PRAVESH

PRATHAM SOPAN
DWITYA SOPAN

BY
AGA KHAN YOUTH AND SPORTS BOARD FOR INDIA
NATIONAL SCOUTING GUIDING DEVELOPMENT COMMITTE

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This book has been updated by,
Scouter Farooqshah Kasam
Reference material taken from,
Opportunity by NSGDC
Material has been approved by,
Scouter Karim N. Moledina
ADC, East-Bombay.District
Convenor NSGDC
Computer Typesetting done by Scouter Azim A. Mamdani

@Published in June 2011

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 SCOUT SECTION

Scout : A boy who is a citizen of India and who has completed 10 but
not 17 years of age is eligible to become a Scout, provided he subscribes to the
Scout Promise and the Scout Law and becomes a member of a Scout Troop.

Scoot Troop :
(i) A Scout Troop shall consist of not less than 12 and not more than
32 scouts.

In Maharashtra State 60 Scouts are allowed.

Every Scout Troop shall have a name, where the Scout Troop is a unit
of a Group, it shall take the name of the Group; the Group may be named
after the locality, the institution or any past hero/heroine of locality, the
institution on any past hero of India : every Group shall also have a serial
number assigned by the Local or District Association, as the case may be.
The Patrol System :
(i) A troop shall be divided into patrols.

(ii) Each patrol may consist of six to eight scouts inclusive of Patrol
Leader and the second.

(iii) Each patrol will have patrol corner, patrol song, patrol yell, patrol
signe, patrol cry, patrol flag.

(iv) Troop Leader : One of the Patrol Leaders, not less than 15 years of
age with not less than six months as a Patrol Leader preferably with Dwitiya
Sopan Badge may be appointed as Troop Leader by the Scoutmaster in
consultation with the Court-of-Honour. He shall wear the Scout Uniform and
in addition three green stripes made of wool or cotton 6 cms long and 1.5 cms
wide two on either side of and one under the membership badge on the left
pocket and Troop’s Leader badge above Service star worn above the left
pocket of the shirt or at the same place on Jersey. He offers active assistance to
the Scout Master and Assistance Scout Master and take charge of the unit in
the absence of Adult Unit Leader’s. Troop Leaders badge is rectangular Badge
with emblem in yellow on the green background with a yellow ring around it
and three green vertical stripes to the left of the emblem.
(iv a) Assistant Troop Leader : One of the patrol leaders with not less
than six months service as Patrol Leader, preferably with Dwitiya Sopan
Badge, may be appointed as Assistant Troop Leader by the Scoutmaster in
consultation with the Court of Honour. He shall wear the Scout Uniform and
in addition three green stripes made of wool or cotton 6 cms long and 1.5 cms
wide two on either side of and one under the membership badge on the left
pocket and Troop’s Leader badge above Service star worn above the left
pocket of the shirt or at the same place on Jersey. Asst. Troop leader assists
the Troop Leader as directed. Asst. Troop Leaders badge is rectangular Badge

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with emblem and ring around it and three green vertical stripes to the left of
the emblem.

(v) Patrol Leader : There shall be a Patrol Leader for each Patrol. A
Patrol Leader is a Scout appointed as Patrol Leader by the Scoutmaster in
consultation with the Court-of-Honour and the concerned Patrol to lead the
Patrol of Scouts. He shall wear the Scout uniform and in addition wear two
green stripes made of wool or cotton 6cms long and 1.5 cms wide on either
side of the membership badge on the left pocket. He shall carry the Patrol
Flat.

(vi) Second : There shall be a Second for each Patrol. A Second is a

Scout selected by the Patrol Leader with the approval of the Scoutmaster and
the Court of Honour. He shall assist the Patrol Leader and take his place in his
absence. He shall wear the Scout uniform and in addition one green stripe
made of wool or cotton 6 cms long and 1.5 cms wide on the right hand side of
the membership badge on the left pocket.

(vii) Conrt-of-Honour : There shall be a Court-of-Honour for every

Troop. The Court-of-Honour shall consist of Troop Leader, Asst. Troop
Leader and the Patrol Leaders, the Seconds may be admitted as members of
the Court of-Honour except when matters of discipline are dealt with. The
Troop Leader, Asst. Troop Leader or one of the Patrol Leaders elected shall
function as the Chairman and one of the members elected shall function as
Secretary. The Court-of-Honour shall plan the activity and deal with internal
matters of the Troop and also matters of finance and discipline. The
Scoutmaster and Assistant Scout-master shall act as advisers.

(viii) Patrol-in-Council : There shall be a Patrol-in-Council for every

Patrol; the Patrol-in-Council shall consist of the members of the Patrol; the
Patrol Leader shall be the Chairman. The Patrol-in-Council shall deal with all
affairs of the Patrol.

PRAVESH Requirements
1. Have a brief information of the origin of Scouting.
2. Scout Promise and Law.
3. Scout Motto, Sign, Salute and left hand shake.
4. Daily Good-turn at home and maintain a diary at least for a
month.

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 5. Know the parts of scout uniform and how to wear it correctly.
6. Know the composition and significance of the National Flag.
Bharat Scouts & Guides Flag and World Scout Flag.
7. Sing correctly National Anthem, BS&G Prayer and BS&G Flag
song.
8. Attend at least four troop meetings.

PRAVESH
1. Have a brief information of the origin of Scouting.
Lord Baden Powell of Gilwell
Chief Scout of the World.
1857-1941

Robert Stephenson Smytb Baden-Powell, the first Lord Baden Powel! of

Gilwell, known to millions by his magical initials B.P.-Founder of the Boy
Scout and Girl Guide Movement was born in London on the 22nd February
1857- He was the sixth son of professor H. G. Baden Powell and Henrietta
Grace, daughter of Admiral William Smyth Professor Baden Powel died when
B. P. was three years old and the burden of bringing up the family, therefore,
devolved entirely on Mrs. Baden Powell. She allowed them a good deal of
freedom to go about and learn things for themselves. This early up-bringing
gave B. P. the real start for his future life as a soldier and an outdoorsman.

It was almost an accident that took him to the army- He was very
popular with all the men and officers in the regiment. He was a great
horseman, an expert at polo and pig-sticking, clever at many kind of
theatricals and play-acting and a skillful artist. He also did hard work at
soldering and rose rapidly to be a Captain.

To know how Scouting began we must go back a few years prior to the
siege of Mafeking. His army manual Aids to Scouting was being used in-
many schools and boys' clubs for the training of boys -in outdoor activities-
He collected together twenty boys, some from the Boys' Brigade and others
sons of his friends and held a camp for
them on Brown Sra Island in Poole
Harbour in August 1907. The camp
was a great success and B. P. decided
to -write his now famous book
Scouting for Boys-It was published in
1908 in six fortnightly parts. Boys
everywhere began to buy up copies
and to start Scouting on their own,
asking likely men to become
Scoutmasters- Thus Patrols and
Troops began to spring up rapidly all
over England, and B. P- was therefore,

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forced to retire from active service to look after the growth of this new youth
movement. It is, in a way, correct to say that the boys themselves started the
movement, because B.P. himself had only bought that he was giving out a
scheme to be used by boys' club and societies already in existence then-After
the formation of the Boy Scout Movement, B.P. came to India twice, once in
1921 when he brought about an amalgamation of (he two out of three
separate Scout organisations then in existence and again in 1937 when he
came to attend the First-All-India Jamboree in Delhi. After, going back
he attended the World Jamboree in Vogelensang in Holand. This was his
last Jamboree.

The end came suddenly on the 8th January 1941, He was buried in
Nyeri amidst natures' most beautiful vistas with his head to the north. to, the
snowcapped mountains of Kenya which he loved so much.

The Scout Movement

“Scouting is a Movement, not an Organisation”
Lord Baden Powell.

Lord Baden Powell, the founder of the Scout Movement has

emphasised the fact that Scouting is a Movement, which moves along with
progress of times and not an Organisation which generally adheres to Scout
Craft.

We may generally say that the Scout craft is sevenfold It includes (1)
Discipline which teaches through theory as well as" practice, self-discipline,
obedience to scout law and sense of duty. (2) Observation of details, tracking
and judging distances and heights forms the second 4 rigid rules- The aim of
this Movement is to inculcate good citizenship in the future men and women
of the nation by means of what is known as Scoutcraft aspect of this craft- (3)
Camping, cooking resourcefulness, cycling etc. form the part of Us third
aspect, commonly known as woodcraft. (4) Health and endurance, which,
includes physical development, cleanliness, sanitation is another aspect which
is indeed very important in life-Chivalry includes courtesy, charity, thrift and
honour, courage, and cheerfulness. (6) Inculcation of patriotism and (7)
knowledge of life-saving devices are the other two aspects of this scoutcraft-
And all these are taught to our young would-' be citizens theoretically /and
also practically by certain tests devised for the purpose and through games.

The Scout or the Guide is always playing the game. They are always
expected to and always do-'follow the rules of the brotherhood when they are
on duty, at their lessons or Young people are uncompromising idealists, and
they want a game which they can play all the time and give their whole mind
to. Scouting provides this complete absorption and it is admittedly beneficent
absorption.

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 Boys and girls appreciate idealism even if they do not always find
expression for it. Lord Baden Powell showed how this idealism could be
turned into action-He provided practical means for developing those qualities
of character that the boys admire in their heroes, ‘men accustomed to live on
their own resources, taking their lives in their hands, brave and loyal to their
employers, chivalrous and helpful to each other, unselfish and reliable—Men,
in fact, of the best type". So he showed the boys how they too could become
self-reliant and how they could, by practice, learn to keep cool-headed and
useful in time of sudden emergency. He pointed out that this requires
training: so first aid, fire-fighting, life saving and other skills must be learnt in
order to BE PREPARED:

A Method in Education.

Scouting is an aid to be used where helpful; it is not an attempt to

supplant the more traditional methods of compulsory schooling; the free
association of boy and man in a voluntary scheme is in itself an important
element in that training of character which B. P. always put first among the
purpose of Scouting-education in high ideals; in self-reliance) in sense of duty,
in fortitude, in self respect and regard for others-in one word) in those
attributes that go to make up character.

Loyalty has little effect on a boy, unless it is coupled with action. B.P.
saw the need of setting before him a reasonable ideal of conduct, and he knew
that if a boy gives his word of honour, he will in nine cases out of ten keep his
promise So as a foundation, B. P. formed the Scout Law and the promise the
boy makes when he is initiated. The words, 'on my honour ' are of first
importance.

The distinctiveness of scouting lies not sp much in its principles as in

its methods meant to develop the individual in both spirit and efficiency to be
an effective player in his national team of citizenship. Acting on the same
principle in (he case of a nation, we can try to develop the right spirit of
efficiency for helping 'the nation to work effectively in the team of nation If
each one of us, and each nation in its turn, plays the game, there will be
greater prosperity and happiness throughout the world-There will be brought
about at last that condition which has so long been looked for-of Peace and
Good-will among men- That was the dream of the founder of the Scout
Movement.

Bharat Scouts And Guides

The Scout Movement came to India in 1909. As it was then open to

Anglo-Indian and European boys only, it was thought necessary to organise a
Scout Movement for the benefit of the Indian boys and girls. Accordingly Dr.
Annie Besant assisted by Dr. G. S. Arundale established ii 1916 the Indian Boy

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Scouts Association in the South, and Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and Pi.
Ifridayanath Kunjru assisted by Pt. Shri Ram Bajpai established in 1917 the
Seva Samithi Scout Association in the North. In the year 1922 the Indian Boy
Scout Association was amalgamated with the Boy Scout Association in India
while the Seva Samithi Scoot Association continued to work as an
independent and separate organisation. In 1938 due to a wave of intense
nationalism a considerable number of: members of the: Boy Scoot Association
left it, They along with the Seva Samithi Scout Association in India and the
newly formed Indian Nation Scout Association formed the Hindustan Scout
Association open to Boys and Girls alike. Both the Hindustan Scout
Association and the Boy Scout Association in India continued to function
separately.

After the attainment of Swaraj in 1947 when all the differences that
existed previously between the different Associations disappeared. The Boy
Scouts Association in India and Hindustan Scout Association merged
themselves on 7th November 1950 under the name of the Bharath Scouts and
Guides.

The Girl Guides Association in India which was all along functioning
as a separate organisation for girls, also joined the Bharat Scouts and Guides
on 15th August 1951.

"The Bharat Scouts and Guides" is thus the only Scout Association in
India recognised "by the Government both at the entre and the state-
functioning both for boys and girls. The Bharat Scouts and Guides is the only
Association in India having International recognition. The Scout section is
registered with the Scout World Bureau and 'the Guide section a full member
of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts.

2. Scout Law, and Promise.

The Scout Law is :
(i) A Scout is Trustworthy.
(ii) A Scout is loyal,
(iii) A Scout is a friend to all and brother to every other Scout.
(iv) A Scout is courteous.
(v) A Scout is a friend to animal and loves nature.
(vi) A Scout is disciplined and helps protect public property
(vii) A Scout is courageous.
(viii) A Scout is thrifty.
(ix) A Scout is pure in thoughts, word and deed.

A Scout is TRUSTWORTHY. A Scout tells the truth. He keeps his

promises. Honesty is part of his code of conduct. People can depend on him.

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 When the Chief says, "A Scout's Honour is to be Trusted,"
he means 'that, unless a boy's honour is to be trusted, the fact of
his wearing Scout uniform and of carrying out Scout practices
will not in itself make him into a Scout.
When the Chief wrote the first Scout Law, he bad a vision
of a world filled with a new race of boys and men who had got
no secret schemes, hidden away, no secret thoughts kept in the
background, no secret sins unknown.
Everything would be open and straight and clear as the
day, for the brotherhood of men would be a brotherhood of
Scouts, and a Scout's Honour is to be Trusted

Your parents and teachers and friends know that as a Scout you tell the
truth and keep your promises. When your mother or father asks you to do
something, they know that you .do it. When your troop has a meeting, your-
leaders know that you will be there. When you have said that you are going
on a patrol hike or to camp, the other fellows know that you will be ready to
go at the time agreed on.

