International Journal of Mechanics and Applications 2014, 4(3): 94-100

DOI: 10.5923/j.mechanics.20140403.03

Free Vibration Analysis of Beams Considering Different

Geometric Characteristics and Boundary Conditions
Mehmet Avcar

Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

Abstract In this study, free vibration of square cross-sectioned aluminum beams is investigated analytically and
numerically under four different boundary conditions: Clamped-Clamped (C-C), Clamped-Free (C-F), Clamped-Simply
Supported (C-SS) and Simply Supported-Simply Supported (SS-SS). Analytical solution is carried out using Euler-Bernoulli
beam theory and Newton Raphson Method. First, the equations of motion are provided. Then, solutions including the effects
of the geometric characteristics, and boundary conditions are obtained and discussed for the natural frequencies of the first
three modes. To confirm the reliability of the vibration analysis carried out in the present paper as well, all the analytical
results are checked with the corresponding numerical results obtained from the finite-element-method (FEM) based software
called ANSYS. Numerical and analytical results are found to be good agreement.
Keywords Free Vibration, Beam, Natural Frequency, Boundary Conditions, Geometric Characteristics

simple idea of linear approximation, and used for finding the

1. Introduction roots of equations. It is particularly useful for transcendental
equations, composed of mixed trigonometric and hyperbolic
A beam is a slender horizontal structural member that terms. Such equations occur in vibration analysis. An
resists lateral loads by bending, and this important element of example is the calculation of natural frequencies of
engineering structures appears in various forms and continuous structures [26]. Solutions including the effects of
comprises various artifacts, such as supporting members in the geometric characteristics, i.e., length and cross sectional
high-rise buildings, railways, long-span bridges, flexible area, and boundary conditions are obtained and discussed
satellites, gun barrels, robot arms, airplane wings, etc. [1, 2]. for the natural frequencies of the first three modes.
In many engineering applications, beams are subjected to Furthermore, to confirm the reliability of the vibration
dynamic loads, which can excite beam structural vibrations analysis carried out in the present paper as well, all the
and cause durability concerns or discomfort because of the analytical results are checked with the corresponding
resulting noise and vibration. In addition, if the vibration numerical results obtained from Finite Element Method
exceeds certain limits, there is the danger of beam breakage (FEM)-based software called ANSYS [27], where the
or failure [3-6]. method is established on the idea of building a complicated
Due to beams are important structural elements, vibration object with simple blocks, or, dividing a complicated object
analysis has been a vital task in their design for engineers into smaller and manageable pieces [28].
and researchers for more than a century. Early investigations Present analysis can be used as a comparative study or
of the theory of vibration were given in Refs [7-9]. Then an data for the different solution methods of future works in the
increasing interest has been observed regarding the vibration related field.
of beams, and several studies have appeared in the general
literature, some of which are provided in the Refs [10-25].
In this study, the free vibration of square cross-sectioned 2. Basic Equations
aluminum beams is investigated analytically and Consider an elastic beam of length L , Young's modulus
numerically under four different boundary conditions. E , and mass density ρ with uniform cross section A , as
Analytical solution is carried out using Euler-Bernoulli beam shown in Figure 1.
theory, in which material is assumed to be linear-isotropic, Using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, one can obtain the
and Newton Raphson Method. This method is based on the equation of motion of a beam with homogeneous material
properties and constant cross section as follows [5]:
* Corresponding author:
[email protected] (Mehmet Avcar) ∂4 w ∂2 w
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/mechanics EI 4 + ρ A = 0; 0 ≤ x ≤ L (1)
Copyright © 2014 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved ∂x ∂t 2
 International Journal of Mechanics and Applications 2014, 4(3): 94-100 95

