Advanced Computer

Networks

Introduction
Prof. Andrzej Duda
[email protected]

http://duda.imag.fr

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Course goals
 Advanced topics in networking
 cross-layer vision
 advanced functionalities
 design, management
 Organization
 36 h course, 18h networking lab
 demos, exercises, questions, homework
 slides are not exhaustive - you must take notes and ask
questions!
 Your team
 course: A. Duda, J-L. Richier, P. Laforgue
 lab: M. Heusse, S. Viardot

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Networking lab
 Important part of the course
 perform required operations, write lab reports
 cannot be repeated
 grade < 8, you repeat your year!
 Goals
 acquire practical knowledge
 use Zebra as a router emulator
 Rooms D200 and D201:
 80 PCs with multiple network interfaces
 network equipement: hubs, switches, routers
 isolated from the rest of the network

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Contents
 Introduction
 network architectures
 Interconnection Layer 2
 VLANs and bridges, spanning tree protocol
 Interconnection Layer 3
 IPv6
 Routing (RIP, OSPF, BGP)
 Congestion control
 Quality of service
 MPLS, multicast
 Mobility
 Network management

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Course support
 Web site
 http://duda.imag.fr/3at
 L. Toutain "Réseaux locaux et Internet", 3me édition,
Hermes, 2003
 C. Huitema "Le routage dans l'Internet", Eyrolles,
1995.
 R. Perlman "Interconnexions : ponts et routeurs",
Addison-Wesley, 1994.
 Gisèle Cizault "IPv6", O'Reilly 2001.

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Overview
 Network architectures
 protocol architectures
 how entities cooperate?
 interconnection structure
 which entities are connected?
 related protocols
 how and where different functionalities are implemented?

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Introduction:
network structure,
architecture and protocols

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Layered Protocol Stack
 Managing complexity
 a layer corresponds to an independent module (protocol
entity)
 A layer supports
 common data format - PDU (Protocol Data Unit)
 rules of cooperation: peer-peer procedures
 service interface: SAP (Service Access Point)

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Protocol Architecture
 Protocol entity
 provides a set of services, eg.
 connect, send
 data multiplexing/demultiplexing
 construction/analysis of PDUs
 execution of procedures
 Protocol unit (PDU)
 header: control functions
 opaque data
 Procedures
 actions to perform protocol functions: eg. lost packet
retransmission

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 Protocol architecture

data data

multiplexing demultiplexing
SAP SAP
procedures
Protocol entity Protocol entity

layer n layer n
PDU PDU

Lower layer protocols

layer n-1 layer n-1

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Internet design principles
 Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles:
 minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to
interconnect networks
 best effort service model
 stateless routers
 decentralized control
 define today’s Internet architecture

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 Internet protocol stack

 Application: supporting network

applications Application
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP, OSPF, RIP
 Transport: host-host data transfer Transport
 TCP, UDP
Network
 Network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination Link
 IP
 Link: data transfer between neighboring Physical
network elements
 PPP, Ethernet
 Physical: bits “on the wire”
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 ATM protocol stack

 Application: native applications, other

protocols Application
 LAN Emulation, IP, Signaling
 Transport: host-host data transfer Transport
 SSCOP
Adaptation
 Adaptation: adapt the ATM layer to
different types of applications ATM
 circuit emulation, real-time data
 AAL5 suitable for IP traffic Physical
 ATM: cell switching over virtual circuits
 Physical: bits “on the wire”

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 LAN stack

 Management: e.g. construct forwarding

tables Management
 SNAP: Spanning Tree protocol
LLC
 LLC: multiplex different protocols Data-link
 IP, IPX, SNAP MAC
 MAC: medium access
 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.4 (Token Ring), 802.5 Physical
(Token Bus), 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
 Physical: bits “on the wire”

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Network architecture
 Logical structure
 interconnected entities
 Protocol architecture
 how entities cooperate
 Related protocols
 different functionalities

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 Interconnection structure - layer 2

interconnection switch
layer 2 (bridge)

VLAN

host

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Interconnection at layer 2
 Switches (bridges)
 interconnect hosts
 logically separate groups of hosts (VLANs)
 managed by one entity
 Type of the network
 broadcast
 Forwarding based on MAC address
 flat address space
 forwarding tables: one entry per host
 works if no loops
 careful management
 Spanning Tree protocol
 not scalable

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 Protocol architecture
5 Application

4 Transport
3 Network L2 PDU
(LLC Frame)
LLC LLC
2
MAC MAC
L2 PDU
1 Physical (MAC Frame) Physical

host switch (bridge)

 Switches are layer 2 intermediate systems

 Transparent forwarding
 Management protocols (Spanning Tree, VLAN)