From time to time you may get yourself into trouble— all boys do.
Your baseball may smash a window^ your elbow may knock down a vase,
your big feet may trample a flowerbed. By quickly admitting what you have
done and making good the damage, the incident is forgotten.

It is a great thing to have people trust you. Your reputation for being
trustworthy will be important to you in your future life. It will help you get a
good job. It will help you get credit in stores, loans in banks. It will help you
make the best kind of friends.

A Boy Scout's honour is a precious

thing
On which we place our trust;
If lie promises that he'll do a thing,
It means he surely must;
For a word with a scout is not
easily broken,
And a promise to him is his
honour's "token.
A Scout is LOYAL. A Scout is true to
his family, Scout leaders, friends, school, and
nation.

The way to be loyal to the Country is

by being a Scout.

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 If you are loyal to your Country you want to make her a present, and
you can make her no better present than that of a kind, clean, manly, true Boy
Scout.

No good Scout will ever speak against his employer, because that is
disloyal.

Some chaps manage to raise a laugh amongst their pals by saying

something against their boss or the.

A boy who is disloyal to his employer will probably be disloyal to his

parents, and' a boy who is "disloyal .to his-parents may at any moment
become disloyal, also, to his friends.

You are never loyal1 to anybody by helping them, to go wrong.- If you

really mean to stick to them, you will be trying to enable them to go right. In
this way you will strengthen your own character, at the same time being able
to help a friend.

Loyalty starts within your family. You show this loyalty best by
turning yourself into the kind of boy your parents would like you to be. Make
them realize that you appreciate what they do for you. Speak about your
home in such a way that people-understand that you love it.

A chain is us strong as its weakest link. The success of your patrol and
your troop depends on the loyalty of each boy in it—in the way you stick to
your leaders and pitch in with the team, in the way you act as a Scout.

A Scout is FRIENDLY. A Scout is a friend to all. He is a brother to other

Scouts. He seeks to understand others. He respects those with ideas and
customs other than his own.

Friendship is like a mirror When you greet a person with a smile on

your face and a helping hand, you will receive a smile in return and help
when you need it. The way to have a friend is to be one.

The moment .you join a patrol and a troop, you enter a brotherhood
that spans the world. The boys in it are of different countries and colors and
creeds, but they are brother Scouts tog-ether. They live up to the same Scout
Oath and Law that you are following.

Making a friend is fairly easy if you are friendly yourself. Keeping a

friend is more difficult. You know that each person is an individual with ideas
and ways of his own. To be a real friend you must accept the other person as
he is show interest in him, and respect his differences.

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 The people to be a friend to are the people who most need a friend; and
it is just those people that a Scout may never meet unless he goes out of his
way to do so.

Wherever you may be, either in your family circle at home, or at

school, or at work in an office, or at a foundry, or at a club of men or boys,
you will find, if you keep your eyes open, that there is at least one person,
perhaps more, who feels a bit out of things— what we often call "down."

They may have -tad a piece of bad luck or several turns of bad luck;
they may be unwell; they may have suffered loss, either small or great; or they
may -merely be rather depressed.; and it is into the lives of those very people
at those very times that we want as Scouts to go.

We must look for those 'who want a friend, and let them have a friend
in us.

If a Scout meets any other Scout, even though a stranger to him, he

must speak to him and help him in any way that he can.

It is important always to wear your Scout Badge, and if you change

your coat on Sunday remember to change your Badge also. Then as you go on
your way you will meet another boy wearing the same Badge as yourself, the
Badge of the threefold Scout Promise; and when you catch his eye you will
hold out another Badge of the same Promise—the three fingers of the Scout
Salute.

This boy will give you a Salute in reply, and you will know-that his
Laws are your Laws, and that, although you have never met before, and you
may never meet again, yet you are both in your own lives trying to carry out
the wishes of your Chief.

Before you met him you were thinking how hard it was to keep the
Law at all, and it is easier now, because you have met another Scout who is
trying to do the same.

You give him your left hand in the heartiest of handshakes, because the
idea of it is that you are giving him your
heart; and it is your heart that you want
him to have.

A scout to all is a friend and brother,

Bound by a- sacred tie;
The rich and the poor are linked
with each other

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 By bonds that never die;
The proud and the humble, the high
arid the low

Like comrades in arms together they go.

A Scout is COURTEOUS. A Scout is polite to everyone regardless of

age or position. He knows good manners make it easier for people to get
along together.

A Scout is courteous, that is to say, he is polite. He is polite to

everybody.

Politeness consists not in what you do, but in the way you do it.

From morning to night every day of your life you are doing things and
saying things when you are with other people. All the things you do and all
the words you say are done either in one way or in the other— they are done
either with courtesy or without.

The advantage of living a life of courtesy is not only that it adds

enormously to the happiness of those one meets, but also that it enriches
oneself by making one into a true gentleman.

Every time that we open our mouths we can try to let a kind word pass
instead of an unkind word; to let fall something which will help rather than
something, which will hurt; to be gentle and generous rather, than hard and
cruel.

One of the secrets of courtesy is to be really kind. By "kind" we mean

"considerate," and to think not of oneself, but of the feelings of other people.

It is a good habit when one is going to meet somebody to say:

"Now I will soon be in the company of some other human being. He

will feel afterwards either the better and the happier for having been with me
or else the reverse. It is up to me to see that he is the better and the happier."

And then, when one meets the other person, one will try to find out in
conversation how one can help. The most frequent method of helping is not
so much by doing them the big Good Turn, but by giving them a kindly word
and gentle look which make all the difference.

Not only in words, but also in acts, there are little chances of quiet
courtesy wherever we may go.

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 A Scout will never stare at anybody who is in trouble, and he will
never like to see anybody get into a row. His idea will be to get them out of
rows and help people to overcome their troubles.

He will never laugh at a man who is down, but will try to-help him up
again; and he will never make fun of somebody who has made a mistake, but
will try to help him not to make the same mistake again.

The Chief tells us that a Scout is polite to all, but to certain people
above others.

A Scout is Courteous to women of all ages and of all classes, and

whether good or bad. He is courteous to women because he would expect
other men and other boys to show special courtesy to his own mother or to
his own sister, and he remembers that women are the mothers and the sisters
of the human race.

Women often bear the heaviest burden and trouble of the daily life,
and often, too, they bear their troubles far more quietly and bravely than men
do.

A Scout will never allow a man to say anything insulting or degrading

to a woman, even if she be a total stranger to him.

A Scout is also specially courteous to children. They are weaker than

he is, and they have not had his experience, so that they often want his help.

An unkind word hurts a little child far more than it does a grown-up
person, so a Scout will go out of his way to be gentle in what he says and does
with children.

In the same way, a Scout does al! that he can to help people who are
old. They have done their day's work, and we would like to feel that through
our efforts they are able to pass their last years in happiness and peace. One
day we may be looking for others to do the same for us.

A Scout is specially courteous also to invalids .and cripples. Through

illness or accident they have missed some
of the chances which he himself is
fortunate enough to possess, and he goes
out of his way to make them forget their
loss by giving them the benefit of his own
health and his own kindly cheeriness.

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In manner and talk polite is he
With reverence due, to age;
His behaviour is marked by courtesy
He knows not anger or rage;
For a scout is the knight of the chivalrous times
Whose glorious deeds have been sung in rimes.

A Scout is a Friend to Animals because he is a friend to all, and a good

Scout will certainly try to be a brother to every other animal, quite
independently of their social distinctions.

It is true that some animals are a curious kind of breed, without much
hair on their backs, while others are woolly or fluffy. But the fact that the first
kind are called Scouts, while the second kind are called lambs and kittens,
makes not the least difference to the fact that you and they are friends.

They may be tiny little animals like ants, or they* may be very large
animals like elephants. They may be rather silly animals like mules, or they
may be rather clever animals like Scoutmasters.

The great point about them all, however, is that they have two big
things in common.

The first is that they were all created by the same Father, God. The
second is that they all have a share in the greatest of all possessions, Life.

The nervous Scout was therefore right, for all the animals and human
beings in the world are brothers, and it is their duty to treat one another if
possible with kindness and respect.

The beginning of being kind to animals is to understand them. We can

only understand them if we know something about them.

A Scout will read books about animals, and will take every chance he
gets of learning their habits.

Nobody who is fond of animals would ever want to be cruel to them;

but it is rather a sad thing to think that boys are not always kind to animals by
nature, and unless they are taught kindness they are like to be cruel.

Cruelty often arises from mere foolishness.

Sometimes boys chase a horse round a field or a hen round a yard.

Sometimes they throw stones at a dog or fasten something to the tail of a cat.
They think it fun.

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 But this is the kind of fun that a Scout must not allow for a moment. He
must use whatever power he possesses to stop these things, whether they are
done by his friends or whether they are done by strangers.

Sometimes boys are out looking for birds nests and they take all the
eggs or even pull down the nest. Both these actions are very cruel, and Scouts
will prevent any other boys from indulging in them.

If a Scout collects eggs, he will not take more than one egg from a nest;
but the thing is not to collect eggs at all, but to learn to draw a Stile sketch of
the eggs and of the nest together, or to photograph them.

A good Scout can even do this while the bird is sitting without
disturbing her. This gives first-rate practice in quiet stalking.

Apart from any sketches or photographs, however, a Scout can keep a

notebook in which he enters full particulars giving a description of the nest,
where it "was found, the colour and number of the eggs, and date.

If the nest is in the neighbourhood of a country Scout's home, he will

also make a note by means of observation of the time it takes for the eggs to
hatch; whether the male bird takes a turn in sitting on them as well as the
female,; on what the little birds are fed, and how long they stay in the nest
before they are taught to fly or to run about.

Such a notebook will be of great value and interest. A Scout will try to
be a real friend to animals, both big and small. He will take a pride in the
fact that they are not frightened of him, because they have found out that he
will not hurt them.

A crab, however, is just as much one of God's creatures as a horse or a

dog, and-no Scout will ever give it pain if he can avoid doing so.

There are some cases in which animals and insects have to be killed.
Some animals, such as rabbits or sheep, are part of our food; while others,
such as wasps, flies, rats, and adders, have to be put to death because they are
harmful.

In these cases, however, a Scout will do his

very best to see that the killing of such an animal
or insect is painless.

And not to men alone is he so kind

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 But to creatures all with life;
The pangs of the animal heart remind
Him of human sorrow and strife;
For kindness and affection are usually born
Where the soul has suffered and the heart is torn

Nature Around You

The more hikes and camping trips you take, the more you will come to
appreciate nature around you. The more also you will come to realize that
"nature" is not just one thing, "Nature "is a multitude of things with
tremendous variety.

The nature of a forest is vastly different from the nature of a desert, or a

meadow, or a seashore. The nature you find at the top of a mountain is
different from what you find at the foot. Each of these nature areas is its own
kind of environment: a home for particular plants and animals that live
together and depend for their survival on each other and on the conditions
that surround them. Each environment is a complicated system, an
ecosystem—from the Greek word oikos, meaning a home. The study of
environments, of the relationship between living things and their
surroundings, is called ecology—the study of the home.

It will help you understand what goes on in an environment of nature

if you think of it as being not too different from the man-made environment
in which you live.

In your home environment boys and girls, men and women live
together. Your house shelters you. Nearby stores have the kind of food you
need. Public utilities provide you with light, heat, and water. Your street or
backyard or garden gives you space to move about.

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 It is much the same in an environment of nature.

Plants grow where they grow because they have found living
conditions suitable. They have found the soil and water, light and
temperature to their liking.

Animals live where they live first of all because all animals depend on
plants for their food. Some animals, such as deer, squirrels, and seed-eating
birds live on plant life-directly. Other animals, such as foxes, shrews, hawks,
and owls, live on plant life indirectly: the small animals they feed on are plant
eaters. But in addition to food, animals need plants for other reasons. Trees
and shrubs, weeds and tall grasses give them shelter against the heat and the
sun and inclement weather. They provide them with concealment for resting
and sleeping and raising the
young. They also furnish escape
cover for a quick getaway when
an enemy is about.

FOOD CHAIN. Plants get energy

from the sun. Animals get energy
from food. The mouse eats a root
and gets energy from it. The lox
gets energy from eating the
mouse. Body waste from both
gets into the soil as food for
plants, called nutrients. When
animals die they also return lo the soil.

The Chief says that "even if a Scout gets an order he does not
like, he must do as soldiers and sailors do, he must carry it out all the
same because it is his duty; and after he has done it he can come and
state any reasons against it, but he must carry out the order at once.
That is discipline."

The reason a Scout obeys the orders of his Scout-master is that

if he did not do so his troop would not work. The reason that he
obeys the orders of his Patrol Leader is that his patrol would fail to
work in the same way.

Every piece of work in the world that is successful is carried

out by one fellow being put in command and by others being ready
to carry out his orders. That is the only way to play the game.

Obeying orders is the most important part of the rules. The

thing is to learn the rules of the game as soon as you begin. Then,

17
 later on, you will be made captain, and you will be all the better as a
captain of the team for having played the game properly when you
were a junior. It has been said that you cannot command unless you
know how to obey. The reason is that, unless you have made a
practice of obeying the orders of those who are over you, you will be
no good at giving fair and straightforward orders to those who are
put under you.

A good Scout, however, is not only smart on his legs when he

carries out an order, but he is also smart in other ways.