where I is the area moment of inertia of the beam cross Eq. (6) is solved as follows:
section, w is the transverse displacement, and t is time.
Λ ( x) C1 sinh δ x + C2 cosh δ x + C3 sin δ x
=
(9)
+ C4 cos δ x
where C1 ,..., C4 are constants, and sinh and cosh are
the hyperbolic sin e and cos e functions, respectively.
Eq. (8) is solved as follows:
Ψ (t ) C5 sin ω t + C6 cos ω t
= (10)
where C5 and C6 are constants.
Thus, if Eq. (9) is multiplied by Eq. (10) to obtain
Figure 1. Geometry of the beam w( x, t ) , it yields eight combined constants as:
Eq. (1) can be rearranged as follows: w( x, t )
∂4 w ∂2 w = ( C1 sinh δ x + C2 cosh δ x + C3 sin δ x + C4 cos δ x )
EI +κ 0
= (2)
∂x 4 ∂t 2 × ( C5 sin ω t + C6 cos ω t )
where κ = ρ A is the linear mass density of the beam. (11)
The solution of the Eq. (2) is sought by separation of where the constants C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 can be obtained from
variables. Assume that the displacement can be separated the boundary conditions, and C5 , C6 can be obtained from
into two parts: one is depending on the position and the other
is depending on time, as follows: the initial conditions
Finally, using Eq. (7) the natural frequency f n ( Hz ) of
w( x, t ) =Λ ( x)Ψ (t ) (3)
the beam is found as follows:
where Λ and Ψ are independent of time and position, ω
respectively. fn = (12)
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and after some 2π
mathematical rearrangements, the following equation is
obtained:
3. Solution of the Basic Equations
EI ∂ 4 Λ ( x) 1 ∂ 2 Ψ (t )
− = (4) 3.1. Particular Solution for C-C Beam
κΛ ( x) ∂x 4 Ψ (t ) ∂t 2
The boundary conditions satisfied by a C-C beam are as
As observed from Eq. (4), the left side depends on the
follows:
variable x, and the right side depends on the variable t, as
previously noted. Consequently, the variables have been ∂w
separated, and each side of (4) must equal a constant, w x =0 = 0 and =0 (13)
∂x x =0
denoted −ω 2 to have simple harmonic motion in the
system. ∂w
w x = L = 0 and =0 (14)
EI ∂ 4 Λ ( x) 1 ∂ 2 Ψ (t ) ∂x x = L
− = −ω 2
= (5)
κΛ ( x) ∂x 4 Ψ (t ) ∂t 2 When Eqs. (13)-(14) are considered in Eq. (9), after some
If the position variable is separated mathematical operations, the coefficient matrix is obtained
as follows:
∂ 4 Λ ( x)
4
− δ 4 Λ ( x) =
0 (6) sinh δ L − sin δ L cosh δ L − cos δ L  C1  0 
∂x     =   (15)
where     
κ cosh δ L − cos δ L sinh δ L + sin δ L  C2  0 
δ 4 = ω2 (7)
EI The non-trivial solution of the determinant of the
If the time variable is separated coefficient matrix is as follows:

∂ 2 Ψ (t ) cos δ n cosh δ n L = 1 (16)

+ ω 2 Ψ (t ) =
0 (8)
∂t 2 where the subscript is an integer index.
96 Mehmet Avcar: Free Vibration Analysis of Beams Considering Different
Geometric Characteristics and Boundary Conditions

Because the first three roots of Eq. (16) are calculated

∂2 w
using the Newton-Raphson method, the following w x = L = 0 and =0 (24)
eigenvalues are obtained: ∂x 2 x= L
=δ L 4.73004
= for n 1
When Eqs. (23)-(24) are considered in Eq. (9), after some
mathematical rearrangements, the following coefficient
=δ L 7.85321
= for n 2 (17) matrix is obtained:

sinh δ L − sin δ L cosh δ L − cos δ L  C1  0 

=δ L 10.9956
= for n 3     =   (25)
    
