publications - GOV.UK for additional guidance on what is
waste and the listed exclusions for England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
If the material is waste, and needs to be classified, proceed to step 2.
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015 ) C5C
Box 2.1: Text from Article 2 of the Waste Directive - Exclusions from the Scope
‘1: The following shall be excluded from the scope of this Directive:
a) gaseous effluents emitted into the atmosphere;
b) land (in situ) including unexcavated contaminated soil and buildings permanently connected
with land;
c) uncontaminated soil and other naturally occurring material excavated in the course of
construction activities where it is certain that the material will be used for the purposes of
construction in its natural state on the site from which it was excavated;
d) radioactive waste;
e) decommissioned explosives;
f) faecal matter, if not covered by paragraph 2(b), straw and other natural non-hazardous
agricultural or forestry material used in farming, forestry or for the production of energy from
such biomass through processes or methods which do not harm the environment or
endanger human health.
2: The following shall be excluded from the scope of this Directive to the extent that they are
covered by other Community legislation:
a) waste waters;
b) animal by-products including processed products covered by Regulation (EC) No
1774/2002, except those which are destined for incineration, landfilling or use in a biogas or
composting plant;
c) carcasses of animals that have died other than by being slaughtered, including animals
killed to eradicate epizootic diseases, and that are disposed of in accordance with
Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002;
d) waste resulting from prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of mineral resources
and the working of quarries covered by Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive
industries’ (see note below).
‘3: Without prejudice to obligations under other relevant Community legislation, sediments relocated
inside surface waters for the purpose of managing waters and waterways or of preventing floods or
mitigating the effects of floods and droughts or land reclamation shall be excluded from the scope of
this Directive if it is proved that the sediments are non-hazardous.’
Note: The Mining Waste Directive (2006/21/EC) uses the definition of hazardous waste. References
in this document to ‘directive waste’ includes waste within the scope of the Mining Waste Directive.
Step 2: identify the code or codes that may apply to the waste
The second step is to identify how the waste is classified in the List of Waste (LoW).
This classification identifies what assessment is needed before a LoW code can be assigned to the
waste.
List of Waste (LoW) is a catalogue of all wastes divided into 20 chapters. The chapters must be used
in the correct order of precedence.
The chapters contain both the classification codes and the descriptions of each code (together
referred to as an ‘entry’ in the list)
You need to read Appendix A which:
 contains a copy of the List of Waste (includes the code, it’s description, entry type and
whether there is a worked example available)
 explains how to use the list
 provides information on the different types of entry and how each is assessed
This will help you identify the most appropriate code(s). Some codes are linked so it’s common to
identify more than one code at this stage.
C6C Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015 )
Once you’ve done this you proceed to step 3.
Step 3: identify the assessment needed to select the correct code(s)
You now need to work out if an assessment is needed and how it affects the classification of the
waste.
The assessment needed depends on the type of code(s) identified. Codes are divided into four types
of entry:
 wastes that may be hazardous or non-hazardous, known as ’mirror hazardous’ and ’mirror
non-hazardous’ entries
 wastes that are always hazardous, known as ’absolute hazardous’ entries
 wastes that are always non-hazardous, known as ’absolute non-hazardous’ entries.
The information provided in this guidance is suitable for most wastes. In a few cases the list of wastes
contains complex linkages between several entries of different types – you should seek further advice
about these. You must consider all relevant linked entries in order of precedence - see Appendix A
for further information.
‘mirror hazardous’ or ‘mirror non-hazardous’ entries
If the waste is classified under ‘mirror hazardous’ or ‘mirror non-hazardous’ entries you will need to
continue with the assessment of hazardous properties in steps 4 to 7. This will be used to
 identify which code applies, and
 complete the hazardous waste consignment note.
Waste holders have a duty to determine if a “mirror entry” waste is hazardous or non-hazardous. A
list of waste code cannot be assigned until steps 4 to 7 have been completed.
Appendix A also gives additional advice on how mirror entries that refer generally to hazardous
substances or only to one specific hazardous substance are assessed.
‘absolute hazardous’ entry

If a waste is classified as an ‘absolute hazardous’ entry, you must use that code. The waste is
hazardous waste and further assessment cannot change the classification. Steps 4 to 7 are not used
for classification purposes.
You must assess your waste to determine which hazardous properties it displays to complete a
hazardous waste consignment note. Follow steps 4 to 7 for hazardous property assessment
There are exceptions where ‘absolute hazardous’ entries are linked to other entries and additional
consideration may be needed. The other entries may need to be considered to determine if they are
more appropriate to the waste.
You can find additional advice in Appendix A on how unusual entries of this type, for example those
that relate to the presence or absence of hazardous components, are applied.
‘absolute non-hazardous’ entries

If a waste is classified as an ‘absolute non-hazardous’ entry, in most cases it is non-hazardous
without any further assessment and you can proceed to Step 7.
There are exceptions where these ‘absolute non-hazardous’ entries are linked to other entries and
additional consideration may be needed. The other entries may need to be considered to determine if
they are more appropriate to the waste.
In Appendix A additional advice is given on how certain atypical entries of this type are applied, for
example entries that relate to the presence or absence of hazardous components.
Step 4: determine the chemical composition of the waste
To assess whether the waste has a hazardous property you first need to know its composition.
You can get information on the composition of a waste:
 from the manufacturers safety data sheet if the waste is a manufactured product whose
composition has not changed - if the composition has been altered during storage or use you
should not rely fully on this information
 when the waste is from a well understood industrial process and the composition of the
wastes produced are well understood.
 by sampling and analysing the waste to determine its composition – you must read Appendix
D before undertaking any sampling, to ensure that sampling is appropriate, representative
and reliable
Chemical analyses (particularly for inorganic substances) do not always identify the specific
components but may only identify the individual anions and cations. In such cases, the waste holder
may need to determine what precise substances are likely to be present either by further analysis or
by applying knowledge of the process / activity that produced the waste. If there is any doubt, the
worst case substance should be considered to be present. See step 5 for further information on
‘worst case’ substances.
Once you’ve determined the composition proceed to step 5.
What to do if you do not know the composition of the waste

You should make all reasonable efforts to determine the composition of the waste.
This information is required to both:
 classify mirror entry wastes
 complete a consignment note for hazardous waste prior to the waste being removed from the
premises of production
Where the composition of a mirror entry waste is not known and genuinely cannot be determined the
mirror entry waste must be classified under the ‘mirror hazardous’ entry.
Although direct testing methods are available for some hazardous properties (for example
flammability) in step 6, they are not available for all properties. So direct testing cannot be used to
classify a waste of unknown composition as non-hazardous.
Step 5: identify if the substances in the waste are ‘hazardous substances’ or

‘Persistent Organic Pollutants’
Once you have determined the chemical composition you need to check if any of those chemicals are
 ‘hazardous substances’, or
 persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Appendix B explains how to identify if a substance is a ‘hazardous substance’ and the hazard
statement codes assigned to it.
Box 2.2 lists the POPs that are used for waste classification and have to be considered in step 6.
C8C Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015 )
Box 2.2 Persistant Organic Pollutants used for waste classification
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and hexaclorobenzene,
dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF),
chlordecone,
DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-
aldrine,
chlorophenyl)ethane),
pentachlorobenzene,
chlordane,
mirex,
hexachlorocyclohexanes (including lindane),
toxaphene
dieldrin,
hexabromobiphenyl
endrin,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s)
heptachlor,
Once you have determined if any of the substances in the waste are hazardous substances or POPs
proceed to step 6.
If the composition of the waste is known and none of the substances in the waste are hazardous
substances or POPs (listed in Box 2.2) then the waste does not possess any hazardous properties.
Proceed to step 7.
‘Worst case’ substance
Where the holder has some knowledge of the components (for example ‘lead’ and ‘chromium’), but
does not know which specific substances, are present they must identify the ‘worst case’ substance(s)
(for example ‘lead chromate’) for each component for use in Step 6.
The worst case substance should be determined separately for each hazardous property and is the
substance, or combination of substances, that may reasonably exist in the waste and that is most
likely to result in each hazardous property applying.
The worst case substance can be different for each hazardous property. For example, if chemical
substance A has a carcinogenic hazard statement code and chemical substance B has a mutagenic
hazard statement code both substances would have to be considered (one for each of the two
hazardous properties).
The term ‘reasonable’ indicates that substances that cannot exist within the waste because, for
example, of their physical and chemical properties can be excluded.
Step 6: Assess the hazardous properties of the waste

In step 6 you must consider all hazardous properties. These are numbered HP 1 to HP 15.
There are three methods to work out if a waste displays hazardous properties. These are:
 calculation - referring to a concentration limit for a hazard statement code (s),
 testing to prove whether a particular hazardous property is present or not (typically used for
the physical properties – explosive, oxidising, and flammable), or
 the safety data sheet if the waste is a manufactured product whose composition has not
changed, for that specific product.
At this point you should know what substances are present in the waste (or have assumed the worst
case substances) and what hazard statement codes they have. These hazard statement codes
determine what hazardous properties you need to consider. Table 2.1 shows which hazardous
properties are associated with each hazard statement code and where appropriate a concentration
limit. See Appendix C for instructions on how to assess each hazardous property, based on these
hazard statement codes.
If the waste is classified under a ‘mirror hazardous’ and ‘mirror non-hazardous’ entry you must also
consider POPs at this stage. Appendix C16 lists the POPs you must consider, and the concentration
limit that applies to each.
Products are often labelled with hazard pictograms (see Table 2.2). If a pictogram is present a
hazardous property is likely to apply. The absence of a pictogram does not mean that there are no
hazardous properties.
See chapter 3 for examples of assessing hazardous properties for construction and demolition waste
containing coal tar or asbestos, waste soil, waste oil and wastes containing oil.
Mirror entries referring to a specific hazardous substance or property
Some mirror entries in the LoW refer to a specific hazardous substance or a specific hazardous
property.
For these entries assessing the hazardous properties must be done in two stages.
The first step (used for classification) is to assess the waste to determine if it displays:
 a hazardous property due to the specific substance named in the entry, or
 the specific hazardous property named in the entry
or contains POPs at or above the concentration limit
If the waste does display a hazardous property or contains POPs, then as the second step you must
consider all the hazardous properties and hazardous substances. This is used to complete the
consignment note.
Step 7: assign the classification code and describe the hazardous properties
At this stage the types of entries identified in steps 2 and 3 are important.
If you have identified entries with a different order of precedence (see Appendix A) you must consider
the entries in that order of precedence. You can only consider an entry with a lower order of
precedence if no appropriate entry exists at the higher level.
If the waste is classified under an ‘absolute hazardous’ entry:
 you must use the classification code provided
 the waste is hazardous waste
 hazardous property assessment is not used for classification purposes
 the composition and hazardous properties identified in steps 4 to 6 are used only to complete
the consignment note
Key Point : ‘absolute hazardous’ wastes with no hazardous properties

A waste that falls under an absolute hazardous entry (eg any non-edible oil) is always hazardous.
That entry must be used.
If that waste has no hazardous properties the absolute hazardous entry still applies. The law does not
allow another entry to be applied to that waste.
If the waste was classified under ‘mirror hazardous’ and ‘mirror non-hazardous’ entries that refer
generally to hazardous substances, then:
 the ‘mirror hazardous’ code must be assigned if the waste displays a hazardous property or
contains POPs above the specified concentration limits
 the waste is hazardous waste, and
 the composition, hazardous properties, and POPs identified in steps 4 to 6 are also used to
complete the consignment note
C10C Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015)
 when the waste does not display a hazardous property, and does not contain POPs, the
‘mirror non-hazardous’ code can be assigned
If the waste was classified under ‘mirror hazardous’ and ‘mirror non-hazardous’ entries that refer to a
specific hazardous substance or hazardous property, then:
 the ‘mirror hazardous’ code must be assigned if the waste displays a hazardous property as a
result of that specific substance, displays that specific property, or contains POPs above the
specified concentration limits
 the waste is hazardous waste, and
 the composition, all hazardous properties, and POPs identified in steps 4 to 6 are then used
to complete the consignment note
 when the waste does not display a hazardous property as a result of the specific substance,
does not display the specific hazardous property, and does not contain POPs, the ‘mirror non-
hazardous’ code can be assigned
If the waste was classified under an ‘absolute non-hazardous’ entry, noting the additional advice given
in step 3 and appendix A, you must use the absolute non-hazardous code. The waste should be
managed in line with Duty of Care Regulations and other applicable legislation. If a waste classified
as ‘absolute non-hazardous’ displays a hazardous property you must include this on the waste
transfer note. If you believe an ‘absolute non-hazardous’ waste may display a hazardous property,
use steps 4 to 6 to assess this.
Table 2.1 Hazardous properties and hazard statement codes
Table 2.21 Hazard pictograms, hazard classes, and hazardous properties
Pictogram Physical hazard classes Hazardous

properties
Unstable explosives
Explosives, divisions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4
Self-reactive substances and mixtures, types A, B HP1 Explosive
Organic peroxides, types A, B
Oxidizing gases, category 1
Oxidizing liquids, categories 1, 2, 3 HP 2 Oxidising
Oxidizing solids, categories 1, 2,
Flammable gases, category 1

Flammable aerosols, categories 1, 2
Flammable liquids, categories 1, 2, 3
Flammable solids, categories 1, 2
Self-reactive substances and mixtures, types B, C, D, E, F
Pyrophoric liquids, category 1 HP 3 Flammable
Pyrophoric solids,
liquids,category
category11
Self-heating substances and mixtures, categories 1, 2
Substances and mixtures, which in contact with water, emit
flammable gases, categories 1, 2, 3
Organic peroxides, types B, C, D, E, F
Explosive, division 1.5 HP 15
Explosive, division 1.6 Not applicable
No pictogram Flammable gas, category 2 HP 3 Flammable
Self-reactive substances and mixtures, type G Not applicable
Organic peroxides, type G Not applicable
Compressed gases
Liquefied gases No hazardous
property
Refrigerated liquefied gases
Dissolved gases
Pictogram Human health hazard classes Hazardous
properties
Skin corrosion, category 1A HP 4 Irritant

HP 8 Corrosive
Skin corrosion, categories 1B and 1C HP 8 Corrosive
Serious eye damage, category 1 HP 4 Irritant
Corrosive to metals Not applicable
Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), categories 1, 2, 3 HP 6 Acute Toxicity
Respiratory sensitization, category 1 HP 13 Sensitising

Germ cell mutagenicity, categories 1A, 1B, 2 HP 11 Mutagenic
Carcinogenicity, categories 1A, 1B, 2 HP 7 Carcinogenic
Reproductive toxicity, categories 1A, 1B, 2 HP 10 Toxic for
reproduction
Specific target organ toxicity following single exposure, categories HP 5 Specific Target
1, 2 Organ Toxicity /
Aspiration Toxicity
Specific target organ toxicity following repeated exposure,
categories 1, 2
Aspiration hazard, categories 1, 2
Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 4 HP 6 Acute Toxicity
Skin irritation, categories 2, 3 HP 4 Irritant
Eye irritation, category 2
Skin sensitization, category 1 HP 13 Sensitising
Specific target organ toxicity following single exposure, cat. 3 HP 5 Specific Target
Organ Toxicity /
 Respiratory tract irritation Aspiration Toxicity
 Narcotic effects
No pictogram Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 5 Not applicable
Reproductive toxicity
Acute toxicity (oral, – effects
dermal, on or via category
inhalation), lactation 5 Not applicable
Not subject to Not applicable
Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 5 HP 9 Infectious
chemical
labelling
requirements
Pictogram Environmental hazard classes Hazardous
properties
Hazardous to the aquatic environment – acute aquatic hazard,

category 1
HP 14 Ecotoxic
Hazardous to the aquatic environment – long-term aquatic hazard,
category 1, 2
Hazardous to the ozone layer HP 14 Ecotoxic
No pictogram Hazardous to the aquatic environment – acute aquatic hazard, HP 14 Ecotoxic

categories 2, 3.
Hazardous to the aquatic environment – long-term aquatic hazard, HP 14 Ecotoxic
categories 3, 4
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3
Further guidance on assessment
This chapter provides further guidance and examples to show how waste classification and
assessment is applied to
1. Construction and demolition wastes containing asbestos
2. Waste containing coal tar
3. Waste soils
4. Waste oils and other wastes containing or contaminated with oil
(a) Waste oils
(b) and other wastes containing or contaminated with oil
1. Construction and demolition wastes containing

asbestos
Asbestos is a naturally occurring silicate mineral and exists in a number of chemical types – for
example chrysotile (‘white’), amosite (‘brown’) and crocidolite (‘blue’) – either in a bonded or fibrous
form. The fibres are very fine, less than 3 microns in diameter and respirable into the lung
passageways where they can lodge indefinitely and penetrate tissue.
All forms of asbestos are classified the same way in a harmonised entry in the Classification and
Labelling Inventory as:
 Carc. Cat 1A; H350, and
 STOT RE1; H372**
The assessment of asbestos containing waste considers both the presence of asbestos as
 fibres that are free and dispersed, and
 identifiable pieces of asbestos containing material
If the waste contains fibres that are free and dispersed then the waste will be hazardous if the waste
as a whole contains 0.1% or more asbestos.
If the waste contains any identifiable pieces of suspected asbestos containing material they must be
assessed as set out below. This would also apply to any dispersed fibres produced by deliberately
breaking up such identifiable pieces.
Where the waste contains identifiable pieces of asbestos containing material (i.e. any particle of a
size that can be identified as potentially being asbestos by a competent person if examined by the
naked eye), then these pieces must be assessed separately. The waste is hazardous if the
concentration of asbestos in the piece of asbestos containing material is 0.1% or more. The waste is
regarded as a mixed waste and classified accordingly (see example 1 for advice on how to apply list
of waste codes to mixed waste). The following codes should be assigned to the asbestos waste as
appropriate:
 17 06 05* Construction material containing asbestos MH

 17 06 01* Insulation material containing asbestos MH
17 06 05* would normally be used in preference to 17 06 01* for the asbestos in asbestos
contaminated soil and stones.
2. Waste containing coal tar

This example provides guidance on the classification of road asphalt waste containing coal tar
(AWCCT) and other construction and demolition wastes containing coal tar and related materials.
This does not apply to wastes where coal tar is known not to be present.
Coal tar and many coal tar distillates are potentially carcinogenic hazardous substances. If the
concentration of such materials is at or above 0.1% the waste would possess the hazardous property
HP 7 carcinogenic.
Coal tar is complex mix of hydrocarbon compounds which have to be added to together to determine
the concentration of coal tar. Therefore the 0.1% concentration must be applied to all fractions of the
coal tar. Assessments based on PAH’s alone are not consistent with the legislation and cannot be
used to classify a waste as non-hazardous.
However, if the concentration of coal tar is known, Table 3.1 of the CLP uses benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)
as a marker compound for carcinogenicity for certain coal tar entries. Where the concentration of BaP
is less than 0.005% of the concentration of the coal tar (rather than in the waste as a whole), the coal
tar is not carcinogenic and does not need to be considered for HP7.
‘Black top’ (road surface) waste
The following applies only to Asphalt material classified in the List of Wastes as
 17 03 01* bituminous mixtures containing coal tar
 17 03 02 bituminous mixtures other than those mentioned in 17 03 01
Where the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene is at or above 50 ppm (mg/kg) in the black top alone
(excluding other material) then the amount of coal tar should be considered to be sufficient (0.1% or
more) for the material to be hazardous and thus coded 17 03 01*.
Any sampling of black top would need to ensure that layers with different concentrations of
benzo[a]pyrene are identified and sampled.
3. Waste soil
This example provides guidance on the classification of waste soiI. It does not apply if the soil is not
waste. See examples 1,2 and 4(b) for further advice on asbestos, coal tar and oil contamination.
The List of Waste contains two entries for soil excavated from contaminated sites:
17 05 03* soil and stones containing hazardous substances MH
17 05 04 soil and stones other than those mentioned in 17 05 03 MN
As these two entries are “mirrors” an assessment is required to determine which code is appropriate
and therefore whether the waste is hazardous or non-hazardous.
In this example the following process has been followed (the necessary steps in any instance would
have to reflect on the site specific circumstances):
 a desk survey has been carried out which has identified past uses of the site – in this case it
is assumed that it was used for a variety of industrial processes including chemical metal
plating
 a ground sampling plan was developed including both surface and sub-surface sampling. This
included a preliminary sampling exercise to inform a more expansive sampling plan
 following analysis of the samples an environmental / human health risk assessment identified
areas of the site that require remediation or soil removal
 waste soil was classified as one or subpopulations based on the characteristics of their
contamination (e.g. “hotspots”). Each subpopulation was assessed separately for hazardous
waste purposes
 subpopulations were excavated and stockpiled separately ensuring that only the minimum
amount of incidental less contaminated material was removed. The incidental material was
not considered in the assessment. Mixing of hazardous waste with other material is
prohibited, and producers have a duty to separate mixed waste.
 all information relating to the site investigation was retained and passed to subsequent
holders of waste.
The assessment of such waste requires multiple samples (See Appendix D for further information). To
simplify presentation of this example, only one is included here.
This example follows, and should be applied in accordance with, the waste classification and
assessment methodology set out in Chapter 2 of this document. Notes refer to text within the steps
below.
Key point: Landfill WAC analysis (specifically leaching test results) must not be used for waste
classification and hazardous waste assessment purposes.
This analysis is only applicable for landfill acceptance and does not give any indication as to whether
a waste may be hazardous or non-hazardous.
Assessment
Table 3.3 provides the following information:
 the determinands that samples were analysed for (which should reflect contamination at the
site), and their reporting units
 the analytical results obtained
 the worst case compound used for the assessment (see explanatory notes at the end of this
example) (note the general compound entry for Arsenic in the CLP should not be used for
worst case)
 the concentration of the worst case compound calculated from the analytical results (see
explanatory text in (see explanatory notes at the end of this example)
 the hazard statement codes assigned to this worst case compound, and the hazardous
properties associated with them (see explanatory notes at the end of this example)
Assess the hazardous properties of the waste
From identification of the hazardous substances and their properties in Table 3.3 the following
hazardous properties need to be considered;
 HP 3 Flammable
 HP 4 / HP 8: Irritant and Corrosive
 HP 5 Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT)/ Aspiration Toxicity
 HP 6 Acute Toxicity
 HP 7 Carcinogenic
 HP 10 Toxic for Reproduction
 HP 11 Mutagenic
 HP 12 Produces Toxic gases in contact with water, air or acid
 HP 13 Sensitising
 HP 14 Ecotoxic
HP 3 Flammable : components of concern : TPH
 HP 3 (first and fourth indents) can be discounted as this is a solid waste without a free
draining liquid phase.
 Advice from the laboratory indicated that testing for flammability was not appropriate due to
the low level of TPH. The test would produce a negative result.
 The waste does not display these hazardous properties.
 If there was any uncertainty a test would be required.
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015) C23C
Table 3.3 Results and elements used for subsequent assessment
“Worst % conc. 2 Related

Hazard Class Hazard
Determinand Units Result Case” of worst Hazardous
and Category Statement
compound case Property
3
Acute Tox. 2 * H330 HP6
Acute Tox. 1 H310 HP6
3
sodium Acute Tox. 2 * H300 HP6
Cyanide (total) mg/kg 320 0.06%
cyanide. Aquatic Acute 1 H400 HP14
Aquatic Chronic 1 H410 HP14
EUH032 HP12
Carc. 1A H350 HP7
3
diarsenic
Arsenic mg/kg 530 0.07% Skin Corr. 1B H314 HP8
trioxide
Aquatic Acute 1 H400 HP14
3
3
3
cadmium 0.08% Acute Tox. 4 * H302 HP6
Cadmium mg/kg 782
carbonate (Note 1) Aquatic Acute 1 H400 HP14
4
(Carc. 1B) (H350) (HP 7)
copper(I)
Copper mg/kg 400 0.05% Aquatic Acute 1 H400 HP14
oxide
Repr. 1A H360Df HP10
3
3
lead 0.16% 3
Lead mg/kg 1620 STOT RE 2 * H373** HP5
sulphate (Note 1)
4
(Carc. 2) (H351) HP7
Carc. 1A H350i HP7
Muta. 2 H341 HP11
Repr. 1B H360D*** HP10
STOT RE 1 H372** HP5
3
nickel 3
Nickel mg/kg 297 0.06% Acute Tox. 4 * H302 HP6
carbonate
Skin Irrit. 2 H315 HP4
Resp. Sens. 1 H334 HP13
Skin Sens. 1 H317 HP13
Zinc mg/kg 1446 zinc oxide 0.18%
Asp. Tox 1 H304 HP5
STOT RE2 H373 HP5
Total Petroleum Muta. 1B H340 HP11
Hydrocarbons mg/kg 12500 1.25% Carc. 1B H350 HP7
(TPH) Repr. 2 H361d HP10
(Flammable?) (?) HP 3
Benzo[a]pyrene
mg/kg 0.23
(BaP)
pH 8.7
Supporting Notes for Table 3.3:
1. Asbestos, Antimony, Barium, Hexavalent Chromium, Mercury, Molybdenum, PCBs, Selenium,
PCB’s and other Persistent Organic Pollutants were analysed for but were not detected in this
sample.
2. The classification presented here are based on Table 3.1 of the CLP. With the exception of
note 4 below, and to simplify this example, we have not attempted identify any additional
properties of the compounds listed. This would need to be done, as explained in Appendix B,
to classify a waste soil.
3. Acute Tox. And STOT hazard classes marked with a ‘*’ are minimum classifications. The
actual classification may be more severe and needs to be determined. For illustrative
purposes, to simplify this example, we have not done so here.
4. Cadmium compounds and inorganic lead compounds are classified as carcinogenic by IARC.
The carcinogenic classification of these compounds needs to be determined in accordance
with Appendix B. H350 and H351 have been used here for illustrative purposes only.
5. Cadmium carbonate, lead sulphate and sodium cyanide are classified under harmonised group
entries.
6. The entries from cadmium and lead are also qualified by Note 1, which enables the use of
metal cation concentration for the assessment.
Analytical results and use of moisture in adjusting concentrations

The laboratory may report results as “dry weight” or similar. The hazardous waste classification uses
concentrations of substances in the waste. Dry weight need be converted to actual concentrations.
Check with the laboratory before doing so, as laboratories may report moisture in different ways.
Chemical Speciation and worst case compounds
Waste classification and assessment of hazardous waste normally needs the hazardous substances
present to be identified. In this example the initial analysis has identified certain cations and an anion
but does not identify the precise compounds that are present. At this point there are two options:
 further analysis using other techniques (for example X-Ray Diffraction, XRD) to identity the
compounds present. This can be expensive and needs minimum levels of substances for
detection purposes, or
 use the initial analysis, knowledge of the properties of the soil in the particular case that may
affect speciation. This includes information on the history of the site and likely contaminants
associated with its use to determine the worst case compounds that could plausibly be
associated with the waste soil at this site
Other data sources may provide further information on the types of contamination associated with
certain industries, processes or materials. Compounds that are not consistent with site history and the
analysis, or that have chemical properties that mean they cannot exist in the waste, can in some
circumstances be discounted.
Due to the site/process specific variability of worst case compounds, ‘generic’ worst case compounds
(and electronic tools and models that employ them) should not be used without first establishing that
they are applicable to the specific waste in question. The worst case for Arsenic, for example, will
normally be a harmonised entry in Table 3.1 of the CLP for specific oxide rather than the harmonised
general compound entry.
As noted above we have chosen worst case compounds specific to this particular example and these
should not be used for other contaminated soils without first establishing that they are applicable.
Concentration of worst case compound
An example of how a compound concentration is calculated is provided here for zinc oxide:
(i) Analysis indicates that 1446 mg/kg of zinc (0.14%) is present in the waste soil
(ii) The actual worst case zinc compound in the soil is suspected (in this case) to be zinc oxide.
(ZnO)
(iii) The atomic weight of zinc is 65.4, and for oxygen is 16
(iv) The concentration of zinc oxide in the soil is therefore
(65.4 + 16) x 1446 = 1800.0 mg/kg (0.18%)
65.4
Where the compound is assigned Note 1 by the CLP the metal cation concentration can be used
directly, without determining the concentration of the compound.
HP 4 Irritant / HP 8 Corrosive: components of concern: diarsenic trioxide and nickel

carbonate.
These are additive hazardous properties. The concentrations of different compounds with certain
hazard statement codes are added together as explained in Appendices C4 and C8.
The assessment below indicates that hazardous properties HP 4 Irritant and HP 8 Corrosive do not
apply to this waste when known components were concerned.
Although much of the composition of the waste remains unknown, as the pH is <11.5, the acid/alkali
reserve and in vitro tests are not considered.
Hazard Hazardous Waste
Substances to
Hazards Statement Concentration Conc. Total Assessment
be considered
Code limit Limits
≥5% The
0.07%
Skin Corr. 1B concentrations of diarsenic Hazard does
HP8 (below 0.07%
H314 substances with trioxide not apply
cut-off)
H314 are additive
≥20% The
concentrations of 0.06%
Skin Irrit. 2 nickel Hazard does
HP4 substances with (below 0.06%
H315 carbonate not apply
H315 and H319 are cut-off)
additive.
HP 5 Specific Target Organ Toxicity / Aspiration Toxicity : components of concern: nickel

carbonate, lead sulphate, TPH
This assessment of STOT uses individual substance concentrations.
 The individual concentration of each H372 substance (nickel carbonate, 0.06%) is less that
the 1% concentration limit for HP 5
 The individual concentration of each H373 substance (lead sulphate, 0.16%) is less than the
10% concentration limit for HP 5 (see note 3 in the supporting notes to Table 3.3 above)
Aspiration Toxicity is additive hazardous property. The concentration of different compounds with
certain hazard statement codes are added together as explained in Appendix C5.
 The total concentration of H304 substances (TPH, 1.25%) is less than the 10% concentration
limit for HP 5.
 The waste does not display the hazardous property HP 5.
HP 6 Acute Toxicity: components of concern: sodium cyanide, nickel carbonate, lead sulphate,
cadmium carbonate, copper (I) oxide, diarsenic trioxide
This is an additive hazardous property. The concentration of different compounds with certain hazard
statement codes are added together according to the procedures explained in Appendix C6.
See note 3 in the supporting note to table 3.3.
The cut-off (the level below which a substance can be excluded from the assessment) is however
applied to each substance before this addition takes place. Therefore, in this example:
 Sodium cyanide is below the 0.1% cut off for H300, H310 and H330.
 Diarsenic trioxide is below the 0.1% cut off for H300
 Nickel carbonate is below the 1% cut off for H302 and H332
 Cadmium carbonate is below the 1% cut off for H302, H312 and H332
 Lead sulphate is below the 1% cut off for H302 and H332
 Copper (I) oxide is below the 1% cut of for H302
 The waste does not display the hazardous property HP 6
HP 7 Carcinogenic: components of concern: nickel carbonate, lead sulphate, diarsenic
trioxide, cadmium carbonate, TPH
This is not an additive hazard. The concentration of each individual substance is compared to the
concentration limit.
 Diarsenic trioxide at 0.07% is below the 0.1% concentration limit for HP 7 (H350)
 Nickel carbonate at 0.06% is below the 0.1% concentration limit for HP 7(H350)
 Cadmium carbonate is subject to Note 1, which means the concentration of cadmium alone is
used. The concentration of cadmium at 0.08% is below the 1% concentration limit for HP 7
(H351). Read note 4 to table 3.3.
 Lead sulphate is also subject to Note 1. The concentration of lead at 0.16% is below the 1%
concentration limit for HP 7 (H351). Read note 4 to table 3.3.
 The laboratory has confirmed that the hydrocarbon profile is inconsistent with the oil being
diesel or weathered diesel. TPH at 1.25% is present above the 0.1% concentration limit for
HP 7 (and HP 11) (H350 and H340). So were considered further using marker compounds.
If the concentration of Benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) is less than 0.01% of the concentration of TPH,
the oil is not carcinogenic or mutagenic. The TPH concentration is 12500 mg/kg so the BaP
concentration limit is 1.25 mg/kg (0.01% of the TPH). The BaP concentration is less than this,
at 0.23 mg/kg, so the oil is not carcinogenic or mutagenic.
 The waste does not display the hazardous property HP 7 Carcinogenic.
Note on Oil contamination and TPH:

 In most circumstances the oil contaminating soil and stones should be assessed as an
‘unknown oil’ as set out in Example 3.
 Oils may contain a range of hydrocarbons, so the presence of Diesel Range Organics
(DRO) does not enable the assessor to conclude that diesel is present. These
hydrocarbons may have arisen from other oils.
 Therefore contaminating oil must not be assessed as diesel, unless it is known that this
is the case (for example: if there is a documented site record of a spill of diesel relating
to the specific hotspot where the sample was taken, or the laboratory analysis produces
a hydrocarbon profile consistent with diesel or weathered diesel being the
contaminating oil).
HP 10 Toxic for reproduction; components of concern: Lead, Nickel carbonate, and TPH
concentration limit.
 Lead at 0.16% is below the 0.3% concentration limit for HP 10 (H360)
 Nickel carbonate at 0.06% is below the 0.3% concentration limit for HP10(H360)
 The TPH concentration is below the 3% concentration limit for HP 10 (H361).
 The waste does not display the hazardous property HP 10 Toxic for reproduction.
HP 11 Mutagenic : components of concern : Nickel carbonate, TPH
concentration limit concentrations.
 Nickel carbonate at 0.06% is below the 1% concentration limit for HP 11 (H341)
 See HP 7 for information on TPH
 The waste does not display the hazardous property HP 11 Mutagenic.
HP 12 Produces toxic gases in contact with water, air or acid: components of concern : sodium
cyanide
 The concentration of sodium cyanide (EUH032) is less than the 0.2% concentration limit
calculated in Appendix C12
 The waste does not display the hazardous property HP12 Produces toxic gases in contact
with water, air or acid.
HP 13 Sensitising : components of concern : Nickel carbonate
concentration limit concentrations.
 Nickel carbonate at 0.06% is below the 10% concentration limit for HP 13 (H317 and H334)
 The waste does not display the hazardous property HP 13 Sensitising.
HP 14 Ecotoxic: Components of concern: Sodium cyanide, Diarsenic trioxide, Cadmium
carbonate, Copper (I)oxide, Lead sulphate, Nickel carbonate, Zinc Oxide, and TPH
This follows the calculation method using hazard statements as set out in Appendix C14 of WM3. The
risk phrase method could be used as an alternative.
Step 1 – The waste is not a manufactured product so this does not apply.
Step 5 : the waste contains 7 metal compounds with H400 and H410 and TPH with H411 hazard
statements. None of these substances are assigned an “M Factor” in Table 3.1 of the CLP so are
assigned an M Factor of 1 in the relevant equations
Applying the generic cut-off values (Table 14.2) only Lead Sulphate, Zinc Oxide and TPH need to be
considered further.
Substance Concentration Hazard M Factor Mx
Statements Concentration
Lead Sulphate 0.16% H400, H410 1 0.16%
(Note 1)
Zinc Oxide 0.18% H400, H410 1 0.18%
TPH 1.25% H411 1 1.25%
Step 6 – Applying equations 5 to 9 in order equation 9 indicates that the waste possesses hazardous
property HP 14 (see below)..
 Equation 5 (0.16% +0.18%) = 0.34% is less than 25%
 Equation 6 (0.16% +0.18%) = 0.34% is less than 25%
 Equation 7 (0.16% x10) +(0.18% x10) + 1.25% =4.65 % is less than 25%
 Equation 8 0.16% + 0.18% + 1.25% = 1.59% is less than 25%
 Equation 9 (100 x 0.16%) + (100 x 0.18%) + (10 x 1.25%) = 46.5% which is greater than
25%
Summary
The concentration limit value was exceeded for the hazardous property HP 14 Ecotoxic.
The waste is therefore classified under the EWC code 17 05 03*, and is a hazardous waste.
Note: If landfill is identified as the disposal route for this waste then further analysis may be
required to ensure that the material meets the waste acceptance criteria (WAC) for hazardous
landfill.
4. Waste oils and other wastes containing or contaminated
with oil
This example applies to waste oils and any waste containing or contaminated with oil.
It does not apply to edible oils (e.g. 20 01 25), or to pure biodiesel (i.e. biodiesel that is known not to
be blended or contaminated with conventional fuel). Biodiesel means vegetable oil or animal fat
based diesel fuel consisting of long chain alkyl esters.
Introduction
The term ‘Oil’ covers many substances or mixtures including the broad use of mineral based fuels and
lubricants, food or animal feeds and a range of other types. This example is focused upon mineral
and hydrocarbon oils derived from petroleum resources. It is divided into two separate sections:
 Waste mineral oils (predominately oils, liquid fuels and lubricants, including synthetic oils and
waste oil separator contents).
 Wastes, other than waste oils, that contain or are contaminated with oil (i.e. where the oil
phase is not the predominant substance).
You must use this procedure for two groups set out above. You must not use the procedure set out
for other wastes.
Oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. However many of these complex mixtures are classified
as a hazardous substance in their own right. Assessment of waste oil must therefore be based on the
concentration of the oil substances as a whole. Individual hydrocarbon components are not
considered separately.
4(a) Waste mineral oils

All waste oils such as fuel oil, diesel, biodiesel, or lubricating oils, etc are legally classified as a
hazardous waste, under absolute hazardous entries in the List of wastes. The only two exceptions to
this rule are edible oil and in certain circumstances some biodiesel (see scope)
This rule applies to all types of oil regardless of composition, hazardous properties and source. This
means that even a waste oil possessing no hazardous properties must legally be classified as
a hazardous waste.
Waste oil entries can be found in the following chapters of the List of Wastes:
 Chapter 13 Oil Wastes and Wastes of Liquid Fuels (includes all entries)
 Sub-chapters 05 01 wastes from petroleum refining (entries referring to oil only)
 Sub-chapter 12 01 wastes from shaping and physical and mechanical surface treatment of
metals and plastics (entries referring to oil only)
 The following specific wastes: 080319* disperse oil, 190207* oil and concentrates from
separation, 190810* grease and oil mixture from oil/water separation other than those
mentioned in 190809, and 200126* oil and fat other than those mentioned in 200125
Assessment of the hazardous properties of waste oil
The hazardous properties (if any) of the oil must be described on the consignment note to accompany
its movement.
Often the most accessible and complete source of information on the chemical properties of a specific
oil is a Safety Data Sheet. However you should check that these are European and REACH
compliant, and are therefore based on the legal classification of the relevant petroleum group in a
harmonised entry in the Classification and Labelling Inventory. Marker compounds are not considered
in these circumstances.
If you do not have, and cannot obtain, a Safety Data Sheet then you should use the classification for
that petroleum group. Note: Harmonised entries for oils in the Classification and Labelling Inventory
are typically incomplete, in that Flammable, Toxic for Reproduction and Ecotoxic properties have not
being considered. You will need to consider these in classifying the waste. Marker compounds
applicable to the group may be considered in these circumstances. See section 3.3 of this example.
Waste oils are generally considered to display the following hazardous properties:
 HP 5 Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT)/Aspiration Toxicity
 HP 7 Carcinogenic
 HP 14 Ecotoxic
Certain oils may also possess other hazardous properties, for example unleaded petrol (a mixture
of gasoline and various additives) is typically HP 3, HP 4, HP 5, HP 7, HP 10, HP 11 and HP 14.
It is important when deciding on the waste’s hazardous properties that you consider the chemical
changes that could have occurred within the oil once it has been used and become waste.
4(b): other wastes containing or contaminated with oil

This example explains how to identify if wastes contaminated with oil display hazardous properties
due to the presence of oil. Waste oils themselves are covered in 4(a).
This section considers only the oils contaminating a waste. Where the waste contains other
hazardous substances, for example metal compounds or coal tar, these must also be considered. For
hazardous properties that add concentrations of different hazardous substances together (for
example HP 4, HP 5, and HP 14) the additive procedures from Appendix C must be applied in
conjunction with the information below.
The assessment of waste is made according to the procedure set out in chapter 2 of this document.
This section provides advice on the assessment of hazardous properties, and would for example
determine whether a waste classified under a hazardous/non-hazardous mirror entry in the List of
Wastes was hazardous or not due to the presence of oil contamination.
Figure 3.4 is provided to guide you through the criteria, and must be used in conjunction with the
supporting text.
Is the identity of the contaminating oil known or can it be identified?
The simplest scenario is where the identity of the contaminating oil is known, or can be identified. If
the oil is known the manufacturer’s or supplier’s REACH compliant safety data sheet for the specific
oil can be obtained and the hazard statement codes on that Safety Data Sheet can be used for the
hazardous waste assessment. Some examples are provided in Table 3.4
Where the identity of the oil can only be identified down to a petroleum group level (i.e. the
contaminating oil is known to be diesel, but the specific type/brand is unknown), then the classification
of that petroleum group should be used in the assessment. The marker compounds associated with
that petroleum group may be used to confirm carcinogenicity.
Appendix B explains how to identify the classification of hazardous substances. All properties of the
oil must be considered. Ecotoxic, Flammable, Mutagenic and Toxic for Reproduction may not be
listed in the oil entries.
Diesel Range Organics (DRO) may be present in many oils. Their presence cannot be assumed to
mean that diesel is the contaminating oil. However if the analysing laboratory reports that the
hydrocarbon profile of the oil as a whole is consistent with diesel, or weathered diesel, then the oil
should be considered to be diesel.
The concentration of known oils should be determined using a method that as a minimum spans the
range in which the carbon numbers for that known oil fall.
Table 3.4 Example classifications of products from some petroleum groups
Petroleum Group
Petrol (Gasoline) Diesel Heavy/Residual Fuel Crude Oils
Oils
Flam. Liq 1 H224 Flam. Liq. 3 H226 Muta. 1B H340 Flam. Liq, 2 H225
Skin Irrit.2 H315 Skin Irrit. 2 H315 Carc. 1B H350 Carc. 1B H350
Muta. 1B H340 Acute Tox. 4 H332 Acute Tox. 4 H332 Eye Irrit. 2 H319
Carc. 1B H350 Carc. 2 H351 Repr. 2 H361d Asp.Tox. 1 H304
Repr. 2 H361d Asp.Tox. 1 H304 STOT RE 2 H373 STOT RE2 H373
STOT SE3 H336 STOT RE 2 H373 Aquatic Chronic 2 H411 STOT SE3 H336
Asp. Tox.1 H304 Aquatic Chronic 2 H411 Aquatic Chronic 2 H411
Aquatic Chronic 2 H411
If the identity of the oil is unknown and cannot be determined

This is likely to be the case with many wastes, and in particular with contaminated soil and stones. It
is important however that all reasonable efforts are made to identify the oil.
For contaminated land specific consideration must be given to the following before proceeding;
 The presence of other organic contaminants, for example solvents or coal tar that could be
detected as hydrocarbons. Coal Tar is not an oil and is considered separately in example 2.
Where the site history or investigation indicates the presence of hydrocarbons from oil and
other sources (e.g. coal tar), and the origin of the hydrocarbons cannot reliably be assigned to
either, then a worst case approach of considering the hydrocarbons both as, waste oil (in
accordance with this example) and from other sources, for example coal tar should be taken.
 The presence of diesel, or weathered diesel, should be specifically considered by the
laboratory and where this is confirmed by the hydrocarbon profile the oil should be assessed
as a known or identified oil (diesel).
Contaminating oil, other than diesel, should be assumed to display the following hazard statements
associated with the hazardous properties indicated (unless the actual classification can be
determined):
 (HP 3 Flammable)
 H304 & H373 (HP 5 Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT)/Aspiration Toxicity),
 H340 (HP 11 Mutagenic)
 H350 (HP 7 Carcinogenic)
 H361d (HP 10 Toxic for Reproduction)
 H411 (or R51-53)(HP 14 Ecotoxic)
The assessment of the waste is based on the presence of oil. It considers each of these properties in
turn using the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) (C6 to C40) concentration. The bullets below
compare the concentration of TPH to the concentration limit concentrations set out in Appendix C for
each hazardous property:
(i) If the concentration of TPH is ≥ 10% the waste will be HP 5* Specific Target Organ Toxicity
(STOT)/Aspiration Toxicity
(ii) If the concentration of TPH is ≥ 3% the waste will be HP 10 toxic for reproduction.
(iii) If the concentration of TPH is ≥ 2.5% the waste will be HP 14* Ecotoxic.
(iv) If the concentration of TPH is ≥ 0.1% the waste will be HP 7 Carcinogenic and HP 11
Mutagenic unless the concentration of benzo-a-pyrene is <0.01% of the concentration of the
TPH (this is explained in the following section)
Note ‘*’: HP 5 Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT)/Aspiration Toxicity and HP 14 Ecotoxic are
additive properties. Where other hazardous substances, with hazard statement codes associated with
those properties, are present the additive procedures in Appendices C5 and C14 must be followed.
Flammability (HP 3) need only be considered where the oil is at sufficient concentration to make this
relevant.
Use of Marker Compounds for HP 7 Carcinogenic and HP 11 Mutagenic
The assessment of HP 7 Carcinogenic and HP 11 Mutagenic follows Appendix C7 and C11 of this
document. Markers are used solely to determine if the oil is classified with hazard statement codes
H350/H351 (HP 7) and H340/H341 (HP 11) for use in that assessment.
The use of marker compounds is optional. If marker compounds have not been used the oil must be
assumed to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. For unknown oil this means that a waste containing ≥
0.1% TPH is hazardous waste.
These markers not applicable to other hazardous properties, for example HP 5 Specific Target Organ
Toxicity (STOT)/Aspiration Toxicity and HP 14 Ecotoxic.
The use of specific hydrocarbons, for example Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH or PAC), as markers
for carcinogenicity in oil is well established.
This guidance considers the use of markers for HP 7 and HP 11 in two circumstances;
 Wastes contaminated with known oil
 Wastes contaminated with unknown oil and wastes from treatment of oil contaminated waste.
Wastes contaminated with known oil (other than from the treatment of oil containing
waste)
Where the identity of the contaminating oil is known, and the oil is classified as carcinogenic or
mutagenic on the manufacturer’s Safety Data Sheet, marker compounds must not be used for that
property. The relevant marker would have been considered in the preparation of the safety data
sheet. If the oil is not carcinogenic or mutagenic, and it composition has changed significantly during
use, then either the oil should be classified as carcinogenic/mutagenic or the relevant marker should
be reassessed.
Where the identity of the contaminating oil is not known, but the petroleum group has been
established, then the appropriate marker for that petroleum group may be used unless the oil is diesel
or petrol. Marker compounds must not be used for petrol or diesel:
 Diesel is carcinogenic, H351. No marker compounds apply.
 Petrol is carcinogenic H350 unless the identity is known and the safety data sheet for that
particular product indicates otherwise.
For oils in other petroleum groups the CLP identifies the following three markers for use in
determining the carcinogenic or mutagenic nature of the oil contaminating the waste. Only the
marker(s) assigned to that group by the CLP can be used. The oil is not carcinogenic or mutagenic,
where indicated by the CLP note(s) assigned to that group, if the:
 benzene concentration is less than 0.1% of the of the TPH concentration w/w (mg/kg);
 1,3-butadiene concentration is than less 0.1% than of the TPH concentration w/w (mg/kg);
and
 substance contains less than 3 %DMSO extract (relative to TPH concentration) as measured
by IP 346 ‘Determination of polycyclic aromatics in unused lubricating base oils and
asphaltene free petroleum fractions — Dimethyl sulphoxide extraction refractive index
method’, Institute of Petroleum, London. (Note: this method is only applicable to hydrocarbon
oils and is not suitable where other additives/contaminants may be present)
Where the CLP does not assign a marker to the petroleum group, then markers must not be used for
that petroleum group, H350, H351, H340 and H341 are allocated as indicated by that entry.
Markers related to the refining history are not applicable to waste. These would require the identity of
the oil to be known, and should already have been determined by the manufacturer and supplier on
the Safety Data Sheet.
Waste contaminated with unknown oil and waste from the treatment of oil
contaminated waste.
Markers can only be used for unknown oil where all reasonable efforts have been taken to identify the
specific oil or petroleum group. This might include for example site investigation, site history and
laboratory analysis. Producers or holders may, as an alternative to such efforts, classify the oil as
H350 (HP 7) and H340 (HP 11).
However, where a waste contaminated with known or unknown oil has been subsequently treated by
a process that changes the contaminating oil, any oil contaminated residues from that treatment
should be assessed as waste contaminated with an unknown oil.
Mixing or blending processes that dilute the concentration of the oil, without treating the oil itself,
cannot change a carcinogenic/mutagenic oil to a non-carcinogenic/mutagenic oil
If the identity of the oil is unknown, and the petroleum group cannot be established, then the oil
contaminating the waste can be classified as non-carcinogenic/mutagenic due to the presence of oil if
all three of the following criteria are met:

th
the waste contains benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at a concentration of less than 0.01% (1/10,000 )
of the TPH concentration (This is the carcinogenic limit specified in table 3.1 of the CLP for
BaP)
 this has been determined by an appropriate and representative sampling approach in
accordance with the principles set out in Appendix D, and
 the analysis clearly demonstrates, for example by carbon bands or chromatograph, and the
laboratory has reasonably concluded that the hydrocarbons present have not arisen from
petrol or diesel
Where any one of these three criteria is not met the oil should be classified as H350 (carcinogenic)
and H340 (mutagenic). Some worked examples are provided below to illustrate this.
TPH concentration (in waste) Benzo[a]pyrene concentration limit concentration (in waste)
(equivalent to 0.01% of TPH concentration)
0.1% 1000 mg/kg 0.00001% 0.1 mg/kg 100 µg/kg
1% 10,000 mg/kg 0.0001% 1 mg/kg 1000 µg/kg
10% 100,000 mg/kg 0.001% 10 mg/kg 10,000 µg/kg
Figure A3.4 The assessment of wastes, other than waste oils, containing or contaminated with
oil
START : Is the Do you know know END : Use the

identity of the the specific identity of Specific classification on
contaminating oil Yes
the oil or only the identity the Safety Data
known or can it be petroleum group ? sheet.
identified ?
No
END: Use the
Petroleum Group
group
Hazardous Property classification (see
Is the concentration Yes HP 5 STOT/ supporting text)
of TPH ≥ 10% ? Aspiration Toxicity
applies
No All
Hazardous Property
Is the concentration Yes
HP 10 Toxic for
of TPH ≥ 3% ?
Reproduction applies
No All
Hazardous Property
Is the concentration Yes HP 14 Ecotoxic
of TPH ≥ 2.5% ?
applies
No All
Are marker END: Hazardous

Is the concentration Yes compounds No Properties HP 7
of TPH ≥ 0.1%?* applicable (see Carcinogenic and HP 11
supporting text) ? mutagenic apply
No Yes
END: The Have markers No

contaminating oil is compounds been
not present in determined ? No
sufficient
concentration for a
hazardous property Yes
to apply END: Hazardous
Have the criteria in 3.4.2.
been met for the oil to be Properties HP 7
Yes
non-carcinogenic/ Carcinogenic and HP 11
mutagenic mutagenic do not apply
A
Appendix A:
How to use the List of Waste

This appendix explains how to use the List of Waste to identify the possible code or codes that the
waste may be classified under.
The code or codes determines both:
 the assessment needed to identify the correct code
 whether a waste is hazardous or non-hazardous
This supports steps 2, 3 and 7 of the waste classification and assessment procedure in Chapter 2.
Introduction
The List of Waste (LoW) is the legal classification system used for classifying waste and identifying if
a waste is hazardous waste.
The list also has a set of legal instructions that explain how it has to be used. It is important these are
followed because the structure of the list is designed to work with these instructions.
The structure of the List of Waste (LoW)

Chapters
The LoW is divided into 20 chapters, numbered 01 to 20.
Some chapters are based on the type of industrial process or business activity that produced the
waste. For example:
 Chapter 04: Wastes from the Leather, Fur and Textile Industries
Other chapters are based on the type of waste. For example:
 Chapter 13: Oil Wastes and Wastes of Liquid Fuels (except edible oils, and those in
chapters 05, 12 and 19)
The titles of these chapters are important. The waste has to fall within the scope of the title to be
considered within it.
Some titles, like that for chapter 13, also exclude certain wastes from that entire chapter.
The chapter titles are set out in Table A1.1
Sub-chapters
Most chapters contain a number of subchapters.
These divide the chapter into sub-groups based on either industrial process and business activity, or
type of waste.
Each sub-chapter is given another two digit number (creating a four digit number with the chapter
number).
For example:
 Sub-chapter 04 02: wastes from the textile industry
 Sub-chapter 13 01: waste hydraulic oils
The sub-chapter title, like the chapter title, is also important.
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015 ) CA1C
Individual entries
Within each sub-chapter are the classification codes for individual wastes.
These are given an additional two digit number, to create a six digit number with the chapter and
subchapter numbers. For example
 04 02 16* dyestuffs and pigments containing hazardous substances
The description accompanying the code explains the scope of the code. It may do this in a variety of
ways including references to the type of waste, the activity or process that produced it, its
composition, or properties.
Example : how chapter and subchapter titles interact with code descriptions
Chapter 20 contains codes for:
 Municipal wastes (household waste and similar commercial, industrial and
institutional wastes) including separately collected fractions
Sub-chapter 20 01 contains codes for:
 20 01 Separately collected fractions (except 15 01)
Within sub-chapter 20 01 is the following six digit code
 20 01 01 paper and cardboard
For 20 01 01 to be considered the waste must:
 be from a household (or is waste similar to that produced by a household), due to the scope
of the chapter title
 be collected/co-collected as a separate fraction, due to the scope of the sub-chapter title
 not include any waste packaging, due to the exclusion of 15 01 in the sub-chapter title
 be paper or cardboard or a mixture of paper and cardboard
If the waste does not meet all four of the above criteria 20 01 01 would not be the most appropriate
code.
CA2C Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015)
Instructions on how to use the List of Waste
The LoW has legal instructions that explain how it must be used to ensure the correct code for a
waste is identified. It is important to understand that the LoW is not a ‘look up’ list. To accurately
identify the ‘appropriate’ code or codes for your waste you must both:
 consider the entire list, rather than focussing on a single process chapter
 use the chapters in the order of precedence specified in the instructions (set out in steps 1 to
5 below and illustrated in Table A1.1)
Steps 1 to 4 will help you identify the appropriate code or codes that may apply to a waste. In many
cases more than one code will need to be considered at this stage.
Step 5 explains the different types of codes and how the possible codes are considered further in
chapter 2 to identify the appropriate code.
Step 1 Identification by waste source
The first step is to look at Chapters 01 to 12 and 17 to 20.
These chapters refer specifically to an industry process or business activity that has produced the
waste, and to municipal waste.
A business will typically have municipal wastes (chapter 20) and wastes from one or more processes
or activities. A number of chapters will normally need to be considered.
If your waste falls into one of these chapters, and is listed there with one or more applicable entries,
you should use the most appropriate code for your waste.
If, for example, you have a chemical surface treatment process that produces waste aqueous rinse
waters, you could code them as either:
11 01 11* aqueous rinsing liquids containing hazardous substances MH
11 01 12 aqueous rinsing liquids other than those mentioned in 11 01 11 MN
Step 5 explains how to decide which of these entries you must choose.
You must not use any six digit entry ending in ‘99’ from the chapters considered at step 1 because
more appropriate entries might be found in other chapters. See step 4.
Step 2 Check chapters 13, 14 and 15.

If no appropriate entry is found in chapters 01 to 12 or 17 to 20, then you should check chapters 13,
14 and 15 to see if the waste is listed there. ‘99’ codes from chapters 13, 14 and 15 may be
considered.
These chapters contain subchapters and codes for:
 waste oils and fuels
 waste solvents and refrigerants
 waste packaging, absorbents, filter materials, wiping cloths and protective clothing
Step 3 Check chapter 16

If there is no appropriate code or codes in chapters 01 to 15 or 17 to 20, the next step is to look in
chapter 16. ‘99’ codes from chapters 16 may be considered.
Chapter 16 contains sub-chapters and codes for many general wastes such as:
 vehicles
 electronic equipment and batteries
 chemicals
 aqueous liquid wastes
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015) CA3C
Step 4 ‘99’ Codes
Occasionally an appropriate code or codes may not be identified in steps 1 to 3.
This is unusual, so we recommend you review steps 1 to 3 before proceeding. If you’re unsure seek
advice.
If a waste is from one of the industry processes 01 to 12 and 17 to 20, you can now use the 99 code
that you were not able to use in Step 1. An example of a waste that is coded 99 is a separate fraction
of municipal hygiene wastes (20 01 99).
You should still use the ‘most appropriate’ code, so shouldn’t use a 99 code if a more suitable
alternative is available in another chapter of the LoW. For example amalgam waste from veterinary
healthcare care should be coded 18 01 10*, even though that code relates to human healthcare, as
it’s clearly suitable.
Step 5 Identify the type of code and assessment needed
In Steps 1 to 4 you should have selected one or more codes that may apply to the waste.
You now need to look at the ‘entry type’ to work out what assessment is needed to select the correct
code.
In the list of waste there are four types of entry, those coloured in:
 red and labelled AH; they are known as ‘absolute hazardous’ wastes
 black and labelled AN; they are known as ‘absolute non-hazardous’ wastes
 blue and labelled MH; they are known as ‘mirror hazardous’ entries
 green and labelled MN; they are known as ‘mirror non-hazardous’ entries
The six-digit codes in the LoW that are hazardous wastes have an asterisk (*) next to them.
‘Absolute hazardous’ (AH) entries
‘Absolute hazardous’ entries, are colour-coded red and labelled AH in this Appendix. For example:
13 07 01* fuel oil and diesel AH
Wastes are simply assigned to these codes if they fit the description next to the code. This description
normally refers to a type or sub-type of material (eg a filter cake or type of oil) or sometimes a source
activity or process. If the waste fits the description you must assign this code.
Where the waste description next to the AH six-digit code does not have a ‘specific’ or ‘general’
reference to ‘hazardous substances’ - this means that the concentration of hazardous substances in
the waste, and hazardous properties, must not be considered during classification. These wastes are
automatically considered hazardous.
As hazardous waste they are marked in the LoW with an asterisk (*),
You do not need to work out what chemicals are in the waste to classify it, and find out if it’s
hazardous or not. But you must still find what (if any) hazardous properties the waste displays, and
determine the composition, for consignment and transport.
There are some unusual ‘absolute hazardous’ entries that are linked to other entries. In these cases
you need to determine if the waste fits the description of the ‘absolute hazardous’ entry or not. Some
examples of this include:
 ‘absolute hazardous’ entries for waste oils that are distinguished by type of oil, and presence
of PCBs
 ‘absolute hazardous’ and ‘absolute non-hazardous’ entries for electrical waste that are
distinguished by the presence of absence or hazardous components (see example 6)
Further information is provided to explain this type of entry either as notes within the list or separate
examples.
Key Point : Absolute hazardous wastes with no hazardous properties
A waste that falls under an absolute hazardous entry (eg any non-edible oil) is always hazardous.
If that waste has no hazardous properties the absolute hazardous entry still applies. The law does not
allow another entry to be applied to that waste.
‘Absolute non-hazardous’ (AN) entries

If an entry in the LoW is not listed with an asterisk, and it does not have any link to a mirror or
absolute hazardous entry, the entry is automatically not hazardous. An example is:
03 01 01 waste bark and cork AN
If the waste fits the description for that code it can be considered.
But before assigning an absolute non-hazardous entry you must check if there are any linked or
related entries that also need to be considered. Examples of wastes with linked codes include:
 electrical wastes and batteries (see examples 5 and 6)
 medicines
 stabilised/solidified waste
‘Mirror hazardous’ (MH) and ‘mirror non-hazardous’ (MN) entries
Some wastes are not automatically hazardous or non-hazardous - they are called mirror entry wastes.
These wastes have:
 a hazardous waste entry (or entries) marked with an asterisk (*), and
 an alternative non-hazardous waste entry (or entries) not marked with an asterisk
A hazardous mirror has a ‘specific’ or ‘general’ reference to ‘hazardous substances’ in its waste
description. For example:
07 01 11* sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing hazardous substances MH
The non-hazardous mirror usually (but not always) has a defined link to its mirror using the words
‘other than those mentioned in …’ for example:
07 01 12 sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned in 07 01 11 MN
This is an example of a mirror pair where the hazardous entry has a ‘general’ reference to a
hazardous substance(s). The hazardous entry is chosen either if the waste:
 contains any hazardous substance(s) at or above levels that cause it to display a hazardous
property
 persistent organic pollutants at or above the concentration limits that cause it to be hazardous
Another example of mirror entries is:
17 03 01* bituminous mixtures containing coal tar MH
17 03 02 bituminous mixtures other than those mentioned in 17 03 01 MN
This is an example of a mirror pair where the hazardous entry has a ‘specific’ reference to a
hazardous substance, in this case coal tar. The hazardous entry is chosen only if the waste either
contains:
 the particular hazardous substance (in this case coal tar) at a level that causes it to display a
hazardous property
 persistent organic pollutants at or above the concentration limits that cause it to be hazardous
See Chapter 2 and Appendix C for guidance on whether the hazardous or non-hazardous mirror
entry, and the assessment of hazardous properties, is applicable.
Key Point : Unusual Mirror hazardous (MH) entries
Not all Mirror hazardous (MH) entries link to a single mirror non-hazardous (MN) entry.
Some may link to absolute hazardous (AH) entries, other mirror hazardous (MH), multiple mirror non-
hazardous (MN), or absolute non-hazardous entries (AN).
These entries may occur as groups of several interacting entries, and a mirror non-hazardous (MN)
entry may not always be provided in the same chapter or sub-chapter of the list. These entries may fall
in different steps in the procedure above.
A small number of entries refer to chemical properties (eg flammable) associated with hazardous
properties, rather than hazardous substances. We have presented these here as mirror entries.
Examples of how to apply coding

This appendix includes the following general examples of how to code:
1. Co-collected and mixed wastes
2. Aqueous liquids or concentrates
The following specific examples of the coding of certain wastes are also included:
3. End of life vehicles
4. Offensive hygiene waste from non-healthcare activities
5. Batteries from municipal sources
6. Waste electronic and electrical equipment
7. Packaging wastes and contents
Note: The examples included in the previous WM2 guidance on hazardous waste have either been
moved to Chapter 3 (soil, asbestos, coal tar and oily wastes), or included as alphabetical notes within
the list presented here.
Table A1.1:H1 List of Waste chapters and their order of precedence
Step
Code Chapter Description (Order of
precedence)
WASTES RESULTING FROM EXPLORATION, MINING, QUARRYING, AND

01 1
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MINERALS
WASTES FROM AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, AQUACULTURE,
02 FORESTRY, HUNTING AND FISHING, FOOD PREPARATION AND 1
PROCESSING
WASTES FROM WOOD PROCESSING AND THE PRODUCTION OF
03 1
PANELS AND FURNITURE, PULP, PAPER AND CARDBOARD
04 WASTES FROM THE LEATHER, FUR AND TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 1
WASTES FROM PETROLEUM REFINING, NATURAL GAS PURIFICATION
05 1
AND PYROLYTIC TREATMENT OF COAL
06 WASTES FROM INORGANIC CHEMICAL PROCESSES 1
07 WASTES FROM ORGANIC CHEMICAL PROCESSES 1
WASTES FROM THE MANUFACTURE, FORMULATION, SUPPLY AND

08 USE (MFSU) OF COATINGS (PAINTS, VARNISHES AND VITREOUS 1
ENAMELS), ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND PRINTING INKS
09 WASTES FROM THE PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY 1