When he goes up to receive an order, he stands at the Alert

and salutes, and when the order has been given he salutes again.

When a whistle is -sounded for silence, he is silent at once,

and quickly comes to the Alert. He has his ears and eyes open the
whole time to get an order.

Public Properties are owned by the Municipality and the various

Government Institutions. These institution are financed by the tax which, we
pay hence it is the duty of eve; scout to protect and help maintain public
property.

A Scout can face danger even if he is afraid. He has the courage to

stand for what he thinks is right even if others laugh at or threaten him.

From the founding of the Scouting movement in America in 1910. more

than 1.700 Scouts have earned the Honor Medal for Lifesaving. They saved a
life at the risk of heir own. Those boys had a grand chance to prove their
bravery. They came through with flying colors. Your chance may come. You,
too will win out, even if you are afraid, if you have prepared yourself to face
danger and have learned what to do.

But lifesaving is not the only way you can prove your bravery. You can
show it in your everyday life.

It takes bravery to do what is right when others call you a coward or a

chicken for doing it. It often takes real courage to speak the truth and nothing

18
but the truth. It takes backbone to admit a mistake and to apologize for it. It
takes courage to defend a friend when he is under attack by others.

A Scout is thrifty—that is to say, he saves. What does he save?

He saves everything that he can.

It is not often that a Scout has a chance of doing that kind of

saving, but every Scout is called upon to save his money, his health,
and the trouble other people will have to take if he fails to do his
own job:

The Chief tells you that a Scout "saves every penny he can and
puts it into the bank, so that he may have money to keep himself with
when out of work, and thus not make himself a burden to others: or
that he may have money to give away to others when they need it."

The only way of saving properly is to make it a habit.

Scout spirit of thrift—that is to say, the spirit that makes one

desire to be self-supporting in order to be more free to help others in
their time of need.

Pay heed to the lesson taught by the

bee,
For the wintry day how it
saves; Though common is the simile
Unlike are the thrifty braves;
But be not a miser, just be
thrifty,
Where you MUST spend a hundred
don't spend fifty.

That means to say that, however much he wants to say something

dirty, or however much he wants to listen to a dirty story, told by some other
boy, he does not say it and he does not listen to it, just because he is a Scout.

It does not matter in the least what the rest of the world do; it does not
matter if all the boys at the school to which he goes are unclean in their
words, or if all the men in the workshop in which he works are unclean in
their talk, a Seoul is Clean in Word.

19
 It does not matter how much we are laughed at or bullied; how much
other chaps may scoff at us, or tell us that we are milksops—we are going to
stick to our guns through it all.

It is the greatest Law of all because it is the hardest to keep, and it is

because it is the hardest Law to keep that it is so grand to keep it—and we
mean to fight to keep it in our great Movement.

Our Brotherhood is a Brotherhood of Peace Scouts and not War Scouts;

but although we are Peace Scouts, there is one great war which we shall
always have to fight, and that is a war in defence of the honour of the Scout
Law to enable your patrol to win this fight, the best thin? You can do as a
Leader is to get an understanding amongst the boys in your patrol from the
very beginning.

If you are practising rowing, you do not always row downstream

because it is easy, but you row upstream because it is hard. It is by doing
what is difficult that your muscles get strong and that you win the race.

So, never mind if you fall over and over again. Hop up quickly and
bravely, as many Scouts have done before and will do again, and sooner or
later you will win yourself; while, after that, you will be able to help other
chaps to win, which is the greatest joy of all.

THE SCOUT PROMISE OR OATH

THE SCOUT PROMISE

“On my honour, I promise that, I will do my best

To do my duty to God and my country,
To help other people and
To obey the Scout law.”

The promise is the source from which the whole

of Scouting springs. It is the force which gives it Life.
The Promise or its Theme, is honoured by the world wide Scouts- which
enhances the Spirit of World-Brotherhood. The Promise is the Spiritual
expression of the Aim of Scouting and the way it can be achieved. So a boy,
on the day of his INVESTITURE takes this oath and thenceforth becomes a
SCOUT.

20
 It is very important to teach the boys the Scout Promise and Scout
Laws in their own language and explain them the meanings very clearly.
When a boy is invested as a Scout he must utter in presence of his Scout-
master, the Scout Promise in his own language so that he understands
perfectly the promise he is making. The Scout-master is the ONLY MAN to
administer promise to his scout.

On My Honor — The signers of the Declaration of

Independence pledged to each other "our lives, our
fortunes, and our sacred honor." That puts honor in
pretty high company, doesn't it? Honor is hard to
describe. It is of the heart and mind of a person—
something not easily seen. It is called integrity. A
Scout once said that honor was the thing that . made
you act the same when no one was watching as you
did when you knew you were being watched. In
giving the Scout Oath you promise to act according to
your own honor—not that of someone else.

. . . / will do my best . . . Scouting does not expect you to

become the perfect boy. It does expect you to strive toward the
highest goals you can achieve. Not every boy has the ability to
get high marks in school or to become a star athlete. But every
boy has within him the power to do his best. That is what
Scouting asks of you.

. . . To do my duty to God . . . Your parents and religious leaders

teach you to know and love God, and the ways in which you
can serve Him. By following these teachings in your daily life,
you do your duty to God as a Scout.

. . . and my country ... As you look back into our country's

history, you learn about men and women who toiled to make
INDIA great. Many of them gave their lives for it. They built it
into what it is today. It is your duty to carry their work forward
by working for our country's best interests. You can do this by
obeying its laws! You can do this by working to solve some of its
vast challenges.

. . . To help other people ….. There are many people who need
you. Your young shoulders can help them carry their burdens..
A cheery smile and a helpful hand may be all that is necessary.
It will serve to make life easier for someone, old or young, who
needs help. By helping whenever help is needed and by doing a
Good Turn daily, you prove yourself a Scout. In that way you
do your part to make this a happier world

21
 ….. and to obey the Scout Law;.. . The 9 points of the Scout Law
are not only rules for the game of Scouting, they are also rules
that apply to your whole life. The Scout Law sets forth ideals for
ways to, act. In obeying the Scout Law you will find 2 1 yourself
growing into a gentleman and a respected citizen.
3. Scout Motto, Sign, Salute and left hand

3. Scout Motto, Sign, Salute and Left hand Shake

SCOUT MOTTO
The Scout motto is BE PREPARED. The motto of the knights of old was "Be
always ready." A Scout is a modern knight. He is a young man who keeps
himself strong, who learns how to meet problems, who never lets himself be
taken by surprise!

Someone once asked Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, "Be

prepared for what?" "Why," said B-P, "for any old thing." That's just the idea.
The Scout motto means that you are always ready in mind and body to do
your duty and to fact danger, if necessary, to help others.

The more Scoutcraft you know, the better able you are to live up to the
motto.

Someone has an accident. You are prepared to help because of your

first aid training. A child falls into water. You are prepared to save the child
because of the lifesaving practice you have had. A building is burning. You
are prepared to do what needs to be done because you have practiced what to
do.

22
 With proper training, you will be prepared to meet any emergency
because you are sure that you can handle the problem.

But Baden-Powell wasn't thinking just of being prepared for accidents.

His idea was that every Scout should prepare himself to become a useful
citizen and to give happiness to other people. He wanted every Scout to be
prepared to work for all the good things that life has to offer and to face with
a strong heart whatever may be ahead.

BE PREPARED for life—to live happy and to die happy, knowing that
you have done your best. That's the big idea.

SCOUT SIGN
The Scout salute is-a Secret Sign used only by the-'Scouts' all over the
world amongst themselves.

The three fingers of the right, hand make the-shape

of the Scout Badge 'Fleur-de-Lys' and each-of the three
fingers stands for the three parts of the Scout Promise
respectively.

To-make Scout-Salute, stand on alert position and

raise the right hand- palm folded with thumb and small
finger crossed (thumb resting on the nail of the small
finger) and other three fingers smartly grouped and
erected up to touch the temporal (the midway between the
eyebrow and skull) while the elbow, to be raised upto the
level of shoulder. Keep the hand in this position for a
brief period say three seconds— and smartly bring down to the body-side to
complete the 'alert’ position.

To make Scout Sign (used by the boy-recruit

during" the investiture) the palm to be raised up in the
same fashion as done in salute but not to- the temporal
but be kept upright by the side of the body, closed and
compact palm facing front.

A special case comes with Scout Staff" or when

Right Hand is engaged:—When a scout is carrying his
staff in his right hand or engaged otherwise, he will
bring his left arm smartly across the body along the belt-
line in a horizontal position, palm facing down, the

23
fingers showing the Scout Sign and be kept Just along the belt-line for a brief
period.

Each time a 'Scout" salutes it REMINDS the Saluter and the Saluted of
the Scout Promise.

When to Salute : (i) None should wait for to be saluted but 'salute
first' irrespective of superiority and seniority.
(ii) All 'Scout' in uniform should salute each
other only at their first meet during a day and when they
"will part for the day.

(iii) During hoisting of National Flag (including

the flags of other nations) and Scout Flag (including
World Scout Flag).

(iv) Playing of National Anthem.

(v) To All funerals.

While in a Rally or group 'file' none but the leader

of the Rally or 'file' (usually 'Horse Shoe') .should salute
and others should stand 'Alert'. The only exception is
during National Anthem or Flag Honouring, when all
present salute.

When to use Scout Sign : If one unknown scout is

in uniform and the other is not in uniform but -desires 'to
be acquainted with him then the later should first make
the Scout Sign to draw the attention of the other and then only gives the
Salute proper.

During 'Investiture Ceremony' all 'Scouts' (including already invested

ones if any one such present) should stand Alert and put up Scout Sign.

THE LEFT HANDSHAKE

24
 A Scout shakes hands with another Scout with the left hand,
in the Scout Handshake.

There are a number of things in our Movement that depend upon

traditions and the left hand-shake is one of them. Really speaking when we
meet brother Scouts or Sister Guides we are expected to shake hands with the
left. This was not our Founder's invention but has been given to us like many
other things from what he came across in Africa. In 1896 our Founder, as
Colonel Baden-Powell was in Ashanti in Africa, and on entering the town
was met and greeted by an African Chief. B.P. held out his right hand but
the Chief said, "No, you must shake my left hand, because only the bravest
of the brave shake hands with the left." This was a charming
compliment and when B.P. started Scouting & Guiding he handed down this
6nc tradition of bravery to the children. Hence it is now something of our
own and every Scout & Guide meeting another should shake hands with the
left to show that we are all in this great world-wide sisterhood and
brotherhood numbering about ten millions. Of course, in the middle ages, in
England, people used to shake hands with the left as a sign of friendship and
as a sign that they were brothers because the left hand is nearest to the heart.

There was a code of honour which said that an unarmed man who
could not defend himself, was never attacked. So this good Chief of the peace-
loving tribe dropped his arms and walked slowly out ahead of his men and,
after standing alone for a moment, walked towards the enemy, who had
stopped with surprise at this unexpected turn of events and, holding out his
left hand after flinging down his shield and spears, said : "I come unarmed
and I hold out my left hand to you as a sign of friendship and trust. We are
neighbours and should not have in enmity. From now on we wish to live in
peace and we trust you to do the same and to be friends." (From Window on
my Heart: An autobiography of Lady B. P.)

When the Scout Movement was founded" B.-P. who knew that boys
would like secret signs, suggested that we should have this way of shaking
hands, differently the ordinary way, as it denotes trust in one another.

4. Daily Good-turn at home and maintain a diary at

least for a month

25
 Good Turn at Home

A Good Turn is a service one renders to a fellowman without expecting

or accepting any reward or award.

There are different levels of Good Turn:

(a) Individual (b) Patrol (c) Scout Troop

For Pravesh Good Turn at Individual level is to be done.

'Charity begins at home.’ This is a commonly used quotation which implies

that a good turn should be first done at home.

A Scout can help at home in the following ways :-

(a) Give the postman a hot drink

(b) Collect old boots and repair them for the poor
(c) Stamp and post a letter for his parents.
(d) Give an old coat to a poor man.
(e) Frame a photograph for a neighbour.
(f) Carry some washing to the laundry.
(g) Do odd jobs in the house old.

5. Know the parts of scout uniform and how to wear it

correctly.

SCOUT UNIFORM

26
 Scout Uniform : A Scout shall wear uniform as follows :-

(i) Shirt: A steel Grey shirt with two patch pockets and shoulder straps
with half or rolled up sleeves, sleeves may be turned down in cold weather.

(ii) Shorts or trousers : Navy blue shorts or trousers shall be worn.

But at the time of Rashtrapati Scout Testing camp and Rashtrapati Award
Rally-Trousers are compulsory. Trousers neither be loose fitting nor tight
fitting and shall hav to side pockets and one back pocket.

(iii) Head-dress : Dark blue beret cap with the official cap badge
supplied by the National Association. A sikh may wear a blue turban with the
official cap badge. Head Dress is compulsory during ceremonies.

(iv) Belt : Grey Nylex belt with the official buckle of the Bharat Scouts
& Guides supplied by the National Association.

(v) Scarf : A triangular scarf of the Group colour other, than yellow,
green and purple approved by the Local or District Association worn round
the neck over the collar and shoulder straps with group woggle other than
Gilwell Woggle. Each of the two sides shall be not less than 70 cms and not
more than 80 cms in length.

(vi) ) Shoulder Badge : A shoulder badge of 8 cms length and 1 ½ cms

in width with white background and the name of the Group in red letters
shall be worn ca the right shoulder below the seam;

(vii) Shoulder Stripes : Two shoulder stripes, indicative of the name

of the Patrol each 5 cms long and 1 ½ cms wide stitched horizontally, each 2
cms apart at the top of the left sleeve immediately below the seam.