sinh δ L + sin δ L cosh δ L + cos δ L  C2  0 
where, δL, is the natural frequency parameter of the beam.
The solution of the determinant of the coefficient matrix is
3.2. Particular Solution for C-F Beam as follows:
The boundary conditions satisfied by a C-F beam are as tanh δ n L = tan δ n L (26)
follows:
Because the first three roots of Eq. (26) are calculated
∂w using Newton-Raphson method, the following eigenvalues
w x =0 = 0 and =0 (18)
are obtained:
∂x x =0
=δ L 3.9266
= for n 1
∂2 w ∂3 w
= 0 and =0 (19)
∂x 2 x= L
∂x3 x= L =δ L 7.0686
= for n 2 (27)
When Eqs. (18)-(19) are considered in Eq. (9), after some
mathematical rearrangements, the following coefficient =δ L 10.2102
= for n 3
matrix is obtained:
sinh δ L + sin δ L cosh δ L + cos δ L  C1  0  3.4. Particular Solution for SS-SS Beam
    =   (20) The boundary conditions satisfied by a SS-SS beam are as
     follows:
cosh δ L + cos δ L sinh δ L − sin δ L  C2  0 
∂2 w
The non-trivial solution of the determinant of the w x =0 = 0 and =0 (28)
coefficient matrix is as follows: ∂x 2 x =0
cos δ n L cosh δ n L = −1 (21)
∂2 w
When the first three roots of Eq. (21) are calculated using w x = L = 0 and =0 (29)
Newton-Raphson method, the following eigenvalues are ∂x 2 x= L
obtained: When Eqs. (28)-(29) are considered in Eq. (9), after some
=δ L 1.87510
= for n 1 mathematical rearrangements, the following coefficient
matrix is obtained:

=δ L 4.69409
= for n 2 (22) sinh δ L sin δ L  C1  0 
   =   (30)
    
=δ L 7.85340
= for n 3 sinh δ L − sin δ L  C3  0 

3.3. Particular Solution for C-SS Beam The non-trivial solution of the determinant of the
coefficient matrix is as follows:
The boundary conditions satisfied by a C-SS beam are as
follows: sin δ n sinh δ n L = 0 (31)
∂w Because the first three roots of Eq. (31) are calculated
w x =0 = 0 and =0 (23)
using Newton-Raphson method, the following eigenvalues
∂x x =0
are obtained:
 International Journal of Mechanics and Applications 2014, 4(3): 94-100 97

=δ L 3.1415
= for n 1 4.2. Free Vibration Analyses of Beams
In this section, four studies were performed to investigate
the free-vibration behaviors of square cross-sectioned
=δ L 6.2832
= for n 2 (32)
aluminum beams with different geometric characteristics
under four different boundary conditions. The natural
=δ L 9.4248
= for n 3 frequencies were obtained and discussed for the first three
modes (n=1, 2, 3), including the effects of the geometric
characteristics, i.e., length and cross sectional area, and the
boundary conditions.
4. Numerical Results and Discussion
Study 1:
4.1. Comparative Study In Figure 3, the variations in natural frequencies,
In this subsection, a comparative study was performed to f n ( Hz ) , of square cross-sectioned aluminum beams
validate the present numerical results. The analytical results versus the first three modes (n=1, 2, 3) under four different
were compared with the results of the FEM -based software cross sections are plotted, where A1;A2; A3 denote
called ANSYS [27]. In finite-element modeling, the beam
type element is applied and meshed with 50 elements. A = 0.0225 m 2 ; 0.04 m 2 ;0.0625 m 2 , and L1; L2; L3
For the first three modes n = 1; 2;3 , the analytical denote L = 2.75 m; 3m;3.25 m , respectively. Figure 3
natural frequencies, f nAnaly ( Hz ) , and the FEM natural shows that the natural frequencies increase with the increase
in mode number. The natural frequency of the first mode
frequencies, f nFEM ( Hz ) , differ by 0.223%, 0.842%, number ( n = 1) differs from that of the second and third
and 1.782% under C-C boundary conditions, 0.083%, mode numbers (n = 2, 3) by -176% and -440% under the
0.592%, and 1.381% under C-F boundary conditions,
C-C boundary conditions, -527% and -1654% under C-F
0.213%, 0.784%, and 1.698% under C-SS boundary
boundary conditions, -224% and -576% under C-SS
conditions, and 0.183%, 0.722%, and 1.605% under SS-SS
boundary conditions, and -300% and -800% under SS-SS
boundary conditions, respectively. The percentages are
boundary conditions, respectively. The percentages were
 f nAnaly − f nFEM   f n1 − f ni 
calculated as follows: 
  × 100 . calculated as follows:   × 100; (i =
2,3) .
f nAnaly
   f n1 
As shown in Figure 2, the numerical results of both methods Therefore, the variation in mode number has the largest
are consistent, which shows the accuracy of the present effect on the natural frequency under C-F boundary
formulation. conditions and the smallest effect under C-C boundary
conditions.
650
C-C Analytical C-C FEM Study 2:
600
C-F Analytical C-F FEM
550 Figure 3 shows that the beam has the highest natural
C-SS Analytical C-SS FEM
500 SS-SS Analytical SS-SS FEM frequencies, f n ( Hz ) , under C-C boundary conditions and
450
the lowest frequencies under C-F boundary conditions. To
fn(Hz)