10 WASTES FROM THERMAL PROCESSES 1
WASTES FROM CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT AND COATING OF
11 METALS AND OTHER MATERIALS, NON-FERROUS HYDRO- 1
METALLURGY
WASTES FROM SHAPING AND PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL SURFACE
12 1
TREATMENT OF METALS AND PLASTICS
OIL WASTES AND WASTES OF LIQUID FUELS (except edible oils, and
13 2
those in chapters 05, 12 and 19)
WASTE ORGANIC SOLVENTS, REFRIGERANTS AND PROPELLANTS
14 2
(except 07 and 08)
WASTE PACKAGING, ABSORBENTS, WIPING CLOTHS, FILTER
15 2
MATERIALS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
16 WASTES NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED IN THE LIST 3
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES (INCLUDING EXCAVATED
17 1
SOIL FROM CONTAMINATED SITES)
WASTES FROM HUMAN OR ANIMAL HEALTH CARE AND/OR RELATED
18 RESEARCH (except kitchen and restaurant wastes not arising from 1
immediate health care)
WASTES FROM WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES, OFF-SITE WASTE
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND THE PREPARATION OF WATER
19 1
INTENDED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL
USE
MUNICIPAL WASTES (HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND SIMILAR
20 COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES) INCLUDING 1
SEPARATELY COLLECTED FRACTIONS
Legal definitions used by the list
The following legal definitions are included in the list of waste
Term Definition
‘hazardous ‘means a substance classified as hazardous as a consequence of fulfilling the
substance’ criteria laid down in parts 2 to 5 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008’
‘heavy metal’ ‘means any compound of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium (VI), copper,
lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tellurium, thallium and tin, as well as these
materials in metallic form, as far as these are classified as hazardous
substances’
‘polychlorinated ‘means PCBs as defined in Article 2(a) of Council Directive 96/59/EC’.
biphenyls and
polychlorinated Article 2(a) says that 'PCBs means:
terphenyls’ (‘PCBs’)  polychlorinated biphenyls
 polychlorinated terphenyls
 monomethyl-tetrachlorodiphenyl methane, Monomethyl-dichloro-
diphenyl methane, Monomethyldibromo-diphenyl methane
 any mixture containing any of the above mentioned substances in a
total of more than 0,005 %by weight’
‘transition metals’ ‘means any of the following metals: any compound of scandium, vanadium,
manganese, cobalt, copper, yttrium, niobium, hafnium, tungsten, titanium,
chromium, iron, nickel, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum and tantalum, as well as
these materials in metallic form, as far as these are classified as hazardous
substances’
‘stabilisation’ ‘means processes which change the hazardousness of the constituents in the
waste and transform hazardous waste into non-hazardous waste’
‘solidification’ ‘means processes which only change the physical state of the waste by using
additives without changing the chemical properties of the waste’
‘partly stabilised ‘means wastes containing, after the stabilisation process, hazardous
wastes’ constituents which have not been changed completely into non-hazardous
constituents and could be released into the environment in the short, middle
or long term’
Code Description Entry Example
Type provided
01 WASTES RESULTING FROM EXPLORATION,
MINING, QUARRYING, AND PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MINERALS
01 01 wastes from mineral excavation
01 01 01 wastes from mineral metalliferous excavation AN
01 01 02 wastes from mineral non-metalliferous excavation AN
01 03 wastes from physical and chemical processing of
metalliferous minerals
01 03 04* acid-generating tailings from processing of sulphide ore AH
01 03 05* other tailings containing hazardous substances MH
01 03 06 tailings other than those mentioned in 01 03 04 and 01 03 05 MN
01 03 07* other wastes containing hazardous substances from physical and MH
chemical processing of metalliferous minerals
01 03 08 dusty and powdery wastes other than those mentioned in 01 03 07 MN
01 03 09 red mud from alumina production other than the wastes mentioned MN
in 01 03 10
01 03 10* red mud from alumina production containing hazardous substances MH
other than the wastes mentioned in 01 03 07
01 03 99 wastes not otherwise specified MN
01 04 wastes from physical and chemical processing of
non-metalliferous minerals
01 04 07* wastes containing hazardous substances from physical and MH
chemical processing of non-metalliferous minerals
01 04 08 waste gravel and crushed rocks other than those mentioned in 01 MN
04 07
01 04 09 waste sand and clays AN
01 04 10 dusty and powdery wastes other than those mentioned in 01 04 07 MN
01 04 11 wastes from potash and rock salt processing other than those MN
mentioned in 01 04 07
01 04 12 tailings and other wastes from washing and cleaning of minerals MN
other than those mentioned in 01 04 07 and 01 04 11
01 04 13 wastes from stone cutting and sawing other than those mentioned MN
in 01 04 07
01 05 drilling muds and other drilling wastes
01 05 04 freshwater drilling muds and wastes AN
01 05 05* oil-containing drilling muds and wastes AH a
01 05 06* drilling muds and other drilling wastes containing hazardous MH a
substances
01 05 07 barite-containing drilling muds and wastes other than those MN a
mentioned in 01 05 05 and 01 05 06
01 05 08 chloride-containing drilling muds and wastes other than those MN a
01 05 99 wastes not otherwise specified MN a
Type provided
Note ‘a’ : These entries are assigned by
 Type of drilling mud, and
 Hazardous substances present
Where the drilling mud/fluid has an oil base, the drilling mud and any associated drilling wastes are
classified under 01 05 05*, and are hazardous waste.
Barite or chloride based drilling muds and any associated drilling wastes are part of a mirror entry and
are only hazardous (classified as 01 05 06*) if they display a hazardous property or contain POPs.
02 WASTES FROM AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE,
AQUACULTURE, FORESTRY, HUNTING AND
FISHING, FOOD PREPARATION AND PROCESSING
02 01 wastes from agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture,
forestry, hunting and fishing
02 01 01 sludges from washing and cleaning AN
02 01 02 animal-tissue waste AN
02 01 03 plant-tissue waste AN
02 01 04 waste plastics (except packaging) AN
02 01 06 animal faeces, urine and manure (including spoiled straw), effluent, AN
collected separately and treated off-site
02 01 07 wastes from forestry AN
02 01 08* agrochemical waste containing hazardous substances MH
02 01 09 agrochemical waste other than those mentioned in 02 01 08 MN
02 01 10 waste metal AN
02 01 99 wastes not otherwise specified AN
02 02 wastes from the preparation and processing of
meat, fish and other foods of animal origin
02 02 01 sludges from washing and cleaning AN
02 02 02 animal-tissue waste AN
02 02 03 materials unsuitable for consumption or processing AN
02 02 04 sludges from on-site effluent treatment AN
02 03 wastes from fruit, vegetables, cereals, edible oils,
cocoa, coffee, tea and tobacco preparation and
processing; conserve production; yeast and yeast
extract production, molasses preparation and
fermentation
02 03 01 sludges from washing, cleaning, peeling, centrifuging and AN
separation
02 03 02 wastes from preserving agents AN
02 03 03 wastes from solvent extraction AN
02 04 wastes from sugar processing
02 04 01 soil from cleaning and washing beet AN
Type provided
02 04 02 off-specification calcium carbonate AN
02 05 wastes from the dairy products industry
02 06 wastes from the baking and confectionery industry
02 06 02 wastes from preserving agents AN
02 07 wastes from the production of alcoholic and non-
alcoholic beverages (except coffee, tea and cocoa)
02 07 01 wastes from washing, cleaning and mechanical reduction of raw AN
materials
02 07 02 wastes from spirits distillation AN
02 07 03 wastes from chemical treatment AN
03 WASTES FROM WOOD PROCESSING AND THE
PRODUCTION OF PANELS AND FURNITURE, PULP,
PAPER AND CARDBOARD
03 01 wastes from wood processing and the production of
panels and furniture
03 01 01 waste bark and cork AN
03 01 04* sawdust, shavings, cuttings, wood, particle board and veneer MH
containing hazardous substances
03 01 05 sawdust, shavings, cuttings, wood, particle board and veneer other MN
than those mentioned in 03 01 04
03 02 wastes from wood preservation
03 02 01* non-halogenated organic wood preservatives AH
03 02 02* organochlorinated wood preservatives AH
03 02 03* organometallic wood preservatives AH
03 02 04* inorganic wood preservatives AH
03 02 05* other wood preservatives containing hazardous substances MH
03 02 99 wood preservatives not otherwise specified MN
03 03 wastes from pulp, paper and cardboard production
and processing
03 03 01 waste bark and wood AN
03 03 02 green liquor sludge (from recovery of cooking liquor) AN
Type provided
03 03 05 de-inking sludges from paper recycling AN
03 03 07 mechanically separated rejects from pulping of waste paper and AN
cardboard
03 03 08 wastes from sorting of paper and cardboard destined for recycling AN
03 03 09 lime mud waste AN
03 03 10 fibre rejects, fibre-, filler- and coating-sludges from mechanical AN
separation
03 03 11 sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned AN
in 03 03 10
04 WASTES FROM THE LEATHER, FUR AND TEXTILE
INDUSTRIES
04 01 wastes from the leather and fur industry
04 01 01 fleshings and lime split wastes AN
04 01 02 liming waste AN
04 01 03* degreasing wastes containing solvents without a liquid phase MH
04 01 04 tanning liquor containing chromium AN b
04 01 05 tanning liquor free of chromium AN b
04 01 06 sludges, in particular from on-site effluent treatment containing AN b
chromium
04 01 07 sludges, in particular from on-site effluent treatment free of AN b
chromium
04 01 08 waste tanned leather (blue sheetings, shavings, cuttings, buffing AN b
dust) containing chromium
04 01 09 wastes from dressing and finishing AN
Note ‘b’: The terms ‘containing chromium’ and ‘free of chromium’ are descriptive, and not related to
hazardous property assessment. Knowledge of the chromium in the waste is needed only to
determine which non-hazardous entry is appropriate.
04 02 wastes from the textile industry
04 02 09 wastes from composite materials (impregnated textile, elastomer, AN
plastomer)
04 02 10 organic matter from natural products (for example grease, wax) AN
04 02 14* wastes from finishing containing organic solvents MH
04 02 15 wastes from finishing other than those mentioned in 04 02 14 MN
04 02 16* dyestuffs and pigments containing hazardous substances MH
04 02 17 dyestuffs and pigments other than those mentioned in 04 02 16 MN
04 02 19* sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing hazardous MH
substances
04 02 20 sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned MN
in 04 02 19
04 02 21 wastes from unprocessed textile fibres AN
04 02 22 wastes from processed textile fibres AN
Type provided
05 WASTES FROM PETROLEUM REFINING, NATURAL
GAS PURIFICATION AND PYROLYTIC TREATMENT
OF COAL
05 01 wastes from petroleum refining
05 01 02* desalter sludges AH
05 01 03* tank bottom sludges AH
05 01 04* acid alkyl sludges AH
05 01 05* oil spills AH
05 01 06* oily sludges from maintenance operations of the plant or equipment AH
05 01 07* acid tars AH
05 01 08* other tars AH
substances
in 05 01 09
05 01 11* wastes from cleaning of fuels with bases AH
05 01 12* oil containing acids AH
05 01 13 boiler feedwater sludges AN
05 01 14 wastes from cooling columns AN
05 01 15* spent filter clays AH
05 01 16 sulphur-containing wastes from petroleum desulphurisation AN
05 01 17 Bitumen AN
05 06 wastes from the pyrolytic treatment of coal
05 06 03* other tars AH
05 06 04 waste from cooling columns AN
05 07 wastes from natural gas purification and
transportation
05 07 01* wastes containing mercury MH
05 07 02 wastes containing sulphur AN
06 WASTES FROM INORGANIC CHEMICAL
PROCESSES
06 01 wastes from the manufacture, formulation, supply
and use (MFSU) of acids
06 01 01* sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid AH
06 01 02* hydrochloric acid AH
06 01 03* hydrofluoric acid AH
06 01 04* phosphoric and phosphorous acid AH
06 01 05* nitric acid and nitrous acid AH
06 01 06* other acids AH
Type provided
06 02 wastes from the MFSU of bases
06 02 01* calcium hydroxide AH
06 02 03* ammonium hydroxide AH
06 02 04* sodium and potassium hydroxide AH
06 02 05* other bases AH
06 03 wastes from the MFSU of salts and their solutions
and metallic oxides
06 03 11* solid salts and solutions containing cyanides MH
06 03 13* solid salts and solutions containing heavy metals MH
06 03 14 solid salts and solutions other than those mentioned in 06 03 11 MN
and 06 03 13
06 03 15* metallic oxides containing heavy metals MH
06 03 16 metallic oxides other than those mentioned in 06 03 15 MN
06 04 metal-containing wastes other than those
mentioned in 06 03
06 04 03* wastes containing arsenic MH
06 04 04* wastes containing mercury MH
06 04 05* wastes containing other heavy metals MH
06 05 sludges from on-site effluent treatment
substances
in 06 05 02
06 06 wastes from the MFSU of sulphur chemicals,
sulphur chemical processes and desulphurisation
processes
06 06 02* wastes containing hazardous sulphides MH
06 06 03 wastes containing sulphides other than those mentioned in 06 06 MN
02
06 07 wastes from the MFSU of halogens and halogen
chemical processes
06 07 01* wastes containing asbestos from electrolysis MH
06 07 02* activated carbon from chlorine production AH
06 07 03* barium sulphate sludge containing mercury MH
06 07 04* solutions and acids, for example contact acid AH
Type provided
06 08 wastes from the MFSU of silicon and silicon
derivatives
06 08 02* wastes containing hazardous chlorosilanes MH
06 09 wastes from the MSFU of phosphorous chemicals
and phosphorous chemical processes
06 09 02 phosphorous slag AN
06 09 03* calcium-based reaction wastes containing or contaminated with MH
hazardous substances
06 09 04 calcium-based reaction wastes other than those mentioned in 06 09 MN
03
06 10 wastes from the MFSU of nitrogen chemicals,
nitrogen chemical processes and fertiliser
manufacture
06 10 02* wastes containing hazardous substances MH
06 11 wastes from the manufacture of inorganic pigments
and opacificiers
06 11 01 calcium-based reaction wastes from titanium dioxide production AN
06 13 wastes from inorganic chemical processes not
otherwise specified
06 13 01* inorganic plant protection products, wood-preserving agents and AH
other biocides.
06 13 02* spent activated carbon (except 06 07 02) AH
06 13 03 carbon black AN
06 13 04* wastes from asbestos processing AH
06 13 05* Soot AH
07 WASTES FROM ORGANIC CHEMICAL PROCESSES
07 01 wastes from the manufacture, formulation, supply
and use (MFSU) of basic organic chemicals
07 01 01* aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors AH 2
07 01 03* organic halogenated solvents, washing liquids and mother liquors AH
07 01 04* other organic solvents, washing liquids and mother liquors AH
07 01 07* halogenated still bottoms and reaction residues AH
07 01 08* other still bottoms and reaction residues AH
07 01 09* halogenated filter cakes and spent absorbents AH
07 01 10* other filter cakes and spent absorbents AH
substances
in 07 01 11
Type provided
07 02 wastes from the MFSU of plastics, synthetic rubber
and man-made fibres
substances
in 07 02 11
07 02 13 waste plastic AN
07 02 14* wastes from additives containing hazardous substances MH
07 02 15 wastes from additives other than those mentioned in 07 02 14 MN
07 02 16* wastes containing hazardous silicones MH
07 02 17 wastes containing silicones other than those mentioned in 07 02 16 MN
07 03 wastes from the MFSU of organic dyes and
pigments (except 06 11)
substances
in 07 03 11
07 04 wastes from the MFSU of organic plant protection
products (except 02 01 08 and 02 01 09), wood
preserving agents (except 03 02) and other biocides
Type provided
substances
in 07 04 11
07 04 13* solid wastes containing hazardous substances MH
07 05 wastes from the MFSU of pharmaceuticals
substances
in 07 05 11
07 05 13* solid wastes containing hazardous substances MH c
07 05 14 solid wastes other than those mentioned in 07 05 13 MN c
07 05 99 wastes not otherwise specified AN c
Note ‘c’: Waste medicinal products from manufacture or supply should be classified under the
medicine codes in chapter 18.
07 06 wastes from the MFSU of fats, grease, soaps,
detergents, disinfectants and cosmetics
substances
in 07 06 11
07 07 wastes from the MFSU of fine chemicals and
chemical products not otherwise specified
Type provided
substances
in 07 07 11
08 WASTES FROM THE MANUFACTURE,
FORMULATION, SUPPLY AND USE (MFSU) OF
COATINGS (PAINTS, VARNISHES AND VITREOUS
ENAMELS), ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND PRINTING
INKS
08 01 wastes from MFSU and removal of paint and varnish
08 01 11* waste paint and varnish containing organic solvents or other MH
08 01 12 waste paint and varnish other than those mentioned in 08 01 11 MN
08 01 13* sludges from paint or varnish containing organic solvents or other MH
08 01 14 sludges from paint or varnish other than those mentioned in 08 01 MN
13
08 01 15* aqueous sludges containing paint or varnish containing organic MH
solvents or other hazardous substances
08 01 16 aqueous sludges containing paint or varnish other than those MN
08 01 17* wastes from paint or varnish removal containing organic solvents or MH
other hazardous substances
08 01 18 wastes from paint or varnish removal other than those mentioned in MN
08 01 17
08 01 19* aqueous suspensions containing paint or varnish containing organic MH
solvents or other hazardous substances
08 01 20 aqueous suspensions containing paint or varnish other than those MN
08 01 21* waste paint or varnish remover AH
08 02 wastes from MFSU of other coatings (including
ceramic materials)
08 02 01 waste coating powders AN
08 02 02 aqueous sludges containing ceramic materials AN d
08 02 03 aqueous suspensions containing ceramic materials AN d
Note ‘d’: The term ‘containing ceramic materials’ is descriptive, and not related to hazardous property
assessment. Knowledge of the ceramic materials in the waste is needed only to determine which non-
hazardous entry is appropriate.
Type provided
08 03 wastes from MFSU of printing inks
08 03 07 aqueous sludges containing ink AN
08 03 08 aqueous liquid waste containing ink AN
08 03 12* waste ink containing hazardous substances MH
08 03 13 waste ink other than those mentioned in 08 03 12 MN
08 03 14* ink sludges containing hazardous substances MH
08 03 15 ink sludges other than those mentioned in 08 03 14 MN
08 03 16* waste etching solutions AH
08 03 17* waste printing toner containing hazardous substances MH
08 03 18 waste printing toner other than those mentioned in 08 03 17 MN
08 03 19* disperse oil AH
08 04 wastes from MFSU of adhesives and sealants
(including waterproofing products)
08 04 09* waste adhesives and sealants containing organic solvents or other MH
08 04 10 waste adhesives and sealants other than those mentioned in 08 04 MN
09
08 04 11* adhesive and sealant sludges containing organic solvents or other MH
08 04 12 adhesive and sealant sludges other than those mentioned in 08 04 MN
11
08 04 13* aqueous sludges containing adhesives or sealants containing MH
organic solvents or other hazardous substances
08 04 14 aqueous sludges containing adhesives or sealants other than those MN
08 04 15* aqueous liquid waste containing adhesives or sealants containing MH
organic solvents or other hazardous substances
08 04 16 aqueous liquid waste containing adhesives or sealants other than MN
those mentioned in 08 04 15
08 04 17* rosin oil AH
08 05 wastes not otherwise specified in 08
08 05 01* waste isocyanates AH
09 WASTES FROM THE PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY
09 01 wastes from the photographic industry
09 01 01* water-based developer and activator solutions AH
09 01 02* water-based offset plate developer solutions AH
09 01 03* solvent-based developer solutions AH
09 01 04* fixer solutions AH
09 01 05* bleach solutions and bleach fixer solutions AH
09 01 06* wastes containing silver from on-site treatment of photographic MH e,2
wastes
09 01 07 photographic film and paper containing silver or silver compounds AN e
Type provided
09 01 08 photographic film and paper free of silver or silver compounds AN e
09 01 10 single-use cameras without batteries AN
09 01 11* single-use cameras containing batteries included in 16 06 01, 16 06 AH 6
02 or 16 06 03
09 01 12 single-use cameras containing batteries other than those AN 6
09 01 13* aqueous liquid waste from on-site reclamation of silver other than AH e,2
09 01 99 wastes not otherwise specified MN e,2
Note ‘e’: All aqueous liquid waste from on site-reclamation of silver is hazardous waste under 09 01
06* (if it contains silver) or 09 01 13* (if it does not).
Note: The terms ‘containing’ or ‘free of’ referring to ‘silver or silver compounds’ is descriptive, and not
related to hazardous property assessment. Knowledge of the silver in the waste is needed only to
determine which non-hazardous entry is appropriate.
10 WASTES FROM THERMAL PROCESSES
10 01 wastes from power stations and other combustion
plants (except 19)
10 01 01 bottom ash, slag and boiler dust (excluding boiler dust mentioned in AN
10 01 04)
10 01 02 coal fly ash AN
10 01 03 fly ash from peat and untreated wood AN
10 01 04* oil fly ash and boiler dust AH
10 01 05 calcium-based reaction wastes from flue-gas desulphurisation in AN
solid form
10 01 07 calcium-based reaction wastes from flue-gas desulphurisation in AN
sludge form
10 01 09* sulphuric acid AH
10 01 13* fly ash from emulsified hydrocarbons used as fuel AH
10 01 14* bottom ash, slag and boiler dust from co-incineration containing MH
10 01 15 bottom ash, slag and boiler dust from co-incineration other than MN
10 01 16* fly ash from co-incineration containing hazardous substances MH
10 01 17 fly ash from co-incineration other than those mentioned in 10 01 16 MN
10 01 18* wastes from gas cleaning containing hazardous substances MH
10 01 19 wastes from gas cleaning other than those mentioned in 10 01 05, MN
10 01 07 and 10 01 18
substances
in 10 01 20
10 01 22* aqueous sludges from boiler cleansing containing hazardous MH
substances
10 01 23 aqueous sludges from boiler cleansing other than those mentioned MN
in 10 01 22
10 01 24 sands from fluidised beds AN
Type provided
10 01 25 wastes from fuel storage and preparation of coal-fired power plants AN
10 01 26 wastes from cooling-water treatment AN
10 02 wastes from the iron and steel industry
10 02 01 wastes from the processing of slag AN
10 02 02 unprocessed slag AN
10 02 07* solid wastes from gas treatment containing hazardous substances MH
10 02 08 solid wastes from gas treatment other than those mentioned in 10 MN
02 07
10 02 10 mill scales AN
10 02 11* wastes from cooling-water treatment containing oil MH
10 02 12 wastes from cooling-water treatment other than those mentioned in MN
10 02 11
10 02 13* sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment containing hazardous MH
substances
10 02 14 sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment other than those MN
10 02 15 other sludges and filter cakes MN
10 03 wastes from aluminium thermal metallurgy
10 03 02 anode scraps AN
10 03 04* primary production slags AH
10 03 05 waste alumina AN
10 03 08* salt slags from secondary production AH
10 03 09* black drosses from secondary production AH
10 03 15* skimmings that are flammable or emit, upon contact with water, MH f
flammable gases in hazardous quantities
10 03 16 skimmings other than those mentioned in 10 03 15 MN f
10 03 17* tar-containing wastes from anode manufacture AH
10 03 18 carbon-containing wastes from anode manufacture other than those AN
10 03 19* flue-gas dust containing hazardous substances MH
10 03 20 flue-gas dust other than those mentioned in 10 03 19 MN
10 03 21* other particulates and dust (including ball-mill dust) containing MH
10 03 22 other particulates and dust (including ball-mill dust) other than those MN
03 23
10 03 25* sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment containing hazardous MH
substances
10 03 26 sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment other than those MN
Type provided
10 03 27
10 03 29* wastes from treatment of salt slags and black drosses containing MH
10 03 30 wastes from treatment of salt slags and black drosses other than MN
Note ‘f’: 10 03 15* and 10 03 16 are assigned on the basis of the waste displaying hazardous property
HP 3 Flammable or containing POPs.
10 04 wastes from lead thermal metallurgy
10 04 01* slags from primary and secondary production AH
10 04 02* dross and skimmings from primary and secondary production AH
10 04 03* calcium arsenate AH
10 04 04* flue-gas dust AH
10 04 05* other particulates and dust AH
10 04 06* solid wastes from gas treatment AH
10 04 07* sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment AH
10 04 09
10 05 wastes from zinc thermal metallurgy
10 05 01 slags from primary and secondary production AN
10 05 04 other particulates and dust AN
10 05 05* solid waste from gas treatment AH
10 05 08
10 05 10* dross and skimmings that are flammable or emit, upon contact with MH g
water, flammable gases in hazardous quantities
10 05 11 dross and skimmings other than those mentioned in 10 05 10 MN g
Note ‘g’: 10 05 10* and 10 05 11 are assigned on the basis of the waste displaying hazardous
property HP 3 Flammable or containing POPs.
10 06 wastes from copper thermal metallurgy
10 06 02 dross and skimmings from primary and secondary production AN
Type provided
10 06 09
10 07 wastes from silver, gold and platinum thermal
metallurgy
10 07 02 dross and skimmings from primary and secondary production AN
10 07 03 solid wastes from gas treatment AN
10 07 05 sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment AN
10 07 07
10 08 wastes from other non-ferrous thermal metallurgy
10 08 04 particulates and dust AN
10 08 08* salt slag from primary and secondary production AH
10 08 09 other slags AN
10 08 10* dross and skimmings that are flammable or emit, upon contact with MH h
water, flammable gases in hazardous quantities
10 08 11 dross and skimmings other than those mentioned in 10 08 10 MN h
10 08 12* tar-containing wastes from anode manufacture AH
10 08 13 carbon-containing wastes from anode manufacture other than those AN
10 08 14 anode scrap AN
10 08 17* sludges and filter cakes from flue-gas treatment containing MH
10 08 18 sludges and filter cakes from flue-gas treatment other than those MN
10 08 19
Note ‘h’: 10 08 10* and 10 08 11 are assigned on the basis of the waste displaying hazardous
property HP 3 Flammable or containing POPs.
10 09 wastes from casting of ferrous pieces
10 09 03 furnace slag AN
10 09 05* casting cores and moulds which have not undergone pouring MH
10 09 06 casting cores and moulds which have not undergone pouring other MN
10 09 07* casting cores and moulds which have undergone pouring MH
Type provided
10 09 08 casting cores and moulds which have undergone pouring other MN
10 09 11* other particulates containing hazardous substances MH
10 09 12 other particulates other than those mentioned in 10 09 11 MN
10 09 13* waste binders containing hazardous substances MH
10 09 14 waste binders other than those mentioned in 10 09 13 MN
10 09 15* waste crack-indicating agent containing hazardous substances MH
10 09 16 waste crack-indicating agent other than those mentioned in 10 09 MN
15
10 10 wastes from casting of non-ferrous pieces
10 10 03 furnace slag AN
10 10 05* casting cores and moulds which have not undergone pouring, MH
10 10 06 casting cores and moulds which have not undergone pouring, other MN
10 10 07* casting cores and moulds which have undergone pouring, MH
10 10 08 casting cores and moulds which have undergone pouring, other MN
10 10 11* other particulates containing hazardous substances MH
10 10 12 other particulates other than those mentioned in 10 10 11 MN
10 10 13* waste binders containing hazardous substances MH
10 10 14 waste binders other than those mentioned in 10 10 13 MN
10 10 15* waste crack-indicating agent containing hazardous substances MH
10 10 16 waste crack-indicating agent other than those mentioned in 10 10 MN
15
10 11 wastes from manufacture of glass and glass
products
10 11 03 waste glass-based fibrous materials AN
10 11 09* waste preparation mixture before thermal processing, containing MH
10 11 10 waste preparation mixture before thermal processing, other than MN
10 11 11* waste glass in small particles and glass powder containing heavy MH
metals (for example from cathode ray tubes)
10 11 12 waste glass other than those mentioned in 10 11 11 MN
10 11 13* glass-polishing and -grinding sludge containing hazardous MH
substances
Type provided
10 11 14 glass-polishing and -grinding sludge other than those mentioned in MN
10 11 13
10 11 15* solid wastes from flue-gas treatment containing hazardous MH
substances
10 11 16 solid wastes from flue-gas treatment other than those mentioned in MN
10 11 15
10 11 17* sludges and filter cakes from flue-gas treatment containing MH
10 11 18 sludges and filter cakes from flue-gas treatment other than those MN
10 11 19* solid wastes from on-site effluent treatment containing hazardous MH
substances
10 11 20 solid wastes from on-site effluent treatment other than those MN
10 12 wastes from manufacture of ceramic goods, bricks,
tiles and construction products
10 12 01 waste preparation mixture before thermal processing AN
10 12 06 discarded moulds AN
10 12 08 waste ceramics, bricks, tiles and construction products (after AN
thermal processing)
12 09
10 12 11* wastes from glazing containing heavy metals MH
10 12 12 wastes from glazing other than those mentioned in 10 12 11 MN
10 12 13 sludge from on-site effluent treatment AN
10 13 wastes from manufacture of cement, lime and
plaster and articles and products made from them
10 13 01 waste preparation mixture before thermal processing AN
10 13 04 wastes from calcination and hydration of lime AN
10 13 06 particulates and dust (except 10 13 12 and 10 13 13) MN
10 13 09* wastes from asbestos-cement manufacture containing asbestos MH
10 13 10 wastes from asbestos-cement manufacture other than those MN
10 13 11 wastes from cement-based composite materials other than those MN
13 12
10 13 14 waste concrete and concrete sludge AN
Type provided
10 14 waste from crematoria
10 14 01* waste from gas cleaning containing mercury MH i
Note ‘i’: This entry is part of a mirror entry with 10 01 18* and 10 01 19. All hazardous substances
need to be assessed to identify the correct mirror code.
11 WASTES FROM CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT
AND COATING OF METALS AND OTHER
MATERIALS; NON-FERROUS HYDRO-
METALLURGY
11 01 wastes from chemical surface treatment and coating
of metals and other materials (for example galvanic
processes, zinc coating processes, pickling
processes, etching, phosphating, alkaline
degreasing, anodising)
11 01 05* pickling acids AH
11 01 06* acids not otherwise specified AH
11 01 07* pickling bases AH
11 01 08* phosphatising sludges AH
11 01 09* sludges and filter cakes containing hazardous substances MH
11 01 10 sludges and filter cakes other than those mentioned in 11 01 09 MN
11 01 11* aqueous rinsing liquids containing hazardous substances MH
11 01 12 aqueous rinsing liquids other than those mentioned in 11 01 11 MN
11 01 13* degreasing wastes containing hazardous substances MH
11 01 14 degreasing wastes other than those mentioned in 11 01 13 MN
11 01 15* eluate and sludges from membrane systems or ion exchange MH
systems containing hazardous substances
11 01 16* saturated or spent ion exchange resins AH
11 01 98* other wastes containing hazardous substances MH
11 02 wastes from non-ferrous hydrometallurgical
processes
11 02 02* sludges from zinc hydrometallurgy (including jarosite, goethite) AH
11 02 03 wastes from the production of anodes for aqueous electrolytical AN
processes
11 02 05* wastes from copper hydrometallurgical processes containing MH
11 02 06 wastes from copper hydrometallurgical processes other than those MN
11 02 07* other wastes containing hazardous substances MH
11 03 sludges and solids from tempering processes
11 03 01* wastes containing cyanide AH j
11 03 02* other waste AH j
Type provided
Note ’j’ Sludges and solids from tempering processes are always hazardous. 11 03 01* is assigned if
the waste displays a hazardous property due to the presence of cyanide.
11 05 wastes from hot galvanising processes
11 05 01 hard zinc AN
11 05 02 zinc ash AN
11 05 04* spent flux AH
12 WASTES FROM SHAPING AND PHYSICAL AND
MECHANICAL SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALS
AND PLASTICS
12 01 wastes from shaping and physical and mechanical
surface treatment of metals and plastics
12 01 01 ferrous metal filings and turnings AN
12 01 02 ferrous metal dust and particles AN
12 01 03 non-ferrous metal filings and turnings AN
12 01 04 non-ferrous metal dust and particles AN
12 01 05 plastics shavings and turnings AN
12 01 06* mineral-based machining oils containing halogens (except AH k
emulsions and solutions)
12 01 07* mineral-based machining oils free of halogens (except emulsions AH k
and solutions)
12 01 08* machining emulsions and solutions containing halogens AH
12 01 09* machining emulsions and solutions free of halogens AH
12 01 10* synthetic machining oils AH
12 01 12* spent waxes and fats AH
12 01 13 welding wastes AN
12 01 14* machining sludges containing hazardous substances MH
12 01 15 machining sludges other than those mentioned in 12 01 14 MN
12 01 16* waste blasting material containing hazardous substances MH
12 01 17 waste blasting material other than those mentioned in 12 01 16 MN
12 01 18* metal sludge (grinding, honing and lapping sludge) containing oil MH
12 01 19* readily biodegradable machining oil AH
12 01 20* spent grinding bodies and grinding materials containing hazardous MH
substances
12 01 21 spent grinding bodies and grinding materials other than those MN
Note ‘k’: the term ‘containing’ or ‘free of’ referring to halogens are descriptive, relating to the type of oil,
and not related to the assessment of hazardous properties. Knowledge of the halogen content of the
waste is needed only to determine which hazardous entry is appropriate.
12 03 wastes from water and steam degreasing processes
(except 11)
12 03 01* aqueous washing liquids AH
Type provided
12 03 02* steam degreasing wastes AH
13 OIL WASTES AND WASTES OF LIQUID FUELS
(except edible oils, and those in chapters 05, 12 and
19)
13 01 waste hydraulic oils
13 01 01* hydraulic oils, containing PCBs AH l
13 01 04* chlorinated emulsions AH
13 01 05* non-chlorinated emulsions AH
13 01 09* mineral-based chlorinated hydraulic oils AH
13 01 10* mineral based non-chlorinated hydraulic oils AH
13 01 11* synthetic hydraulic oils AH
13 01 12* readily biodegradable hydraulic oils AH
13 01 13* other hydraulic oils AH
Note ‘l’: 13 01 01* is used when PCBs are present in any hydraulic oil at a concentration of equal to or
greater than 50 mg/kg (0.005%).
13 02 waste engine, gear and lubricating oils
13 02 04* mineral-based chlorinated engine, gear and lubricating oils AH
13 02 05* mineral-based non-chlorinated engine, gear and lubricating oils AH
13 02 06* synthetic engine, gear and lubricating oils AH
13 02 07* readily biodegradable engine, gear and lubricating oils AH
13 02 08* other engine, gear and lubricating oils AH
13 03 waste insulating and heat transmission oils
13 03 01* insulating or heat transmission oils containing PCBs AH m
13 03 06* mineral-based chlorinated insulating and heat transmission oils AH
other than those mentioned in 13 03 01
13 03 07* mineral-based non-chlorinated insulating and heat transmission oils AH
13 03 08* synthetic insulating and heat transmission oils AH
13 03 09* readily biodegradable insulating and heat transmission oils AH
13 03 10* other insulating and heat transmission oils AH
Note ‘m’: 13 03 01* is used when PCBs are present in any insulating or heat transmission oil at a
concentration of equal to or greater than 50 mg/kg (0.005%).
13 04 bilge oils
13 04 01* bilge oils from inland navigation AH
13 04 02* bilge oils from jetty sewers AH
13 04 03* bilge oils from other navigation AH
13 05 oil/water separator contents
13 05 01* solids from grit chambers and oil/water separators AH
13 05 02* sludges from oil/water separators AH
13 05 03* interceptor sludges AH
13 05 06* oil from oil/water separators AH
13 05 07* oily water from oil/water separators AH
13 05 08* mixtures of wastes from grit chambers and oil/water separators AH
Type provided
13 07 wastes of liquid fuels
13 07 01* fuel oil and diesel AH
13 07 02* petrol AH
13 07 03* other fuels (including mixtures) AH
13 08 oil wastes not otherwise specified
13 08 01* desalter sludges or emulsions AH
13 08 02* other emulsions AH
13 08 99* wastes not otherwise specified AH
14 WASTE ORGANIC SOLVENTS, REFRIGERANTS
AND PROPELLANTS (except 07 and 08)
14 06 waste organic solvents, refrigerants and
foam/aerosol propellants
14 06 01* chlorofluorocarbons, HCFC, HFC AH
14 06 02* other halogenated solvents and solvent mixtures AH
14 06 03* other solvents and solvent mixtures AH
14 06 04* sludges or solid wastes containing halogenated solvents MH
14 06 05* sludges or solid wastes containing other solvents MH
15 WASTE PACKAGING, ABSORBENTS, WIPING
CLOTHS, FILTER MATERIALS AND PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
15 01 packaging (including separately collected municipal
packaging waste)
15 01 01 paper and cardboard packaging AN 7
15 01 02 plastic packaging AN 7
15 01 03 wooden packaging AN 7
15 01 04 metallic packaging AN 7
15 01 05 composite packaging AN 7
15 01 06 mixed packaging AN 7
15 01 07 glass packaging AN 7
15 01 09 textile packaging AN 7
15 01 10* packaging containing residues of or contaminated by hazardous AH 7
substances
15 01 11* metallic packaging containing a hazardous solid porous matrix (for AH 7
example asbestos), including empty pressure containers
15 02 absorbents, filter materials, wiping cloths and
protective clothing
15 02 02* absorbents, filter materials (including oil filters not otherwise MH n
specified), wiping cloths, protective clothing contaminated by
15 02 03 absorbents, filter materials, wiping cloths and protective clothing MN n
Note ‘n’: when assessing the mirror entry, ‘contaminated’ has the same meaning as containing
Type provided
16 WASTES NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED IN THE LIST
16 01 end-of-life vehicles from different means of
transport (including off-road machinery) and wastes
from dismantling of end-of-life vehicles and vehicle
maintenance (except 13, 14, 16 06 and 16 08)
16 01 03 end-of-life tyres AN
16 01 04* end-of-life vehicles AH 3
16 01 06 end-of-life vehicles, containing neither liquids nor other hazardous AN 3
components
16 01 07* oil filters AH
16 01 08* components containing mercury MH
16 01 09* components containing PCBs MH o
16 01 10* explosive components (for example air bags) AH
16 01 11* brake pads containing asbestos MH
16 01 12 brake pads other than those mentioned in 16 01 11 MN
16 01 13* brake fluids AH
16 01 14* antifreeze fluids containing hazardous substances MH
16 01 15 antifreeze fluids other than those mentioned in 16 01 14 MN
16 01 16 tanks for liquefied gas AN
16 01 17 ferrous metal AN
16 01 18 non-ferrous metal AN
16 01 19 plastic AN
16 01 20 glass AN
16 01 21* hazardous components other than those mentioned in 16 01 07 to AH
16 01 11 and 16 01 13 and 16 01 14
16 01 22 components not otherwise specified MN
Note ‘o’: 16 01 09* is used when PCBs are present in a component at a concentration of equal to or
greater than 50 mg/kg (0.005%).
16 02 wastes from electrical and electronic equipment
16 02 09* transformers and capacitors containing PCBs AH p,6
16 02 10* discarded equipment containing or contaminated by PCBs other AH p,6
16 02 11* discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons, HCFC, HFC AH 6
16 02 12* discarded equipment containing free asbestos AH 6
16 02 13* discarded equipment containing hazardous components other than AH 6
those mentioned in 16 02 09 to 16 02 12
16 02 14 discarded equipment other than those mentioned in 16 02 09 to 16 AN 6
02 13
16 02 15* hazardous components removed from discarded equipment AH
16 02 16 components removed from discarded equipment other than those AN
Note ‘p’: 16 02 09* and 16 02 10* are used when PCBs are present at a concentration of equal to or
greater than 50 mg/kg (0.005%). If not, the other entries in this sub-chapter can be considered.
Type provided
16 03 off-specification batches and unused products
16 03 03* inorganic wastes containing hazardous substances MH
16 03 04 inorganic wastes other than those mentioned in 16 03 03 MN
16 03 05* organic wastes containing hazardous substances MH
16 03 06 organic wastes other than those mentioned in 16 03 05 MN
16 03 07* metallic mercury AH
16 04 waste explosives
16 04 01* waste ammunition AH
16 04 02* fireworks wastes AH
16 04 03* other waste explosives AH
16 05 gases in pressure containers and discarded
chemicals
16 05 04* gases in pressure containers (including halons) containing MH
16 05 05 gases in pressure containers other than those mentioned in 16 05 MN
04
16 05 06* laboratory chemicals, consisting of or containing hazardous MH
substances, including mixtures of laboratory chemicals
16 05 07* discarded inorganic chemicals consisting of or containing MH
16 05 08* discarded organic chemicals consisting of or containing hazardous MH
substances
16 05 09 discarded chemicals other than those mentioned in 16 05 06, 16 05 MN
07 or 16 05 08
16 06 batteries and accumulators
16 06 01* lead batteries AH
16 06 02* Ni-Cd batteries AH
16 06 03* mercury-containing batteries AH
16 06 04 alkaline batteries (except 16 06 03) AN
16 06 05 other batteries and accumulators AN
16 06 06* separately collected electrolyte from batteries and accumulators AH
16 07 wastes from transport tank, storage tank and barrel
cleaning (except 05 and 13)
16 07 08* wastes containing oil MH
16 07 09* wastes containing other hazardous substances MH
16 08 spent catalysts
16 08 01 spent catalysts containing gold, silver, rhenium, rhodium, palladium, MN
iridium or platinum (except 16 08 07)
16 08 02* spent catalysts containing hazardous transition metals or MH
hazardous transition metal compounds
16 08 03 spent catalysts containing transition metals or transition metal MN
compounds not otherwise specified
16 08 04 spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (except 16 08 07) MN
Type provided
16 08 05* spent catalysts containing phosphoric acid MH
16 08 06* spent liquids used as catalysts AH
16 08 07* spent catalysts contaminated with hazardous substances MH
16 09 oxidising substances
16 09 01* permanganates, for example potassium permanganate AH
16 09 02* chromates, for example potassium chromate, potassium or sodium AH
dichromate
16 09 03* peroxides, for example hydrogen peroxide AH
16 09 04* oxidising substances, not otherwise specified AH
16 10 aqueous liquid wastes destined for off-site
treatment
16 10 01* aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances MH 2
16 10 02 aqueous liquid wastes other than those mentioned in 16 10 01 MN 2
16 10 03* aqueous concentrates containing hazardous substances MH 2
16 10 04 aqueous concentrates other than those mentioned in 16 10 03 MN 2
16 11 waste linings and refractories
16 11 01* carbon-based linings and refractories from metallurgical processes MH
16 11 02 carbon-based linings and refractories from metallurgical processes MN
16 11 03* other linings and refractories from metallurgical processes MH
16 11 04 other linings and refractories from metallurgical processes other MN
16 11 05* linings and refractories from non-metallurgical processes containing MH
16 11 06 linings and refractories from non-metallurgical processes other than MN
17 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES
(INCLUDING EXCAVATED SOIL FROM
CONTAMINATED SITES)
17 01 concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics
17 01 01 concrete MN
17 01 02 bricks MN
17 01 03 tiles and ceramics MN
17 01 06* mixtures of, or separate fractions of concrete, bricks, tiles and MH
ceramics containing hazardous substances
17 01 07 mixtures of concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics other than those MN
17 02 wood, glass and plastic
17 02 01 wood MN
17 02 02 glass MN
17 02 03 Plastic MN
Type provided
17 02 04* glass, plastic and wood containing or contaminated with hazardous MH
substances
17 03 bituminous mixtures, coal tar and tarred products
17 03 01* bituminous mixtures containing coal tar MH
17 03 02 bituminous mixtures other than those mentioned in 17 03 01 MN
17 03 03* coal tar and tarred products AH
17 04 metals (including their alloys)
17 04 01 copper, bronze, brass MN
17 04 02 aluminium MN
17 04 03 lead MN
17 04 04 zinc MN
17 04 05 iron and steel MN
17 04 06 tin MN
17 04 07 mixed metals MN
17 04 09* metal waste contaminated with hazardous substances MH ‘q’
17 04 10* cables containing oil, coal tar and other hazardous substances MH
17 04 11 cables other than those mentioned in 17 04 10 MN
Note ‘q’: The term ‘metal waste contaminated with’ indicates that the metal waste itself is not
considered in the assessment. Hazardous substances in paints, coatings or other contamination are
considered. Metal elements in alloys in massive form are generally excluded from assessment by the
List of Wastes.
17 05 soil (including excavated soil from contaminated
sites), stones and dredging spoil
17 05 03* soil and stones containing hazardous substances MH
17 05 04 soil and stones other than those mentioned in 17 05 03 MN
17 05 05* dredging spoil containing hazardous substances MH
17 05 06 dredging spoil other than those mentioned in 17 05 05 MN
17 05 07* track ballast containing hazardous substances MH
17 05 08 track ballast other than those mentioned in 17 05 07 MN
17 06 insulation materials and asbestos-containing
construction materials
17 06 01* insulation materials containing asbestos MH
17 06 03* other insulation materials consisting of or containing hazardous MH
substances
17 06 04 insulation materials other than those mentioned in 17 06 01 and 17 MN
06 03
17 06 05* construction materials containing asbestos MH
17 08 gypsum-based construction material
17 08 01* gypsum-based construction materials contaminated with hazardous MH
substances
17 08 02 gypsum-based construction materials other than those mentioned MN
in 17 08 01
17 09 other construction and demolition wastes
17 09 01* construction and demolition wastes containing mercury MH
Type provided
17 09 02* construction and demolition wastes containing PCB (for example MH r
PCB-containing sealants, PCB-containing resin-based floorings,
PCB-containing sealed glazing units, PCB-containing capacitors)
17 09 03* other construction and demolition wastes (including mixed wastes) MH
17 09 04 mixed construction and demolition wastes other than those MN
mentioned in 17 09 01, 17 09 02 and 17 09 03
Note ‘r’: 17 09 02* is used when PCBs are present in an item of construction and demolition waste at
a concentration of equal to or greater than 50 mg/kg (0.005%).
18 WASTES FROM HUMAN OR ANIMAL HEALTH CARE
AND/OR RELATED RESEARCH (except kitchen and
restaurant wastes not arising from immediate health
care)
18 01 wastes from natal care, diagnosis, treatment or
prevention of disease in humans
18 01 01 sharps (except 18 01 03) AN
18 01 02 Body parts and organs including blood bags and blood preserves AN
(except 18 01 03)
18 01 03* wastes whose collection and disposal is subject to special AH t
requirements in order to prevent infection
18 01 04 wastes whose collection and disposal is not subject to special AN t,4
requirements in order to prevent infection(for example dressings,
plaster casts, linen, disposable clothing, diapers)
18 01 06* chemicals consisting of or containing hazardous substances MH
18 01 07 chemicals other than those mentioned in 18 01 06 MN
18 01 08* cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines AH s
18 01 09 medicines other than those mentioned in 18 01 08 AN s
18 01 10* amalgam waste from dental care AH
Note ‘s’: for waste classification purposes, a ‘cytotoxic and cytostatic’ medicine is defined as any
medicine that displays one or more of the hazardous properties: Acute Toxicity (HP 6, Carcinogenic
(HP 7), Toxic for Reproduction (HP 10) or Mutagenic (HP 11).
Note ‘t’ : See Appendix C9 for use of HP 9 to classify these wastes.
18 02 wastes from research, diagnosis, treatment or
prevention of disease involving animals
18 02 01 sharps (except 18 02 02) AN
18 02 02* wastes whose collection and disposal is subject to special AH t
18 02 03 wastes whose collection and disposal is not subject to special AN t,4
18 02 05* chemicals consisting of or containing hazardous substances MH
18 02 06 chemicals other than those mentioned in 18 02 05 MN
18 02 07* cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines AH s
18 02 08 medicines other than those mentioned in 18 02 07 AN s
Note ‘s’: for waste classification purposes, a ‘cytotoxic and cytostatic’ medicine is defined as any
Note ‘t’ : See Appendix C9 for use of HP 9 to classify these wastes.
Type provided
19 WASTES FROM WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES,
OFF-SITE WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
AND THE PREPARATION OF WATER INTENDED
FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND WATER FOR
INDUSTRIAL USE
19 01 wastes from incineration or pyrolysis of waste
19 01 02 ferrous materials removed from bottom ash AN
19 01 05* filter cake from gas treatment AH
19 01 06* aqueous liquid wastes from gas treatment and other aqueous liquid AH
wastes
19 01 10* spent activated carbon from flue-gas treatment AH
19 01 11* bottom ash and slag containing hazardous substances MH
19 01 12 bottom ash and slag other than those mentioned in 19 01 11 MN
19 01 13* fly ash containing hazardous substances MH
19 01 14 fly ash other than those mentioned in 19 01 13 MN
19 01 15* boiler dust containing hazardous substances MH
19 01 16 boiler dust other than those mentioned in 19 01 15 MN
19 01 17* pyrolysis wastes containing hazardous substances MH
19 01 18 pyrolysis wastes other than those mentioned in 19 01 17 MN
19 01 19 sands from fluidised beds AN
19 02 wastes from physico/chemical treatments of waste
(including dechromatation, decyanidation,
neutralisation)
19 02 03 premixed wastes composed only of non-hazardous wastes AN
19 02 04* premixed wastes composed of at least one hazardous waste AH
19 02 05* sludges from physico/chemical treatment containing hazardous MH
substances
19 02 06 sludges from physico/chemical treatment other than those MN
19 02 07* oil and concentrates from separation AH
19 02 08* liquid combustible wastes containing hazardous substances MH 2
19 02 09* solid combustible wastes containing hazardous substances MH
19 02 10 combustible wastes other than those mentioned in 19 02 08 and 19 MN
02 09
19 02 11* other wastes containing hazardous substances MH 2
19 02 99 wastes not otherwise specified MN 2
19 03 stabilised/solidified wastes
19 03 04* wastes marked as hazardous, partly stabilised other than 19 03 08 AH
19 03 05 stabilised wastes other than those mentioned in 19 03 04 AN
19 03 06* wastes marked as hazardous, solidified AH
19 03 07 solidified wastes other than those mentioned in 19 03 06 AN
19 03 08* partly stabilised mercury AH
Type provided
19 04 vitrified waste and wastes from vitrification
19 04 01 vitrified waste AN
19 04 02* fly ash and other flue-gas treatment wastes AH
19 04 03* non-vitrified solid phase AH
19 04 04 aqueous liquid wastes from vitrified waste tempering AN
19 05 wastes from aerobic treatment of solid wastes
19 05 01 non-composted fraction of municipal and similar wastes AN
19 05 02 non-composted fraction of animal and vegetable waste AN
19 05 03 off-specification compost AN
19 05 99 wastes not otherwise specified AN 2
19 06 wastes from anaerobic treatment of waste
19 06 03 liquor from anaerobic treatment of municipal waste AN
19 06 04 digestate from anaerobic treatment of municipal waste AN
19 06 05 liquor from anaerobic treatment of animal and vegetable waste AN
19 06 06 digestate from anaerobic treatment of animal and vegetable waste AN
19 07 landfill leachate
19 07 02* landfill leachate containing hazardous substances MH
19 07 03 landfill leachate other than those mentioned in 19 07 02 MN
19 08 wastes from waste water treatment plants not
otherwise specified
19 08 01 screenings AN
19 08 02 waste from desanding AN
19 08 05 sludges from treatment of urban waste water AN
19 08 06* saturated or spent ion exchange resins AH
19 08 07* solutions and sludges from regeneration of ion exchangers AH
19 08 08* membrane system waste containing heavy metals MH
19 08 09 grease and oil mixture from oil/water separation containing only AN
edible oil and fats
19 08 10* grease and oil mixture from oil/water separation other than those AH
19 08 11* sludges containing hazardous substances from biological treatment MH
of industrial waste water
19 08 12 sludges from biological treatment of industrial waste water other MN
19 08 13* sludges containing hazardous substances from other treatment of MH
industrial waste water
19 08 14 sludges from other treatment of industrial waste water other than MN
Type provided
19 09 wastes from the preparation of water intended for
human consumption or water for industrial use
19 09 01 solid waste from primary filtration and screenings AN
19 09 02 sludges from water clarification AN
19 09 03 sludges from decarbonation AN
19 09 04 spent activated carbon AN
19 09 05 saturated or spent ion exchange resins AN
19 09 06 solutions and sludges from regeneration of ion exchangers AN
19 10 wastes from shredding of metal-containing wastes
19 10 01 iron and steel waste AN
19 10 02 non-ferrous waste AN
19 10 03* fluff-light fraction and dust containing hazardous substances MH
19 10 04 fluff-light fraction and dust other than those mentioned in 19 10 03 MN
19 10 05* other fractions containing hazardous substances MH
19 10 06 other fractions other than those mentioned in 19 10 05 MN
19 11 wastes from oil regeneration
19 11 01* spent filter clays AH
19 11 03* aqueous liquid wastes AH
19 11 04* wastes from cleaning of fuel with bases AH
substances
in 19 11 05
19 11 07* wastes from flue-gas cleaning AH
19 12 wastes from the mechanical treatment of waste (for
example sorting, crushing, compacting, pelletising)
not otherwise specified
19 12 01 paper and cardboard AN
19 12 02 ferrous metal AN
19 12 03 non-ferrous metal AN
19 12 04 plastic and rubber AN
19 12 05 glass AN
19 12 06* wood containing hazardous substances MH
19 12 07 wood other than that mentioned in 19 12 06 MN
19 12 08 textiles AN
19 12 09 minerals (for example sand, stones) AN
19 12 10 combustible waste (refuse derived fuel) AN
19 12 11* other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical MH
treatment of waste containing hazardous substances
Type provided
19 12 12 other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical MN
treatment of wastes other than those mentioned in 19 12 11
19 13 wastes from soil and groundwater remediation
19 13 01* solid wastes from soil remediation containing hazardous MH
substances
19 13 02 solid wastes from soil remediation other than those mentioned in 19 MN
13 01
19 13 03* sludges from soil remediation containing hazardous substances MH
19 13 04 sludges from soil remediation other than those mentioned in 19 13 MN
03
19 13 05* sludges from groundwater remediation containing hazardous MH
substances
19 13 06 sludges from groundwater remediation other than those mentioned MN
in 19 13 05
19 13 07* aqueous liquid wastes and aqueous concentrates from groundwater MH
remediation containing hazardous substances
19 13 08 aqueous liquid wastes and aqueous concentrates from groundwater MN
remediation other than those mentioned in 19 13 07
20 MUNICIPAL WASTES (HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND
SIMILAR COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES) INCLUDING
SEPARATELY COLLECTED FRACTIONS
20 01 separately collected fractions (except 15 01)
20 01 01 paper and cardboard AN
20 01 02 glass AN
20 01 08 biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste AN
20 01 10 clothes AN
20 01 11 textiles AN
20 01 13* solvents AH
20 01 14* acids AH
20 01 15* alkalines AH
20 01 17* photochemicals AH
20 01 19* pesticides AH
20 01 21* fluorescent tubes and other mercury-containing waste AH 6
20 01 23* discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons AH 6
20 01 25 edible oil and fat AN
20 01 26* oil and fat other than those mentioned in 20 01 25 AH
20 01 27* paint, inks, adhesives and resins containing hazardous substances MH
20 01 28 paint, inks, adhesives and resins other than those mentioned in 20 MN
01 27
20 01 29* detergents containing hazardous substances MH
20 01 30 detergents other than those mentioned in 20 01 29 MN
20 01 31* cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines AH u
20 01 32 medicines other than those mentioned in 20 01 31 AN u
Type provided
20 01 33* batteries and accumulators included in 16 06 01, 16 06 02 or 16 06 AH 5
03 and unsorted batteries and accumulators containing these
batteries
20 01 34 batteries and accumulators other than those mentioned in 20 01 33 AN 5
20 01 35* discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those AH 6
mentioned in 20 01 21 and 20 01 23 containing hazardous
components
20 01 36 discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those AN 6
mentioned in 20 01 21, 20 01 23 and 20 01 35
20 01 37* wood containing hazardous substances MH
20 01 38 wood other than that mentioned in 20 01 37 MN
20 01 39 plastics AN
20 01 40 metals AN
20 01 41 wastes from chimney sweeping AN
20 01 99 other fractions not otherwise specified AN 4
Note ‘u’: for waste classification purposes, a ‘cytotoxic and cytostatic’ medicine is defined as any
20 02 garden and park wastes (including cemetery waste)
20 02 01 biodegradable waste AN
20 02 02 soil and stones AN
20 02 03 other non-biodegradable wastes AN
20 03 other municipal wastes
20 03 01 mixed municipal waste AN
20 03 02 waste from markets AN
20 03 03 street-cleaning residues AN
20 03 04 septic tank sludge AN 2
20 03 06 waste from sewage cleaning AN
20 03 07 bulky waste AN
20 03 99 municipal wastes not otherwise specified AN
Example 1 Co-collected and mixed wastes
Scope Generally applicable.
This example provides guidance on the coding of co-collected and mixed waste
of any type.
Exception: mixed municipal waste from domestic households (‘black bag’ waste
stream only).
Mixing of different types of hazardous waste, and of hazardous waste with other waste,
substances or materials is prohibited by article 18 of the Waste Framework Directive, unless
carried out at a suitably licensed facility that meets certain conditions.
Wastes that have been mixed must be separated where technically and economically feasible. Note,
where a single batch or single load of mixed wastes cannot be separated producers and operators are
asked to describe the waste in the following manner.
The first step in coding and classifying a mixed waste is to determine how many wastes are present. If
more than one separately identifiable waste is present then each must be described and more than one
list of waste code will be required.
The general principle is that if 3 items of waste (one each of types A, B and C) are placed in a single
container, then that container contains 3 wastes. Each of which must be separately assessed,
described and coded.
For example: A lead acid battery in a skip of wood waste from a demolition site would need two codes.
The battery is separately identifiable and distinct from the wood waste. The battery would be coded 16
06 01* and the wood would be coded 17 02 01 if it has not been contaminated by being stored with the
battery.
The same multiple coding approach is applied to the coding and classification of healthcare waste. For
example:
 non-cytotoxic and cytostatic medicinally contaminated sharps from human healthcare (18 01
03* and 18 01 09)
 chemically preserved anatomical waste from human healthcare (18 01 06* and 18 01 03*)
Note: The presence of a code for mixed waste in certain chapters does not allow businesses to mix
different types of hazardous waste, or hazardous waste with other wastes, substances or materials.
Scotland: additional notes:

In Scotland you must ensure each waste present is described. However multi-coding of mixed wastes
is not allowed and you should classify the waste, on the Special Waste Consignment Note, using a
LoW code that reflects the processes that produced the waste and ensures that the most appropriate
disposal route is followed.
There is no de-minimis for the levels of hazardous waste if mixed with a non-hazardous waste. For
example, a batch of non-hazardous construction waste (17 09 04) if mixed with PCB containing wastes,
such as PCB containing resin-based floorings, should be coded as 17 09 02* - construction and
demolition wastes containing PCBs.
Example 2 Aqueous liquids or concentrates
Scope This example provides guidance on the use of chapter 16 to coding aqueous
liquids and concentrates for which appropriate entries are not available in
chapters 1 to 12, 17 to 20, and 13 to 15.
There are some liquid wastes where no appropriate code can be found in the waste source chapters
(1-12, 17-20) such as liquor from composting and portable toilet waste.
The instructions for use of the list of waste indicate that the waste specific chapters (13,14, & 15) must
be considered next.
If a code still cannot be found then an appropriate code from chapter 16 (waste not otherwise specified
in the list) can be chosen.
Only if a code cannot be found in chapter 16 could a 99 code from one of the waste source chapters be
used.
However chapter 16 does contain general codes for all aqueous wastes and aqueous concentrates in
subchapter 16 10 (aqueous liquid wastes destined for off-site treatment):
16 10 01* aqueous liquid waste containing hazardous substances MH
16 10 02 aqueous liquid waste other than those mentioned in 16 10 01 MN
16 10 03* aqueous concentrates containing hazardous substances MH
16 10 04 aqueous concentrates other than those mentioned in 16 10 03 MN
To determine the most appropriate code the aqueous waste must:
 first be classified as either a liquid or a concentrate
 then assessed for hazardous substances
If hazardous substances are present above the threshold the waste will be hazardous by either 16 10
01* or 16 10 03*. A substance should be considered to be a ‘concentrate’ or not on a case by case
basis.
Composting liquor: waste from composting is mainly covered in sub-chapter 19 05 (waste from
aerobic treatment of waste). However, there is currently no code that adequately describes any liquid
waste from this process. Before the 99 code can be used from this sub-chapter the waste specific
chapters (13, 14 & 15) must be considered first, and if a code cannot be found there,then the
appropriate code from chapter 16 can be selected.
Waste from a portable toilet: this entry is a household / municipal waste but there is no specific entry
in chapter 20 for it. There are no entries in chapters 13 to 15 either. The most appropriate entries in the
list are again found in chapter 16.
Aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors from organic chemical processes: Chapter 7 provides
‘absolute hazardous’ codes that must be used for these wastes, even if the waste has no hazardous
properties.
Example 3 End of life vehicles (ELV’s)
Scope The example provides guidance on the classification of any vehicle that is waste.
The codes for End-of-life vehicles are found in sub-chapter 16 01:
16 01 04* end-of-life vehicles AH
16 01 06 end-of-life vehicles, containing neither liquids nor other hazardous components AN
These entries should be used to code waste cars, coaches, lorries, helicopters, planes, boats, ships,
tractors, motorcycles and any other waste vehicle. It should equally be considered to include waste
trailers, caravans and similar.
1
This definition of an end-of-life vehicle is wider than the one given in the end-of life vehicles directive
so there will be some vehicles that will be appropriately coded by the LoW but not be obligated under
that directive.
The entries 16 01 04* and 16 01 06 are obviously linked together but are not mirror entries. If a vehicle
has been fully depolluted, such that all components that are hazardous have been removed, then it falls
under 16 01 06.
If it contains any hazardous liquids (like petrol, diesel, brake fluid or oil etc.) or other hazardous
components (such as batteries or switches containing mercury) then it is coded under 16 01 04*.
Guidance on the requirements for depolluting ELVs can be found on the Department for Business
2
Innovation and Skills (BIS) website .
Example 4 Offensive waste from non-healthcare sources

Scope This example provides guidance on the classification of a range of offensive
wastes from municipal activities.
This excludes offensive waste arising from healthcare activities by healthcare
staff or self-care by patients.
Examples of municipal offensive waste include:
 dog faeces from collection bins
 dog/cat faeces and animal bedding from kennels/catteries
 feminine hygiene wastes
 nappy wastes from nurseries
 domestic type incontinence wastes
Separately collected fractions of these wastes are coded as:
20 01 99 other fractions not otherwise specified AN
Segregation of these wastes as a discrete waste stream is expected where they are produced by
businesses in quantity (approx 7kg or 1 bag per interval period). A failure to segregate may have
significant implications for the subsequent management of other waste it is mixed with.
Non-healthcare businesses (like householders) may dispose of smaller quantities in their mixed
municipal waste (‘black bag’) without it affecting the classification or management of that waste.
These wastes are not normally considered to be clinical wastes unless a healthcare professional
identifies through risk assessment that waste may be infectious. It retains the same 20 01 99
classification code, but must be identified and managed as clinical. Further guidance is provided by the
Safe Management of Healthcare Waste.
1
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2000L0053:20050701:EN:PDF
2
http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/business-sectors/docs/d/11-528-depolluting-end-of-life-vehicles-guidance
Example 5 Municipal batteries
Scope This example provides guidance on household type batteries produced by both
households and businesses.
It does not apply to lead acid vehicle and other larger / specialist batteries
produced by businesses. These are classified under chapter 16.
There are two codes applicable to domestic type waste batteries from domestic households and
businesses:
20 01 33* batteries and accumulators included in 16 06 01, 16 06 02 or 16 06 03 and unsorted
batteries and accumulators containing these batteries AH
20 01 34 batteries and other accumulators other than those mentioned in 20 01 33 AN
20 01 34 should only be used when it is known that all the batteries present are non-hazardous (i.e.
when the batteries have been sorted and identified by someone competent in doing so).
20 01 33* should be used in all other circumstances including for;
 co-collected unsorted or unassessed batteries where the presence of one or more
hazardous batteries cannot be ruled out, and
 hazardous batteries segregated from other types of batteries
Example 6 Waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE)
Scope This example provides guidance on the classification of waste electronic and
electrical equipment (WEEE) and related components.
The list of waste contains entries for WEEE in two chapters, 16 and 20.WEEE from domestic
households, and items of a similar type from industrial and commercial sources household, is classified
in chapter 20. This chapter takes precedence over chapter 16.
20 01 21* fluorescent tubes and other mercury-containing waste AH
20 01 23* discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons AH
20 01 35* discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in 20
01 21 and 20 01 23 containing hazardous components AH
20 01 36 discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in 20
01 21, 20 01 23 and 20 01 35 AN
Commercial / Industrial-type or sized equipment, that a domestic household would not typically
produce, would be classified under chapter 16.
16 02 09* transformers and capacitors containing PCBs AH
16 02 10* discarded equipment containing or contaminated by PCBs other than those
mentioned in 16 02 09 AH
16 02 11*discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons, HCFC, HFC AH
16 02 12*discarded equipment containing free asbestos AH
16 02 13* discarded equipment containing hazardous components other than those
mentioned in 16 02 09 to 16 02 12 AH
16 02 14 discarded equipment other than those mentioned in 16 02 09 to 16 02 13 AN
A computer monitor or television or tea room fridge from a commercial premises of a similar type to
those used by households would be classified under sub-chapter 20 01.
However a supermarket’s larger chiller cabinet or freezer units containing hazardous
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) would be coded 16 02 11*.
The vast majority of fluorescent tubes from any source are likely to be similar to domestic types and fall
under 20 01 21*.
The entries 20 01 35* and 16 02 13* are absolute hazardous entries because a ‘hazardous component’
is not a hazardous substance either specifically or generally. It is the presence or absence of a
hazardous component in the equipment that determines code is used. If no hazardous component is
present in the equipment then 20 01 36 or 16 02 14 would be appropriate.
A hazardous component is a component either
 listed in the LoW as hazardous, or
 any other component that would possess a hazardous property if assessed in isolation
The list of waste specifies that hazardous components include hazardous accumulators/batteries (ones
coded 16 06 01* to 16 06 03*); mercury switches; glass from cathode ray tubes and other activated
glass; mercury containing backlights and other similar items.
Similarly the entries 20 01 23*, 16 02 09* to 16 02 12* are also absolute hazardous component entries
which contain reference to specific hazardous substances. The component alone is assessed to
determine whether it is hazardous due to the presence of the specific hazardous substance. The entry
is used if the equipment contains a component assessed to be a hazardous due to that substance (for
example asbestos containing components like cables, washers or insulation). If it does not then the
other entries in this sub-chapter (both hazardous and non-hazardous) must be considered.
Co-collected small WEEE from Civic Amenity sites, unless hazardous WEEE has been identified and
removed, should be dual coded both as 20 01 35* and 20 01 36. (Note: In Scotland the waste would
be classified as 20 01 35* and the presence of non-hazardous waste included in the written
description).
Example 7 Packaging waste and contents

Scope This example provides advice on the classification of any waste packaging to
determine if:
(i) the waste is classified as empty packaging or contents
(ii) the empty packaging is hazardous or not
Key Point: Packaging wastes cannot legally be classified under chapter 20 01. The title for
chapter 20 01 excludes waste packaging, which is included in sub-chapter 15 01.
 ‘20 01 separately collected fractions (except 15 01)’
Chapter 15 of the LoW contains the following codes for waste packaging:
15 01 01 paper and cardboard packaging AN
15 01 02 plastic packaging AN
15 01 03 wooden packaging AN
15 01 04 metallic packaging AN
15 01 05 composite packaging AN
15 01 06 mixed packaging AN
15 01 07 glass packaging AN
15 01 09 textile packaging AN
15 01 10* packaging containing residues of or contaminated by hazardous substances AH
15 01 11* metallic packaging containing a hazardous solid porous matrix (for example
asbestos), including empty pressure containers AH
To apply these codes two decisions must be made:
 firstly, should the waste be classified as packaging waste or as its contents, and
 secondly, if it is packaging waste, which code is appropriate
A flowchart is provided to support this text in Figure A.7
Is the waste waste packaging or waste contents ?

For a waste container to be classed as a packaging waste (15 01) it must be effectively ‘empty’.
It is usually obvious if a container is ‘empty’, for example a half empty tin of solidified paint is not
empty, but where there is a small amount of residual material a container will not be empty if that
residual material can be removed by physical or mechanical means by applying normal industry
standards or processes.
This means that all reasonable efforts must have been made to remove any left-over contents from
the container. This may involve for example washing, draining or scraping. The method of emptying
will depend on the container and the type of material it contains.
Note: if the design of the packaging, its aperture, or the adherent nature of the material does not
permit it to be emptied then it will not be a packaging waste.
If a container is not ‘empty’ it is not packaging waste. It should be classified on the basis of its
contents and the source or activity that produced it. For example 08 01 11* waste paint and varnish
containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances.
Where waste containers are washed to remove contents and make them ‘empty’ then appropriate
consideration must be given to:
 the trade effluent consent for any disposal of washings to foul sewer
 a suitable authorisation for the treatment of waste (which would not be an issue where the
producer is using washing to remove remaining product to enable its use as product, for
example in an agricultural setting)
 potential reactions with the contents, for example washing containers of water reactive
substances with water is not recommended
Classifying and assessing the waste packaging

If a container is ‘empty’ the packaging waste entries can then be considered.
The next step is to determine if the packaging:
 is contaminated or contains any residue, and
 if that contamination or residue contains hazardous substances
Any residue or contamination is assessed in isolation, excluding the weight of the packaging, to
determine if it displays a hazardous property. Empty packaging containing residues of, or
contaminated by, hazardous substances that display a hazardous property is classified as 15 01 10*.
This is an absolute hazardous entry. Examples of this would include:
 An empty drum of diesel fuel containing any quantity of residual diesel (diesel fuel is
hazardous, and possesses a range of hazardous properties), or
 A empty paint can, labelled with category of danger symbols, both contaminated with and
containing dried paint residues of a paint containing ecotoxic heavy metals (note that the
drying of paint may increase the concentration of other hazardous substances present as
water/solvent evaporates)
If the packaging:
(i) does not contain any contamination or residue (e.g. the residues and contamination have
been removed by effective cleaning), or
(ii) the contamination or residual material is not a hazardous substance(s)
then you consider whether the packaging material is itself made of hazardous material.
Some packaging can have as part of its construction a hazardous solid material; for example some old
fireproof packaging may contain asbestos. If this is the case the packaging waste will be considered
15 01 11*, an absolute entry.
The appropriate non-hazardous packaging code is applied to empty packaging if:
 both residues and contamination are absent, or
 the residues and contamination do not possess a hazardous property
and
 the container is not made of a hazardous solid material
Note: An industry working group is considering alternative approaches to the classification of waste
packaging. Once this work is complete the Joint Agencies will consider any alternatives proposed,
and if adopted, amend this example. This example continues to apply until it is amended.
Figure A7H1 The application of waste packaging codes
Does the container clearly

Not
contain material, either its original
packaging Yes
contents or out of specification (“gone
waste
off”) product?
No
No Is the container nominally

empty of its original or “gone off”
Packaging waste
contents? Are only residues left inside?
15 01 10*
Is the contamination on the outside of
the container minimal?
No
Yes
Does the residue or Does the packaging contain a

contaminating material possess Yes hazardous solid matrix (for example
a hazardous property ? asbestos)?
No
Yes
Does the packaging contain a

Packaging waste
hazardous solid matrix (for example Yes
15 01 11*
asbestos)?
No
Packaging waste
15 01 01 to 15 01 09 according to
container construction material
B
Appendix B:
Hazardous substances
This appendix provides guidance on how to work out both:
 if a substance is a hazardous substance
 the chemical classification of that substance
This supports Chapter 2’ Waste classification and assessment’, Step 5: ‘identify if the substances in
the waste are ‘hazardous substances’ or ‘Persistent Organic Pollutants’.’
Hazardous substances
The Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures Regulation 1272/2008 (CLP)
provides the criteria to assess the physical, human health and environmental hazards of substances.
A hazardous substance is a substance that is assigned a hazard statement code when classified using
the CLP.
The chemical classification of a substance (in the form it exists in the waste) must be worked out using
the criteria in the CLP using the European Chemical Agency’s guidance on how to apply it.
The flow chart (Figure B1.1) gives an overview on how to apply this to waste assessment and
classification. You must always use the written guidance in this appendix with the flowchart.
Figure B1.1H1 An overview of the chemical classification process for a substance
Step 1 : Is the waste

Use the classification of individual substance(s)
- a product
Yes listed in Section 2 of the Safety Data Sheet for
- whose composition has not changed, and
that specific product
- for which the product safety data sheet is available
No
Step 2 : Is there a harmonised classification for that

Yes
specific substance in Table 3.1 of Annex VI of the CLP
No
Use the harmonised classification specified in