(viii) Membership Badge: A cloth Badge with green background and

the Fleur-de-lis in yellow superimposed by the Trefoil with Ashoka Chakra in
the centre; worn on the middle -of the left pocket or at the same place _ on
jersey.
( ix ) Socks and Stockings : Black socks or stockings may be worn,
stockings must be rolled down below the knees with the green garter
tabs 1.5cm visible outside stockings will be worn in the winter seasons
only.
(x) World Scout Badge : World Scout Badge should be worn in the
center of the pleat of the right pocket of the short.
(xi) Footwear : “Black Shoes (leather or canvas) with laces may be
worn

27
 (xii) Over Coat, Blazer or Jacket : A navy blue overcoat or navy
blazer or navy blue wind cheater may be worn in the winter
season only.
(xiii) Metal Badge : In mufti, a metal badge of the Bharat Scouts and
Guides may be worn.
(xiv) Lanyard : Grey lanyard worn around the neck with a whistle
tucked in the left pocket of the shirt. Knotting rope of 3mtrs. of
standard size shall be worn in the uniform.
(xv) A Haversack or Rucksack may be carried during out door
activities.
(xvi) The name of the strip containing “the Bharat Scouts & Guides”
supplied by the National Headquarters may be worn just above
the right pocket of the shirt. The size of the stripes should be
8cm x 2cm, the right corner of which should be tri color of the
National Flag of the size 2cm x 3cm and rest for the Title of ‘The
Bharat Scouts & Guides.’
(xvii) Working casual wear : Working uniform or field activity
uniform as optional items with the deep blue jeans/
trousers/shorts with plain sky blue color T-Shirt with collar,
having a pocket super imposed with scout emblem and dark
blue ‘P’ cap with BS&G Emblem at the center may be worn
during the field activity along with comfortable shoes.
For optional scout uniform refer to page no. 189

6. Know the composition and significance of the

National Flag, Bharat Scouts & Guides Flag and World
Scout Flag.

THE NATIONAL FLAG

The National Flag is tricolour and

rectangular piece made up of three
rectangular bands of equal width, the
colour of the top band is safforn (Keshri)
,and of the bottom band is dark green:
the middle band is white having in the
centre the design of the Ashoka Chakra
in Navy Blue.

The Chakra shall be screen-printed or otherwise printed on both side

of the flag or stencilled or suitably embroidered on both sides in all cases,
and will cover the whole breadth of white band.

28
 Saffron colour denotes renunciation and sacrifice. The white in the
centre denotes purity, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green
shows prosperity. Ashoka Chakra in the centre of the white is wheel of the
law of Dharma, It denotes progress. There is death in stagnation. There is
life in movement. The size of the flag is 3:2.

HOW TO FOLD, HOIST AND BREAK

THE FLAG :

TO FOLD: Two guides are needed to do this. One guide will hold the flag
at each end and fold it in half lengthwise, as in the diagram. The .toggle is on
the top left hand or hoist end, and there is usually a loop at the bottom end of
the rope on the same side of the flag. The opposite end of the flag is spoken
of as the 'fly' end. Now fold lengthwise again as in the diagram. Remember
that the Guide at the hoist end of the flag should hold on that. Fold the flag
inwards on to itself and if the flag 'Is a large one, it may be necessary to do
this twice, then roll it up as tightly as possible from the doubled end. Twist
the rope once or more as required, round the rolled flag and push a loop of it
under the turns as shown in the diagram. The flag is now ready for hoisting.

TO HOIST : The flagstaff has rope attached to it which slides on a pulley, or

through a hole made on the top of the start This rope is called the halyard..
The cleat on which the loose ends of the halyard are wound is usually a piece
of wood or a clamp attached to the flagstaff, about four feet from the bottom.

Attach the end of the right hand halyard to the toggle, with a clove
hitch, slipped completely over the toggle, and attach the left band end of the
halyard to the loop at the end of the rope fixed to the flag, with a sheet Bend.
Now pull carefully on the halyard above the sheet Bend until toggle reached
the top of the pole. Hold both ends of the Halyard firmly and wind the rope,
on which you have been pulling, round the cleat until all the slackened rope is
wound up. Finish it off with a half hitch, taking care not to pull on the
halyard which is attached to the loop. The flag is now ready for breaking.

TO BREAK: Undo the half hitch, with your right hand raised as far as it will
go, give a sharp pull on the right hand halyard - which should be hanging
slightly, slack. The flag will then break and, if there is wind, will fly out.

29
 HOW TO BREAK AND FLY FLAG

THE BHARAT SCOUTS & GUIDES FLAG

The Bharats Scouts & Guides Flag shall be in

dark blue colour; the emblem in yellow colour shall
be in the centre of the flag with Ashoka Chakra in
blue colour. the size of the flag shall be 180 cms in
length and 120 cms in width, the emblem will be 45
cms X 30cms. The size of the Group Flag which is
the same as above shall be 120 cms. with

30
proportionate emblem. The name of the group shall be written in yellow
colour, below the emblem in straight line. The Fleur-de-lis the later national
emblem of Scouting and Ashoka Chakra is meant to emphasize Movement
the all-India character of the Movement.

The National Flag shall be used only on such occasions and in such
manner as is in accordance with the rules made by the Government.

The world Scout Flag may be used on appropriate occasion and when
used it shall fly at a lower level than National Flag at its left and at a higher
level than the Bharat Scouts & Guides. Flag as its right, When the National
Flag and the Bharat Scouts '&, Guides flags are1 flown simultaneously, the
Bharat Scouts & Guides Flag shall fly at lower level than the National Flag as
its left' When the Group Flag is flown it shall be flown separately by the
Group.

The flag must be treated with reverence at all times. The flag pole shall
be sloped over the right shoulder and the flag gathered in. In march past it
shall beheld vertically and the flag must fly freely or the flyend must be held
with the right hand.

The Bharat Scouts & Guides Flag must be dipped to the President of
the Indian Republic; it shall not be dipped when the National Anthem is
played except when the President of the Indian Republic is present. The
Bharat Scouts & Guides Flag may be dipped to the President or the National
Commissioner of the Bharat Scouts & Guides.

1. Flag Carrying: The strap is worn .on the right 'shoulder. The right
hand palm, facing front, holds the flag staff at a convenient place, above the
left band. The palm of the left hand faces the body. The fly end of the flag
should be held with the right hand when it should not fly free.

2. On the shoulder. The flag staff is sloped over the right shoulder and
the flag gathered in.

THE WORLD SCOUTS FLAG

The World Scout Flag consists of the

World Scout Badge in white encircled by a
white chord the ends of which are tied with a
Reef-Knot, set on purple background ; the size
of the flag will be in the ratio .of-3:2. Purple is
the Inter-national colour of Scouting. The Knot
is the symbol of the Scout Brotherhood.

31
 METHOD OF FLYING THE FLAG

1. Full Mast. For the "breaking of the flag" prepare the flag folded and
drawn together on the top of the mast. Get flag to fly by quick jerk on the
rope.

N.B. :—The flag is dehoisted quickly.

2. Half Mast. First raise the flag up to the mast head. Then lower it to
half mast. When lowering the flag, first raise it to the top and then lower it
quickly.

3. Procedure for flying the flag :

The troop is made to stand in the horse-shoe formation facing the Flag
in the following diagram :

- Other Scouter
Flag - ASM
- ASM
Patrols - Patrols

The ASM takes charge of the rally. He takes his position one step
behind the staff and with flag staff to his right.

As soon as the rally is formed he orders.

DAL/TROOP/DAL—SAVDHAN

Troop — ATTEN—TION (SHUN)

He will then turn about and salute the S.M., pause for a moment for
return of Salute and then proceed to take his position in line with other
Scouters who will stand in a line three steps behind the flag staff.

The SM will then proceed to the place which was occupied by the Asst.
Scoutmaster who formed the rally after occupying this place he will take
charge of the Rally and order as follows :

Troop/Dal - VISH-RAM
Troop/Dal - Stand-at-Ease

32
 The Flag procedure will then follow :
L : Troop DAL/SAV DHAN
Troop ATTEN-TION (SHUN)
L : Prarthana SHURU-Prayer, BEGIN
All will sing 'DAYA KAR DAN'
Troop : Stand-at-EASE

Thought for the day is then read out if desired

L : Troop/Dal—SAV-DHAN

Troop — ATTEN-TION (SHUN)

L : DWAJ Leader

L : DWAJ Leader Chal do/Dwaj Dal Chal do

Duty Leader, to the Flag Colour party to the Flag K: At this the Duty
Patrol Leader whose duty is to break the'flag, will,proceed to the flag and halt
at a distance 6f two steps from the flag staff, pause for. A moment, and the
Scout who has to break the Flag will take one step forward and hold the
halyard as high as possible and wait for the command of the Scouter.

L: Troop/Dal/Company—SALUTE

All will salute, the Scout holding the halyard will pull it down in order
to break the flag and quickly tie the halyard to the cleat, take a step back and
salute the flag.

L: Troop/Dal —JAISE THE.

Troop —AS YOU WERE.

L: JHANDA GEET SHURU/Flag song BEGIN

Flag song— One Para will now be sung. After this the scout who
unfurled the flag will move back to his place.

L: Troop/Dal—VISH-RAM. AARAM SE

Troop/Company—Stand at EASE. Stand Easy.

33
 Inspection reports announcements etc. will then follow, or other
programme will be carried out.

After this work is over—

L: Troop/Dal — SAV-DHAN
Troop ATTEN-TION (SHUN)
Troop/Dal — SWAS-THAN
Fall-OUT or Break OFF.
Troop/Dal ——

All will turn to right and break the line

Troop/Dal — VISHRAAM
Troop/ —Dis-MISS

All will turn to right salute and break the line.

If the order is By Patrols Swasthan/Fall out or Visharjan Dismiss, then

'the Patrol Leaders take a step forward, salute and take charge of their patrols.

N.B. 1 The Flag is hoisted from sunrise till sunset, unless the
Government orders a 24 hrs. hoist.

2 Flags should never touch the ground.

7. Learn and practice Prayer and Flag songs.

SCOUT PRAYER

Daya Kar Dan Bhakti Ka Hamen Aapas Me Miljulkar

Hamen Paramatma Dena, Prabhu rehna Sikha Dena,
Daya Karna Hamari Atma Hamara Karam Ho Seva
Mein Shudhata Dena, Hamara Dharam Ho Seva,
Hamare Dhyan Men Aoo Sada Iman Ho Seva Ho
Prabhu Ankon Men Bas Jao, Sevakchar Bana Dena,
Andhere Dil Men Aakar Ke Vatan Ke Vaste Jeena
Param Jyothi Jaga Dena Vatan Ke Vaste Marna,
Bahado Prem Ki Ganga Dilon Vatan Par Jan Fida Karna
Mein Prem Ka Sagar Prabhu Hamko Sikha Dena.
ENGLISH

34
 izkFkZuk
n;k dj nku Hkfädk gesa ijekRek nsuk
n;k djuk gekjh vkRekesa ‘kq)rk nsuk A

gekjs /;ku esa vkvks izHkq vk¡[kksa esa cl tkvks

va/ksjs fnyesa vkdjds ije T;ksfr txk nsuk A

cgk nks izes dh xaxk fnyksea sa izes dk lkxj

gesa vkil esa feytqydj izHkq jguk fl[kk nsukA

gekjk deZ gks lsok gekjk /keZ gks lsok

lnk bZeku gks lsok o lsodpj cuk nsuk A

oruds okLrs thuk oruds okLrs ejuk

oruij tk¡ fQnk djuk izHkq gedks fl[kk nsukA

HINDI

FLAG SONG

Bharath Scout Guide Jhanda Savdhan chowbison Ghante

Uncha Sada rahega, Ham men hai bal bharte

Uncha Sada rahega Jhanda Tatpat rahen sade seve men

Uncha Sada rahega Jiwan saphal banega

Neel rang gagan as Vistrit Uncha sada rahega Jhanda

Bharata Bhave phelate, Uncha Sada rahega

Tridol Kamal nit tin Parhit raksha men ham Jeevan,

Pratagnaon ki yad dilate. Hans hans deden Apna

Aur chakra kehta Hei Is Jhanda par mar mitne ka hai

35
 Pratipal auge kadam baregal Sukhdai sapna

Uncha Sada rahega Jhanda Seva ka path darshak Jhanda

Uncha Sada rahega. Ghar ghar me pahrega

Yeh chowbison arey Chakra Uncha Sada rahega Jhanda

Ke hamse pratipal kehte Uncha Sada rahega
ENGLISH
>aMkxhr
Mkxhr
Hkkjr LdkÅV xkbZM >aMk Å¡pk lnk jgsxk
Å¡pk lnk jgsxk >aMk Å¡pk lnk jgsxk AA /k`z0 AA

uhyk jax xxulk foLr`r Hkzkr`Hkko QSykrk

f=ny dey fur rhu izfrKkvksd a h ;kn fnykrk
vkSj pØ dgrk gS izfr iy vkxs dne c<sxk
Å¡pk lnk jgsxk >aMk Å¡pk lnk jgsxk AA 1 AA

;s pkSohlksa vjs pØds gels izfr iy dgrs

lko/kku pkSchlksa ?k.Vs geesa gSa cy Hkjrs
rRij lnk jgsa lsokesa thou lQy cusxk
Å¡pk lnk jgsxk >aMk Å¡pk lnk jgsxk AA2AA

ijfgr j{kkesa ge thou bl gl ns nsa viuk

ge >aMs ij ej feVus dk gS lq[knk;h liuk
lsok dk iFkn’kZd >aMk ?kj ?kj esa Qgjsxk
Å¡pk lnk jgsxk >aMk Å¡pk lnk jgsxk AA3AA

---------------------------x----------------------------x--------------------------x------------------

He then makes the Scout Promise to the

Scoutmaster and is invested as a Scout.