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Protocols
data

network
IP

management
SNAP

LLC

data-link
Ethernet v2 802.3

Physical layer
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 Interconnection structure - layer 3

router

interconnection
layer 3

switch
subnet 2 (bridge)
subnetwork 1 subnet 3
VLAN

host
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Interconnection at layer 3
 Routers
 interconnect subnetworks
 logically separate groups of hosts
 managed by one entity
 Forwarding based on IP address
 structured address space
 routing tables: aggregation of entries
 works if no loops - routing protocols (IGP - Internal Routing
Protocols)
 scalable inside one administrative domain

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 Protocol architecture

5 Application Application 5
L3 PDU
4 Transport Transport 4
(IP packet)
3 Network Network 3
LLC LLC LLC
2 2
MAC MAC MAC
L2 PDU L2 PDU
1 Physical (MAC Frame) Physical (MAC Frame) Physical 1

host switch (bridge) router

 Routers are layer 3 intermediate systems

 Explicit forwarding
 host has to know the address of the first router
 Management protocols (control, routing, configuration)
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Protocols

transport application
routing naming configuration routing
OSPF DNS DHCP RIP

UDP TCP

control groups
ICMP IGMP

network
address
resolution
IP ARP

data-link
Ethernet v2
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 Autonomous systems
border
router
autonomous
system internal
router

interconnection switch
layer 3 (bridge)
subnetwork
VLAN
interconnection
layer 2

host
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Long-haul links
 Fiber at physical layer (SONET/SDH)
 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
 one color of the light λ
 Different technologies
 ATM
 Frame Relay
 POS (Packet over SONET/SDH)
 Type of the network
 NBMA (Non Broadcast Multiple Access) or point-to-point
 Complex protocol hierarchies
 IP over ATM

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 Protocol architecture
L3 PDU
(IP packet)
IP IP
AAL5 AAL5
ATM ATM ATM
ATM cell ATM cell
SDH SDH SDH
DWDM λ DWDM λ DWDM λ
router ATM switch router
L3 PDU
(IP packet)
IP IP
PPP PPP
L2 PDU
SDH (PPP frame) SDH
DWDM λ DWDM λ
router router

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 Internet
autonomous
system NAP, GIX, IXP

subnetworks

border
router
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Interconnection of AS
 Border routers
 interconnect AS
 NAP or GIX, or IXP
 exchange of traffic - peering
 Route construction
 based on the path through a series of AS
 based on administrative policies
 routing tables: aggregation of entries
 works if no loops and at least one route - routing protocols
(EGP - External Routing Protocols)

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Protocols

transport application
routing
BGP

TCP

control
ICMP

network
address
resolution
IP ARP

data-link
Ethernet v2
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Residential access

router

interconnection modem
layer 3

POTS
(phone network)

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Residential access
 Modem
 connects a host to the first router
 Point-to-point encapsulation (PPP)
 activate a connection
 authenticate the user
 negotiate network address
 multiplex different protocols (IP, IPX)

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 Protocol architecture

5 Application Application 5
4 L3 PDU 4
Transport Transport
(IP packet)
3 Network Network 3
2 PPP PPP 2
L2 PDU
1 Physical Physical 1
(PPP Frame)
host router

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 Protocols

network
IP

CHAP header compression NCP

PAP LCP

data-link
PPP

authentication data negociation

Physical layer
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Residential access

router

interconnection ATM
layer 3 switch

ATM
network

ATU-R
DSLAM (ATU-C)
ADSL modem/bridge/router
DSL Access Multiplexer 34
 Protocol architecture

L3 PDU
(IP packet)
IP IP
AAL5 AAL5
ATM ATM ATM
ATM cell ATM cell
ADSL ADSL/SDH SDH
ADSL DSLAM router
modem

 IP over ATM
 requires fixed IP address

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 Protocol architecture
L3 PDU
(IP packet)
IP IP
L2 PDU (PPP frame)
PPPoA PPPoA
AAL5 AAL5
ATM ATM ATM
ATM cell ATM cell
ADSL ADSL/SDH SDH
ADSL DSLAM router
modem

 PPP over ATM (PPPoA)

 multiple users share ADSL link

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 Protocol architecture
L3 PDU
(IP packet)
IP IP IP
L2 PDU (PPP frame)
PPPoE PPPoE PPPoE
Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
LLC/SNAP
AAL5
ATM cell
ATM ATM
Physical Physical ADSL ADSL/SDH

host ADSL DSLAM

bridge/router

 PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)

 multiple users share ADSL link

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Conclusion
 Complex architectures
 other types of networks used as data links
 Internet
 Rapid growth
 scalability
 No central control
 coherent development
 Three level hierarchy
 host, subnetwork, autonomous system
 manage complexity
 Advances
 larger address space - IPv6
 performance - quality of service, e.g. DiffServ
 security - Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
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