Table 3.1 of Annex VI of the CLP for the hazard
Step 3: Is there a harmonised group entry classification
classes and categories listed there.
that would include that substance in Table 3.1 of Annex Yes
VI of the CLP
See step 4 for other hazard classes and hazard
categories
No
Step 4 :Using other informaton sources to assess hazard

classes and categories in accordance with the CLP.
All
(note : for harmonised classifications, only those hazard
classes and categories not included in the entry need to
be considered)
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015) CB1C
Step 1: Check if the waste is a product and with a safety data sheet
The manufacturer or supplier’s safety data sheet (SDS) for a specific product will include information
on the composition and classification of a substance or mixture. The chemical classification of the
substance(s) present should be listed in Section 3 of the SDS ‘Composition, Information on
Ingredients’.
If the waste was a manufactured product (e.g. a pot of paint), check if:
 the composition of the product is unchanged,
 the product has been classified in accordance with the classification criteriain the CLP
 There is an SDS for that product
If you have that information, you can normally rely on the chemical classification of the individual
ingredient or component substance(s) provided in the safety data sheet for waste classification when
used for the transport, repackaging, or storage of waste.
Where the product is a mixture of two or more substances (e.g. a pot of paint), you must use the
classifications of the individual component substances rather than the overall chemical classification of
the product.
If you are taking any action that may change the composition or physical form of the product, for
example treating the waste, then you should not rely on this information.
You will need to do additional checks where the information provided either:
 was out of date (as a product may be discarded some time after it was last supplied)
 there is any reason to believe it is incomplete, inadequate, or inaccurate
Step 2: Substances listed in Table 3.1 of the CLP: check if there’s a ’harmonised’ classification
Some substances have been assigned classifications agreed at European level. These are called
‘harmonised’ classifications and are listed in Table 3.1 of Part 3 of Annex VI of the CLP Regulation.
The hazard classes and categories presented in Table 3.1 take legal precedence (Article 4(3) of the
CLP) over all other sources of information on those hazard classes and categories, and they must be
used for classification.
A harmonised classification in Table 3.1 may be incomplete as it only covers the hazard classes and
categories listed. So you must always also consider Step 4 for those hazard classes and categories
not covered by the Table 3.1 entry.
Table 3.1 of Annex VI of the CLP is regularly updated by adaptations to technical progress (ATP’s) so
you must make sure you’re using the most up to date legal classification of the substance.
Table 3.1 contains two types of harmonised entries, for;
 specific substances (for use in this step), and
 group entries (for use in step 3)
Harmonised classifications can also be found in the Classification and Labelling Inventory maintained
by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) but Table 3.1 of Annex VI of the CLP remains the
authoritative legal source for this information.
The inventory: how to use it for waste classification
We have used lead chromate as the example.
The inventory’s search page enables you to find classification entries.
http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database
To search for a substance:
 enter the substance name in ‘substance name’ field (or use other identifiers)
 tick the ‘search only for harmonised substances’
 read and agree the ‘legal disclaimer’.
AB2A Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015)
When entering the substance name consider using a partial name (for example using ‘lead’ to search
for lead chromate), be aware of international spelling differences (sulfide vs. sulphide), and that some
substances may have several names.
Note:
To help you identify the substance correctly the inventory includes both:
 certain alternative chemical names in the ‘International Chemical Identification’ section
 the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number, which is the most accurate identification of a
substance that may have many non-standard names
Figure B1.2 shows the search for ‘lead’ to find a harmonised classification for lead chromate.
Figure B1.2H1 Example of a search in the classification and labelling inventory
This search results (see figure B1.3) show a list of all harmonised entries for lead including a specific
entry for lead chromate (used in step 2) and a group entry for lead compounds (used in step 3).
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015) AB3C
Figure B1.3H1 Example of the results of a search in the Classification and Labelling Inventory
Select the ‘magnifying glass’ symbol on the right of lead chromate. This provides the harmonised
classification.
Figure B1.4H1 Example of a harmonised classification from the Classification and Labelling Inventory
The ‘Harmonised Classification’ provides the following information used for waste classification:
‘Classification’ column
 ‘Hazard class and category code(s)
 ‘Hazard statement code(s)
‘Labelling’ column
 Supplementary hazard statement code(s)
‘Notes’ column (some notes are used for waste classification)
The hazard classes, hazard categories, hazard statement codes and supplementary hazard statement
codes listed in the harmonised entry for the substance have legal precedence over other information
sources for substance classification purposes.
The meaning of hazard class, category and hazard statement code
Hazard Class The nature of the hazard. For example a carcinogen is ‘Carc.’.
Hazard Category A sub-category of the hazard class that describes the severity of the
hazard. For example a carcinogen could be ‘1A’, ‘1B’ or ‘2’.
Hazard Statement Code The code assigned to the hazard class and category. For example a
carcinogen could be ‘H350’ or ‘H351’
So from Figure B1.4 the harmonised hazard classes, categories and statement codes for lead
chromate are:
 Carc. 1B H350
 Repr. 1A H360Df
 STOT RE 2* H373**
 Aquatic Acute 1 H400
 Aquatic Chronic 1 H410
You need to note these, then proceed to step 4.
Further notes on using Table 3.1 of the CLP
The following apply when using Table 3.1 for waste classification:
Specific Concentration Limits and M-factors
Note: ‘Specific Concentration Limits’ and ‘M-Factors’ are used only where indicated in Appendix C for
a specific hazardous property.
Qualifications of hazard class, category codes and statements codes
The following may be assigned to entries in the classification column of Table 3.1 of the CLP and
appear in the Inventory
Qualifications Meaning Used for

Waste
Assessment
* Minimum classification for that hazard class/category. Actual Yes
classification may be higher. (This is applied to Acute
Toxicity, STOT repeated exposure)
** Relates to route of exposure No
*** Assigned to reproductive toxicity hazard statements where No
one attribute is not applicable
**** indicates that the correct classification for physical hazards Yes
could not be established. The entry might be assigned to a
different (also higher) category or even another hazard class
than indicated. The correct classification shall be confirmed
by testing.
D, d, F, f, DF, assigned to reproductive toxicity hazard statements to No
Df, Fd, fd indicate developmental and fertility effects. This is not
relevant to waste assessment.
Supporting ‘Notes’ column

The CLP contains two series of supporting ‘Notes’.
 The alphabetic series (Note A, B, etc.) labelled ‘Notes’ apply to substances and are only
relevant to waste classification and assessment where they alter the harmonised classification
of the substance to which they relate. The following notes may be used where appropriate B,
D, F, J, L, M, P, Q, R and U. The numeric series (Note 1, 2, etc.) labelled ‘Notes’ apply to
mixtures and are not used to determine the classification of a substance. Notes 1, 2, 3 and 5
can be used where appropriate. These notes explain how the concentration limits for
hazardous properties (See Appendix C) are applied to a waste containing that substance.
Note 1, for example, is applicable to any hazardous properties where the calculation method
is used for that substance in a waste).
Anhydrous and hydrated salts
Harmonised group entries in Part 3 for salts (under any denomination) cover both anhydrous and
hydrous forms, unless specified otherwise.
Step 3: check if there’s a harmonised group entry in Table 3.1 of the CLP
If there’s no ‘harmonised entry’ for the specific substance in the CLP, then you must repeat the
previous step and check if the substance is covered by a harmonised group entry.
A number of group entries are included in Table 3.1 of the CLP. The classification applies to all
substances covered by the group entry description, with the exception of this substances that have a
specific harmonised entry (see step 2).
In some cases, individual substances may be covered by more than one group entry (e.g. where there
are group entries for both the cation and anion of a substance). Where this occurs the classification of
the substance includes all the hazard classes, categories and statement codes from these group
entries. Where group entries give different classifications for the same hazard, use the most severe.
Examples of group entries are arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, organo-tin, antimony,
beryllium, barium and cyanide compounds.
Search for these by ticking the ‘search only for harmonised substances’ box like you did in the
previous step but:
 use a partial substance name (eg lead) or group name where relevant
 and if this identifies no relevant entry, you can produce a list containing most of the group
harmonised entries by entering ‘exception’ in the substance name field
So, a search for ‘lead sulphate’ identifies no substance specific harmonised entry, but a search for
‘lead’ identifies the harmonised entry for ‘lead compounds with the exception of those specified
elsewhere in this annex’ (see figure B1.3) that applies to all lead compounds that do not have a
substance specific entry.
The harmonised classification for lead sulphate, using this group entry, is set out in Figure B1.5.
Figure B1.5H1 Example of a group harmonised entry from the Classification and Labelling Inventory
You must not use a group harmonised entry (for example, lead or chromium VI compounds) where a
substance specific entry is provided.(eg lead chromate).
You must consider the hazard classes, hazard categories and hazard statement codes (including
supplementary hazard statement codes) listed in the ‘harmonised entry’ to classify and assess waste.
Once you have noted these, proceed to step 4.
Step 4: Using other information sources
This step classifies a substance using the procedures and criteria set out in CLP. You need to be able
to use CLP competently. If you are unsure how to proceed you should seek advice from a competent
person.
Classification is essential for safe chemical management. It’s vital that classification is based on
accurate, robust and adequate data/information.
If the substance does not have a harmonised entry you must consider all hazard classes and
categories.
If the substance has a harmonised classification in Table 3.1 of Annex VI of CLP you only need to
identify and consider those hazard classes and categories that are:
 not listed in the harmonised classification
 marked with an ‘*’ indicating that it is a minimum classification, and you are obliged to look for
additional data to determine if a more severe classification for that category is justified
 marked with an ‘****’ indicating that the correct classification for physical hazards could not be
established, and that testing is necessary. Wastes containing such substances will need to be
tested for physical hazardous properties (HP1, HP2 and HP3) as part of their hazardous
property assessment in Chapter 2.
Using the lead sulphate harmonised group entry example from step 3, only the following need to be
considered further (where applicable):
 physical hazards (for example, explosive, flammable and oxidising hazard classes and
categories)
 human health hazards – for example, carcinogenicity, germ cell mutagenicity, irritancy,
corrosivity, sensitising)
 environmental hazards – ozone
 acute Toxicity and STOT RE 2 (marked as ‘*’)
Note:
 entries relating to coal, oil and their derivatives or fractions are particularly likely to be
incomplete (advice on unknown oils is provided in Appendix A)
 harmonised entries for ‘active substances’ (regulated biocides, pesticides and herbicides) can
be assumed to be complete due to the additional scrutiny they receive
The next step is to gather any information relevant to working out the substance classification, and in
particular any:
 data generated from any test methods appropriate to the CLP
 epidemiological data and experience on the effects on humans, such as occupational data and
data from accident databases
 any other information generated in accordance with REACH
 any new scientific information
 any other information generated under internationally recognised chemical programmes
(Information on some of these is provided later)
The information applies to the physical form of the substance present in the waste.
Download the ECHA guidance on the application of the CLP criteria to classify a substance.
http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13562/clp_en.pdf (PDF, 9.1MB)
Once you have completed the classification of each substance, return to the Chapter 2, step 5.
Information generated in accordance with REACH
ECHA makes publicly available some of the information companies submit when they register their
substances, including their classification under the CLP.
See the information on registered substances at:
http://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances
The information is provided by companies and:
 is not verified by ECHA
 the amount of information present can vary, as requirements relate to production volume
 not all data may be available for all substances
You should use this information in conjunction with other relevant and available information.
This REACH information is also published as part of the OECD (organisation for economic co-
operation and development) on their e-chemportal with other international chemical databases.
The e-chemportal can be found at:
http://www.echemportal.org
Carcinogenicity and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
When considering the carcinogenicity of a substance it is important to consider the information
provided by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Although there is a strong link between the classification criteria used by the CLP and that used by
IARC, they are two different classification systems.
IARC publishes and maintains a list that includes substances classified as carcinogens on their
website, supported by detailed monographs.
Download the list of IARC carcinogens:
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsAlphaOrder.pdf
These monographs set out the information identified by IARC and their interpretation of it. You should
consider the information gathered and assessed by IARC as part of the determination of the
classification of the substance under the CLP in step 4, in conjunction with other available and relevant
information. A competent person will need to do this.
Pesticides, biocides and herbicides (‘active substances’)
A wide range of metal compounds and organic compounds are used as active substances in plant
protection products. As active substances they have been subjected to additional scrutiny for approval
and authorisation.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has led a formal review of these compounds by member
states. As a result, EFSA publish a significant amount of information that can be used for chemical
classification .
The Pesticide Properties Database collates this, as well as information from other sources:
http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/index.htm
The Classification and Labelling Inventory (self-classifications)
The Classification and Labelling Inventory also contains substance self-classifications submitted to
ECHA by businesses. This includes information on substances registered under REACH. These are
classifications determined by suppliers themselves through the application of the CLP classification
criteria. Self-classifications can be listed for substances that have harmonised classifications,
although they cover those hazard classes and hazard categories that are not included in the
harmonised entry.
There can be multiple classifications for the same substance due to:
 the different composition, form or physical state of the substance placed on the market
 a manufacturer or producer identifying insufficient information to assess that hazard class or
category (which they will report as ‘data lacking’, ‘inconclusive’, or ‘conclusive but not sufficient
for classification’)
 the manufacturer, importer or downstream user has access to, or has generated, different or
additional data
This information does not remove obligation to consider the available and relevant information in Step
4 to derive the classification of the substance. But knowing what hazard classes and categories other
businesses have already identified may help inform this process.
C
Appendix C:
Hazardous property assessment
This appendix explains how to work out if a waste:

 displays a hazardous property, or
 is hazardous because it contains Persistent Organic Pollutants
This supports Chapter 2 ’Waste classification and assessment’, step 6 ‘Assess the hazardous
properties of the waste’.
This appendix gives:

 a definition and interpretation of each hazardous property
 the ’hazard statement codes’ linked to the hazardous property
 an assessment flow chart
 concentration limits, where applicable
 test methods, where applicable
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st Edition 2015) CC1C
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CC2C Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st Edition 2015)
Appendix C:
C1 Assessment of Hazard HP 1:
Explosive
Definition
1
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive (WFD) defines HP 1 ‘Explosive’ as:
‘waste which is capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure
and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic waste, explosive organic
peroxide waste and explosive self-reactive waste is included’
Concentration limit
A waste is assessed for HP using test methods, rather than concentration limits for substances. The
WFD states that:
‘When a waste contains one or more substances classified by one of the hazard class and category
codes and hazard statement codes shown in Table 1 [see Table C1.1], the waste shall be assessed
for HP 1, where appropriate and proportionate, according to test methods. If the presence of a
substance, a mixture or an article indicates that the waste is explosive, it shall be classified as
hazardous by HP 1.’
A waste containing substances that are classified with the hazard class, category and statement
codes in Table C1.1 can be tested to show whether it displays that hazardous property or not.
Alternatively a waste containing those substances can simply be assumed to be hazardous by HP 1.
Additionally, where a waste mixture or article is known to be explosive it too shall be assigned HP 1.
Table C1.1H1 Hazard class and category code(s) and Hazard statement code(s) for waste constituents for the
classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 1 Explosive
Hazard class
Hazard statement
and category Description
code(s)
code(s)
Unst. Expl. H 200 Unstable explosives
Expl. 1.1 H 201 Explosive; mass explosion hazard.
Expl. 1.2 H 202 Explosive, severe projection hazard
Expl. 1.3 H 203 Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
Expl. 1.4 H 204 Fire or projection hazard
Self-react. A
H 240 Heating may cause an explosion
Org. Perox. A
Self-react. B
H 241 Heating may cause a fire or explosion
Org. Perox. B
Some substances may be explosive under certain conditions. They are given Hazard statement
codes such as ‘H205 May mass explode in fire’ or ‘EUH001 Explosive when dry’. These substances
do not make a waste hazardous by HP 1 Explosive but their presence in a waste could make that
waste exhibit hazardous property HP 15; see Section C15 for more details.
1
Council Directive 2008/98/EC
A waste containing a substance classified as H240 or H241 should be considered for HP 3 flammable
where the waste is not hazardous by HP 1.
Cut off value for organic peroxides
A waste containing organic peroxides classified as H240 or H241 needs to be assessed for HP 1
unless both:
 no other hazardous substances assigned hazard statement codes listed in Table C1.1 are
present, and
 one of the following two criteria is met, the waste contains:
(i) >1% but ≤ 7% hydrogen peroxide, and the available oxygen content of the organic
peroxide(s) is ≤ 0.5%
(ii) ≤ 1% hydrogen peroxide, and the available oxygen content of the organic peroxide(s)
is ≤ 1%
The available oxygen content, Oi (%) for any given organic peroxide is given in Box C1.1. An example
of how a waste containing an organic peroxide can be assessed for HP 1 is given in Box C1.2.
Box C1.1 Available oxygen content for an organic peroxide
Oi (%) =  16 x ( ni x ci / mi) 

where:
ni = number of peroxide groups per molecule of organic peroxide i.
ci = concentration (mass %) of organic peroxide i in the waste.
mi = gram molecular mass of organic peroxide i.
∑ means that if a waste contains more than one organic peroxide the available oxygen from each is
added together. This includes all organic peroxides, and is not restricted to those classified as H240
or H241.
Box C1.2 An example assessment of a waste containing organic peroxide
Example calculation for methyl ethyl peroxide

A waste contains 2.9% methyl ethyl peroxide (C2H5-O-O-CH3) and 3% hydrogen peroxide.
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is > 1% and ≤ 7% hydrogen peroxide so criteria (i) applies.
Methyl ethyl peroxide has
 molecular mass 76 g, so mi is 76;
 one peroxide functional group present, so, ni = 1.
Oi (%) =  16 x ( ni x ci / mi) 

At 2.9% concentration (ci) in the waste, methyl ethyl peroxide has an available oxygen content
= 16 x 1 x 2.9 / 76
= 0.61%
This is above the available oxygen threshold of 0.5% for criteria (i), so HP 1 must be assessed.
Decision tree
Figure C1.1 sets out the assessment process for the Hazard HP 1.
Figure C1.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 1
Start : Does the waste contain Is there any information available to

substances classified according to Yes demonstrate that the waste is not
Table C1.1? explosive, for example testing?
No Yes No
Not hazardous by HP 1 Hazardous by HP 1
Test methods
Wastes containing substances listed in Table C1.1 should be tested for explosive properties in
accordance with the European Chemical Agency’s guidance on the application of the CLP Criteria.
Separate sections are provided for testing of mixtures containing:
 organic peroxides (2.15)
 self reactive substances and mixtures (2.8), and
 explosives (2.1)
A waste containing an organic peroxide or a self reacting substance, where the waste is classified by
testing as Type A (H240) or Type B (H241), displays the hazardous property HP 1 explosive. Where
this is not the case, a waste classified as Type C, D, E or F (H242) displays the hazardous property
HP 3 flammable.
A waste containing another substance listed in Table C1.1, where the waste is classified by testing as
Unstable Explosive (H200), Division 1.1(H201), 1.2(H202), 1.3(H203) or 1.4(H204), displays the
hazardous property HP 1 explosive.
Appendix C:
Oxidising
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 2 ‘Oxidizing’ as:
‘waste which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other
materials’
Concentration limits
A waste is assessed for HP using test methods, rather than concentration limits for substances. The
WFD states that:
‘When a waste contains one or more substances classified by one of the hazard class and category
codes and hazard statement codes shown in Table 2 [C2.1], the waste shall be assessed for HP 2,
where appropriate and proportionate, according to test methods. If the presence of a substance
indicates that the waste is oxidising, it shall be classified as hazardous by HP 2.’
Where the waste contains only one such substance, and that substance is assigned a specific
concentration limit is given in Annex VI Table 3.1 to CLP, the waste can be assumed not be
hazardous by HP 2 if the concentration of the oxidising substance is below that limit. For example
nitric acid is listed in CLP as H272: Ox. Liq. 3, with a specific concentration limit of ≥ 65 %. Where
nitric acid is present in a waste below 65% that waste will not be classified HP 2. If another oxidising
substance is also present then this cannot be assumed.
classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 2 Oxidising
Hazard class
Hazard statement
code(s)
code(s)
Ox. Gas 1 H 270 May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser

Ox. Liq. 1
H 271 May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidiser
Ox. Sol. 1
Ox. Liq. 2
Ox. Liq. 3
H 272 May intensify fire; oxidiser
Ox. Sol. 2
Ox. Sol. 3
Calculation method for oxidising gases
Where a waste contains a substance assigned H270 it is possible to calculate whether or not the
waste displays HP 2. The calculation method is provided by ISO 10156 (as amended) and should be
applied in accordance with section 2.4 of the European Chemicals Agency guidance on the
application of the CLP criteria.
Decision tree
Start: Does the waste contain Is there a specific concentration limit listed
substances classified according to Yes for any substance in Annex VI Table 3.1 to
Table C2.1? CLP related to any of these hazard
statements?
No Yes
Is the concentration of any

oxidising substance at or above the listed
Table 3.1 limit for that substance?
No
No
Is there sufficient Are there any
information to other oxidising
demonstrate that the substances in the
Yes
waste is not oxidizing, waste that do not Yes
for example testing (or have a limit in
calculation for gases)? Table 3.1
Yes No
Not hazardous by HP 2 No Hazardous by HP 2
Test methods
Wastes containing substances listed in Table C2.1 should be tested oxidising properties in
accordance with the European Chemical Agency’s Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria.
 oxidising gases (2.4)
 oxidising liquids (2.13), and
 oxidising solids (2.14)
A waste containing an oxidising substance, where the waste is classified by testing as H270, H271, or
H272, displays the hazardous property HP 2 oxidising.
Appendix C:
Flammable
Definition
2
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive (WFD) defines HP 3 ‘Flammable’ over 6 indents:
- ‘flammable liquid waste: liquid waste having a flash point below 60°C or waste gas oil, diesel
and light heating oils having a flash point > 55°C and ≤ 75°C;
- flammable pyrophoric liquid and solid waste: solid or liquid waste which, even in small
quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air;
- flammable solid waste: solid waste which is readily combustible or may cause or contribute to
fire through friction;
- flammable gaseous waste: gaseous waste which is flammable in air at 20°C and a standard
pressure of 101.3 kPa;
- water reactive waste: waste which, in contact with water, emits flammable gases in
dangerous quantities;
- other flammable waste: flammable aerosols, flammable self-heating waste, flammable organic
peroxides and flammable self-reactive waste.’
A waste is assessed for HP 3 using test methods, rather than concentration limits for substances. The
WFD states that:
‘When a waste contains one or more substances classified by one of the following hazard class and
category codes and hazard statement codes shown in Table 3 [see Table C3.1], the waste shall be
assessed, where appropriate and proportionate, according to test methods. If the presence of a
substance indicates that the waste is flammable, it shall be classified as hazardous by HP 3.’
Where a waste contains substance assigned H260 or H261 it is possible to calculate the minimum
amount of that substance that will give rise to HP 3 (fifth indent) – see page C11.
Where a waste contains substances assigned H220 or H221 it is possible to calculate whether or not
the waste displays HP 3 (fourth indent). The calculation method is provided by ISO 10156 (as
amended) and should be applied in accordance with section 2.2 of the European Chemicals Agency
guidance on the application of the CLP criteria.
2
Council Directive 2008/98/EC
classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 3 Flammable
Hazard class Hazard statement

code(s)
code(s)
Flam. Gas 1 H220 Extremely flammable gas
Flam. Gas 2 H221 Flammable gas
Aerosol 1 H222 Extremely flammable aerosol
Aerosol 2 H223 Flammable aerosol
Flam. Liq. 1 H224 Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
Flam. Liq.2 H225 Highly flammable liquid and vapour
Flam. Liq. 3 H226 Flammable liquid and vapour
Flam. Sol. 1
H228 Flammable solid
Flam. Sol. 2
Self-react. CD
Self-react. EF
H242 Heating may cause a fire
Org. Perox. CD
Org. Perox. EF
Pyr. Liq. 1
H250 Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
Pyr. Sol. 1
Self-heat.1 H251 Self-heating: may catch fire

Self-heating in large quantities; may catch
Self-heat. 2 H252
fire
In contact with water releases flammable
Water-react. 1 H260
gases which may ignite spontaneously
Water-react. 2 In contact with water releases flammable
H261
Water-react. 3 gases
Note: a waste containing self-reactive substances or organic peroxides classified as H240 or H241
may possess the hazardous property HP 3 Flammable as a result of the assessment of HP 1
Explosive classifying the waste as a whole as H242.
Decision tree
Start: Is the waste a liquid, or does it

According to an appropriate test method
have a free draining liquid phase,
Yes is the flash point of the liquid or liquid phase Yes
containing substances assigned
≤ 60oC?
Hazard Statement Codes Listed in
Table C3.1?
No Hazardous by HP 3 (first indent)
Is the waste gas oil, diesel or light heating

oil where the flash point is > 55oC Yes
No
and ≤ 75oC?
No
Does the waste contain substances According to an appropriate test method

Yes Yes Hazardous by HP 3 (second indent)
assigned H250? is the waste pyrophoric?
No No
Is the waste a solid containing substances According to an appropriate test method

assigned Hazard Statement Codes listed in Yes is the waste readily combustible or may Yes Hazardous by HP 3 (third indent)
Table C3.1 cause or contribute to fire through friction?
No No
Is the waste a gas containing substances According to an appropriate test method is

assigned Hazard Statement Codes listed in Yes the waste flammable in air at 20oC and Yes Hazardous by HP 3 (fourth indent)
Table C3.1 standard pressure?
No No
Does the concentration of the substances

exceed the calculated limit; or according to
Does the waste contain a substance an appropriate test method does the waste
Yes Yes Hazardous by HP 3 (fifth indent)
assigned H260 or H261? evolve flammable gases in dangerous
quantities?
No No
Does the waste contain a substance Is there sufficient information to

assigned H222, H223, H242, H251 or Yes demonstrate that the waste is not No Hazardous by HP 3 (sixth indent)
H252? flammable, for example testing?
No Yes
Not hazardous by HP 3
Note:
 a sludge (without a liquid phase) should be considered as a solid for testing purposes
 the separate elements of a solid waste that contains a freely draining liquid phase, for
example a toluene impregnated soil, should both be tested for flammability
 a free draining liquid will include liquids that can be poured or decanted from a waste, or the
liquid easily extracted from absorbents/rags by simple physical or mechanical means
Calculation method for Hazard HP 3 (fifth indent)

3
A substance is assigned H260 or H261 if it is capable of releasing a highly flammable gas at a rate in
excess of 1 litre of gas per kilogram of substance per hour when water is added.
If a waste contains a substance assigned H260 or H261, it is possible to calculate the limiting
concentration of the substance in the waste that would make it hazardous by HP 3 (fifth indent).
3
A highly flammable gas is assigned H220 or H221. The gases that are likely to be released include hydrogen, ethane, ethyne
and phosphine.
Below this concentration the waste will not be hazardous as a result of HP 3 (fifth indent). At or above
the concentration the waste should be assumed to be HP 3, or tested.
An example of how to do the calculation is given below in Box C3.1.
Box C3.1H1 Calculation method for Hazard HP 3 Flammable (fifth indent)
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction that produces the gas. The general form of this equation
should be as follows:
rR + wW → pP + gG
where R is the H260/H261 substance, W is water, P is a product of the reaction, and G is the gas
released; r, w, p and g are the stoichiometric ratios that balance the equation.
2. Attribute molecular weights and stoichiometric ratios to the substances in the equation.
3. Divide (r x molar weight of R) by (g x 22.4). This gives the mass of R that will evolve 1 litre of gas. 1
mol of gas occupies 22.4 litres at standard temperature and pressure.
4. Divide this amount (in grams) by 1,000 (to convert to kilograms) and multiply it by 100 to give a
percentage by weight, and thus the limiting concentration for HP 3 (fifth indent) of substance R.
Example calculation: A waste contains aluminium carbide. Aluminium carbide is a H260 substance
which reacts with water to give methane gas.
Al4C3 + 6H2O → 2Al2O3 + 3CH4
aluminium carbide water aluminium oxide methane
144 g 18 g 102 g 16 g
1 mol 6 mol 2 mol 3 mol
r = 1 mol of Al4C3, R = 144 g; g = 3 mol CH4.
Limiting concentration of aluminium carbide in waste = [144 / (3x22.4)] / 1,000 x 100,
which is 0.21% (approximately 0.2%).
Threshold limits derived from the calculation for some H260 and H261 substances are given in Table
C3.2.
Table C3.2H1 Examples of substances which may cause a waste to exhibit HP 3 Flammable (fifth indent) and
their threshold concentrations (note; this is not a complete list of such substances)
Substance name Hazard statement Equation Concentration

codes associated limit for waste
with HP3 (fifth to be H3-A
indent) (fifth indent)
1
(%)
Lithium H260 2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2 0.1

Sodium H260 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 0.2
Magnesium powder H261 Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2 0.1
(pyrophoric)
Aluminium powder H261 2Al + 6H2O → 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 0.1
(pyrophoric)
Aluminium powder
(stabilised)
Potassium H260 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 0.4
Calcium H261 Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 0.2
Zinc powder / zinc dust H260 Zn + 2H2O → Zn(OH)2 + H2 0.3
(pyrophoric)
Zirconium powder H260 Zr + 4H2O → Zr(OH)4 + 2H2 0.2
(pyrophoric)
Aluminium carbide H260 Al4C3 + 6H2O → 2Al2O3 + 3CH4 0.2
Lithium aluminium H260 LiAlH4+ H2O → LiAl(OH)2 + 4H2 0.1
hydride
Sodium hydride H260 NaH + H2O → NaOH + H2 0.1
Calcium hydride H260 CaH2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 2H2 0.1
Calcium carbide H260 CaC2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 0.3
Calcium phosphide H260 Ca3P2 + 6H2O → 0.4
2PH3 + 3Ca(OH)2
Aluminium phosphide H260 AlP + 3H2O → PH3 + Al(OH)3 0.3
Magnesium phosphide H260 Mg3P2 + 6H2O → 0.3
2PH3 + 3Mg(OH)2
Trizinc diphosphide H260 Zn3P2 + 6H2O → 0.6
2PH3 + 3Zn(OH)2
Diethyl (ethyldimethyl- H260 (C2H5)2Si(CH3)2C2H5Al + 2H2O → 0.4
silanolato) aluminium 2C2H6 + Al(OH)2Si(CH3)2C2H5
Notes:
1
Rounded to one decimal place.
Test methods
Wastes containing substances listed in Table C3.1 should be tested for flammable properties in
accordance with the European Chemical Agency’s Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria.
 flammable gases (2.2)
 aerosols (2.3)
 flammable liquids (2.6)
 flammable solids (2.7)
 self-reactive substances and mixtures (2.8)
 pyrophoric liquids (2.9)
 pyrophoric solids (2.10)
 self-heating substances and mixtures (2.11)
 water reactive substances (2.12)
 organic peroxides (2.15)
A waste possesses the hazardous property HP 3 where testing indicates that the waste displays one
or more of the hazard statements listed in Table C3.1.
Appendix C:
Irritant – skin irritation and eye damage
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 4 ‘Irritant’ as:
‘waste which on application can cause skin irritation or damage to the eye’
Hazards HP 4 and HP 8 are linked because they refer to the potential for harm or damage to tissue at
different levels of severity. See C8 for further details.
Hazardous wastes containing irritant substances will only display irritant properties. Hazardous
wastes containing corrosive substances can display either corrosive or irritant properties dependent
upon concentration.
The mechanical irritation produced by some substances, for example mineral wool, is not included
within the definition of HP 4.
The WFD states that:
‘When a waste contains one or more substances in concentrations above the cut-off value, that are
classified by one of the following hazard class and category codes and hazard statement codes and
one or more of the following concentration limits is exceeded or equalled, the waste shall be
classified as hazardous by HP 4.
The cut-off value for consideration in an assessment for Skin corr. 1A (H314), Skin irrit. 2 (H315),
Eye dam. 1 (H318) and Eye irrit. 2 (H319) is 1%.
If the sum of the concentrations of all substances classified as Skin corr. 1A (H314) exceeds or
equals 1%, the waste shall be classified as hazardous according to HP 4.
If the sum of the concentrations of all substances classified as H318 exceeds or equals 10%, the
waste shall be classified as hazardous according to HP 4.
If the sum of the concentrations of all substances classified H315 and H319 exceeds or equals 20%,
the waste shall be classified as hazardous according to HP 4.
Note that wastes containing substances classified as H314 (Skin corr.1A, 1B or 1C) in amounts
greater than or equal to 5% will be classified as hazardous by HP 8. HP 4 will not apply if the waste
is classified as HP 8.’
This is set out in Table C4.1.
Table C4.1H1 Hazard class and category code(s) and Hazard statement code(s) for waste constituents and the
corresponding concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 4
Concentration
Hazard class and Hazard statement
Description limit (total of
category code(s) code(s)
substances)
Skin Corr. 1A H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye ≥1% and <5%
damage
Eye Dam. 1 H318 Causes serious eye damage ≥ 10%
Skin irrit. 2 H315 Causes skin irritation
and and and ≥ 20%
Eye irrit. 2 H319 Causes serious eye irritation
Where a waste contains a substance that is H314 Skin Corr.1A, 1B or 1C at a concentration ≥ 5% see
also HP 8 Corrosive (chapter C8 of this document).
The concentration limits are applied to the known components of a waste. But it can be difficult to
identify all the substances present in some wastes. Where the waste is not Irritant as a result of the
known components, but some components remain unknown, pH should be used to assess the waste
as a whole.
A waste with a pH ≤ 2 or ≥ 11.5 should be considered HP 8 Corrosive unless both:
 an acid or alkali reserve test suggests that the classification as Corrosive is not warranted, and
 further in vitro testing has confirmed that classification (as Irritant or neither Irritant/Corrosive)
The acid or alkali reserve test measures the buffering capacity of the waste. If the buffer capacity is
low an in vitro test may be used to determine the classification as Irritant, Corrosive, or neither.
A low buffering capacity is where:
 pH + 1/12 alkaline reserve < 14.5
 or pH - 1/12 acid reserve > -0.5.
If the buffering capacity is ≥ 14.5 or ≤ -0.5 the mixture is Corrosive.
The acid/alkali reserve alone should not be used to exonerate waste from classification as Corrosive
or Irritant. This means that the result of an acid or alkali reserve test cannot be used to conclude that
a waste is not irritant or corrosive. An additional in vitro test is required.
Note, the:
 pH and acid/alkali reserve test assumes that any potential irritancy / corrosivity is caused by
ionic substances. Where this is not the case, for example if non-ionic substances are
involved, the pH and acid/alkali reserve method cannot be used. Further analysis of the
substances present and their concentration should be used instead.
 in vitro test(s) selected must be appropriate for the nature of the waste and address both
Irritancy and Corrosivity
Cut-off values
The following cut-off values apply to the assessment:
 for H314, H315, H318 and H319 the cut off value is 1%.
An individual substance present at a concentration below this cut off value is not included in the total
concentrations given in Table C4.1 and Figure C4.1.
Decision tree
Figure C4.1 sets out the assessment process for Hazards HP 4.
Figure C4.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 4 Irritant
Start: Does the waste contain a Does the waste contain a total
total concentration of concentration of substances
Yes
substances classified as classified as H314 Skin Corr. 1A
H314 Skin Corr. 1A ≥1%? ≥ 5% Yes
No No
Does the waste contain a total

Hazardous by HP8
concentration of substances
Hazardous by HP 4 Corrosive (See
classified as H315, H318 or H319
chapter C8)
≥ 1%
Yes
Is the total concentration of those

substances classified as H318 ≥ Yes
10%
No No Corrosive
or
Irritant
in vitro test
Is the total concentration of those not done
substances classified as H315 Yes
and H319 ≥ 20%
No
Are all the substances present in

the waste known? No
No
Does the waste have a pH of 2 or

Does the acid / alkali Does the in vitro test
less or a pH of 11.5 or more, or
Yes reserve test indicate Yes indicate that waste is
does a leachate of the waste
a low buffer capacity Irritant or Corrosive?
have such a pH?
No
Not Hazardous by Not
Yes HP 4 Corrosive
or Irritant
Test methods
A HP 4 assessment of a waste will be based on the identification of the individual substances in the
waste, their classification, and reference to concentration limits in Annex III of the WFD.
Where this is not possible, waste containing substances listed in Table C4.1 should be tested for
irritant properties in accordance with the section 3.2 of the European Chemical Agency’s Guidance on
the Application of the CLP Criteria. A mixture assigned H315, H318 or H319 by this assessment is HP
4 Irritant.
Test methods should only be considered where indicated by that guidance.
The test methods that rely on animal testing, given in Council Regulation 440/2008, are not
appropriate. Validated alternative tests are available from the European Union Reference Laboratory
4
for alternatives to animal testing .
An example of application of the acid alkali reserve and in-vitro test
A waste management process produces a filtercake.
The filtercake is known to contain certain metal hydroxides, at a concentration insufficient for an
Irritant classification, but the full chemical composition is not known. The presence of other irritant or
corrosive substances cannot be ruled out.
Sampling of that filtercake in accordance with Appendix D identifies that the pH varies from 11.6 to
13.1.
The process operator has three options at this point:
 determine the full chemical composition (i.e. identify all chemical compounds present)
 classify the waste as Corrosive, or
 undertake both acid/alkali reserve and in-vitro testing
Due to the difficulties in determining the full chemical composition the operator wants to use
acid/alkali reserve and in-vitro testing.
The operator can demonstrate that pre-acceptance procedures reliably identify and exclude wastes
containing non-ionic irritant or corrosive substances, and these are not produced by their treatment
process. As these substances are known not to be present in the filtercake, acid/alkali reserve can
be considered.
To avoid the need to test every sample using both methods routinely the operator undertakes a
basic characterisation of the filtercake where:
 a representative number of samples are taken (see Appendix D for how to determine this)
 that cover the full range of compositional and pH parameters
 each sample is analysed by both acid/alkali reserve, and in-vitro tests
 the specific in vitro test was chosen on the basis of suitability for testing this waste
As a result of this exercise the operator demonstrates for routine operational use that:
 for the range of compositional and pH parameters tested
 the in-vitro method gives an Irritant answer
 the acid-alkali reserve test alone can therefore be relied upon for routine use, and
 only batches of waste and samples that fall outside of the compositional and pH parameters
of the basic characterisation would require additional in-vitro testing
4
http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our_labs/eurl-ecvam.
Appendix C:
C5 Assessment of Hazards HP 5:
Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT)
/ Aspiration Toxicity
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 5 ‘Harmful’ as:
‘waste which can cause specific target organ toxicity either from a single or repeated exposure, or
which cause acute toxic effects following aspiration’
‘When a waste contains one or more substances classified by one or more of the following hazard
class and category codes and hazard statement codes shown in Table 4, and one or more of the
concentration limits in Table 4 [see Table C5.1] is exceeded or equalled, the waste shall be
classified as hazardous according to HP 5. When substances classified as STOT are present in a
waste, an individual substance has to be present at or above the concentration limit for the waste to
be classified as hazardous by HP 5.
When a waste contains one or more substances classified as Asp. Tox. 1 and the sum of those
substances exceeds or equals the concentration limit, the waste shall be classified as hazardous by
5
HP 5 only where the overall kinematic viscosity (at 40°C) does not exceed 20.5 mm²/s. ’
Cut-off values
No cut-off values apply to this assessment.

corresponding concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 5 STOT/ Asp. Tox.
Hazard class and Hazard statement Concentration

Description
category code(s) code(s) limit
STOT SE 1 H370 Causes damage to organs ≥ 1% (Indiv.)