He is eligible to wear the scout uniform

and the membership badge. The

36
 Membership Badge is a cloth badge
with green background and Fleur-de-lis
in yellow superimposed by the Trefoil
with Ashoka Chakra also in yellow. The
badge is worn on the middle of left
pocket of the shirt or at same place on
jersey. The membership badge shall be
issued, by the Local or the District
Association as the case may be, on the
recommendation of the Scoutmaster.

A Pravesh Scout is eligible to become a Pratham Sopan Scout.

A Pravesh scout will work atleast for six months to qualify for
Pratham Sopan.

Tests for Pratham Sopan Badge

1. Learn about your Patrol,—its Flag. Yell or song and corner.
2. Know the general rules of health, practise regularly B.P's six exercises
or Six Asanas.
3. Learn and practice Hand signals and Whistle Signals.
4. Learn woodcraft signs and follow a trail.
5. Whip the ends of a rope.
6. Tie and show the uses of reef knot, sheet bend, clove hitch,
sheepshank, bowline and fisherman's knot.
7. Participate in a Troop wide game.
8. Know about physical or cultural or Historical aspect of your
Block/Municipality/Taluk.
9. Know the contents of a First aid box and be able to render First aid for
cuts, scratches, burns, scalds, bleeding from the nose, stings and
sprains.
10. Participate in two patrol outdoor meetings or a patrol day-hike.
11. Make a gadget or a handicraft useful at home.
12. Adopt for the purpose of keeping clean a park or a water point, or a
bus-stop, or any other public spot or a building.
Or
Observe for atleast a month the breeding place of mosquitoes and flies
and look to its cleanliness.
13. Participate in two of the following activities one from each section :

37
 (a) (i) Look after the health habits of not less that two younger
children in your neighbourhood for a week.
(ii) Undertake a nature study project in consultation with
your Patrol Leader.
(b) (i) Discuss with your Scoutmaster about you understanding
of the Scout Law & Promise
(ii) Understand from suitable sources the main services
offered by village Panchayat Samity, Block Development
Office/Municipal Office.
PRATHAM SOPAM
1. Learn about your Patrol—its Flag.
Yell or song and corner.

The Patrol Flag

You can't very well imagine a real Scout Patrol without a flag of its
own—one that follows the gang wherever it goes.

If you have taken over an old Patrol, you're -fairly certain to have a flag
already. Take good care of it Many of the traditions of the Patrol are tied in
with the flag!

If you're a new Patrol, get busy and get yourself a flag.

To start with, you may decide to buy one of the flags that are available
through the National Supply Service—the printed or the embroidered one.
But, eventually, you'll want to make your own. Then it is completely up to
your gang to design exactly the kind of flag you want.

To get your design, try an "art contest" in the Patrol. Divide the gang
into buddies, and challenge each buddy team to produce-a rough sketch.
Place the sketches on exhibit for everyone to see and vote for the best.

Then set out to get it made in whatever material you like. It pays to use
a material that is strong and tough, of a color that will stand rain and sun
without fading. Green is good. So is light khaki.

Making the Patrol flag should be a Patrol job, not a one-man affair. Get
one boy to make the final design, another to secure the material and transfer
the design to it, still another to do the painting. One boy cuts the staff in the
woods, someone else carves it, and one more boy gets hold of "streamers to
hang from its top.

38
 When you have the flag ready, remember that it does not become a real
Patrol flag unless it follows the Patrol wherever it goes. The dates and place
names on the staff are put there not only to show where the Patrol has been,
but also so that the flag cans say, "I was there, too, by golly!" Before you know
it, the boys will instinctively feel that something is wrong when their emblem
isn't with them.

As the flag begins to stand for the traditions of the Patrol, there are a
number of things you can do to it:

If a boy distinguished himself in some way, his initials may be painted

on the flag. If a majority of the fellows earn a certain Merit Badge, that Badge
can go on the flag. Ribbons of many different colors tell of important hikes
and camps the Patrols have been on.

39
 Patrol members who reach First Class, rank: have the privilege of
carving their names on the staff.

There's no end to the ideas you can work out. There, is only one rule:
Whatever you put on your flag or flag staff must have a definite meaning to
the whole Patrol.

40
Patrol Signature

The use of your Patrol signature is another thing, that will give your
boys a feeling of belonging in a good Patrol and will help to make the Patrol
Spirit grow. This signature is simply the Patrol emblem drawn in a few simple
lines.

Look for ideas in the small sketches above. Maybe your own Patrol
emblem is among them. If not, they will at least give you suggestions for
working out your own.

Put the Patrol emblem on all your Patrol equipment.

Get your boys to put it on their own personal equipment and to draw the
emblem next to their names when they sign letters and messages.

PATROL CALL

Every Scout Patrol has its own distinctive Patrol call.

If your Patrol has picked the name of an animal or bird, your call,
naturally, is the call or cry of that animal or bird.

If you have picked some other kind of a name, you'll need- to choose
an animal or bird call to go with it. Indians usually had such tribal calls, and
many explorers use them.

41
 The Patrol call is given by the Patrol Leader to get the gang together.
Besides, it is used by a member of the Patrol to let the others know where he
is without telling the rest of the world.

If you're a member of the Owl Patrol, for example, you'll make the hoot
of the owl in such a lifelike manner that the ordinary person will think it
comes from a real owl—while your boys, on the other hand, will recognize
the hoot as the Patrol call and will know where to look for you.

Get someone who is good al imitating animal and bird calls to teach
the call to your whole Patrol—whether the grunt of a bear, the clap of a
beaver's tail, the bellow of a bison, the scream of eagle or hawk, the bark of a
fox, the caw- of a raven, or whatever it is.

As soon as a new boy joins the Patrol, get him to learn the call as
quickly as possible.

It is a rule in Scouting that a Scout makes his own call only and never
uses the call of another Patrol for any purpose whatever.

PATROL YELL AND SONG

Did you ever attend a college football game?.-If you did, you'll
remember the way the college boys cheered their" teams with thundering
yells. Did you see what, effect that cheering had on the players? It made them
want to do their best for their Alma Mater.

The same kind of cheering works in a Patrol. A good yell puts pep into
the gang and builds team spirit. So make up your own and practice it until the
fellows put everything they've got into it. You will find suggestions— for
yells in Chapter Ten.

A Patrol song is another great boost for Patrol Spirit.

Some day you're sure to hit on a tune the whole Patrol likes to sing.
Make it your Patrol song and make up special words to fit the Patrol. There
may be a fellow .in the gang smart enough to write the words. If, not, get hold
of someone who can. One of your teachers, a newspaperman or a local author
may be willing to do it for you. Don't be afraid to ask them. In all probability
they'll be glad to help if you approach them in the right way.

42
 Then, when you have the song, teach your boys to sing it and use it
whenever the occasion offers itself.

PATFIOL NAMES AND SIGNS

Each Troop is named after the place

to which it belongs. Each Patrol in
the Troop is named after an animal
or bird. It is a good plan to choose
only animals and birds found in your
district. Thus the 33rd London Troop
may have five Patrols which are
respectively the Wolves, the Ravens,
the Curlews, the Bulls, the Owls.
Each Patrol Leader has a small flag
on his staff with his Patrol animal
shown on it on both sides.

Each Scout in a Patrol has his regular number. The Patrol Leader is No.
1, the Second No." 2. The other Scouts have the consecutive numbers after
these. Scouts usually work in pairs as comrades, Nos. 3 and 4 together, Nos. 5
and 6 together, and Nos. 7 and 8.

Here are the signs and calls of the Patrols we used at the first Scout
camp at Brownsea, of course there are many more you can choose from.

PATROL CORNERS

It is a fact that nearly half the Troops, or rather Groups, in this country
are sponsored in some way or other, and that the greater majority of these
have to make do with the type of occasional meeting place such as the one I
have just mentioned. It may, therefore, be a good idea to kick off at this point-
and explore the possibilities of creating a Scouting atmosphere in even the
most austere surroundings.

43
 It is obvious that unless you are extremely lucky you will not be
allowed to rig up anything of a permanent nature in a Church hall. Nor is it
desirable that you should for you wouldn't want other people interfering with
or prying into matters strictly the concern of your Patrol. Moreover, what you
and your blokes think is a thing of beauty might well offend the eyes of the
uninitiated.

The answer here is to have Corners of a portable nature, either to stand

on the floor or hang on the wall, which can be removed and stored away
when your meetings are over. To facilitate packing into a small space it would
be a good plan for each of the portable units to be of a standard size and
shape. But here the uniformity should end. Each Patrol should be allowed to
develop its Corner to the likes and desires of its own members.

Now these portable Corners can be as elaborate or as simple as your

funds and your talents allow but two rather important points should be borne
in mind: (a) they should be of sturdy construction, and (6) avoid anything in
the way of projecting pieces which might easily break off when carried from
place to place.

The illustrations on pages 12 and 14 show two forms of portable

Corners that can be made quite simply and at little cost. The wooden
framework in each case may be filled in with three-ply or stout cardboard, but
I have found the former to be rather expensive and the latter insufficiently

44
 strong. By far the best material for the purpose
is what is known as hardboard. It is really
tough and will stand up to hard knocks but is
easy enough to cut and has a good polished
surface on one side with a textured surface on
the reverse with which to obtain some
interesting effects. As prices go nowadays
hardboard is not expensive and it is easier than
plywood to come by in large sheets. You would
be ill-advised to go in for a softer composition
board such as is used- for insulation. It is much
too pliable for the purpose of portable screens
although it can be very useful for notice boards.

There is no reason why even the barest of church halls or school rooms
cannot be transformed into interesting meeting places with, the aid of well
constructed portable Corners. In a matter of a couple of minutes the whole
place can be made to take on a -Scouting atmosphere where even the smell of
disinfectant left over from the afternoon's " Children's Welfare Centre " can be
rendered less apparent.

Permanent Corners

If you belong to a Troop with its own headquarters there is absolutely

no reason why each Patrol should not have its own permanently established
Corner. And it doesn't follow that a Corner must be in a corner. Of course, if
there are only four Patrols to be catered for and the exits are along the sides of
the hall then by all means use the four angles already provided. One of the
commonest types of Patrol Corner to be found in a Troop Room with limited
space is that illustrated below. The advantage of the curtained type is
obvious. When not actually occupied, the curtains can be pushed to one side
thus allowing the maximum floor space for games parades, etc. One of the
disadvantages is that the drapery collects a deuce of a lot of dust. If {he Troop
is flush with funds then folding screens in place of curtains would be much
better.

But it may be that you have six or more

Patrols. What then? Two answers are given on
pages 17 and 18. If the Troop Room is fairly
large and can afford to give up the floor space
then the shallow cubicle idea is a good one. If,
on the other hand, space is limited, then the
folding units arc more advantageous. All the
more so if the Group Committee finds it
necessary to let the hall to outside bodies to help

45
pay for the upkeep of the place. Closed up flat against the wall when, not in
use will prevent, other people from prying into your Patrol affairs. It will also
serve to keep, your charts, photos and knick-knacks free from dust and from
becoming dog-eared. It will only take a matter of a few seconds to transform
the hall into a really grand Troop Room.

As with portable Corners I would

stress the importance of using sturdy
materials in the construction of
permanent Corners. If it is to be curtained
type don't for goodness sake use thin
fabrics. You can't do better than invest in
good stout hessian (if you can get it) and
it can be dyed in quite attractive shades.
With the aid of home-made stencils cut
from tin or cardboard you can add
woodcraft and other designs either as an
all-over pattern or as a frieze.
If you decide on the cubicle idea then the
partitioning must be really stout to
withstand the knocks and bargings they
are bound to receive. So long as the
framework is constructed in stout woodwork and well anchored top and
bottom, the covering can be of a fairly light but strong material. Again, I
would advocate hardboard for the purpose.

Folding units should also be strongly constructed although here- the

framework need not be made from such heavy material as that used for
partitions. Strong hinges are, of course, very important. Nothing would look
worse than a series of open flaps hanging drunkenly around the walls of your
place.

Whatever form of Corner you adopt, it will be cheaper in the long run
to spend a little more on good material at the outset than to pay out for
replacements later on.

46
2. Know the general rules of health, practise regularly B.P's six exercises or
Six Asanas.

GENERAL RULES OF HEALTH

(i) Sun light and Fresh Air, (ii) Cleanliness, (iii) Exercise, (iv) Rest, (v) Food,
and (vi) Clothing.

The girl who has a good health is indeed fortunate and is an asset not
only to herself but to the family; to the community ,and to the nation she
belongs. Unless you know how to preserve it and to maintain it by following
the essential health rules you may be deprived of it. The above health rules, if
you pick up right habits from your childhood are automatically observed.

(i) Sunlight : Sun-light is very essential-for health and the growth of

physic. Ultra Violet rays in the sun light play very important part. Sun light
makes one feel fresh and energetic.

Fresh Air: It is-'essential to breathe fresh air. Good health depends

upon good blood and to keep the blood wholesome it must be purified by the
oxygen which is contained in fresh air and which we take into our lungs as
we breathe. As we breathe out we given Off from the blood, known as carbon
dioxide. The supply of fresh air and oxygen should be constantly renewed.

(ii) Cleanliness : This is very important It covers not only personal

cleanliness of body and mind but includes the surroundings also.

Cleanliness of body : Have a bath every day or if not possible rub

down daily with a piece of cloth, soap and watery. This is necessary to keep
the pores of the skin open and in good working order. Ears and finger nails
must be Cleaned. Hair should be well combed and washed regularly. Teeth
must be brushed in the morning and at night before you retire. It is a good
habit to gargle with tepid hot water and a pinch of salt regularly before you
go to bed. It protects you from contacting any infection from dust or
neighbourhood. In order to keep the inside body clean and healthy, drink
plenty of water every day.

