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Bioeng 3070/5070: App Math/Stats For Bioengineer

The document discusses key concepts in probability theory including sample spaces, events, five number summaries, box plots, and the axioms and rules of probability. It provides examples of calculating the probability of overlapping events using set theory rules like P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B).

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Neha YaĐav
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34 views

Bioeng 3070/5070: App Math/Stats For Bioengineer

The document discusses key concepts in probability theory including sample spaces, events, five number summaries, box plots, and the axioms and rules of probability. It provides examples of calculating the probability of overlapping events using set theory rules like P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B).

Uploaded by

Neha YaĐav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bioeng 3070/5070

App Math/Stats for Bioengineer


Lecture 3
Five number summary
Five-number summary of a data set
consists of:
• the minimum (smallest observation)
• the first quartile (which cuts off the lowest
25% of the data or 25th percentile)
• the median (middle value)
• the third quartile (which cuts off the
highest 25% of the data or 75th percentile)
• the maximum (largest observation)
The Box Plot
• Calculate the first quartile (25th ), the median (50th ) and third quartile (75th )
• Calculate the interquartile range (IQR) by subtracting the first quartile from the third
quartile.
• Construct a box above the number line bounded on the left by the first quartile (25th )
and on the right by the third quartile (75th ).
• Indicate where the median lies inside of the box with the presence of a symbol or a
line dividing the box at the median value.
• The mean value of the data can also be labeled with a point. (Optional not always
included)
• Any data observation which lies more than 1.5xIQR lower than the first quartile or
1.5xIQR higher than the third quartile is considered an outlier. Indicate where the
smallest value that is not an outlier is by connecting it to the box with a horizontal line
or "whisker". Optionally, also mark the position of this value more clearly using a
small vertical line. Likewise, connect the largest value that is not an outlier to the box
by a "whisker" (and optionally mark it with another small vertical line).
• Indicate outliers by open and closed dots. "Extreme" outliers, or those which lie more
than three times the IQR to the left and right from the first and third quartiles
respectively, are indicated by the presence of an open dot. "Mild" outliers - that is,
those observations which lie more than 1.5 times the IQR from the first and third
quartile but are not also extreme outliers are indicated by the presence of a closed
dot. (Sometimes no distinction is made between "mild" and "extreme" outliers.)
Example Age Data

Minimium 234
Q1 253
Median 270
Mean 268
Q3 282
Maximum 303
Upper Adjacent Value 303
Lower Adjacent Value 234
Count 17
Probability Theory
• Basic Notions:
– Experiment: Any process of observation or
measurement
– Event or Outcome: The result one obtains
from an experiment.
– Sample Space: The set of all possible
outcomes.
• An event is always a sub set of the sample space.
Example of Sample Spaces
• Rolling of a pair of dice:
• s={(x,y)|x=1,2,…6,y=1,2,…6}
• Events are not just points in the sample
space but rather subset:
– Example: Let event B be such that the total
number of points rolled is 7
– B = {(1,6),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),(5,2),(6,1)}
Probability Theory
• Sample spaces can be finite, countable, or
continuous.
• If a sample space is finite or countable it is
called discrete.
• Continuous sample spaces are a good
mathematical model for outcomes from
measurements of physical properties such
as temperature, length …
Probabilistic Notions
• A U B is the event that either A or B or
both occur.
• A n B is the event that both A and B occur
at the same time.
• Events A and B are mutually exclusive if
they cannot happen at the same time:

A∩B =∅
Axioms of Probability
1. Probability of an event is a nonnegative
real number; A ⊂ S, P (A) ≥ 0
2. P(S) = 1
3. If A1 , A2 , A3 , · · · is a finite or infinite
sequence of events with Ai ∩ Aj = ∅
,(Mutually exclusive) then
P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ∪ · · · ) = P (A1 ) + P (A2 ) + P (A3 ) + · · ·
Some Rules of Probability
1. If A and A’ are complementary events in
a sample space S, then
P(A’) = 1-P(A)
Proof:
A U A’ = S => P(AUA’) = 1 (By Axiom 2)
=> P(A) +P(A’) = 1 ( By Axiom 3)
Some Rules of Probability
• If A and B are any two events in S, then
P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B)
Proof:
A U B = (A n B) U (A n B’) U (A’ n B)
P(A U B) = P(A n B) + P(A n B’) + P (A’ n B)
+P (A n B) - P (A n B)
= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B)
• Can be extended to more than 2.
(Homework)
Example
• A insulin pump shipped by a manufacturer will
have a manufacturing defect of either a bad
power supply or a blocked delivery system is
0.03.
1. Probability that a insulin pump has a bad power
supply is 0.023.
2. Probability that a insulin pump has a blocked
delivery system is 0.024
• What is the probability that pump will have
both a bad power supply and a blocked
delivery system?
Example
• Event A: insulin pump has a bad power
supply. P(A) = 0.023
• Event B: insulin pump has a blocked
delivery system. P(B) = 0.024
• P(A U B) = 0.03
• A n B : Pump will have both a bad power
supply and a blocked delivery system.
Example
• P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P( A n B)
• P(A n B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A U B)
• probability that pump will have both a bad
power supply and a blocked delivery
system:
0.023+0.024 – 0.03 = 0.017

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