400
350
investigate the effect of the boundary condition on the
300 natural frequencies, f n ( Hz ) , of the beam versus the mode
250
number, (n=1,2,3), the C-C boundary conditions were
200
150
compared with the other boundary conditions. From this
100 comparison, the following results were obtained: for n = 1, 2,
50 and 3, i) the differences between C-C and C-F boundary
0 conditions are 84%, 64%, and 49%, ii) the differences
1 2 3 between C-C and C-SS boundary conditions are 31%, 19%,
n and 14%, and iii) the differences between C-C and SS-SS
Figure 2. Comparisons between the analytical natural frequencies and boundary conditions are 56%, 36%, and 27%, respectively.
those obtained using FEM -based software called ANSYS versus mode
The percentages were calculated as follows:
number, n ( E = 70 × 109 N/m 2 ;ρ = 2700 kg/m3 ; L = 3m;  f nC −C − f ni 
A = 0.04 m 2 )   × 100; (i =
C − F ; C − SS ; SS − SS ) .
 f nC −C 
Therefore, the effect of the type of the boundary condition
decreases with the increase in mode number, n.
98 Mehmet Avcar: Free Vibration Analysis of Beams Considering Different
Geometric Characteristics and Boundary Conditions

950 500
A1 L1 C-C Beam A1 L1 C-F Beam
850 A1 L2 450 A1 L2
750 A1 L3 400 A1 L3
A2 L1 A2 L1
A2 L2 350 A2 L2
650
A2 L3 300 A2 L3
fn(Hz)

fn(Hz)
550 A3 L1 A3 L1
A3 L2 250 A3 L2
450 A3 L3 A3 L3
200
350
150
250 100
150 50
50 0
1 2 3 1 2 3
n n
a) b)
700
820 A1 L1 SS-SS Beam
A1 L1 C-SS Beam 650 A1 L2
720 A1 L2 600 A1 L3
A1 L3 550 A2 L1
620 A2 L1 500 A2 L2
A2 L2 450 A2 L3

fn(Hz)
520 A2 L3 400 A3 L1
A3 L1
fn(Hz)

350 A3 L2
420 A3 L2 A3 L3
A3 L3 300
320 250
200
220 150
100
120
50
20 0
1 2 3 1 2 3
n n
c) d)

Figure 3. Variations of the natural frequencies, f n ( Hz ) , of square cross-sectioned aluminum beams for the first three modes, (n=1,2,3)

(E = 2700 kg/m )
70 × 10 N/m ;ρ = 9 2 3

Study 3: Study 4:
Figure 4 shows the variations in natural frequency, Figue 5 shows the variations in natural frequencies of
f n ( Hz ) , of square cross-sectioned aluminum beams versus square cross-sectioned aluminum beams versus the cross
the length, L (m), under four different boundary conditions, sectional area, A (m2), under four different cross sections,
where A1;A2; A3 denotes A = 0.0225m 2 ; where L1;L2; L3 denote L = 2.75 m;3 m;3.25 m ,