Cleanliness of Surroundings : The house must be free from all dust

and dirt as germs thrive in dusty corners. Let in as much light and sunshine
and fresh air as possible. All refuse should be collected in one place and be
deposited in a close bin to collect them by the Municipality. Or if you happen
to live in a place where there is no such system, then you should collect and
throw it in a pit dug at a convenient place and bum them away. Do not let
any water be collected in open drains or pits. All such places where refuse is

47
collected and water in open drain and pits are breeding ground for flies,
mosquitoes and other germ carrying insects and its hazard to the health of the
locality. If there are such places, sprinkle kerosine oil or D.D.T. which will kill
these germs.

Cleanliness of Mind:
No body could be healthy without a clean and healthy mihd. Fill your
mind with the stories of great men and women by reading good books,
looking at good pictures and enjoying good .plays. Never speak ill of others
and try to understand others point of view before criticising them.

"THINKING IS ALSO DIVINE SERVICE."

(iii) Exercise: - One of the ways to keep fit is keeping up the habit of
taking exercise regularly. In order to guard against the creeping danger to our
health regular physical exercise is a must. While taking exercise, a certain plan
must be followed so as to bring about systematic circulation of blood in all
our muscles. You should do some balancing exercises for control of the body.
Exercise should, never be taken in a closed room; they should be done in the
open air or at least in a room with the windows open. Regular swimming
habit is also a very good exercise.

(iv) Rest: It is impossible to keep healthy; unless the body and, mind
rest, and sleep. The body must have reasonable leisure which ix gets while we
are resting and sleeping.

"Early to bed and early to rise,

Makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

(v) Food: Food eaten by us is converted by our body into heat and
energy, which keep us alive and gives us strength to work. We should eat
food which supplies our body with the correct ingredients for sustaining our
system. These are : (a) Proteins; (b) Carbohydrates; (c) Fats; (d) Minerals; (e)
Vitamins.

(a) Proteins: It is the chief agent as body builder and body repairer.
Body could be supplied with necessary proteins by eating animal food such as
milk, cheese, meat, .fish' and eggs; Vegetable food, such as dal, nuts, green
vegetables, The outer coats of rice and wheat also supply proteins to the body.

(b) Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates in the food provide you with

sustained energy which could be had in abundance in rice, wheat-flour,

48
maize, potatoes, sugar, peas, beans carrots etc. Too much of carbohydrates in
food may give rise to flatulence.

(c) Fat: Fat is necessary in the system for building up reserves for heat
and energy. Items of food such as butter, ghee, oil, cream contain high
proportions of fat. One should be careful about the proportion, of fat intake.

(d) Minerals : Bones and teeth are partly made of calcium. We also
need minerals for .blood. Milk and green vegetables supply us with necessary
minerals for our food.

(e) Vitamins - Vitamins are one of the important ingredients which we

need for our health and growth. They, could be supplied to the body system
by eating fresh fruits such as tomatoes, lemony oranges etc. Besides, fish,
curd, buttermilk and vegetables such as onions, carrots, turnips etc. contain
substantial quantities of vitamins.

Over-ripe or under ripe or exposed cut fruits-should be avoided.

(vi) Clothing : Clothes should be always light and appropriate. It

should not be tight-fitted. Wash your clothes regularly.

49
B.P.'s SIX EXERCISE :

1. The Head: Rub the head and face, firmly over several times with the
palms and fingers of both hands. Thumb the muscles the neck and throat.

2. The Chest :

Repeat 12 times A B C

A. Breathe out.

B. Breathe in

C. Breathe out completely.

3. The Stomach : A Breathe in when pointing to the left. Body

twisting.

B. Breathe out when pointing to the right. Repeat six times, change
the breathing to the other side and repeat six times.

50
 4. The Trunk : “The Cone”. Start the circular movement by leaning
backward and breathe in. Breathe out when leaning forward. After
completing the circle, start in the opposite direction. Repeat six times both
ways.

5. The Lower Body : Breathe out, when leaning forwards. Repeat 12

times.

6. The Legs and the toes : Repeat the exercise 12 times. Your toes and
feet will be strengthened if you do these exercise, barefooted.

51
3. Learn and practice Hand signals and Whistle signals :

WHISTLE SIGNALS:

When a Scoutmaster wants to call the troop together he whistles “ The Scouts
Call” or uses a special Troop call.
Patrol leader’s there-upon call together their patrol by giving their Patrol Call.
Then they make their patrol on the double to the Scoutmaster.
Here are some whistle signals for scout field games;
1. One long blast means “Silence,” ”Alert,” ”Lookout for my next signal.”
2. A succession if long, slow blasts means “Go out,” “Get further
away,”or “Advance,” “Scatter.”
3. A succession of long, sharp blasts means “Rally,” “Close in,” “Come
together,” “Fall in.”
4. A succession of long and short blasts alternately means “Alarm,”
“Look out,” “Be ready,” “Man your alarm posts.”
5. Three short blasts followed by one long one from Scoutmaster calls up
the patrol leader - i.e. “leaders come in here.”
6. Two short blasts followed by one long one from Scoutmaster calls up
the duty patrol leader.

Whistle Signals; It can be used when the scouts are within the hearing
distance. Whistle signals have two kinds of call long blast and short blast.

Long blast :

Short blast : .
SIGNALS MEANINGS
Silence, Caution for next commands.
Scatter, Advance, Go away

. . . Alarm, Look out, Be ready

...... Come together, fall in, Come Come.
.. D.P.L
... P.L. Fall in

52
 4. Learn woodcraft signs and follow a trail.

There will be occasions on 'hikes and camping trips where part of the
patrol is sent aha ad1 to investigate a certain area or to find a good campsite.
That's when you need to know how to make and read trail signs.

SCOUT TRAIL SIGNS. Scout trail signs are scratched in the ground
with the point of a stick. Or you can shape them from pebbles or twigs. A
small arrow means 'This is the trail. An X is a warning placed where trails
may cross, "This isn’t the trail-don't go this way." A square with a number in
it and with an arrow means "I've hidden a message in this direction, as many
paces away as the number says." A circle with a dot in the middle tells you
“This is the end of a trail, or I have gone home."

WOODCRAFT SIGNS / TRAIL SIGNS

When you follow a trail of trail signs, use your eyes and take it easy. Be
sure that each sign is actually a sign and not one you are just imagining. If
you think you have missed a sign, go back to the spot where you wiped out or
undid the last one and start off again. Wiping out or undoing a sign is very
important. Unless you do it you may confuse other patrols or even yourself
the next time you hike through the same place.

53
 INDIAN TRAIL SIGNS. When you have used the Scout trail signs for a
while, you will probably want to learn to use Indian trail signs. The Indians
made their signs by placing small stones in' certain ways; by knotting grass
into small tufts, of by pushing sticks into the ground. Study the illustrations
on these pages and pick the trail signs that suit your patrol.

54
 5. WHIPPING A ROPE

You need: A piece of rope and a piece of string

or cord 12 inches long. Use. brightly colored
string to decorate your jump rope or ropes on a
drawstring bag.

1. Make a loop with one end of the string and

lay the loop along the rope with the ends of the
string hanging off the end of the rope.

2. Hold the string in place with your left thumb.

With your right hand, wind the long end of the
string tightly over the loop and around the rope.
The short end will be left hanging.

3. Wind the string around the rope for at least

an inch. Wind firmly and closely but do not
overlap. When you have wound far enough,
tuck end you have been winding through loop.
Hold it with your left hand thumb so it does not loosen.

4. Take the other end and pull slowly. The loop will
disappear under the winding. Pull until the loop is
halfway under the winding. Trim the ends to make
a neat finish.

55
If your whipping slips off the rope, you did not make it tight enough. Practice
until tit holds when you try to push it off.
6. Tie and show the uses of reef knot, sheet bend, clove
bitch, sheepshank, bowline and fisher-man's knot,
round turn and two half hitches.

REEF KNOT

1. Take a rope .end in. each hand.

2. Gross the right hand end over the left

hand rope. Bend it back under, then forward
and up. The ends will change hands.

3. Cross the end now in your left hand over,

back, under and forward of the end now in
your right hand. The short ends should lie
fiat beside the long pieces of rope.

4. Pull tight.
Untie a square knot by holding the ropes on
both sides of the knot and pushing ' them
toward the center. Or take one end and yank
it hard toward the center of the knot. Then
you can slip the rope ends apart.

Many Girl Scouts say. this as they tie. this

knot:

Right over left and left over right

Makes the knot mat and tidy and tight!

USES : This is used for tying together two ends of ropes of equal thickness. It
is also the knot which should be used for tying triangular bandages. It is a
good knot for fastening parcels or the ropes round the rolls of-bedding.
Dholbus use it for tying up the ends of their bundles. It is a fiat knot, does not
slip and is easily untied.

SHEET BEND

Sailors call some of the ropes used on sails, "sheets." A "bend" is a way of
making a loop.

56
1. Take the little rope or cord in your right hand arid the big rope in your left
hand. Tie a square knot but do not pull it tight. If you want to experiment,
pull it tight and see what happens. Then tie another square knot.

2. Cross the short end of the cord over the long part of
the cord and stick the end of it down into loop of the
rope.

3. Pull long end of cord and long end of rope to tighten.

USES: This is used for tying together ropes of unequal

thickness and for tying a rope to a loop or for joining
ropes to material such as staffs, sails or cloth. The loops
should be made in the material or thick rope.

This knot is used for hoisting the flag.

It is useful when only small pieces of rope are available

for hanging up sarees to dry, one end of the piece being
tied to the sari, the other fixed to the post.

CLOVE HITCH

1. Take one end of rope in your right hand. With

left hand hold rest of rope across front of post.

2. Pass end of rope around in back of post.

3. Bring it around to front of post. Cross it over

long part, making an X. Hold X with left thumb
and forefinger.

4. Pass rope to the right again, wrapping it

around post below first turn.

5. Push rope end under X, going from left to

right so that it comes out between the two turns
around post.

6. Pull short end to the right, long end to the left.

As long as there is a steady pull on the long end
the hitch will not loosen.

57
Practice tying the knot to the left; Then try tying it up and down on a cross-
bar.

Untie or loosen it by pushing both ends toward the center.

Use it: To fasten one end of a rope around a post or tree; to put up a
clothesline or badminton net to start lashing. Do not use it to hold a moving
object, such as an animal,' because the moving will loosen the hitch.

This is useful to the rope when you do

not want to cut it or cannot get at the ends
which are fixed. Therefore when you
practice making it, do not use the ends of the
rope but make half hitches at any convenient
distance away from each cad as shown in the
diagram. This is also useful to take the
strain of any weak bit of rope. It may be
used in the home to shorten an electric lamp
card that is hanging too low and is often used
to shorten guylines on tents.

BOWLINE

1. Lay long end of rope in your left hand.

With your right hand make a little loop in the
rope just where you want the knot to be. The
loop must go over the long part of rope. Hold
loop in place with your left hand and let the
end hang down in front.

2. With your right hand take short end and

push it up through the little loop. Now you
have another loop. Pull the end until this big
loop is the size you want to have when you
are finished.

3. Pass this end around behind long part of

rope and then down through little loop-
again.

4. Hold long part of rope with your left hand.

Hold short end and right side of the big loop

58
with your right. Pull with both hands to tighten.

This knot makes a loop that will not slip and is, therefore, very useful for
rescue work. It is made at one end of a lifeline and thrown out over the water
to a drowning roan or it may be fastened round any one who has to be
lowered from a height from a burping house or into a well. It can be used as a
lead for a collarless dog and is especially used for tying animals. When
required for lowering anyone the loop should be used as a scat It is passed
over the head and shoulder and the standing part in front of the body is
grasped with both hands (though more difficult).

Fisherman's Knot.

This knot is used for tying two wet or slippery

ropes. With running end of each rope tic a over
hand knot over the other. Pull the standing parts
in opposite direction and draw the two over
hand knots together.

Round Turns and Two half – hitches

This knot is also used to attach a

rope to a pole or a tree. It is safe no
matter in what direction the pull comes.
So it is suitable for tying up a boat or an
animal. Make sure that the same
direction, i.e. with the short end and
going over the standing part first. This
knot does not easily jam, of the turn
round he pole takes the strain while the
hitches are being completed and it is the
most useful knot for towing broken –
down car.

59
 7. Participate in a Troop wide game.

Wide Games

[Wide Game is a term that has come into use in Scouting, but
too few Scouters understand the meaning of it or apply it. The term
indicates various types of games that are played by a number
exceeding one Patrol over a sufficiently wide area of ground, or even
water for that matter. Such games can be of a fairly simple nature,
such as an easy trail or treasure hunt, or of a somewhat complicated
nature, involving a good deal of previous preparation and large
numbers of Scouts from different Troops.

In the early days of Scouting such games were more commonly

known as Field Days, a term which has a military significance but
which still indicates the idea of the game very well—-a day spent in
the fields and woods.

In the original edition of Scouting for Boys appear such wide

games as "Scout meets Scout," " Despatch Runners" and " Lion
Hunting," which were all highly popular. Aids to Scout tag, written by
B.-P. shortly before the South African War and used to train boys as
well as soldiers before he wrote Scouting for Boys, contained the game

60
 called "Flag Raiding," which appears in later editions of Scouting for
Boys, and has proved itself in various forms, probably the most
popular Wide Cane of them all.

If a Wide Game is to be successful it must be understood by all.