STOT SE 2 H371 May cause damage to organs ≥ 10% (Indiv.)
STOT SE 3 H335 May cause respiratory irritation ≥ 20% (Indiv.)
STOT RE 1 H372 Causes damage to organs through ≥ 1% (Indiv.)
prolonged or repeated exposure
STOT RE 2 H373 May cause damage to organs through ≥ 10% (Indiv.)
prolonged or repeated exposure
Asp. Tox. 1 H304 May be fatal if swallowed and enters ≥ 10%(total)
airways
5
The kinematic viscosity shall only be determined for fluids.
Decision tree
Figure C5.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 5 STOT / Aspiration Toxicity
Start: Does the waste contain any

substances classified as H370 or
Yes Is the concentration of any individual
H372? Yes
substance classified as H370 or
H372 ≥ 1%?
No
No
Does the waste contain any

substances classified as H371 or
Yes Is the concentration of any individual
H373?
substance classified as H371 or Yes
H373 ≥ 10%?
No
No

substances classified as H335?
Yes
Is the concentration of any individual
substance classified as H335 ≥ 20%? Yes
No
No

substances classified as H304? Yes Is the total concentration of any
substances classified as H304 ≥
10%?
Yes
No No
Is the waste a liquid or does it have a
free draining liquid phase?
Yes
No
Does the overall kinematic viscosity

Not Hazardous by HP5
(at 40ºC) exceed 20.5 mm2/s
Yes
No, or Don’t Know
Hazardous by HP5
Test methods
waste, their classification, and reference to concentration limits.
Where this is not possible, waste containing substances listed in Table C5.1 should be assessed for
specific target organ toxicity and aspiration toxicity properties in accordance with the section 3.8 of the
European Chemical Agency’s guidance on the application of the CLP criteria.
6
6
Appendix C:
Acute Toxicity
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 6 ‘Acute Toxicity’ as:
‘waste which can cause acute toxic effects following oral or dermal administration, or inhalation exposure’.
‘If the sum of the concentrations of all substances contained in a waste, classified with an acute toxic
hazard class and category code and hazard statement code given in Table 5 [see Table C6.1],
exceeds or equals the threshold given in that table, the waste shall be classified as hazardous by HP
6. When more than one substance classified as acute toxic is present in a waste, the sum of the
concentrations is required only for substances within the same hazard category.’
Cut-off values
 For H300, H310, H330, H301, H311, and H331 : 0.1%;
 For H302, H312, H332: 1%.
An individual substances present at a concentration below the cut off, for a hazard statement code
assigned to it, is not included in the sum of the concentrations for that hazard class and category
code.
corresponding concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 6 Acute Toxicity
Hazard
Hazard Concentration limit
class and
statement Description
category
code(s) (sum of substances)
code(s)
Acute Tox.1 H300 Fatal if swallowed ≥ 0.1%
(Oral)
Acute Tox. H300 Fatal if swallowed ≥ 0.25%

2 (Oral)
Acute Tox. H301 Toxic if swallowed ≥ 5%

3 (Oral)
Acute Tox.4 H302 Harmful if swallowed ≥ 25%

(Oral)
Acute Tox.1 H310 Fatal in contact with skin ≥ 0.25%

(Dermal)
Acute Tox.2 H310 Fatal in contact with skin ≥ 2.5%

(Dermal)
Acute Tox.3 H311 Toxic in contact with skin ≥ 15%

(Dermal)
Acute Tox. H312 Harmful in contact with skin ≥ 55%

4 (Dermal)
Acute Tox.1 H330 Fatal if inhaled ≥ 0.1%

(Inhal.)
Acute Tox.2 H330 Fatal if inhaled ≥ 0.5%

(Inhal.)
Acute Tox. H331 Toxic if inhaled ≥ 3.5%

3 (Inhal.)
Acute Tox. H332 Harmful if inhaled ≥ 22.5%

4 (Inhal.)
Decision tree
Figure C6.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 6 Acute Toxicity
Is the total concentration of any substances

Start: Does the waste yes Yes
classified as Acute Tox.1(Oral), H300 ≥ 0.1%?
contain any substances
classified as H300, No
H301 or H302?
Yes
classified as Acute Tox.2(Oral), H300 ≥ 0.25%?
No

No Yes
classified as H301 ≥ 5%?
No

Yes
No classified as H302 ≥ 25%?
Does the waste contain
any substances classified
as H310, H311 or H312?
Yes Is the total concentration of any substances
classified as Acute Tox.1(Dermal), H310 ≥ Yes
0.25%?
No

Yes
classified as Acute Tox.2(Dermal), H310 ≥ 2.5%?
No No

Yes
classified as H311 ≥ 15%?
No

Yes
No classified as H312 ≥ 55%?
Does the waste contain
any substances classified
as H330, H331 or H332?
Yes Is the total concentration of any substances
Yes
classified as Acute Tox.1(Inhal.), H330 ≥ 0.1%?
No

Yes
classified as Acute Tox.2(Inhal.), H330 ≥ 0.5%?
No
No Is the total concentration of any substances
Yes
classified as H331 ≥ 3.5%?
No

Yes
classified as H332 ≥ 22.5%?
Not Hazardous by HP 6 No Hazardous by HP 6
Test methods
acute toxicity properties in accordance with the section 3.1 of the European Chemical Agency’s
7
7
Appendix C:
Carcinogenic
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 7 ‘Carcinogenic’ as:
‘waste which induces cancer or increases its incidence’
Limiting concentrationThe WFD states that:
‘When a waste contains a substance classified by one of the following hazard class and category
codes and hazard statement codes and exceeds or equals one of the following concentration limits
shown in Table 6 [see Table C7.1], the waste shall be classified as hazardous by HP 7. When more
than one substance classified as carcinogenic is present in a waste, an individual substance has to
be present at or above the concentration limit for the waste to be classified as hazardous by HP 7.’
Cut-off values
corresponding concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 7 Carcinogenic
Hazard
class and
category
code(s) (Individual substance)
code(s)
Carc. 1A
H350 May cause cancer ≥ 0.1%
Carc. 1B
Carc. 2 H351 Suspected of causing cancer ≥ 1.0%
Decision tree
Figure C7.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 7 Carcinogenic
Start: Does the waste contain

individual substances assigned Yes
H350 ≥ 0.1%?
No Hazardous by Hazard HP 7
Does the waste contain individual

Yes
substances assigned H351 ≥ 1%
No
Test methods
carcinogenic properties in accordance with the section 3.6 of the European Chemical Agency’s
8
8
Appendix C:
Corrosive
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 8 ‘Corrosive’ as:
‘waste which on application can cause skin corrosion’
Hazards HP 8 and HP 4 are linked because they refer to the potential for harm or damage to tissue at
different levels of severity. See C4 for further details.
Limiting concentration
‘When a waste contains one or more substances classified as Skin corr.1A, 1B or 1C (H314) and the
sum of their concentrations exceeds or equals 5%, the waste shall be classified as hazardous by
HP 8.’
This is set out in Table C8.1

corresponding concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 8 Corrosive
Concentration
limit
Hazard class and Hazard statement
Description
(Sum of
substances)
Skin corr. 1A, 1B, H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye ≥ 5%
or 1C damage
Where a waste contains a substance that is H314 Skin Corr.1A at a concentration ≥ 1% and ≤ 5%see
also HP 4 Irritant (chapter C4 of this document).
The concentration limits are applied to the known components of a waste – but it can be difficult to
identify all the substances present in some wastes. Where the waste is not Corrosive as a result of
the known components, but some components remain unknown, pH should be used to assess the
waste as a whole.
A waste with a pH ≤ 2 or ≥ 11.5 should be considered HP 8 Corrosive unless both:
 an acid or alkali reserve test suggests that the classification as Corrosive is not warranted, and
 further in vitro testing has confirmed that classification (as Irritant or neither Irritant/Corrosive)
Further information on this assessment is provided in Appendix C4 Assessment of Hazard HP4

Irritant.
Cut-off values
 for H314 : 1%
An individual substance present at a concentration below this cut off value is not included in the sum
of the concentrations for H314.
Decision tree
Figure C8.1 sets out the assessment process for Hazards HP 8.
Figure C8.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 8 Corrosive

substances classified as H314 ≥
1%?
Yes
Is the total concentration of

Yes Hazardous by Hazard HP 8
substances classified as H314 ≥ 5%?
No
No
Is the total concentration of Yes Hazardous by Hazard HP 4

substances classified as H314 1A ≥
1%?
Irritant
No
Hazardous by Hazard HP 8
Are all substances present in the
waste known?
Corrosive
No Or
No Test not done
Does the waste have a pH of 2 or less

Does the acid / alkali Does the in vitro test
or a pH of 11.5 or greater,
Yes reserve test indicate a Yes indicate that the waste is
Yes or does a leachate of the waste
low buffer capacity irritant or corrosive?
have such a pH?
No
Not Irritant
or Corrosive
C8.5 Test methods

A HP 8 assessment of a waste will be based on the identification of the individual substances
in the waste, their classification, and reference to concentration limits in Annex III of the WFD,
Where this is not possible, waste containing substances listed in Table C8.1 should be
assessed for corrosive and irritant properties in accordance with the section 3.2 of the
European Chemical Agency’s guidance on the application of the CLP criteria.
A mixture assigned H314 by this assessment is HP 8 Corrosive.
appropriate. Validated alternative tests are available from the European Union Reference
9
Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing .
9
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Appendix C:
Infectious
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 9 ‘Infectious’ as:
‘waste containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or reliably believed to cause
disease in man or other living organisms.’
Concentration limit
A waste isn’t assessed for HP 9 with reference to limiting concentrations of chemical substances. The
WFD states that:
‘The attribution of HP 9 shall be assessed by the rules laid down in reference documents or
legislation in the Member States.’
The assessment of HP 9 relies on understanding the terms in the definition:
‘micro-organisms’ - a microbiological entity, cellular or non-cellular, capable of replication or of
transferring genetic material (includes algae, bacteria, fungi, parasites, plasmids, prions, viruses,
rickettsia, and genetically modified variants thereof);
‘viable’ - micro-organisms that have been killed are not considered infectious. Viability relates solely to
the state of the organism at the point and time of the production of the waste;
‘or their toxins’ - toxins produced by micro-organisms which can render the waste ‘infectious’ even if
the producing organism is no longer present;
‘cause disease’ - this includes any disease regardless of severity;
‘man or other living organisms’ – the List of Waste provides sub-chapters for human and animal
healthcare only so we will restrict the extent of infection accordingly to humans and animals.
‘reference documents’ – is a reference to this document.
Toxins from micro-organisms are assessed, in the same manner as chemical substances, by
considering the hazardous statement codes assigned to them and associated hazardous properties.
There are no hazardous statement codes for other ’infectious’ agents and they are not considered as
’hazardous substances’.
There are two types of assessment:
 mirror entry wastes will be assigned HP 9 if they contain a toxin produced by a micro-
organism in high enough concentration for the waste to display Specific Target Organ Toxicity
(HP 5) or Acutely Toxic (HP 6) properties. Wastes that might be infectious due to microbial
toxins include dredgings or skimmings from a watercourse where a cyanobacterial bloom has
occurred.
 identifying whether relevant healthcare wastes, being associated with ’infection’, are classified
as ’infectious’.
Relevant healthcare wastes
The entries in the List of Waste that are linked to HP 9 are:
18 01 wastes from natal care, diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease in
humans
18 01 03* wastes whose collection and disposal is subject to special requirements in AH
order to prevent infection
18 02 wastes from research, diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease
involving animals
18 02 02* wastes whose collection and disposal is subject to special requirements in AH
order to prevent infection
The List of Waste entries 18 01 03* and 18 02 02* are absolute hazardous and apply to healthcare
waste where they are ‘subject to special requirements in order to prevent infection’.
The linked non-hazardous healthcare waste entries are:
18 01 wastes from natal care, diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease in
humans
18 01 04 wastes whose collection and disposal is not subject to special requirements AN
in order to prevent infection (for example dressings, plaster casts, linen,
disposable clothing, diapers)
18 02 wastes from research, diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease
involving animals
18 02 03 wastes whose collection and disposal is not subject to special requirements AN
in order to prevent infection
18 01 04 and 18 02 03 are absolute non-hazardous entries, linked to 18 01 03* and 18 02 02*, in that
if a healthcare waste is not ‘subject to special requirements in order to prevent infection’ it takes the
non-hazardous List of Waste entry.
The key to the assessment of infectious for healthcare wastes is to determine the meaning of ‘special
requirements’. Special requirements apply when:
 the source person or animal (the patient), is known or suspected to have a disease / infection
caused by a micro-organism or its toxin and the waste is likely to contain the viable infectious
agent or toxin; or
 the waste is, or is contaminated with, a culture or an enrichment of a micro-organism or its
toxin that may cause disease in man or other living animals; or
 the waste may cause infection to any person or animal coming into contact with it.
Special requirements should be determined by clinical assessment of each waste item and patient, as
follows:
 clinical assessment should be carried out by a healthcare professional who is familiar with the
type of waste generated, the current medical condition and, where feasible, the past medical
history of the patient
 it is unlikely that it will always be practical, or possible, to identify specific pathogens or toxins
within the waste when a patient first presents symptoms as definitive laboratory identification
requires time to undertake. The procedure for determining whether a waste is considered
hazardous by HP 9 must therefore, where this is the case, assume that the disease causing
agent has not been confirmed and should be based on clinical assessment of whether an
unidentified infection of any type is suspected or known.
 all pathogens and microbial toxins should be included in the assessment. HP 9 does not
consider the severity of the disease
Waste classified as infectious should be kept segregated from non-infectious waste so that they do
not become contaminated.
For more details of the determination of a healthcare waste as infectious refer to Department of
10
Health guidance ’Safe management of healthcare waste’ .
Test methods
Laboratory identification is generally not required to assess the waste for HP 9. There are no test
methods given in Council Regulation 440/2008.
10
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/167976/HTM_07-01_Final.pdf
Appendix C:

Toxic for reproduction
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 10 ‘Toxic for reproduction’ as:
‘waste which has adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females, as well
as developmental toxicity in the offspring’
shown in Table 7 [see Table C10.1], the waste shall be classified hazardous according to HP 10.
When more than one substance classified as toxic for reproduction is present in a waste, an
individual substance has to be present at or above the concentration limit for the waste to be
classified as hazardous by HP 10.’
Cut-off values
corresponding concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 10 Toxic for Repr.
Hazard
class and
category
code(s)
Repr. 1A
May damage fertility or the unborn
H360 ≥ 0.3%
child
Repr. 1B
Suspected of damaging fertility or the

Repr. 2 H361 ≥ 3.0%
unborn child
Decision tree
Figure C10.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 10 Toxic for Reproduction

individual substances classified Yes
H360 ≥ 0.3%?

Yes
substances classified as H361 ≥ 3%
No
Test methods
toxic for reproduction properties in accordance with the section 3.7 of the European Chemical
Agency’s guidance on the application of the CLP criteria.
11
11
Appendix C:
Mutagenic
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 11 ‘Mutagenic’ as:
‘waste which may cause a mutation, that is a permanent change in the amount or structure of the
genetic material in a cell’
Concentration limit
shown in Table 8 [See Table C11.1], the waste shall be classified hazardous according to HP 11.
When more than one substance classified as toxic for reproduction is present in a waste, an
individual substance has to be present at or above the concentration limit for the waste to be
classified as hazardous by HP 11.’
Cut-off values
corresponding concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 11 Mutagenic
Hazard
class and
category
code(s)
Muta. 1A
H340 May cause genetic defects ≥ 0.1%
Muta. 1B
Muta. 2 H341 Suspected of causing genetic defects ≥ 1.0%
Decision tree
Figure C11.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 11 Mutagenic

Yes
substances assigned H340 ≥ 0.1%?

Yes
substances assigned H341 ≥ 1%
No
Test methods
mutagenic properties in accordance with the section 3.5 of the European Chemical Agency’s
12
12
Appendix C:
Release of an acute toxic gas
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 12 as:
‘waste which releases acute toxic gases (Acute Tox. 1, 2 or 3) in contact with water or an acid’
Concentration limit
A waste isn’t assessed for HP 12 with reference to limiting concentrations of substances. The WFD
states that:
‘When a waste contains a substance assigned to one of the following supplemental hazards
EUH029, EUH031 and EUH032, it shall be classified as hazardous by HP 12 according to test
methods or guidelines.’
A waste containing substances that are assigned EUH029, EUH031 and EUH032 can be tested to
show whether it displays that hazardous property or not.
Alternatively where a waste contains substances assigned H260 or H261 it is possible to calculate the
minimum amount of that substance that will give rise to HP 12 – see Section 12.5 below.
Otherwise a waste containing those substances can simply be assumed to be hazardous by HP 12.
Table C12.1H1 Hazard statements and supplemental hazards for waste constituents for the classification of wastes as
hazardous by HP 12 Produces Toxic Gases in Contact with Water, Air or Acid
Hazard statement(s) / supplemental hazard(s)
Contact with water liberates toxic gas EUH029
Contact with acids liberates toxic gas EUH031
Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas EUH032
Cut-off values
Decision tree
Figure C12.1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 12 Produces Toxic Gases in Contact with
Water,Air or Acid
Does the waste contain a substance

classified as EUH029, EUH031 or No
EUH032?
Yes
Does the concentration of the substances

exceed the calculated limit; or according to
an appropriate test method does the waste No
evolve an acute toxic gas in dangerous
quantities?
Yes
Hazardous by HP 12
Calculation method
A substance is assigned EUH029, EUH031 or EUH032 if it is capable of releasing an acute toxic
13
gas when water or acid is added.
If a waste contains a substance assigned EUH029, EUH031 or EUH032, it is possible to calculate the
limiting concentration of the substance in the waste that would make it hazardous by HP 12. An
example of how to do the calculation is given below in Box C12.1.
Box C12.1 Calculation method for Hazard HP 12
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction that produces the gas. The general form of the
equation is:
rR + wW = pP + gG
where R is the EUH029, EUH031 or EUH032 substance, W is water or an acid, P is a product of the
reaction, and G is the gas released; r, w, p and g are the stoichiometric ratios that balance the
equation.
2. Attribute molecular weights and stoichiometric ratios to the substances in the equation.
3. Divide (r x molar weight of R) by (g x 22.4). This gives the mass of R that will evolve 1 litre of gas.
1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 litres at standard temperature and pressure.
4. Divide this amount (in grams) by 1,000 (to convert to kilograms) and multiply it by 100 to give a
percentage by weight, and thus the limiting concentration for HP 12 of substance R.
Example calculation: A waste contains aluminium nitride (AlN). Aluminium nitride is an EUH029
substance which reacts with water to give ammonia gas.
AlN + 3H2O = Al(OH)3 + NH3
aluminium nitride water aluminium hydroxide ammonia
r = 1 mol of AlN, R = 41 g; g = 1 mol NH3.
Limiting concentration of aluminium nitride in waste is ((1 x 41) / (1 x 22.4) / 1000) x 100,
which is 0.18% (approximately 0.2%).
13
The gases that are likely to be released include hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen fluoride, carbon disulphide, sulphur dioxide,
chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide.
Threshold limits derived from the calculation for some EUH029, EUH031 or EUH032 substances are
given below in Table C12.2.
Table C12.2 Examples of substances which may cause a waste to exhibit HP 12 and their threshold
concentrations (note: this is not a complete list of substances with these properties)
Substance name Hazard Equation Concentration limits

statement for waste to be HP 12
1
codes (%)
Phosphorous EUH029 P2S5 + 8H2O → 5H2S + 2H3PO4 0.1

pentasulphide
3,5-dichloro-2,4- EUH029 DCDFBF + H2O → HF + Prod. 1.0
difluoro-benzoyl
fluoride (DCDFBF)
+ +
Metam-sodium EUH031 CH3NHCS2Na + H → CH3NH2 + CS2 + Na 0.5
+ 2+
Barium sulphide EUH031 BaS + 2H → H2S + Ba 0.8
+ 2+
Barium polysulphides EUH031 BaSn + 2H → H2S + Ba + Sn-1 0.8
+ 2+
Calcium sulphide EUH031 CaS + 2H → H2S + Ca 0.3
+ 2+
Calcium polysulphides EUH031 CaSn + 2H → H2S + Ca + Sn-1 0.3
+ +
Potassium sulphide EUH031 K2S + 2H → H2S + 2K 0.5
+ +
Ammonium EUH031 (NH4)2Sn + 2H → H2S + 2NH4 + Sn-1 0.3
polysulphides
+ +
Sodium sulphide EUH031 Na2S + 2H → H2S + 2Na 0.4
+ +
Sodium polysulphides EUH031 Na2Sn + 2H → H2S + 2Na + Sn-1 0.4
+ +
Sodium dithionite EUH031 Na2O6S2 + 2H → 2Na + SO2 + H2SO4 0.9
+ +
Sodium hypochlorite, EUH031 2NaOCl + 2H → Cl2 + 2Na + H2O 2.9
2
solution Cl active
+ 2+
Calcium hypochlorite, EUH031 Ca(OCl)2 + 2H → Cl2 + Ca + H2O 0.6
2
solution Cl active
+
Dichloroisocyanuric EUH031 C3HCl2N3O3 + 2H → C3H3N3O3 + Cl2 0.9
acid
+
Dichloroisocyanuric EUH031 C3Cl2N3O3Na + 3H → C3H3N3O3 + Cl2 + 1.0
+
acid, sodium salt of Na
+
Sodium EUH031 C3Cl2N3O3Na.2H2O + 3H → C3H3N3O3 + 1.1
+
dichloroisocyanruate, Cl2 + Na + 2H2O
dihydrate
+
Trichloroisocyanuric EUH031 2C3Cl3N3O3 + 6H → 2C3H3N3O3 + 3Cl2 0.7
acid
Substance name Hazard Equation Threshold
statement concentration for
codes waste to be HP 12
1
phrases (%)
+ +
Hydrogen cyanide, EUH032 NaCN + H → HCN + Na 0.2
salts of (with the
exception of complex
cyanides such as
ferrocyanides,
ferricyanides and
mercuric oxycyanide)
+ +
Sodium fluoride EUH032 NaF + H → HF + Na 0.2
+ +
Sodium azide EUH032 NaN3 + H + H2O → NO2 + NH3 + Na 0.3
+ 2+
Trizinc disphosphide EUH032 Zn3P2 + 6H → 2PH3 + 3Zn 0.6
+ 2+
Calcium cyanide EUH032 Ca(CN)2 + 2H → 2HCN + Ca 0.2
+ 2+
Cadmium cyanide EUH032 Cd(CN)2 + 2H → 2HCN + Cd 0.4
+ 3+
Aluminium phosphide EUH029 AlP + 3H → PH3 + Al 0.3
EUH032 AlP + 3H2O → PH3 + Al(OH)3 0.3
Calcium phosphide EUH029 Ca3P2 + 6H2O → 2PH3 + 3Ca(OH)2 0.4
Magnesium phosphide EUH029 Mg3P2 + 6H2O → 2PH3 + 3Mg(OH)2 0.3
EUH032
Trizinc diphosphide EUH029 Zn3P2 + 6H2O → 2PH3 + 3Zn(OH)2 0.6
EUH032
Notes:
1
Rounded to one decimal place
2
Based on 29.3 g sodium hypochlorite per 100 ml (max solubility)
Test methods
There are no direct test methods for HP 12.
Where a test is necessary the test method for emission of flammable gas provided in section 2.12 of
the European Chemical Agency’s Guidance on the Application of the CLP should be used. Where the
waste contains EUH031 or EUH032 substances a 1 M hydrochloric acid solution can be used to
replace the water in the test.
Appendix C:
Sensitising
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 13 ‘Sensitising’ as:
‘waste which contains one or more substances known to cause sensitising effects to the skin or the
respiratory organs’
‘When a waste contains a substance classified as sensitising and is assigned to one of the hazard
statement codes H317 or H334 and one individual substance equals or exceeds the concentration
limit of 10%, the waste shall be classified as hazardous by HP 13.’
Table C13.1 Hazard class and category code(s) and Hazard statement code(s) for waste constituents and the
corresponding concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 13 Sensitising
Hazard class Hazard Concentration limit

and category statement Description
code(s) code(s) (Individual substance)
Skin Sens. 1,
1A,and 1B
H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction ≥ 10%
Resp. Sens. May cause allergy or asthma symptoms

H334 ≥ 10%
1, 1A and 1B or breathing difficulties if inhaled
Decision tree
Figure C13.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Hazard HP 13 Sensitising

individual substances classified as Yes Hazardous by Hazard HP 13
H317 or H334 ≥ 10%?
No
Test methods
sensitising properties in accordance with the section 3.4 of the European Chemical Agency’s
14
14
Appendix C:
Ecotoxic
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Directive defines HP 14 as:

‘waste which presents or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the
environment’
Concentration limit
The WFD states that
‘Note: Attribution of the hazardous property HP 14 is made on the basis of the criteria laid down in Annex
VI to Council Directive 67/548/EEC.’
The assessment procedure set out below allows for assessment using either
 hazardous statement codes and the CLP
 risk phrases and the Dangerous Substances/Preparations Directive
 product classification (using either of the above)
The procedure set out below includes both options - you only need to consider one.
There is no requirement to use Hazard Statement Codes for HP 14. This alternative is provided to
assist people managing waste containing chemicals already classified using those codes.
Step 1: If the waste was a manufactured product (eg a pot of paint) then the following approach
applies:
 if the composition of the product has not changed,
 the product has been classified for Ecotoxicity in accordance with Title II of the CLP or the
Dangerous Substances/Preparations Directives, and
 that information has been provided to you
The waste is HP 14 Ecotoxic if the product was assigned hazardous statement codes or risk phrases
listed in Table C14.1.
Step 2: For other wastes, identify whether the waste contains a substance or substances with the
 risk phrase R59, or
 hazard statement code H420
The waste is HP 14 Ecotoxic if the concentration of any individual substance classified R59/H420 is at
or above 0.1% concentration.
Table C14.1 Risk phrases and Hazard class and category code(s) and Hazard statement code(s) for waste
constituents for the classification of wastes as hazardous by HP 14 Ecotoxic
Risk Concentration limit

Description
phrase
R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms
R51 Toxic to aquatic organisms
R52 Harmful to aquatic organisms
R53 May cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment
R59 Dangerous for the ozone layer See equations 1 to 4

R50-53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-
term effects in the aquatic environment
R51-53 R51-53 Toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-

term effects in the aquatic environment
R52-53 Harmful to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term
effects in the aquatic environment
Note : The joint risk phrases have a distinct function and meaning; R50-53 in particular has the lowest
concentration limits in equations 1 to 4.
Hazard class and Hazard statement Concentration limit

Description
Aquatic Acute 1 H400 Very toxic to aquatic life
Very toxic to aquatic life with long See equations
Aquatic Chronic 1 H410
lasting effects 5 to 8
Aquatic Chronic 2 H411 Toxic to aquatic life with long
lasting effects
Aquatic Chronic 3 H412 Harmful to aquatic life with long
lasting effects
Aquatic Chronic 4 H413 May cause long lasting effects to
aquatic life
Ozone H420 Harms public health and the
environment by destroying ozone
in upper atmosphere
Step 3: identify whether the waste contains a substance or substances with the risk phrases or
hazard statement codes from Table C14.1 if the waste:
 does not contain such substances, HP 14 does not apply
 does contain such substances, follow steps 4 to 6
Step 4: (applies if using risk phrases only) identify whether any individual ecotoxic substance is given
a substance specific concentration limit in Annex VI, Table 3.2 to the CLP, and, if so, whether that
substance is at or above that specific concentration limit. If so, that waste is hazardous by HP 14. See
Box C14.1 for an example.
Box C14.1H1 Example showing how specific concentration limits for ecotoxic risk phrases can be used to
assess a waste as hazardous by HP 14 Ecotoxic
A waste contains Substance A at a concentration of 0.001%.