0.04 m 2 ;0.0625m 2 , and n1; n2; n3 denote n = 1;2;3 , and n1; n2; n3 denote n = 1; 2;3 , respectively.
respectively. Figure 4 obviously shows that the natural Figure 5 shows that the natural frequencies increase with the
increase in cross sectional area. To investigate the effect of
frequencies, f n ( Hz ) , decrease with the increase in length,
the variation in cross sectional area of the beam on the
L (m). To examine the effect of the variation in length of the natural frequencies, beams with identical lengths were
beam on the natural frequencies, beams with identical cross compared. The result indicated that variation of the cross
sectional areas were compared. The result indicated that the sectional area had a constant effect on the natural frequencies:
variation in length had a constant effect on the natural -33.33% and -66.67% for L = 2.75 m;3 m;3.25 m
frequencies: 15.97% and 28.40% for all cross sectional areas
under four different boundary conditions. The percentages
( A = 0.0225 m 2 ; 0.04 m 2 ;0.0625 m 2 ) under four different
 f − f Ai 
boundary conditions. The percentages were calculated as were calculated as follows:  nA=0.0225  × 100;
 f − f Li   f nA=0.0225 
follows:  nL = 2.75  × 100; (i = 3, 3.25) . Thus, (i = 0.04, 0.0625) . Thus, the change in cross sectional
 f nL =2.75  area of the beam has a constant effect on the natural
the change in length of the beam has a constant effect on its frequencies of the beam for various boundary conditions and
natural frequencies for various boundary conditions and lengths.
cross sectional areas.
 International Journal of Mechanics and Applications 2014, 4(3): 94-100 99

C-C Beam C-F Beam

950 500
A1 n1 A1 n2 A1 n3 A1 n1 A1 n2 A1 n3
850 A2 n1 A2 n2 A2 n3 450 A2 n1 A2 n2 A2 n3
A3 n1 A3 n2 A3 n3 A3 n1 A3 n2 A3 n3
750 400
650
350

fn(Hz)
300
fn(Hz)

550
250
450
200
350 150
250 100
150 50
50 0
1 2 3 1 2 3
L (m) L (m)

a) b)

C-SS Beam SS-SS Beam

820 A1 n1 A1 n2 A1 n3 700 A1 n1 A1 n2 A1 n3
A2 n1 A2 n2 A2 n3
720 A3 n1 A3 n2 A3 n3 A2 n1 A2 n2 A2 n3
600 A3 n1 A3 n2 A3 n3
620
500
520
fn(Hz)

fn(Hz)
400
420
320 300

220 200

120 100

20 0
1 2 3 1 2 3
L (m) L (m)

c) d)
Figure 4. Variations of the natural frequencies, f n ( Hz ) , of square cross-sectioned aluminum beams versus the length, L (m)

(E = 2700 kg/m )
70 × 10 N/m ;ρ =
9 2 3

950 C-C Beam C-F Beam

500
L1 n1 L1 n2 L1 n3 L1 n1 L1 n2 L1 n3
850 L2 n1 L2 n2 L2 n3 450 L2 n1 L2 n2 L2 n3
L3 n1 L3 n2 L3 n3 L3 n1 L3 n2 L3 n3
750 400

650 350
fn(Hz)

300
fn(Hz)

550
250
450
200
350
150
250 100
150 50
50 0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
2
A (m2 ) A (m )

a) b)

700 SS-SS Beam

820 C-SS Beam
L1 n1 L1 n2 L1 n3 L1 n1 L1 n2 L1 n3
L2 n1 L2 n2 L2 n3 L2 n1 L2 n2 L2 n3
720 L3 n1 L3 n2 L3 n3
600 L3 n1 L3 n2 L3 n3

620 500
fn(Hz)

520
fn(Hz)

400
420
300
320

220 200

120 100
20
0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
2
A (m )
A (m2 )

c) d)
Figure 5. Variations of the natural frequencies of square cross-sectioned aluminum beams versus the cross sectional area, A (m2)

(E = 2700 kg/m )
70 × 10 N/m ;ρ =
9 2 3
100 Mehmet Avcar: Free Vibration Analysis of Beams Considering Different
Geometric Characteristics and Boundary Conditions