Discuss the game in the Court of Honour and make sure that the Patrol
Leaders know exactly what Is expected of them. It is a good plan to
take the Patrol Leaders over the ground on which the game is to be
played.

Keep the games as simple as possible; if two sides are to meet in

opposition then make certain that they do.

Have a means of starting the game off and a signal to mark the
finish, the firing of a rocket, gas rattles, etc.

Probably, the best method of " lives'" is for each Scout to tie a
piece of wool above the elbow, a different colour for each team. " Dead
" Scouts can get a fresh life from an umpire, on payment of a forfeit,
e.g. answering a question on one of the Scout tests or by tying a knot,
etc.

At the conclusion of the game the umpires award marks for

number of lives captured, for achievement of jobs, etc., and declare the
winner. The umpire might well give a short summary of the result and
point out faults in stalking, etc., and give praise where due.

The final proceedings could be tea and a Camp Fire.]

XYZ Game

Required: For each Patrol an X object-, a number of Y cards and a

number of Z objects.

Each P.L. is told the area of the game and the time he must report to
one of several umpires scattered about the area. This time is reckoned as zero
hour for the game to commence. He is given by an umpire an envelope
containing the object X, which qualifies his Patrol to take part in the game,
and several cards, Y, which will be carried by members of fee Patrol.

Each Patrol has three objectives :

(1) To obtain as many Y cards as possible by searching Scouts from

other Patrols in the area. The Y card can be hidden anywhere

61
 on the Scout's person, but he must submit to search by any other
Scout who touches him on the back and gives the password (the
name of the X object). The searched Scout must give up to his
searcher all Y cards found on him. (It is obviously to the
advantage of the searcher to scram as quickly as possible !)

(2) To report on any suspicious characters seen within "an area

within the area" between certain hours. This gives practice in
accurate observation and reporting, and helps to bring together
all the competing Patrols and thus adds to the excitement.

(3) After a given time to obtain as many objects, Z, as possible from

a given hedge or ditch or wall or garden, etc. These should be
camouflaged but not hidden. If there are a number of patrols
they must find and report to an umpire wearing a blue flower or
something before searching for objects, Z. (This again brings
"the Patrols together as the game draws to an end)

The P.L.S are told the time for the game to end and Sn are
given a few minutes to report back to Head- -quarters to hand in
reports, objects X, Y and Z and if possible, to have, a grand tea
together to finish off an exciting afternoon.

Light that Lamp

The story behind this game (which is excellent for a Saturday afternoon
game, or you can add it to your ideas book for next year's Camps) is that a
lighthouse-keeper, one stormy night, discovers that he has run out of fuel for
his lamp; so he sends an urgent radio message to shore, asking for a fresh
supply. It is too rough to take this by boat, so it is sent over by aerial railway.
With luck, it arrives just in time to prevent a ship foundering on the rocks.

Before the game starts, the aerial railways are erected—one for each
Patrol. These are made by stretching lengths, of rope between trees, or better
still, from the top of a slope to the bottom. On each rope a bucket is slung by
the handle, and lines of sisal cord are attached by which to pull it along. We
are now ready to begin. One end of the rope is the lighthouse and the other is
the top of the cliffs. The space between is the sea and must not be crossed. The
P.L.s are the lighthouse keepers, and the rest the coastguards. The scheme
now is for each P.L. to light a fire, but all fuel for this fire, plus paper and
matches, must be sent across to him in the bucket! It is a race between the
lighthouse-keepers to see who can get his lamp burning within a given time
(say fifteen minutes). At the end of that period a ship (the S.M.) arrives, and
ten points are awarded for each lamp that he sees lit. The buckets are, of
course, sent backwards and forwards continually to keep up the supply of

62
fuel till the ship arrives, and much excitement: and amusement is caused . . .
specially when the sticks fall out half-way across— If the angle of the rope is
steep enough, a push should suffice to send the bucket down, but if done on
the level, between two trees, a double line will naturally be necessary for
hauling it each way.

Spies among 'Us

Two sides start from points about 500 yards apart. Each boy is given"
half of a message written on a. slip of paper. The object of the game is for the
members of one side to meet those of the other and find somebody with the
missing half of their particular message. Before comparing notes, however, a
sign is given to each boy to prove that he is willing to "risk" the exchange—"
risk," because on each side there is a spy.' Instead of having a half message on
their slips of paper they have merely the /word " Spy." Thus, if after agreeing
to compare Rotes a boy gets caught by a spy on the opposite side, he must
give up his slip of paper to that deceiver and return to a pre-arranged base
without giving away the name of the boy to others. The first pair to reach the
base with a message that makes sense are the winners.

8. Practise orderly movements and simple drill for smartness.

Drill Commands:

Fall in (Line ban) Right Dress (Dahine saaj)/Eyes right

Eyes Right (Samne Dekh) Stand-At-Ease (Vishram)
Stand Easy (Aram se) Alert(Savdhan)
Right Turn (Dahine Mur) Left Turn (Bayen Mur)
About Turn (Peeche Mur) Number(Dahine Se Ginti Kar)
Open Order March (Khuli line Chal) Close order March (Nikar Line Chal)
Dismiss (Visarjan)

Fall in : all Patrols fall in a single line in front of the scout master. Formation
of two and three lines is used occasionally.
Right Dress: the boy of the front line on the right flank stands still. The scout
immediately behind him correct their distance-thirty inches and cover up,
keeping eye front. All other boys in the front rank turn head and eyes to the
right and raise their right arm with clenched first. Scouts use the left arm
while carrying a staff.
All other boys of the second or third line if any, cover up from the front rank
and dress by looking to the right without raising the hand. On the command

63
“Eyes Front”, head and eyes are brought sharply to the front and the arm is
dropped smartly to the side.
Left Dress: substitute the word ‘left’ for each ‘right’ in the above description.
Stand-at-ease: Move the left foot off to the left about twelve inches, body
evenly balanced, hands behind the back, right palm resting on left, fingers
stretched and thumbs crossed. No movement is allowed until the command
“STAND EASY” is given. You can relax but do not move your feet and do not
talk.
Attention: Bring the left foot into the right, stand erect, head and eyes to the
front, arms to side with the hands closed, thumbs to the front just behind the
seam of the trouser. Heels together and toes apart.
Right Turn: At the halt: pivot on the right heel and left toe, and bring left foot
to the right. On the move : command is given when the right foot is passing
the left. Complete the step with the left foot, turn to the right, stop off with the
right foot.
Left Turn: Substitute the word “left” for the “right” and vice-versa in the
above description.
About Turn: At the halt: similar to the right turn but point 180, on the move:
Order is given as left foot is passing the right. Complete the steps with the left
foot and turn about making time for three beats. March off with the right foot
on the fourth beat. About Turn-check one-two-three right-left
Number: the front rank numbers off from the right.
Open and close order march: Take two smart short paces, stepping off with
the left foot. The front rank forward and the rear rank to the rear.
Dismiss: Turn to the right, salute, raise heels and disperse.

9. Know the contents of a First aid box and be able to render First aid for
cuts, scratches burns, scalds, bleeding from the nose, stings and sprains.

What is FIRST AID ? A knowledge of which, in cases of accident and

sudden illness enables trained persons to render such skilled assistance before
a doctor is called or the patient's removed to a hospital is known as 'First Aid'

First Aider : Whose assistance rendered at the time of the emergency is

known as 'First Aider.'

The "First-Aider's responsibilities end as soon as the medical aid is

available. In order to render the skilled assistance required, the First-Aider
should be :—

64
 F=First Aid

I=Investigation (Observation), She may note the causes and signs of

injury.

R=Resourceful she may use the best advantage whatever is at hand to

prevent further damage.

S=Sympathetic, she may give real comfort and encouragement to the

suffering.

T=Tactful, treatment, she may, without thoughtless questions, learn the

symptoms and secure the confidence of the patient and treat efficiently.

A = Assistance, Ambulance. Ask if anyone with a knowledge of First-

Aid is present or get help to call for ambulance.

I=Immediate, If there are serious injuries called for doctor or remove

patient immediately.

D=Doctor, who is the person to give medical aid with doubt.

Please Note : You are a First Aider's only and not a doctor.

(a) Knowledge of First Aid Box : As essential items listed below should
be kept nicely packed in a small box or in a plastic bag.

First-aid materials :

(1) Gauze cut into pieces of 4” by 1 ½”, 10 such pieces packed in a

polythene bag, sealed and sterilised in a pressure cooker. There should be
atleast 10 such bags in your kit.

(2) Bandages : Rolled and Triangular, These can be prepared cheaply

from unbleeched cloth. Cut out strips 4' wide and 2 meters long for rolles
bandages.

Cut out a triangular bandage from a square cloth of 40 inches by

dividing it along it along its diagonal.

65
 Padband sterilise each bandage separately. There should be at least 8
rolles and 4 triangular bandages in your kit.

(3) A roll of adhesive plaster 3' wide and 2 dozen Band-Aid strips in
various sizes and shapes.

(4) An elastic crape bandage 4' wide.

(5) A pair of scissors and tweezers.

(6) A bottle of dettol.

(7) A tube of soframycine cream.

(8) A thick pad of gauze packed in polythene and sterilised 3 such

packets.

(9) Some common salt.

(10) Safety pins.

(b) Cuts and Scratches :

Simple cuts : In the treatment of small cuts, and Scratches, cleanliness

is the most important need.

(1) The First Aider must wash her own bands before touching any of
the dressing materials.

(2) Clean the wound : This is done by preparing a dettol solution. 4 to 5

drops of dettol in a cupful of clear water. Dip sterile gauze into this squeeze
off excess and wipe around the wound not over it, at first. Use several
changes of gauge pieces. Then pour some of the solution over the wound and
lightly clean it from inside.

(3) Stop bleeding : If bleeding still persists press a piece of sterile gauze
over it for about 10 minutes and elevate the part against gravity.

(4) Dressing : Now that bleeding has stopped apply soframycine cream
over the wound, cover it with a few pieces of gauze and apply adhesive.

66
Plaster or a bandage to keep the gauze in place for very minor scratcher or
cuts, clean the cut with dettol or soap and water and apply a band-aid.

10. Participate in two patrol outdoor meeting or a patrol day-hike

Many Patrol Leaders have

funny notions that Patrol meetings
have to be held indoors. Why?
Scouting is an outdoor program—so
why keep your fellows cooped up
indoors, unless storm and rain drive
you in?

It shouldn't be difficult for

you to find some outdoor spot
where you can have your meetings.
The family of one of your Patrol
members may have a backyard or a
garden corner that will be just right
for the purpose. In a large city, you may be able to meet in a section of a
playground, or somewhere in the city park. If you give in a small town, it
should be easy enough for you to locate a place on the outskirts of town
where you can get together for your meetings — where you may even have a
chance to go in for real outdoor training and can wind up your meetings
around a camp fire.

The Responsibilities of a Patrol Hike

The biggest difference between a meeting and a hike is the greater

responsibility that goes with the hike.

There aren't many dangers connected with running an indoor

meeting—or even an outdoor meeting right around- the house. But when you
start to take the group farther a field you may run into trouble. There's traffic
to think about, cliffs and swamps to be avoided. There's the chance that an
innocent cooking fire may blow into a forest fire if you don't handle, it right.
A number of unforeseen things may happen^ that'll test your leadership
ability.

You certainly won't want to take your Patrol hiking if you aren't
honestly sure that you will be able to handle any situation that may arise. You

67
can't just experiment with your first Patrol hikes. Everything must be planned
and done so that there's little chance that anything will go wrong.

You can only be sure of that if you have had training in all the skills of
Scout hiking.

On Troop hikes you'll naturally see how everything is done to make

things run smoothly. But even more helpful have been the Leaders' Hikes in
which you have taken part. Such hikes are of greatest importance for training
boy leaders for Patrol leadership. Just as Scoutmasters, Assistants, Senior
Patrol Leader and Patrol Leaders get together in a group for Patrol Leaders'
Council Meetings, the same group goes on hikes from time to time to learn all
possible hiking skills. You'll have fun in this Leaders' Patrol, and you will
learn a lot from the other leaders that you will be able to use with your own
gang.

What is a Hike?

Originally, a hike meant a long trip on

foot Nowadays, almost any trip that takes you
out in the open is considered a hike, although
little actual hiking may be done.

So, the hikes described in the following

pages, mean trips, short or long, all-day or part-
day, affairs, which take the Patrol from its home
surroundings into nature— the kind that can
give you that feeling of liberty and chance to use
your energy that you are longing for.

68
LEADERSHIP FOR PATROL HIKING

The first thing you need to do in connection with Patrol hiking is to

check up on yourself.

Ask yourself this important question; "If I take those boys on a hike, am
I sure that I can meet any difficulty that may arise with a cool head, and
enough knowledge to overcome it?"

Personal Equipment

Necessary :

Hike bag Cup

Knife String

Notebook and pencil

If wanted :

Matches Compass

Canteen Camera and Film

PERSONAL HIKE EQUIPMENT

69
Patrol Equipment

Necessary :

First aid kit Patrol flag

If wanted :

Map Axes and spade

Patrol cooking utensils Rope

Signal flags Tracking irons

PATROL HIKE EQUIPMENT

11. Make a gadget or a handicraft useful at home

GADGETS :

70
It is almost exactly the same question that your Scoutmaster will ask himself
when you ask him for permission to take the fellows on your first Patrol hike:
"Am-I certain that this Patrol "Leader is able to tackle this job and handle it
successfully?" After all, it's your Scoutmaster who has the main responsibility
for things that happen in the Troop. And if he is nit perfectly certain that you
can do the job, he won't give his permission— for your sake.