Substance A is listed in Annex VI, Table 3.2 to the CLP as R50-53, so a waste containing it is
potentially ecotoxic.
Specific concentration limits (C) are given in Table 3.2 for the substance:
R50-53 C ≥ 0.0025%
R51-53 0.00025% ≤ C < 0.0025%
R52-53 0.000025% ≤ C < 0.00025%
The lowest concentration given above for the substance is 0.00025%.
The waste contains 0.001% of the substance, which exceeds the limit. The waste is therefore
hazardous by HP 14.
Step 5: identify whether any individual ecotoxic substance is present at or above a cut-off value
shown in Table C14.2 if:
 no substances are present at or above the cut-off value, HP 14 does not apply
 one or more substances are present at or above the cut-off value, continue to step 6.
Note: The ‘M Factor’ assigned to a substance in Table 3.1 of the CLP is applied to modify the cut-off
value for hazard statements at this step.
Table C14.2 Generic cut-off values for ecotoxic hazard statements and risk phrases
Classification of the substance Generic cut-off value

R50, R50-53, R51-53 0.1%
R52, R52-53, R53 1%
H400, H410 0.1%/M
H411, H412, H413 1%
Step 6 – if so and, only for the substances in the waste above the relevant generic cut-off value, use
the equations given in Table C14.3 to decide if the waste is hazardous by HP 14:
 equations 1 to 4 for risk phrases, or
 equations 5 to 9 for hazard statement codes
In both cases the equations add together the concentration of all substances with the relevant
classifications.
15
Table C14.3H1 Equations to determine if a waste is hazardous by HP14
Equation 1 Equation 2
 PR50 - 53 PR51 - 53 PR52 - 53 

  0.25

2.5

25 
≥ 1  P R50  PR50 - 53 ≥ 25%
 P  ≥ 25%
R52  P R53  PR50 - 53  PR51 - 53  PR52 - 53 ≥ 25%
∑(H400 x M) ≥ 25% ∑(H410 x M) ≥ 25%
∑((M × 10 × H410) + H411) ≥ 25 % ∑H410 + H411 + H412 + H413 ≥ 25%
Equation 9
∑((M × 100 × H410) + (10 × H411) + H412) ≥ 25 %
These equations must be worked through in sequence, where they are relevant. If at any point the
relevant criteria is met or exceeded the waste will be hazardous by HP 14 and it will not be necessary
to go to the next equation. If none of the equation’s criteria are met the waste will not be hazardous by
HP 14.
Some examples of how to use equations 1 to 4 are given in Box C14.2. Examples of how to use
equations 5 to 9 are provided in ECHA’s guidance on the application of the CLP critieria.
15
In the equations PRX is the concentration in percent (%) of the substance with risk phrase X in the waste; ∑ means add
everything in the brackets together.
Box C14.2 Examples to show how the equations can be used to assess a waste as hazardous by HP14
Example 1 Example 2
A waste contains two substances is classified as A waste contains two substances. Substance C =
R50-53. 18% and is classified as R50; substance D =
12% and is classified as R53.
Substance A = 0.2%, Substance B = 0.9%.
Neither substance is given a specific threshold in
Annex VI Table 3.2.
Annex VI Table 3.2.
Both substances exceed the generic cut-off
values in Step 4.
values in Step 4.
Equation 1 is not applicable. Using Equation 2:
Using Equation 1:
 PR50 - 53 PR51 - 53 PR52 - 53   P R50  PR50 - 53 ≥ 25%

  0.25  2.5  25  ≥ 1 (18%) = 18%
Since 18% is less than 25%, the waste is not
 0.2 0.9 
   = 4.4 hazardous by Equation 2.
 0.25 0.25 
Equation 3 is not applicable.
Since 4.4 exceeds the limit of 1 this waste is
Using Equation 4:
hazardous by HP 14.
 P R53  PR50 - 53  PR51 - 53  PR52 - 53 ≥ 25%
(12%) = 12%
Since 12% is less than 25%, the waste is not
hazardous by HP 14.
Example 3 Example 4
A waste contains substance E at a concentration A waste contains four substances. Substance F =
of 35%. The substance is classified as R52. 0.09% and is classified as R50-53, substance G
= 0.8% and is classified as R51-53, Substances
H = 17%, I = 14% and are classified as R53.
Annex VI Table 3.2.
None of the substances is given a specific
threshold in Annex VI Table 3.2.
values in Step 4.
Substance F and G are below the generic cut-off
Equations 1 and 2 are not applicable.
values in Step 4 so are not included in the
Using Equation 3 calculations. Substances H and I exceed the cut-
off values.
 P  ≥ 25%
R52
Equations 1, 2 and 3 are not applicable.
(35%) = 35% Using Equation 4:
 P  PR50 - 53  PR51 - 53  PR52 - 53 ≥ 25%

Since 35% is greater than 25%, the waste is
R53
hazardous by HP 14.
(17% + 14%) = 31%
Since 31% is greater than 25%, the waste is
hazardous by HP 14.
C14.4 Decision tree
Figure C14.1 sets out the assessment process for the Hazard HP14.
Is the product classified with risk Yes

Start: Is the waste an
Yes phrases or hazard statement Hazardous by HP 14
unchanged product?
codes listed in Table C14.1?
No
Do you want to use Hazard

No Statement codes or Risk Not Hazardous by HP 14
Phrases?
Risk Phrases Hazard Statement Codes
Is the concentration of Does the waste contain Does the waste contain Is the concentration of
any individual R59 Yes substances classified as substances classified as Yes any individual H420
substance ≥ 0.1%? R59? H420? substance ≥ 0.1%?
No No
No
No
Does the waste contain Does the waste contain
substances classified as substances classified as
R50, R53, R50-53, H400, H410, H411 or
R51-53 or R52-53? H412 or H413?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Do any of the substances

exceed a specific
Yes Yes
concentration limit given
in Table 3.2 of the CLP?
No
No No
Do any of the substances Do any of the substances
exceed the cut of values? exceed the cut of values?
Yes Yes
Using the concentration of Using the concentration of

substances above the cut-off substances above the cut-off
values, is the waste considered values, is the waste considered
ecotoxic using equations 1 to 4? ecotoxic using equations 5 to 9?
Yes No No Yes
Hazardous by HP 14 Not Hazardous by HP 14 Hazardous by HP 14
Test methods
A HP14 assessment should normally be done by reference to concentration limits of the substances
in the waste. There will be a few cases when this is not possible, for example the substances in
particularly complex wastes may be difficult to determine exactly. It is then possible to test these
wastes for HP14, but testing of difficult wastes (e.g.partially soluble, complex wastes) should be
avoided.
Some of the required test methods given in Council Regulation 440/2008 rely on testing upon fish and
are not appropriate. There are no validated alternative tests available.
Appendix C:

Waste capable of exhibiting a
hazardous property listed above not
directly displayed by the original waste
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive defines HP 15 as:
‘waste capable of exhibiting a hazardous property listed above not directly displayed by the original
waste’
Concentration limit
A waste isn’t assessed for HP 15 with reference to limiting concentrations of substances. The WFD
states that:
‘When a waste contains one or more substances assigned to one of the hazard statements or
supplemental hazards shown in Table 9 [see table C15.1], the waste shall be classified as
hazardous by HP 15, unless the waste is in such a form that it will not under any circumstance
exhibit explosive or potentially explosive properties.
In addition, Member States may characterise a waste as hazardous by HP 15 based on other

applicable criteria, such as an assessment of the leachate.’
A waste containing substances that are assigned hazard statement or supplemental hazard codes in
Table C15.1 can be tested to show whether it exhibits that hazardous property or not. Alternatively a
waste containing those substances can simply be assumed to be hazardous by HP 15.
Table C15.1H1 Hazard statements and supplemental hazards for waste constituents for the classification of wastes as
hazardous by HP 15
Hazard statement(s) / supplemental hazard(s)
May mass explode in fire H205
Explosive when dry EUH001
May form explosive peroxides EUH019
Risk of explosion if heated under confinement EUH044
Decision tree
Start: Does the waste contain a

substance assigned a hazard
No Not Hazardous by HP 15
statement or supplemental
code listed in Table C15.1?
Yes
Does evidence, for example

testing, demonstrate that the Yes
waste is not HP15?
No
Hazardous by HP 15
Test methods
Wastes containing substances listed in Table C15.1 should be assessed or tested for in accordance
with the European Chemical Agency’s guidance on the application of the CLP criteria. Section 2.1
provides guidance on the classification of mixtures for EUH001, EUH044 and H205.
A waste that would be labelled with a hazard statement or supplementary hazard code as a result
assessment for EUH001, EUH019, EUH044 or H205 possesses the hazardous property HP 15.
Appendix C:
C16 Assessment of Persistent Organic
Pollutants:
Definition
Annex III of the Waste Framework Directive does not assign a hazardous property to persistent
organic pollutants (POPs):
Concentration limit
The List of Waste states that:
‘Wastes containing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), DDT (1,1,1-

trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl)ethane), chlordane, hexachlorocyclohexanes (including lindane),
dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexaclorobenzene, chlordecone, aldrine, pentachlorobenzene, mirex,
toxaphene hexabromobiphenyl and/or PCB exceeding the concentration limits indicated in Annex IV
to Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 [see Table 16.1] shall be classified as hazardous.’
A waste containing persistent organic pollutants listed in Table C16.1 is hazardous if the
concentration of the POP is above the concentration limit assigned to it in Annex IV of Regulation
(EC) No 850/2004.
These thresholds are reproduced in Table C16.1. Users should note that any amendments to the
thresholds listed in annex IV of (EC) 850/2004 take precedence over threshold values listed here.
Cut-off values
Table C16.1H1 Concentration limits for the classification of wastes as hazardous due to the presence of persistant organic
pollutants
Concentration
Substance CAS No. EU No.
limit
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (1)

15 μg/kg
(PCDD/PCDF)
DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl)ethane) 50-29-3 200-024-3 50 mg/kg
Chlordane 57-74-9 200-349-0 50 mg/kg
58-89-9 210-168-9
319-84-6 200-401-2
Hexachlorocyclohexanes, including lindane 50 mg/kg
319-85-7 206-270-8
608-73-1 206-271-3
Dieldrin 60-57-1 200-484-5 50 mg/kg
Endrin 72-20-8 200-775-7 50 mg/kg
Heptachlor 76-44-8 200-962-3 50 mg/kg
Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 200-273-9 50 mg/kg
Chlordecone 143-50-0 205-601-3 50 mg/kg
Aldrin 309-00-2 206-215-8 50 mg/kg
Pentachlorobenzene 608-93-5 210-172-5 50 mg/kg
1336-36-3 (2)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) 215-648-1 50 mg/kg
and others
Mirex 2385-85-5 219-196-6 50 mg/kg
Toxaphene 8001-35-2 232-283-3 50 mg/kg
Hexabromobiphenyl 36355-01-8 252-994-2 50 mg/kg
(1) The limit is calculated as PCDD and PCDF according to toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) in Table
C16.2.
(2) Where applicable, the calculation method laid down in European standards EN 12766-1 and EN
12766-2 shall be applied.
Table C16.2H1 Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF)
PCDD TEF PCDD TEF PCDF TEF

2,3,7,8-TeCDD 1 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 2,3,7,8-TeCDF 0.1
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD 1 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF 0.1 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.03
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.3
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF 0.01 1,2,3,4,7,8- 0.1
HxCDF
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD 0.1 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF 0.01
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.01 OCDF 0.0003
OCDD 0.0003
The waste is hazardous if:
Σ[Ci × TEFi] > 15 µg/kg
Where
 Ci is the concentration of an individual PCDD or PCDF, and
 TEFi is the toxic equivalency factor for an individual PCDD or PCDF
 Σ adds the values for each individual PCDD and PCDF present together.
Decision tree
Figure C16.1 sets out the assessment process for persistent organic pollutants.
Figure C16.1H1 Decision tree for the assessment of Persistent Organic Pollutants
Start: Does the waste contain a

substance listed in Table No Not Hazardous due to POPs
C16.1?
Yes
Is the concentration of the

substance above the
No
concentration limit in Table
C16.1?
Yes
Hazardous due to POPs
Test methods
There are no test methods for persistent organic pollutants. Assessment is based on knowledge of
the chemical composition of the waste determined by sampling and analysis.
D
Appendix D:
Waste sampling
Background
Introduction
You must properly plan and conduct the sampling programme to ensure you obtain accurate and
representative results, so a reliable assessment. You need to prepare a sampling plan before you take
the first sample. This will help you ensure you’ve considered relevant factors and take sufficient
representative samples. Then all parties will have confidence in the reliability of the results and their
interpretation.
You should be prepared to provide a copy of your sampling plan to support any waste classifications
and hazardous waste assessments you have made.
Legal background
It’s a legal requirement to correctly assess and classify your waste. For many wastes there may be
sufficient information to do this without the need to sample. Where sampling is needed this appendix is
guidance to help you do so properly.
This is based on the current European and British Standard, and supporting Technical Reports, on the
Characterisation of waste – Sampling of waste materials, these are:
 Framework for the preparation and application of a sampling plan (BS EN 14899:2005)
 Part 1: Guidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions
(PD CEN/TR 15310-1:2006)
 Part 2:Guidance on sampling techniques (PD CEN/TR 15310-2:2006)
 Part 3: Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field (PD CEN/TR 15310-3:2006)
 Part 4: Guidance on procedures for sample packaging, storage, preservation, transport and
delivery (CEN/TR 15310-4:2006)
 Part 5: Guidance on the process of defining the sampling plan (PD CEN/TR 15310-5:2006)
The environmental regulators will use these documents as the basis for assessing sampling
procedures during our regulatory activities.
Alternative sampling procedures are acceptable if they’ve considered the relevant factors identified
here and produce an equally reliable result.
Results should only be used, for waste classification or hazardous waste assessment purposes, if the
sampling has considered all the relevant factors.
The testing programme
The testing programme can be broken down into key steps including:
 transporting and storing the sample
 preparing and analysing the sample
 reporting and interpreting the results
Figure D1 sets out the key steps involved in defining the sampling plan.
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015) CD1C
Figure D1 Defining the sampling plan
Identify the involved parties (Step 1.1)

Step 1: Preparatory Steps
Identify the objectives and technical goals (Step 1.2)
Research background information (Step 1.3)
Determine level of testing required (Step 1.4)
Identify constituents to be tested (Step 1.5)
Identify health and safety precautions (Step 1.6)
Step 2: Develop Technical Goals

from the Objective Define the population to be sampled (Step 2.1)
Assess variability (Step 2.2)
Identify the scale (Step 2.3)
Determine Practical Instructions Choose the statistical approach (step 3.1)
Select the sampling approach (step 3.2)
Determine type, number and size of samples (step 3.3)
Identify sampling technique (step 3.4)
Step 5: Define and Document the

Sampling Plan
AD2A Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015)
Application of this chapter
This chapter provides guidance on how to assess a single waste using the results obtained by taking a
number of samples of that waste.
Any waste (or individual batch/container thereof), or any waste in a mixed waste, that if sampled and
assessed in isolation, would produce a classification or hazardous property different from others in that
population, should be regarded as a discrete sub-population and assessed separately. This would
include waste soil from ‘hotspots’ identified during site investigations. The sampling plan should be
designed to enable reliable identification of such sub-populations.
Step 1: Preparatory steps

Step 1.1: Identify the involved parties
The sampling plan should be prepared under the direction of a nominated person, familiar with the
requirements, in consultation with the appropriate involved parties.
The need to involve other parties will vary in each case, depending on the complexity, scale and
purpose of the sampling. These parties may have additional or conflicting interests that should not
undermine the objective.
Example of involved parties Typical role
Producer / Holder Directly involved as responsible for the waste
classification and assessment (and completion of
waste documentation)
Laboratory / Sampler / Consultants Directly involved as responsible for conducting parts
engaged in sampling and analysis of the testing programme.
Carrier and Consignee Directly involved, as the information is pertinent to
carriage, subsequent management and completion
of waste paperwork.
Regulator Indirectly involved via provision of advice and
guidance. May become directly involved through
compliance checks.
Step 1.2: Identify the objectives and technical goals

A testing programme for hazardous waste assessment should normally have only one objective; to
obtain sufficient information on the nature, composition and properties of the waste to determine if it is
a hazardous waste, to assign hazardous properties, and to inform allocation the appropriate List of
Waste (LoW) code.
If there is more than one objective, each should have a separate testing programme designed to
deliver that objective.
The testing programme for hazardous waste assessment should be broken down into specific
technical goals which may include, for example:
 identifying if the waste is mixture of two or more wastes or subpopulations
 identifying which hazardous substances are present
 determining the concentration of hazardous substance present
 testing directly for certain hazardous properties for which that is appropriate, for example HP 3
Flammable
In the sampling plan each of these technical goals should be further broken down into detailed
instructions and technical specifications that should address, for example:
 define the population to be sampled
 assess variability
Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st edition 2015) AD3C
 select the sampling approach
 select constituents to be studied
 identify the scale
 choose the statistical approach
Step 1.3: Determine level of testing required
The testing level is the type(s) and frequency of investigation required to meet the technical goals and
deliver the objective. This is largely determined by how much information you already have, and how
much is unknown, and may for example encompass each of the following:
Basic (comprehensive) characterisation: a thorough initial investigation of a waste, considering the
key aspects in this chapter, to support development of a compliance testing programme. These are
normally required:
 initially, or periodically, where a process or activity regularly produces waste, (for example the
outputs of a waste treatment process), and/or
 where many of the relevant factors (for example nature and causes of variability) are unknown
Compliance testing: the routine sampling and assessment of a waste or wastes, for example to
compare the concentrations of hazardous substances to hazardous waste thresholds. This is likely to
be appropriate:
 for processes or activities that regularly produce waste where basic characterisation has
already provided sufficient information on the relevant factors (for example, to identify sub-
populations), or
 for one-off wastes of a type that is well characterised
On-site verification: checks at any point in the waste chain, using ‘quick check’ methods to confirm
specific information obtained from compliance testing or included on the waste paperwork. These are
confirmatory checks only, not a stand alone hazardous waste assessment and might for example
include:
 identification of visually non-conforming wastes in bulk containers
 a check of key relevant characteristic, eg pH or a metal concentration
Example: how levels of testing are applied

A waste treatment process receives and processes waste of variable quality after robust pre-
acceptance and waste acceptance checks. The composition and potential contaminants, or non-
conforming elements, of the input materials are known or reasonably predictable.
The waste is received from 10 different producers via a number of intermediary carriers and transfer
stations.
A comprehensive basic characterisation study is undertaken to provide evidence of the impact of
the various factors identified in this chapter (from differences in input materials from different
producers, to heterogeneity of treated residues and identification of sub-populations)
From this a routine compliance testing programme is designed that involves identification and
regular assessment of the output sub-populations from the treatment plant for a range of relevant
parameters, excluding those proven unnecessary by the basic characterisation tests.
In addition each batch of treated residues is verified on site specifically for pH and nickel
contamination, as basic characterisation identified the potential for individual batches to be
hazardous as a result of these two criteria.
Step 1.4: Research background information
Site details
The sampling plan should identify the details of the sampling location and restrictions to access. Any
additional access problems encountered during sampling must be recorded in the sampling record so
any impacts on the quality of the collected samples can be considered.
Process or nature of arising
The sampling plan should include a general description of the circumstances that resulted in the waste
being produced. This could be based on:
 direct knowledge of the primary process
 the nature of arising, or
 inspection of the process / nature of arising
Material type and dimensions
The sampling plan should identify the physical nature and dimensions of the sub-population to be
sampled. For example, this might include:
 solids, liquid or gas
 moving stream (e.g. conveyor or pipeline) or static
 if static, is it contained or in heaps
 number of containers, and quantity, ie kilos, tonnes, etc
 physical and chemical characteristics
The sampling plan must list all known physical and chemical characteristics of the material including all
known potential hazards, and any operational procedures that could affect the chemical, biological and
physical properties.
Step 1.5: Identify constituents to be tested
For waste classification there are three key points to consider:
 the regulations require that the composition of the waste, concentration of the components,
and hazardous properties are recorded on the consignment note - this is not restricted to
 many ‘mirror’ entries in the LoW consider all hazardous substances and persistent organic
pollutants
 some LoW entries may identify the relevance of specific items, articles, components,
properties or substances to determining the classification
In many instances it will be possible to reduce the number of constituents to be tested to a much
smaller number of key constituents. For example, the possible constituents of waste from a
manufacturing process may be extrapolated from the raw materials and process itself. Substances
that are known not to be present, used, or produced by the process can often be excluded.
In other circumstance a basic (comprehensive) characterisation exercise might be undertaken,
considering a wide range of hazardous substances, to identify those of potential relevance.
Compliance testing can subsequently focus on those substances.
Note: if the inputs to a process are variable, poorly characterised, or subject to more limited checks,
then the uncertainty over the constituents would require more expansive testing.
The constituents considered, and the basis for any potentially relevant exclusions, should be specified
in the sampling plan.
Step 1.6: Identify health and safety precautions
A full exploration of this issue is beyond the scope of this document. You should always seek advice
from a qualified health and safety professional.
The sampling plan should ensure that all relevant health and safety issues, and necessary
precautions, are identified to those involved in the testing programmes. This might include, for
example, risks arising from:
 the nature of the waste
 how it is contained or stored
 access
 site operations, plant or activities, or
 sampling equipment or tools
Step 2: Develop the technical goals from the objectives

Step 2.1 Define the population to be sampled
The sampling plan should contain a description of the population or subpopulations to be sampled to
avoid ambiguity.
Population
The ‘population’ is the total amount of waste that you want to obtain information on by sampling.
Examples might include:
 a single container of waste
 a batch of waste from a process, or
 a continuous stream of waste produced by a production process in a specific period of time (
eg a day, a week, a month)
It is important to note that the population must always be defined explicitly with reference to spatial or
temporal factors, otherwise it is impossible to determine if sampling of that population is representative
or not. The choice of population relies on experience and judgement, rather than statistics.
Key point: If the population is defined as the waste from a process produced over a period of one
month, then the testing programme will not be completed until that one month of production has been
sampled. None of the waste produced can be assessed, classified and disposed of before then.
Overall population
The term overall population is sometimes used to indicate a wider population, of which the sampled
population(s) is itself a subset. For example the entire lifetimes operational output of a process would
be an ‘overall population’. From within this overall population one or more populations might be
defined for sampling and assessment purposes.
In some instances it may be possible to apply the results of sampling a population to an overall
population, however to do so the onus in on the producer to demonstrate during the testing
programme that the overall population does not differ from the population. This is most likely to be
applicable where a manufacturing process generates a continuous stream of homogenous waste from
raw materials of a defined composition.
Sub-populations
Depending on the circumstances it is sometimes necessary to divide a population into sub-
populations, a portion of the material that needs to be sampled and the results considered separately.
For example a process might generate 24 batches of waste (the population), however each batch is a
sub-population that is sampled and assessed separately.
The division into subpopulations is normally required where the samples from one portion of the
population may generate a different classification when considered separately from another portion.
Conversely, if the producer wishes to consider all the wastes to be part of a single population, with no
sub-populations, the testing programme would need to demonstrate that this is a reasonable
assumption and that no sub-populations exist.
The nature of the waste production process is the principal factor that determines the need for
subpopulations. The more consistent, controlled and characterised the process, its outputs, and its raw
materials/feedstock, the fewer sub-populations are likely to be generated.
Sub-populations may also be generated:
 where access restrictions inhibit or prevent access to the population as a whole, or
 by characteristics such as non-conforming or deviating parts in the waste
Due consideration needs to be given to ‘scale’ when defining the subpopulation.
The samples taken from a sub-population can only be considered representative of that sub-
population. The relevance of these results to the population is entirely dependent on the validity of the
assumptions made in generating the sampling plan.
One-off production waste
The simplest form of waste production is a one-off production of a single waste stored in a single
container, stockpile, lorry or other container. The ‘population’ can easily be defined as the material in
the specific container or location. There is no need to divide this into subpopulations.
The next level of complexity is where a one-off production of a waste is stored in more than one
container. Although sampling would normally include multiple containers, the need to divide this into
subpopulations would be dependent on whether other factors differentiate the containers (for example
different storage conditions or methods).
Continuous production of a homogenous stream of waste
Where a continuous process produces a stream of waste that is homogenous the population can be
defined in time. For example, all the waste produced in one month or one year.
The waste classification and assessment delivered by the sampling plan can be applied to that entire
time period. However the sampling plan would have to demonstrate that the material is homogenous.
The two key factors to underpin this are:
 a process with demonstrably consistent, well characterised, and controlled inputs/raw
materials that do not vary in composition or quantity, and
 the results from the sampling demonstrate that no statistical difference exists between
samples taken over the time period (i.e. one batch is the same as any other)
This is more likely to be applicable to manufacturing processes using quality raw materials, than waste
disposal or recovery processes where that level of input control is not achievable.
Continuous production of a heterogeneous stream of waste
Continuous production processes can often result in a stream of heterogeneous (variable quality)
waste. This is particularly true of waste disposal or recovery processes where the nature,
composition, consistency of quantity of input materials is potentially more variable than the higher
quality raw materials used in production processes.
The consequence is that one portion of the waste stream may differ from another. Specifically, they
may have different compositions, properties and/or classifications.
For the purposes of hazardous waste assessment and waste classification the sampling plan should
be organised specifically to identify the proportion of the waste stream that:
 is hazardous, and/or
 is classified under a different LoW code
To sample a waste of this nature, and gain and insight into the heterogeneity of the population, the
waste will need to be divided into sub-populations. These sub-populations should be physically
separated until the results of the testing programme are obtained to allow separate actions to be taken
as a consequence of different classifications etc.
The standard and technical reports identify three different perspectives generally applicable to waste
characterisation:
Perspective Advantage Disadvantage
Production Potentially a clear relation between the Production process must be known
sub-population and the production and samples must be taken during
process results in relatively lower costs or directly after production
for the testing programme
Transport Practical from the perspective of Might result in high costs when there
sampling are lots of sub-populations
Destination Potentially a direct link can be defined Variations caused by production,
between the quantities of material that transport and/or mixing of quantities
are considered relevant, for example can no longer be identified
from a toxicological perspective
The legal requirements for waste classification and assessment relate principally to the production of
hazardous waste and prevention of its subsequent mixing. This is entirely independent of subsequent
transport to a destination. Production therefore becomes the primary mechanism for defining sub-
populations for hazardous waste assessment. Any differences in the production process that might
cause variation in the waste produced should be considered, for example:
 different producer, department or activity
 variations in the quality of raw materials or feedstock
 waste produced by more than one device, unit or plant
 where the production process is not uniform (for example production of one batch differs from
the next)
Once production subpopulations have been determined further subdivisions relating to transport and
destination can also be considered if necessary.
As each load of hazardous waste, when transported, is accompanied by a consignment note,
variations between loads also have the potential to generate subpopulations. There are several
options, depending on the circumstances, including regarding each load as:
 an entirely separate population
 a separate sub-population
Where several loads are transported to the same destination, it may also be appropriate to define the
sub-population by destination, grouping those loads together.
Mixed waste
Where the waste is a mixture of two or more wastes then the testing programme would normally need
to classify and assess each waste separately.
The sole exception would be where the LoW specifically provides a code for mixed waste of that
nature. In this instance the testing programme would normally need to determine the relative
proportions and composition of each waste in the mix.
Where the list of wastes provides a single code for a mixed waste, it should be noted that the scope of
the single code would not include a waste(s) that the law would prohibit from being combined with the
other waste(s). Such a waste would need to be coded and assessed separately.
Typical examples of mixed waste that has to be assessed as separate wastes include:
 waste disposal / recovery process residues - A waste treatment process generates five
batches of filtercake. Due to the variation and nature of the waste inputs processed the last
batch is actually hazardous. The hazardous batch would need to be identified, assessed and
coded separately (as a sub-population) from the non-hazardous batches. The five batches
should not be assessed as a single waste.
 asbestos materials in construction and demolition waste - The LoW contains specific
codes for construction or insulation materials containing asbestos. This asbestos should
normally be assessed and classified separately from other wastes. Therefore a skip containing
a mixture of construction and demolition waste and asbestos containing insulation board, tiles,
coatings, etc (or fragments thereof) should be classified as mixed, and the asbestos materials
classified and assessed separately.
 laboratory chemicals, consisting of or containing hazardous substances, including mixtures
of laboratory chemicals - A crate containing bottles of three different laboratory chemicals,
each chemical would need to be assessed as a separate waste.
Typical examples of mixed waste that can be assessed as a single waste include:
 mixed municipal waste from domestic premises
 mixtures of waste from grit chambers and oil water separator contents
 mixtures of, or separate fractions of concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics ‘containing
hazardous substances’, or ‘other than those mentioned’ Noting that any construction and
demolition waste for which separate codes are specifically provided (e.g. asbestos containing
materials, gypsum, etc) would need to be classified and assessed separately.
Step 2.2: Assess variability
General
Variability is normally a characteristic of a waste that cannot be changed without intensive
manipulation.
Understanding the main components of variability in the population being sampled is required to
design the testing programme.
Investigating and understanding the types of spatial and temporal variability is important as it allows
that knowledge to be used to design the sampling plan to match the characteristics of the population.
This increases the reliability of the results. For example:
 where variability is temporal, perhaps related to different feedstock, the waste could be divided
into subpopulations on that basis, and/or
 where day to day variation in production differs more than variation within a single day, then
sampling effort should focus on taking samples over many days rather than many samples on
a single day
Spatial variability
Spatial variability is where one part of a waste differs from another. Most materials are heterogeneous
in this way when considered in bulk. The spatial variability might arise from:
 the waste arising in physically different locations, e.g. three different containers
 temporal variation in the producing process, for example three different batches of filter cake
in a single skip may differ due to the feedstock used
 a separation within in the waste, for example solids settling out in a container of liquid
The spatial variability is an inherent characteristic that will not change without manipulation (eg mixing
a fluid that has separated into phases).
Within-stratum variability
This defines variability seen between samples taken from the same sub-population or strata, for
example, the variation between samples taken from a single batch of filter cake.
Between-stratum variability
This defines the variability seen between samples taken from different sub-populations or strata, for
example the variation between samples taken from three different batches of filter cake placed in a
single skip or liquids that have separated into different layers. The distinction between within-stratum
and between-stratum is most obviously relevant when the strata are in physically separate parts.
However they are of equal relevance and importance to sequentially accumulated or arising material.
Temporal variability
Temporal variability can be considered in three main types, cyclic, driven and random.
 cyclic - the material exhibits a regular temporal pattern dependent on the time of day, day of
week or time of year. For example municipal waste composition may include more packaging
materials after Christmas and Easter.
 driven - the variability is ‘driven’ by known factors. For example, the composition of the output
from a waste disposal process is dependent on the composition of the input waste received
from each producer.
 random - this typically describes the net effect of a large number of smaller unknown factors
that generate temporal variability that often cannot be accounted for. One of the technical
goals of the sampling plan should be to identify the significant causes of temporal variability
where they are unknown.
Step 2.3: Scale of sampling
The ‘scale’ is the amount of waste which a sample directly represents. For example, a sample taken
from a drum may directly represent the material in that drum.
Depending on the circumstances the scale might be defined by:
 particle size in the waste
 the size of the population or sub-population, or
 in terms of time ( a day, a month, a week, or a year)
There is a strong relationship between heterogeneity and scale. The heterogeneity is normally larger if
the scale is smaller.
The scale defines the minimum quantity of material below which variations are judged to be
unimportant. For that reason the scale chosen should be based on knowledge of potential
heterogeneity in the waste, and care should be taken not to ensure that a large scale does not mask
relevant smaller subpopulations. So for example if the scale of sampling of a skip of construction and
demolition waste was ‘a skip’, then the skip should not contain any heterogeneity below that (e.g. coal
tar or asbestos containing fragments in a skip of soil)
The results from sampling are only valid for a scale equal to or greater than the scale of sampling.
The following example illustrates this:
Example: A waste treatment process produces 10 x 1 tonne batches of filter cake that are placed in
a skip:
 5 batches of filter cake were produced from treatment of waste acid A, containing higher
levels of heavy metals, and
 5 from treatment of waste acid B containing lower levels of heavy metals
Basic (comprehensive) characterisation has already demonstrated that variation within any single
batch of filtercake from the process is unimportant, and that waste acid is the only significant source
of variation.
There are three different approaches that might be applied here:
i. sample the skip (scale = 10 tonnes, the population)
ii. sample the filtercake from the treatment of waste acid A separately from waste acid B
(scale = 5 tonnes, 2 sub-populations identified)
iii. sample each separate batch of filter cake (scale = 1 tonne)
Option (i) provides information on the population, not on sub-populations. It assumes that there is no
variation between batches of filter cake. In this instance the filter cake from acid A and acid B may be
different. These should be viewed as different subpopulations, and a smaller scale used, until proven
otherwise.
Option (ii) provides information on the population, and on the heterogeneity introduced by the two
identified sub-populations. The scale is equal to the sub-population. This relies on the basic
characterisation to confirm that source acid is the only significant source of heterogeneity.
Option (iii) is appropriate where the waste acid is not only variable, for example where a number of
waste materials of varying quality are treated. It may be possible to focus and increase the scale of
compliance check sampling later, if basic characterisation sampling provides more detailed
information on heterogeneity that supports that approach.
The key point here is that scale and heterogeneity interact. The choice of scale must not make any
assumptions about heterogeneity, and therefore mask sub-populations.
Step 3: Determine the practical instructions

The technical goals must be translated into practical instructions for those involved. This should
include:
 choosing the statistical approach
 selecting the sampling approach
 determining the number type and size of samples
 identify sampling techniques
Step 3.1: Choose the statistical approach
This section discusses the statistical approaches applicable to, and the interpretation of results
obtained from, sampling a waste.
The approach provided here is based primarily on:

th
determining the mean concentration (or 50 percentile)
 calculating confidence intervals around that mean, and
 comparing the confidence intervals to hazardous waste thresholds
The confidence intervals are used to determine the reliability of the interpretation, and will generate
three possible answers:
 the waste is reliably known to be hazardous
 the waste is reliably known to be non-hazardous, or
 the sampling has not provided a reliable answer and either the waste is classified as
hazardous on a precautionary basis, or additional sampling is undertaken to provide a reliable
answer
Four statistical approaches are provided to suit different circumstances as set out in Figure D2. These
include:
 a parametric method (where the data is normally distributed or approximates a normal
distribution), and
 non-parametric methods (for use where this is unknown or is not the case)
Statistical tests may be used to determine if the data has, or approximates, a normal distribution.
As an alternative to using the statistics presented here the producer or holder may assume that a
waste possesses a hazardous property if:
 any individual sample has exceeded the concentration limit for a hazardous property or
persistent organic pollutant, or
 such a sample could reasonably be taken by another party, for example the regulator
Figure D2: Statistical approaches
Is the purpose of the sampling to assess and classify the

On site
waste (Basic characterisation or compliance assessment) Use the non-parametric
verification
or confirmatory on-site verification. method D
Assess and classify the waste
Is the quantitative data known to approximate a normal distribution
Yes No or don’t know
Use parametric method A for

Use the non-parametric
the mean and its confidence
methods
intervals
Has basic characterisation

Use either of the non-
demonstrated the waste to be yes
parametric methods B or C
a homogenous waste
No or don’t know
Use the non-parametric

methods B for the mean and it
confidence intervals
Parametric method A - The mean and its confidence intervals