5. Conclusions [9] S.P. Timoshenko, Vibration Problems in Engineering. D. Van

Nostrand, 1928.
In this study, the free vibration of square cross-sectioned
[10] J.P. Den Hartog, Mechanical Vibrations. McGraw-Hill, 1956.
aluminum beams is investigated analytically and
numerically under four different boundary conditions. [11] L. Meirovitch, Analytical Methods in Vibrations. Macmillan
Analytical solution is carried out using Euler-Bernoulli beam Publications Co., Inc., 1967.
theory, in which material is assumed Solutions including the [12] K.R Chun, Free vibration of a beam with one end
effects of the geometric characteristics, i.e., length and cross spring-hinged and the other free, Journal of Applied
sectional area, and boundary conditions are obtained and Mechanics, 39, 1154-1155, 1972.
discussed for the natural frequencies of the first three
[13] D.J. Gorman, Free Vibration Analysis of Beams and Shafts,
modes. Wiley, New York, 1975.
The following results were obtained:
[14] S.Y. Lee, H.Y. Ke, Free vibrations of a non-uniform beam
(1) The natural frequencies increase with the increase in with general elastically restrained boundary conditions,
mode number. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 136, 425-437, 1990.
(2) The change in mode numbers has the largest effect on [15] S.S. Rao, Mechanical Vibrations, 3rd edition. Reading, MA,
the natural frequency under C-F boundary conditions Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995.
and the smallest effect under C-C boundary
conditions. [16] W.L. Li, Free Vibrations of beams with general boundary
conditions, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 237, 709-772,
(3) The beam has the highest natural frequencies under 2000.
C-C boundary conditions and the lowest frequencies
under C-F boundary conditions. [17] H.K. Kim, M.S. Kim, Vibration of beams with generally
(4) The effect of the type of the boundary condition restrained boundary conditions using Fourier series. Journal
of Sound and Vibration, 245, 771-784, 2001.
decreases with increasing mode number.
(5) The natural frequencies of the beam decrease with [18] S. Naguleswaran, Transverse vibration of an Euler-Bernoulli
increasing length. uniform beam on up to five resilient supports including ends,
(6) The change in length of the beam has a constant Journal of Sound and Vibration, 261, 372-384, 2003.
effect on its natural frequencies for various boundary [19] M. Simsek, Free vibration analysis of beams subjected to
conditions and cross sectional areas. axial load under various boundary conditions. Sigma Journal
(7) The natural frequencies of the beam increase with of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 3, 1-10, 2005.
increasing cross sectional area. [20] M.C. Ece, M. Aydogdu, V. Taskin, Vibration of a variable
(8) The change in cross sectional area of the beam has a cross-section beam, Mechanics Research Communications,
constant effect on the natural frequencies for various 34,78-84, 2007.
boundary conditions and lengths.
[21] T. Irvine, Bending Frequencies of Beams, Rod, and Pipes.
Revision M, Vibrationdata, 2010.
[22] S.B. Coşkun, M.T. Atay, B. Ozturk, Transverse Vibration
Analysis of Euler-Bernoulli Beams Using Analytical
REFERENCES Approximate Techniques, Advances in Vibration Analysis
Research, Chapter 1, Intech, 2011.
[1] L.H. Donnel, Beams Plates and Shells. Engineering Societies
Monographs McGrawHill., 1976. [23] J. Lee, Free vibration analysis of beams with non-ideal
clamped boundary conditions, Journal of Mechanical Science
[2] J.M. Gere, S.P. Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials. PWS and Technology, 27, 297-303, 2013.
Publishing Company, 1997.
[24] Z. Liu, Y. Yin, F. Wang, Y. Zhao, L. Cai, Study on modified
[3] W.T. Thomson, Theory of Vibration with Applications. 2nd differential transform method for free vibration analysis of
ed., Prentice Hall, 1981. uniform Euler-Bernoulli beam. Structural Engineering and
Mechanics 48: 697-709, 2013.
[4] L. Meirovitch, Fundamentals of Vibrations. International
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001. [25] A. Prokic, M. Besevic, D. Lukic, A numerical method for free
vibration analysis of beams, Latin American Journal of Solids
[5] A.W. Leissa, M.S Qatu, Vibration of Continuous Systems. and Structures, 11: 1432-1444, 2014.
McGraw Hill, 2011.
[26] T. Irvine, Application of the Newton-Raphson Method to
[6] E. Magrab, Vibrations of Elastic Systems: With Applications vibration problems, Revision E, Vibrationdata, 2010.
to MEMS and NEMS Vol. 184 Berlin: Springer, 2012.
[27] ANSYS® Academic Research, Release 14.0.
[7] J.W.S. Rayleigh, Theory of Sound. Vol. 1 1st ed., 1877.
[28] C. Xiaolin. Y. Liu, Finite Element Modeling and Simulation
[8] S.P. Timoshenko, On the transverse vibrations of bars of with ANSYS Workbench, CRC Press, 2014.
uniform cross-section. Philosophical Magazine p.125, 1922.