For simple, and particularly one-off, waste sampling scenarios the objective is to determine whether
the concentration of hazardous substances in the waste is above or below the threshold.
Waste can be heterogeneous so the concentration may vary from one part of the waste to another.
The mean concentration in the waste (μ) is therefore the key criteria against which thresholds are
considered.
Sampling generates a sampling mean ( ) which is an estimate of the actual population mean (μ). Like
any estimate, there is a degree of uncertainty. This uncertainty is represented by the confidence
intervals of the mean. This is the range in which the results suggest that additional estimates of the
mean, from further sampling of the same waste, might reasonably fall. Or to put it another way, the
range within which (μ) can be confidently be predicted to lie.
For hazardous waste purposes we need to be confident that the uncertainty associated with sampling
mean ( ) does not span the threshold concentration. This would mean that μ could lie either side of
the threshold, rendering the assessment inconclusive. Figure D3 illustrates this, and shows the
sampling mean in relation to a hazardous waste threshold for four wastes (A to D):
 waste A does not possess the hazardous property because the upper confidence interval for
the sampling mean ( ) is below the threshold - so. we can have confidence that the μ is below
the threshold
 similarly Waste D does possess the hazardous property because the lower confidence interval
for the sampling mean ( ) is above the threshold - sowe can have confidence that μ is above
the threshold
 For Wastes B and C the uncertainty spans the threshold. The results are inconclusive and we
cannot reliably determine whether the waste possesses the hazardous property or not. Further
sampling of the same waste may reasonably produce sampling means on either side of the
hazardous waste threshold.
Figure D3 Statistical reliability of the sampling mean
Concentration
Of hazardous Upper confidence interval
substance
Sampling mean
Lower confidence interval
Hazardous Waste Threshold
A B C D
The uncertainty of the mean is derived from the standard error (SE) of the mean calculated from the
number of samples (n) and the standard deviation (s):
s
(√n)
Therefore, to reduce the uncertainty, it is essential that the minimum number of samples (n) required
to obtain a reliable estimate of the mean for a particular waste is determined prior to sampling.
The upper and lower confidence intervals for the mean are calculated from:
Sample Mean ± Margin of error (ME)
ME= SE x critical value of the t-distribution
The critical values of the t-distribution are determined using a one-tailed t-test using:
 (n-1) degrees of freedom
 probability = 0.95 / 0.05
This generates a 90% confidence interval (allowing for 5% above and 5% below the interval) around
the sampling mean.
Where the upper 90% confidence interval is below the hazardous waste threshold we can be 95%
confident that further sampling would not generate a sampling mean at or above the threshold, and
that μ also lies below the threshold.
Example
A batch of filtercake produced by a waste treatment process has been sampled. The
filtercake contains metal compounds A and B, both of which are classified as H410.
The producer has calculated that a minimum of 6 samples are required to give a reliable
estimate of the mean.
The relevant hazardous waste threshold is 2500mg/kg for HP 14 Ecotoxic.
The results for the total concentration of metal compounds (A+B) are:
2600 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg,
1300 mg/kg, 1200 mg/kg, 1400 mg/kg
The sampling mean concentration ( ) = 1500 mg/kg
The standard deviation = 587 mg/kg
n=6
Standard error = 587 / √6 = 239
t-distribution criteria = (p=0.05), (n-1=5) = 2.015
Confidence interval of the mean
- 1500 ± (2.015 x 239)
- 1018 to 1982 mg/kg
The upper confidence interval of the mean (1982) is below the threshold (2500), so we can be
confident that the estimate of the mean is reliable enough for us to conclude that the waste
does not possess the hazardous property HP 14 Ecotoxic.
Non-parametric method B - The mean and its confidence intervals

Non-parametric methods are used when the nature of the statistical distribution is uncertain. They
make no assumptions about the distribution and are consequentially less precise.
th
Rather than the sample mean used in the parametric method, this approach is based on the 50
percentile and its confidence intervals.
Sample results are ranked, with the lowest result assigned the rank (r) of 1, the second lowest the rank
of 2 etc.
th
The 50 percentile (X50) is estimated as follows:
X50 = X(r) where r = (50/100)(n+1) = (n+1)/2
For example where n= 11:
X50 = X(r) where r = (11+1)/2 = 6
X50 is therefore estimated by the sample with the rank of 6
If ‘n’ is an even number, r will not be an e act integer, and the following should be used.
X50 = X(r-0.5) + X(r+0.5)
2
For example where n = 12
where r = (12+1)/2 = 6.5
X50 = X(6.5-0.5) + X(6.5+0.5) = X6 + X7
2 2
X50 is therefore estimated by the average of the two samples ranked of 6th and 7th.
The 90% confidence intervals for the estimate of X 50 are defined by the following cumulative binomial
expression:
 r1 is the largest integer satisfying the condition CumB(r1-1; n, 0.5) ≤ 0.05
 r2 is the smallest integer satisfying the CumB(r2-1; n, 0.5) ≥ 0.95
These can be calculated easily on readily available spreadsheet software.
For example, where n = 11
r r-1 CumB
(column A) (column B) (Binomdist (column B,11,0.5,True))
1 0 0.0005
2 1 0.0059
3 (r1) 2 0.0327 (r1)
4 3 0.1133
5 4 0.2744
6 5 0.5000
7 6 0.7256
8 7 0.8867
9 (r2) 8 0.9673 (r2)
10 9 0.9941
11 10 0.9995
From the distribution of CumB, the:


rd
3 ranked sample is largest integer ≤ 0.05 (r1), and

th
9 ranked sample is smallest integer ≥ 0.95(r2)

th
upper 90% confidence interval is set by the 9 sample

rd
lower 90% confidence interval is set by the 3 sample
These confidence intervals should be interpreted as set out above for the parametric approach. Where
the upper 90% confidence interval is below the hazardous waste threshold we can be 95% confident
th
that the 50 percentile is below the hazardous waste threshold.
Further application of the non-parametric approach to compliance assessment (method C)
This section provides an alternative method for assessing the continuous homogenous output of a
manufacturing process, or a homogenous waste divided into numerous containers. It is not applicable
where different subpopulations may exist.
In these circumstances it is often reasonable to take few samples from many batches. The significance
and reliability of any individual sample is then limited, however the information gathered on the
population is significant.
Each sample is considered against the threshold criteria and noted simply as
 satisfactory (below threshold), or
 unsatisfactory (at or above threshold)
The overall population is then assessed on the number of satisfactory and unsatisfactory batches.
Provided that ‘n’ is large enough (typically at least 20), this can be assessed using the cumulative
binomial approach, considering whether we can be 95% confident that 10% or more of samples
exceed the threshold.
For example if n= 20
No. samples satisfactory CumB
(Column A) (Binomdist(col.A,20,0.9,True))
0-12 0.0004
13 0.0023
14 0.0112
15 0.0432
16 0.1329
17 0.3230
18 0.6083
19 0.8784
20 1.0000
In this instance 15 or fewer samples, out of 20 samples, would need to be satisfactory before we could
conclude with 95% certainty that at least 10% of samples exceed the threshold.
Where it is known with 95% certainty that 10% of the samples exceed the threshold, then the
population is either:
 heterogeneous
 is too close to the threshold to be differentiated from it by this test, or
 is hazardous
In any event further investigation to determine which, and where relevant to identify hazardous sub-
populations, would be necessary. A non-hazardous classification could not reliably be assigned.
If ‘n’ is small the statistical power of the test will be insufficient for assessment purposes and the non-
th
parametric approach using 50 percentiles should be used instead.
This approach would not normally be applicable to outputs from waste management processes due to
the variation in input quality and composition.
Application of the non-parametric approach to on-site verification checks (method D)
Statistically the reliability that can be attached to on-site verification checks at any point in the waste
chain, for example at the producer or consignee, can be calculated.
This approach is most applicable to presence/absence or pass/fail type criteria, for example whether
containers hold non-conforming or conforming waste.
Permitted sites typically have permit conditions, for example relating to permitted waste types that are
absolute. They are either allowed to treat a waste or they are not.
In addition on a consignment note they are required to legally certify the nature and quantity of the
waste received, how they intend to manage it, and that they are authorised to do so.
The 100% ‘absolute’ can be assessed statistically, with a virtually equivalent level of protection, using
a 99% as the compliance level.
For example, to achieve a 95% confidence that 99% of the containers received do not have
characteristic X, the number of containers that would have to be checked can be derived using a
cumulative binomial calculation.
The lower 90% confidence interval for true population compliance is given by:
 PLO is chosen so that 1-CumB(r-1; 0.99, n) = 0.05
Where:
 r = number of satisfactory containers
 n = number of containers checked
In practice this means that as long as all containers checked are satisfactory, 299 containers is the
value of (n) required to give 95% confidence that 99% compliance has been achieved. So, where the
number of containers received is:
 <299, all would need to be checked, or
 ≥299, then no more than 299 would need to be checked
This number changes significantly however if checks identify any non-conforming waste, as this affects
the value of ‘r’.
This number can only be applied to a single population (or sub-population where one exists) of waste,
which might for example be all drums of a specific waste received from a single producer in a year,
rather than all the different inputs to a site over that period.
Hazardous substances and hazardous properties
Each sample should be assessed to determine the concentration of hazardous substances relevant to
each hazardous property.
Some hazardous properties may add the concentrations of relevant hazardous substances together
(e.g. HP 4 and HP 8, HP 5 and HP 6, and HP 14). The same must be done for each sample prior to
the results being interpreted using the statistical tests given here. So a sample that contains 500
mg/kg of chemical A and 1,500 mg/kg of chemical B would be interpreted as containing 2000 mg/kg
for an additive hazardous property.
Other hazardous properties consider the concentration of each hazardous substance in isolation (e.g.
HP 7, HP 10 and HP 11). However where a waste contains more than one relevant hazardous
substance you may get the situation where:
 sample 1 contains 1500 mg/kg of chemical A and 500 mg/kg of chemical B with the same
hazard statement code, and
 sample 2 contains 500 mg/kg of chemical A and 1500 mg/kg of chemical B
In this instance the results for that hazardous property are interpreted using the highest concentration
of chemical with that hazard statement code e.g. chemical A for sample 1, and chemical B for sample
2.
Reliability of sampling results
The objective of designing the sampling plan is to ensure that the results identify, with a high degree of
statistical confidence (reliability), that a waste is a hazardous waste or not.
The closer the levels of hazardous substances in the waste are to hazardous waste thresholds, and
the more variable they are the greater the need for reliability. Conversely reliability is perhaps less
important where the composition is consistently well above or below thresholds.
To achieve reliable conclusions:
 sufficient samples have to be taken to address heterogeneity
 the sampling plan will need to be more robust where the range of hazardous substance
concentration in the samples spans a threshold
 subpopulations need to be identified and sampled separately
If it is not possible to prove with a high degree of statistical reliability that a waste is non-hazardous,
then either:
 further sampling should be undertaken to increase the statistical reliability of the conclusion, or
 the material should be classified as a hazardous waste to provide the greatest degree of
protection of human health and the environment.
The sampling plan often has to balance achievable reliability and the cost of sampling. An initial basic
characterisation exercise may inform this balance.
Confidence Intervals - Probabilistic sampling (see D4.2) allows a confidence interval (or error band)
to be calculated. This identifies the range around the estimate, with a certain degree of confidence,
within which the true value of the waste falls. The narrower the confidence interval the better the
sampling estimates the true value of the population. The size of the confidence interval depends upon:
 the heterogeneity of the population or sub-population sampled
 the number of samples taken, and
 the desired confidence interval
The more confidence needed, the wider the confidence interval
Precision is the semi-width of the confidence interval, and depends on the desired degree of
confidence, variability in the population or subpopulation, sampling pattern, chosen number of
samples, and assumed probability distribution of the population.
The key benefit of being able to estimate the achievable confidence and precision associated with a
proposed testing programme is that it forms the link with the number of samples taken and the
reliability of the answers they produce.
Systemic error (Bias): a persistent tendency to either under-estimate or over-estimate the parameter
due to the approach adopted. A risk where a sub-population is sampled and assumed to be
representative of the population, for example where:
 only the surface of a waste is sampled, or
 sampling is restricted to daytime, when a process operates at night as well
Random error: The sample differs from the population as it is small fraction of the population, and its
composition being determined to varying degrees by chance.
Statistical sampling error: The difference between the answer obtained by sampling a proportion of
the waste and the one that would have been obtained if the entire population had been sampled. This
may result from systemic and/or random error.
Physical sampling error: The sampling method introduces a systemic or random error, for example if
it favours the inclusion or exclusion of large or small particles.
Analytical error: Errors that arise during laboratory analysis. An accredited laboratory should be able
to provide a reliable estimate of the random component of analytical error, and an upper limit of the
possible systemic error or bias. A systemic error might be introduced where preparation and analysis
of the sample resulted in loss of (or failure to detect) some of the hazardous substance, leading to an
underestimate unless corrected.
Analytical results reported by an accredited laboratory, in accordance with their quality control
systems, should not be excluded as outliers. If the result is in any doubt additional sampling should be
undertaken to investigate it.
Step 3.2: Select the sampling approach
Types of sampling
There are two approaches to sampling are probabilistic and judgemental.
Probabilistic sampling has an equal chance of sampling any individual part of a waste, and implies
that the entire population is accessible for sampling. The approach enables the reliability of the
resulting conclusions to be quantified statistically. For that reason the sampling plan for waste
classification and hazardous waste assessment should be based wherever possible on probabilistic
sampling.
Judgemental sampling is where part of the waste is excluded from sampling (non-probabilistic) or
has a reduced chance of being sampled (partially probabilistic). Examples of where judgemental
sampling might need to be considered are:
 to target a specific item or component of the waste, or
 where probabilistic sampling of the entire population is practically impossible given time,
resources or money
The consequence of judgemental sampling is that it generates information a sub-population that
cannot be relied upon to be representative of the population or as reliable as probabilistic sampling.
These uncertainties mean that the usefulness of results from judgemental sampling is dependent on
the reliability of the waste material background information on which any expert judgement and
ultimately the sampling plan is based. The limitations are particularly significant in a new sampling
situation where background information is weak or where basic characterisation has not been
performed.
Where judgemental sampling is used the technical arguments for doing so, instead of probabilistic
sampling, must be set out in the sampling plan and such sampling should approximate probabilistic
sampling as much as possible. Any assumptions relating to un-sampled sub-populations should be
supported by evidence to justify this approach.
Sampling pattern
The sampling pattern defines when, where and how the samples of the population are taken. Various
types of sampling patterns are, discussed below and illustrated in Figure D4 and D5
 Simple random sampling (probabilistic): In ‘simple random sampling’ the samples are
taken at random from the population. Every part of the population has an equal chance of
being sampled, but the spread across the population may not be even. This method of
sampling may not be appropriate where the population can be divided into sub-populations or
strata.
 Stratified random sampling (probabilistic): In ‘stratified random sampling’ the population is
divided into sub-populations or strata, and a specified number of samples taken randomly from
each. If each stratum is the same size, or the number of samples is weighted relative to strata
size, every part of the population has an equal chance of being sampled and sampling is
spread evenly across the population. In some instance it may be appropriate to take equal
numbers of samples from each stratum, regardless of size, and then weight the results.
 Systemic sampling (probabilistic): In ‘systematic sampling’ the samples are evenly spread
across the population, starting from a randomly chosen point for example sampling every
Tuesday. Although this does ensure that each part of the population has an equal chance of
being sampled, it assumes that there are no systemic components of variation within the
population that interact with the sampling frequency. If this assumption is incorrect the
approach is not valid. For example the outputs from a waste disposal process may vary
depending on the feedstock that is collected on a regular schedule. For that reason this
approach should be applied with considerable caution, and such assumptions tested.
Figure D4 An Illustration of probabilistic sampling patterns
Simple random sampling Stratified random Systemic sampling

sampling
■ ■
■ ■ ● ● ♦ ♦ ♦
● ● ♦ ♦ ♦
●
■ ●
■
■
■ ● ● ♦ ♦ ♦
■ ♦ ♦ ♦
●
● ●
●
■ ●
■■ ■ ● ●● ♦ ♦ ♦
■ ■ ● ♦ ♦ ♦
■
■ ●
■
Judgemental sampling
A wide variety of sampling patterns can be generated by judgemental sampling, differing in how far
they are from a probabilistic approach.
Figure D5 An illustration of judgemental sampling patterns
Judgemental sampling Judgemental sampling

A B
▼ ▼ ▼
▼
▼
▼
▼
▼
▼ ▼▼
▼ ▼▼
▼
▼ ▼ ▼
▼
Example A shows systemic sampling from the edge or surface of the population, which becomes a
subpopulation. This allows statistical parameters and confidence to be determined for the
subpopulation. Application to the population depends on whether the subpopulation has been proven
to be representative or not.
Example B shows sampling from a specific place, for example an access point. It provides no
information about either the population or the sub-population, except in the vicinity of where samples
were taken. Nothing can be reliably concluded about the hazardous waste assessment of the
population. This approach might be valid in some situations, for example to specifically investigate an
atypical material identified in that location.
Step 3.3: Determine the type, number and size of samples required
A sample is a quantity of waste obtained from a single sampling action that is analysed as a single
unit.
A composite sample is a collection of increments, each obtained from a single sampling action, that
are combined to form a single unit for analysis.
The sampling plan must contain specific instructions on the type of samples to be taken, the size of
increments and/or samples, the number of increments/samples and the number of increments in any
composite sample.
Determination of the number of increments and/or samples
The number of increments and samples is dependent on the:
 objective
 variability of the material, and
 desired precision and confidence
A preliminary sampling exercise will often be needed to provide a reliable estimate of variability to fulfil
the requirements for precision and confidence.
The use of composite versus individual samples
Using many samples gives you:
 an estimate of the mean, and
 information on the variability/heterogeneity of the material
Using a composite sample, generated from taking multiple increments, gives you:
 an estimate of the mean, but
 not the variability
Taking a small number of samples provides only an approximate indication of the quality of the
material.
The two approaches can be combined in some circumstances.
Determine the required number of increments and samples
This section considers how many samples and increments are required to reliably estimate a mean
concentration and confidence intervals for the purposes of hazardous waste assessment.
These calculations require that a number of parameters are estimated in advance. In some cases it
may be appropriate to use values from past analysis of sample data from similar investigations. The
alternative would be to conduct an initial investigative study to generate the estimates.
Underestimating these parameters can increase the risk of an unreliable result from the sampling
exercise.
Number of individual samples
The number of individual samples (n) required to estimate the mean with the necessary confidence
and precision are calculated as follows:
2 2 2
n = (υa/d) (σs +σe )
where,
 υa = the standard normal deviate corresponding a confidence of 95% (1.96)
and where, in mg/kg
 d = the desired precision

2 2
σs = standard deviation of total spatial and/or temporal variation (= √[σw +σb ])
 (σw = standard deviation of local spatial variation)
 (σb = standard deviation of spatial or temporal variation)
 σe = standard deviation of the analytical error
The desired precision (d) is affected by how close the level of hazardous substances is to a relevant
threshold concentration. The closer it is, the greater the level of precision that will be needed to
distinguish the two. The desired precision should always be less than the distance between the level of
hazardous substance(s) and the relevant threshold.
Example:
A manufacturing process generates ten batches of granular waste containing a single hazardous
substance X, a category 1A carcinogen, with a threshold of 1000 mg/kg.
Due to the process controls and consistent quality specification of raw materials used this is
considered to be a single population.
Analysis of previous batches allows the following estimates to be made
 Previous levels of hazardous substance X have been 500-800 mg/kg
 σs is estimated to be 50 mg/kg
 σe is estimated to be 25 mg/kg
 precision is selected as 50 mg/kg since the mean may be close to the threshold.
υa = 1.96 for 95% confidence
2 2 2
n = (1.96/50) (50 +25 ) = 4.8
So a minimum of five samples are needed.
The operator decides to adopt a probabilistic stratified random sampling approach, using the ten
batches as the stratification, and takes a single sample randomly from each batch. Ten samples in
total.
Using this approach the operator can expect to be at least 95% confident that the mean
concentration of hazardous substance X in the waste is within 50mg/kg of that measured by the ten
samples.
This also enables them to check their estimates of standard deviation for use in future
assessments.
Number of composite samples and increments

A single composite sample, made up of several increments, can provide a more reliable estimate of
the mean than an individual sample. However it cannot provide an estimate of the confidence interval
around that mean that are needed for hazardous waste assessment. More than one such sample will
normally be needed.
Multiple composite samples can serve the same purpose as several individual samples to provide an
estimate of this. For example, in the preceding example a single composite sample could have been
taken from each of the ten batches.
The number of composite samples and increments required to estimate the mean concentration of a
hazardous substance(s) in a waste to a specific precision and confidence can be calculated.
The level of confidence should be at least 95%.
The level of precision required will depend on how close the mean is believed to be the threshold. The
closer the mean value is to the threshold the greater the need for precision.
In general, the precision should be less than the distance between the mean and the threshold to be
confident that the population mean is below the threshold.
For example if the estimate of the mean concentration is 950 mg/kg, against a threshold of 1000
mg/kg, then a precision of no more than 49 mg/kg is required.
The number of composite samples (n) is calculated as follows:
2 2 2 2
n = (υa/d) (σw +σb +σe )
m
Where:
 υa = the standard normal deviate corresponding a confidence of 95% (1.96)
and where, in mg/kg:
 σw = standard deviation of local spatial variation (within the composite sample)
 σb = standard deviation of spatial or temporal variation (between composite samples)
 σe = standard deviation of the analytical error
The number of increments (m) in each composite sample is calculated as follows:
2
m= σw
2 2 2
[n(d/υa) - σb - σe )]
The relative cost of sampling per increment and analysis per sample can be used to consider the
various combinations of n and m that deliver the necessary confidence and precision.
Total cost = (Am + B)n
Where:
 A = cost of sampling per increment, and
 B = cost of analysis per composite sample
th
Estimating the 50 percentile for non-parametric tests
The number of samples determines the precision with which percentiles can be estimated.
th
The number of samples required to estimate the 50 percentile with 95% confidence can be calculated
from:
2 2
n = 1.3 [ (υas/d) (1+υp /2) ]
Where:
 υa = the standard normal deviate corresponding to a confidence of 90% (1.65)
 υp = the standard normal deviate corresponding to the cumulative probability p=50% (0.68).
 s = an estimate of the standard deviation.
and where, in mg/kg:
2 2 2
n = 1.3 x [ (1.65s/d) (1+0.68 /2) ] = 1.3 x 1.2312 x (1.65 s/d)
2
n = 4.4 x (s/d)
In practice this means that a waste with a standard deviation that is relatively large, compared to the
th
precision, will need more samples taken to determine the 50 percentile with precision.
Estimating a percentage compliance with a given limit
The number of samples required to determine (non-parametrically) percentage compliance with a
given limit can be calculated in a manner similar to D4.3.6
Determine the increment and sample size (mass/volume)
The relationship between minimum sample size, minimum increment size and the number of
increments per composite sample allows the actual increment or sample size to be calculated.
The actual size of an individual sample must exceed the minimum sample size and provide enough
material for analysis.
For each composite sample:
 the size of each increment must equal or exceed the minimum increment size, and
 the sum of increments must equal or exceed the minimum sample size - the increment size
may need to be increased to achieve this
The size of increments and samples will depend on:
 the quantity of material required by the laboratory for analysis
 the number of increments in the composite samples
 the relation between minimum increment size and minimum sample size, and
 the nature of the material
Probabilistic sampling relies on all parts of the population having an equal chance of being sampled.
The sample must therefore be big enough to exclude errors caused by the fundamental variability
(rather than heterogeneity) in the material generated by differences between individual particles within
the waste.
The sample/increment must be big enough to accommodate all particle sizes.
For liquids, where differences are at a molecular level, the minimum sample and increment size is not
normally affected by the nature of the material.
For powders and sludges, as the particulates are small and as long as sampling allows entry at all
particulates present and captures any liquid, the same is true. The large number of particles makes the
difference between them of minimal significance.
For particulate and granular material the nature of the material means that individual particles can
have a substantial effect on sample composition. The minimum sample and increment size need
further consideration:
 the diameter (d) of the largest particle should be determined
 the aperture of the sampling device must be at least 3 x d to allow simultaneous entry of all
particles or granules in the material

3
the volume of the sample or increment should be at least 27d
Determination of minimum increment size
th
Maximum particle size can be based on the upper 95 percentile of particle diameter (D95).
Where the maximum particle size is < 3mm, the actual width, height and length of the sampling
equipment must be ≥ 10mm. The minimum mass of the increment is then given by:
-6
Mass (kg) = 1 x 10 x ρ
3
Where = the density of the waste in kg/m
Where the maximum particle size in the waste is ≥ 3mm. The actual width, height and length of the
sampling equipment must be at least three times the maximum particle size. Where this is the case
then the minimum mass of the increment is given by:
-9 3 -8 3
Mass (Kg) = 10 x ρ (3D95) = 2.7 x 10 x ρ x D95 .
Where D95 = maximum particle size in mm.
Determination of minimum sample size
Although dependent on the quality of assumptions made and the approximation required to apply this
to non-spherical particles, the minimum sample size can be estimated from:
3
Mass (g) = 1 π (D95) x ρ x g x ( 1 – P)
2
6 CV x P
Where:

3
ρ = the specific mass of the particles in the material in g/cm
 D95 = maximum particle size in cm
 g = the correction factor for particle size distribution based on D95 /D05
(broad particle size distribution - D95 /D05 is > 4 cm, g = 0.25)
(medium particle size distribution - D95 /D05 is >2 but ≤ 4, g = 0.50 )
(narrow particle size distribution - D95 /D05 is >1 but ≤ 2 cm, g=0.75)
(uniform particle size distribution - D95 /D05 = 1, g =1 )
 P = is the fraction of the particles with a specific characteristic
 CV = desired coefficient of variation cause by the fundamental error and is calculated from
2
CV = (1-p)/(pn) (where n=number of samples). (0.1 is an accepted value of CV where the
fundamental variability in the waste is low)
For sampling a fine granular material, where the influence of fundamental variability is low, and with a
broad particle size distribution, the following default equation can be used.
3 3
Mass (g) = 1 π (D95) x 2.6 x 0.25 x ( 1 – 0.02) = 1668 x (D95)
2
6 0.1 x 0.02
Step 3.4: Identify sampling techniques
Identifying the most appropriate sampling technique
Provision of full guidance on this aspect is beyond the scope of this document.
The sampling plan should identify:
 the techniques and equipment to be used to take the sample, and the consequences of
deviating from this
 any requirement to produce composite samples from incremental samples and for sub-
sampling in the field to produce the laboratory sample, and the methods to be used to do so
 the procedures to be used for packaging, preservation, storage and transport of the sample to
the laboratory
Appropriate consideration should be given to the following Technical Reports.
Guidance on sampling techniques (PD CEN/TR 15310-2:2006)
This report provides detailed advice on the sampling of different waste materials in different
circumstances.
This includes, for example, the following materials:
 mobile or viscous liquids
 sludges or paste-like substances
 powders granules and small crystals
 coarse or lumpy solids
In the following circumstances:
 drums, bags, kegs, blocks, cask or small or flexible walled containers
 vertical uniform or irregular, or horizontal cylindrical tanks
 moving liquids in a pipeline
 lagoons or pits
 hoppers, heaps, stockpiles and silos, falling streams and band or screw conveyors, and
 massive or large pieces
Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field (PD CEN/TR 15310-3:2006)
This report provides guidance on procedures to reduce the overall size of a sample, in the field,
primarily to aid transport to the laboratory.
Guidance on procedures for sample packaging, storage, preservation, transport and delivery
(PD CEN/TR 15310-4: 2006)
Sample integrity may be compromised if the sample is incorrectly packaged, stored, preserved or
transported. The results obtained may not be representative of the waste.
The procedures required are likely to dependent on the nature of the waste in questions, the properties
of the hazardous substances of concern, and the analytical requirements of the laboratory.
Those involved in the transport of samples should be aware of any waste documentation (transfer
notes or consignment notes) that may be required by legislation.
Samples should be transported in a manner that does not cause deterioration. It is advisable to check
with the chosen analytical laboratory that the packaging, transportation and storage procedures are
appropriate to protect the integrity of the sample. CEN/TR 15310-4 provides guidance on sample
packaging, storage, preservation, transport and delivery. Requirements for these should be
documented in the sampling plan.
Packaging and labels
The sample container opening should be of the appropriate size for the material to be packaged. The
samples must be packed such that they are protected from potential reactions with the packaging or
light, deterioration (perhaps through moisture loss or gain) or contamination.
The packaging should be of suitable size for transportation and reception by the analytical laboratory.
Consideration should be given to health and safety restrictions that could influence the size of the
packaging.
Analytical laboratories should be able to provide advice on requirements recommended for designated
tests.
All sample containers should be marked with a unique identifier that is recognisable to the sampler and
the laboratory. This should be done in the manner identified in the sampling plan. A chain of custody
form should be completed for each sample and sent with the sample to the analytical laboratory.
Preservation
Depending on the nature of the material, the time between sampling and analysis should be minimised
to avoid deterioration or contamination of the sample. It is advisable to discuss and agree the
requirements with the analytical laboratory prior to sampling.
Step 5: Define and document the sampling plan

The preceding steps should be considered and documented in the sampling plan.
An example sampling plan is provided as Figure D5. The size and content of each information field
should be adapted and expanded to incorporate any relevant information as necessary. The size of a
field in the example should not be taken as an indication of the level detail required.
Step 6: Subsequent steps

Taking the sample
Sampling should be taken in accordance with the sampling plan. Any deviations from the sampling
plan should be documented on the sampling record.
Observations made during sampling should also be recorded. These can be useful when interpreting
the results.
Analytical methods
The approach must be consistent with that set out in Appendix C of technical guidance WM3.
The analytical laboratory (whether in-house or external provision) should, wherever possible, be
accredited by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) (or equivalent) to BS EN ISO/IEC
17025 ‘General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories’ for the scope
of the work.
A competent laboratory will be able to give advice on which analytical and test methods should be
chosen to meet the sampling objective.
Sample records
To have traceability there must be records and documentation. All documentation must be traceable to
the sampling plan.
BS EN 14899:2005 lists the following documents, examples of which are given in Annexes A and B of
the Standard:
 Sampling plan – The instructions on how the take the sample. Completed by the waste
producer in consultation with relevant parties
 Sampling record – A record of changes to the agreed sampling plan. Completed by the
sampler
 Chain of custody form – A record completed by the sampler, carrier and analytical laboratory
 Sample analysis request form - Completed by the sampler
Analytical test methods often have specific record and reporting requirements. For example Test
Method Regulation 440/2008 indicates the requirements for some test methods used for hazardous
waste assessment. Test reports must contain details of sample preparation as well as the reference to
the sampling plan.
In addition to test results, the test report should include at the following information as a minimum:
 description and identification of the laboratory sample
 which processes, procedures and apparatus were used
 results of the determination expressed in the appropriate units
 any details not specified in the Standard or which are optional, and any other factors which
may have affected the results
 date of receipt of laboratory sample and dates(s) when the test was carried out
 reference to the standard or procedure followed
Figure D5 Example sampling plan (adjust field size to suit information)
Sampling plan for waste classification and assessment

Sampling plan name / ref.
Date prepared:
Prepared by: Prepared for:
Preparatory steps
Involved parties:
Objectives : Technical goals:
Background information researched:

 site details
 process or nature of arising
 type, form and amount of material
 known physical, biological or chemical characteristics
 operational procedures that may affect characteristics
 previous investigations or analysis
Determine level of testing required:
Constituents to be tested:
Health and safety precautions, and access restrictions:
Technical Goals
Define
 populations, and
 subpopulations
Variability and causes:

 spatial,
 temporal
Scale of sampling
Practical instructions and sampling methodology (CEN/TR 15310-1&2)
Name and Organisation of sampler
Other parties present during sampling

(name and organisation)
Statistical approach to be used
Sampling approach and pattern

(including justification)
Identify sampling place and points

Sampling equipment needed
Sampling equipment to be used
Sample details
 individual or composite
 number of samples / increments
 size of samples / increments
Requirements for sample reduction
Requirements for on-site determinations
Sample ref. number methodology
Anticipated restrictions or limitations that
may impact on data reliability
Sub-sampling (CEN/TR 15310-3)
Detail procedure used (if applicable)
Packaging, preservation, storage, and transport requirements (CEN/TR 15310-4)
Packaging (type, size, material considering
risk of adsorption/reaction, cleaning etc.)
Preservation (samples shall be packed and
transported in such a way that their
condition at the time of sampling is
preserved)
Storage
Transport method
Transport company details:
Contact: Delivery date:
Analytical laboratory
Company details : Contact name:

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Waste

Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste

Natural Resources Wales / Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA),

Tel: 01786 457700

Northern Ireland Environment Environment Agency,

First Edition : May 2015

Adapted from the third edition of technical guidance WM2.

Chapter 2 Waste classification and assessment 5

Chapter 3 Further guidance on assessment 21

Appendix A How to use the List of Waste A1

Appendix B Hazardous substances B1

Appendix C Hazardous property assessment C1

Appendix D Waste sampling D1

Chapter 2: Waste classification and assessment

Chapter 3: Further guidance on assessment

Appendix A: How to use the List of Waste

Appendix B: Hazardous substances

Appendix C: Hazardous property assessment

Appendix D: Waste sampling

Waste classification and assessment procedure

‘absolute hazardous’ entry

‘absolute non-hazardous’ entries

What to do if you do not know the composition of the waste

Step 5: identify if the substances in the waste are ‘hazardous substances’ or

Step 6: Assess the hazardous properties of the waste

Key Point : ‘absolute hazardous’ wastes with no hazardous properties

Pictogram Physical hazard classes Hazardous

Organic peroxides, types A, B

Oxidizing gases, category 1

Oxidizing liquids, categories 1, 2, 3 HP 2 Oxidising

Oxidizing solids, categories 1, 2,

Flammable gases, category 1

Skin corrosion, category 1A HP 4 Irritant

Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), categories 1, 2, 3 HP 6 Acute Toxicity

Respiratory sensitization, category 1 HP 13 Sensitising

Hazardous to the aquatic environment – acute aquatic hazard,

Hazardous to the ozone layer HP 14 Ecotoxic

No pictogram Hazardous to the aquatic environment – acute aquatic hazard, HP 14 Ecotoxic

1. Construction and demolition wastes containing

 17 06 05* Construction material containing asbestos MH

2. Waste containing coal tar

“Worst % conc. 2 Related

Analytical results and use of moisture in adjusting concentrations

HP 4 Irritant / HP 8 Corrosive: components of concern: diarsenic trioxide and nickel

HP 5 Specific Target Organ Toxicity / Aspiration Toxicity : components of concern: nickel

Note on Oil contamination and TPH:

4(a) Waste mineral oils

4(b): other wastes containing or contaminated with oil

If the identity of the oil is unknown and cannot be determined

START : Is the Do you know know END : Use the

Are marker END: Hazardous

END: The Have markers No

How to use the List of Waste

The structure of the List of Waste (LoW)

Step 2 Check chapters 13, 14 and 15.

Step 3 Check chapter 16

‘Absolute non-hazardous’ (AN) entries

Examples of how to apply coding

WASTES RESULTING FROM EXPLORATION, MINING, QUARRYING, AND