71
Help for Your First Hikes

The Scoutmaster (or an Assistant, or the Patrol Dad, or the Senior Patrol
Leader) usually goes along with a Patrol on its first few hikes. The person
who goes won't have anything in particular to do — he won't interfere with
your leadership, probably not even make, any suggestions. He will just be
there. The presence of such a leader will be of great help to you. You will get
to know, almost by instinct, whether all the details are working .out right,
whether you are giving adequate leadership.

Planning The Hike

Now, let's go through the necessary planning for a Patrol hike.

You bring up the question of a hike with your Scout? at a regular
meeting. The project period is over; you've had your fun; you are all set to
plan for the future.
Well, let's have a system:
Remember the WHERE? WHEN? WHAT? How? We used in planning
Patrol meetings?
Well, the same formula works for hikes, though perhaps in a different
order: WHAT? WHERE? WHEN? How?
Let's look into each of those points in our planning:

WHAT?

For every hike you need to have a definite objective. "What do we want
to do—what do we need to do? Do we need training in Scoutcraft—in first
aid, signaling, tracking, mapping, cooking, for instance? Should it be a nature
hike? Do we want to make it an exploration, or a pilgrimage to an historical
spot? Or what?"

WHERE ?

If your Patrol organization is working already, you'll turn to your Hike

master for recommendations. If you don't have a Hike master, put the same
question to all the boys in the Patrol, then weigh the suggestions and decide
on the route and place that'll best fit the object of the hike.

WHEN?

There can be little question about the WHEN for an all-day hike: The
answer is Saturday or some holiday. You can start out early in the morning
and need not return before night. There's no school homework waiting for

72
you. Everybody's mind is free—everyone's ready for adventure and a good
time.

Time to Start

Well, you've decided on the day. Now fix the hour. Eight o'clock in the
morning is a good time for the boys to leave home for an all-day hike. Don't
start later than nine. No time for sleepy-heads when a hike is on.

Time to Return

A definite hour for the return is just as important as the starting hour.
The boys should be able to tell their parents when they may be expected
home, and that hour should be strictly adhered to.

HOW?

The How side of the question gets you into actual preparation. You
have to get parents' permissions, find out about transportation, decide on eats
and equipment, and figure out expenses.

Permissions

Written permissions are necessary, especially for the first Patrol hikes
you undertake. You need them to make perfectly sure that the-parents fully
agree to have their boys go on the hike—kind of proof that they are willing to
help the Patrol put the "OUT" in "ScOUTing."

Assembly Place

If your Patrol den is conveniently located, you will want to start your
hike from there. If not, the home of one of the Scouts may "prove to be the
best place for assembling. If you are going by bus or train, the smartest trick
may be to meet at bus stop or railroad station.

Expenses

Transportation costs money. So, before your gang decides on any

extensive hike that involves cost of transportation, you had better make sure
that all your boys can afford the trip.

73
Eats

For your first hikes, each Scout brings his own food from home.
For a Sandwich Hike, ready-made sandwiches may be taken. But you
will have a better and more appetizing hike meal if the boys bring the
ingredients and prepare the meal in the open.

Hike Equipment :

Hike Clothing

Necessary:
Scout Uniform Proper shoes and stockings
If needed:
Raincoat or poncho (if it is raining or rain threatens)
Jacket or sweater (if weather is cool).

THE MYSTERY NOTECASE

The two pieces of cardboard must be of equal

size but it its £1 notes you have—then the
cardboard must be not less than 6i" by 3J",
and the only other material you need is 24
inches of narrow tape or ribbon. Cut the tape
into two lengths of 5" and two of 7" long. The
end of one piece of tape is stuck on the back
of one of the cards. The tape is taken around
the front of the card and the other end is
stuck on the back of the opposite card. The
illustrations will help you to sort this out.

74
The front view Should look like sketch A, and the back view like sketch JEM
Sketch C shows more clearly how the tapes are fixed. The backs of the cards
should be covered, using coloured paper, wallpaper, plastic or leather.

PORTABLE CLOTHES LINE

The only materials required for this

simple gadget is a length of blind cord,
four or five yards long, and twelve spring
clothes pegs. Tie a large knot, or a
wooden bead is better, at one end of the
cord and thread the other end through
the hole made by the spring of each peg
and tie another wooden bead on the end
used for threading. The line can be used
indoors or out, and when not in use can be stored away in a little bag which
can be made of cloth, plastic or leather.

SIMPLE CLOTHES AIRER

You will need a 3 ft. wooden lath,

5 ft. of blind cord, & spring pegs
and a dresser-hook. Plane the
lath-smooth, (or you may be able
to obtain one already prepared;
from the wood-yard or builders'
merchant), or quite a smooth
finish can be obtained by using
two grades of sand or glass paper
one after the other. Use first a
paper marked "Strong 2" and
follow with one marked
"Medium 2" or No. 1. Divide
the normal size sheet of glass-
paper. 12" by 10", into four pieces 6" by 5" and place one piece around a
wooden block about 4" by 5" for use (see sketch A on opposite page).

75
 Cut the lath in half and smooth the edges, then drill eight holes large
enough to take two strands of the cord. Cut the blind cord into lengths of 7 to
8 inches and thread one end through the hole made by the spring in the peg.
Push both ends through the hole in the wooden lath and tie a knot in the ends
of the cord to prevent the cord pulling out. The sketch on the opposite page
should help with the assembly.

A coat of paint or enamel will give the airer quite a professional touch!

PERPETUAL CALENDAR

Collect together an empty match-

box, the outside of a (10) cigarette
packet, a sheet of numbers up to 31 from
an old calendar, the printed months of
the year and days of the week from an
old desk diary, and a piece of stiffish
cardboard approximately 7" by 8". The
thickness of the cardboard is important
for 21 thicknesses must not be much
more than half-an-inch—you will see
why later. The sketch on the opposite
page shows you how to make this novel
calendar, and if the cigarette packet and
match-box are painted or covered with
coloured paper the appearance is much improved.

Two cards 2" by 1 ½ " are required for the days of the week, and three
pieces of card 1 ¾ " by 1 5/8" for the months, for not only is the back and front
of the card used but the top and bottom also. Sixteen cards 1 ¼” by 1 5/8”
are necessary for the numbers but check to see that 2 is behind 1, and 4 behind
3, and so on. See that the flap of the cigarette packet is stuck inside before-
attaching it to the match-box.

RAFFIA BREAD BASKET

You will see from the illustrations that very attractive bread baskets
can be made from the ever handy crepe paper raffia. The materials are the
same as for the dish mats, having rope or sash cord, covered with strips of
paper raffia.

76
 First of all, make a flat base for the basket, similar to the dish mats,
making the coil about 6 in. in diameter. When you have completed this,
continue to bring the coils up along the side in a graceful curve as shown in
the illustration. These coils should all be fastened one on top of the other, so
that the raffia will not slip or unravel. A spot of gum between each coil will
strengthen the sides.

You will find that this is a very useful and quite graceful basket and
can be finished with two or three coats-of varnish to make it last.

12. Adopt for the purpose of keeping clean a park or a waterpoint or a bus-
stop, or any other public spot or a building.
or
Observe for atleast a month the breeding places of mosquitoes and flies
and look to its cleanliness.

‘Community development’ which is the theme for the new boy

programme aim at such projects which makes the scout more service oriented
and reminds him about his duties towards the betterment of the community.

For the above test a scout has to adopt a park or a waterpoint, a bus-
stop or any other public spot or a building and try to keep it clean and tidy.

MOSQUITOES

Mosquitoes belong to a very large order of insects—the two-winged flies— in

which only the front pair of wings develop fully, the hinder pair of wings
being reduced to a pair of tiny projections or 'Balancers'. Mosquitoes arc
found all over the world in great numbers and in many varieties— over 1,500
different kinds being known to scientists. But practically all these different

77
kinds fall into two main groups: (i) the culicines (commonly called 'gnats'),
and (ii) the anopheines commonly called 'mosquitoes'). As anopheline
mosquitoes can transmit the malaria parasite they are very important in
tropical countries, and we shall describe Anopheles as an example of this
order of insects.

MOSQUITO CONTROL

Before the discovery of these new insecticides (e.g. DDT) the best way of
freeing a district of mosquitoes-was to prevent them from breeding. Since the
early stages of the life-history are spent in water (see p. 166), the first step is to
see that any suitable collections of water are removed or made unsuitable.
Small pools should be filled in and vessels such as old tins, jars, bottles, and
coconut shells should be cleared away. Rain-water roof-channels and pipes
should not be allowed to bend and hold water, and holes in decaying trees
should be filled up with cement. Any open drains for carrying off surface-
water should have smooth, sloping sides-and should be kept clean so as to
give no hold to larvae and to carry off the rain-water as rapidly as possible.
Better still are subsoil drains of unglazed earthenware pipes laid below the
surface so that the excess water is carried off underground, out of reach of
mosquitoes. (This method, is widely used for draining narrow valleys.) Pools
which cannot be filled in or drained should be treated with oil. If a thin layer
of oil is spread on the surface of the water, the mosquito larvae and pupae
cannot breathe, and therefore die. If DDT is added to the oil, then the
mosquito larvae are poisoned. Since it takes more than a week for an egg to
develop into an adult 'mosquito, if oil is properly applied at seven-day
intervals, breeding id impossible.

In recent years, permanent control of anopheline mosquitoes has been

carried out over large areas by the use of DDT and similar insecticides, and
these new substances have now completely revolutionized! anti-malarial
work so that it is becoming possible to make a general attack on malaria
throughout the tropics. DDT is very deadly to mosquitoes and other insects,
and if walls and ceilings of houses are sprayed with a solution or suspension
of DDT, after the liquid evaporates tiny crystals of DDT are left behind. When
a mosquito rests on the wall and its feet touch the DDT it absorbs a poisonous
dose and dies in a few hours. DDT is also used mixed with oil for spraying
mosquito breeding-places. In the island of Cyprus, for example, anopheline
mosquitoes, have been completely wiped out by treating all their breeding-
places with DDT. In. British Guiana, two of the most dangerous species of
anopheline mosquitoes have been wiped out by spraying the inside of every
building with insecticide, and malaria has practically disappeared from these
areas, which include rice fields and sugar-cane fields, swamps and
waterways. This success is being repeated in the island of Mauritius. In
Southern Rhodesia, four teams of fifteen men in one season, almost stamped
cut malaria over an area of nearly 2,000 square miles by spraying every

78
building with DDF. On farms in this area it was customary for 20-25 per cent,
of the labour force to be ill at any one time throughout, the wet season. After
every hut had been sprayed with DDT every farm was working at practically
full strength. Similar results have been achieved in the Transvaal, in parts of
Brazil, in Bombay Province, in Italy, Greece, Venezuela, and the U.S.A. So a
disease which has been one of Man's worst enemies for over 2,000 years is at
last being conquered.

13. Participate in two of the following activities one from each section :

(a) (i) Look after the health habits of not less than two younger children in
your neighbourhood for a week.

Look after the health habits of not less than two younger children in your
neighbourhood for a week

The new boy programme has more emphasis on community

development projects. If a child is to be of any use to the. community he has
to be healthy and strong. It is best for a scout to follow the principle of 'child
to child' programme where the elder child helps another younger child in a
particular activity like, an older child looking after the health of another
younger child.

For the above test a scout has to look after the health habits of not less
than 2 younger children in the neighbourhood for a week. If a younger child
is taught for one week to look after his health he then forms a habit to look
after himself.

For more details about general health and exercise -refer to test no.2 of
Pratham Sopan on page no. 42.

(ii) Undertake a nature study project in consul your patrol Leader.

Nature Ramble

A Nature Ramble provides a chance for the scouts to go out to enjoy

and appreciate the beauty of nature. It is a source of inner strength, he gets
which lasts till he lives. One need not be an expert in the field to take the
Scout on a nature ramble. Birds, animals, plants and flowers can be observed
on a nature Ramble—few suggestion for Nature Ramble.
1. Observe how many useful things can be discovered in nature.
2. Walk in the wood carefully with out making any sound.
3. Make a list of different peculiar creatures you can see.

79
4. Look for the patterns in leaves, ferns, dry fruit and seeds.
5. Try to recognise the sounds in nature.
6. Find out the common plants and trees of different countries.
7. Make a nature scrap book or Nature Calendar.
8. Watch the stars at night and locate the Pole Star or North star during a
flock holiday.
9. Discuss that care of pets.
10. Visit a museum, Botanical garden or farm.
11. Learn to recognise the tracks of the common animals end birds.
12. Make plaster casts of the foot prints of animals and birds
13. Make collection of seeds that fly, roll, float, drown and stick.
14. Make a museum of your collections.
15. Encourage each scout to keep her nature dairy.
16. Collect varieties of leaves and learn how to make prints.
17. Write a short story or a poem about nature.
18. Try to recognise the common medicinal plants.

(b) (i) Discuss with your Scoutmaster about your understanding of the
Scout Law & Promise

Refer to Scout Section, Pravesh, point no. 2, page no. 7

(ii) Understand from suitable sources the main service offered by village
Panchayat Samity Block Development Office / Municipal Office

Consult your Panchayat Samiti - Block Development Office and Municipal

Office or your Area Ward Office

-------------------x-----------------x--------------------x--------------------x---------------------

(i) On the successful completion of the Pratham Sopan tests the Scout
shall be issued the Pratham Sopan Badge by the Local or the District
Association as the case may be on the recommendation of the
Scoutmaster who acts as the examiner,

(ii) The Pratham Sopan Badge is a scroll with the words (Be Prepared)
Tayar in Devanagari script it shall be worn on the centre of the left
arm, .between the elbow and the shoulder.

A Pratbam Sopan Scout is eligible to become a

Dwitiya Spoan Scout.

80
 A Pratham Sopan scout will work for atleast
nine months to qualify for Dwitiya Sopan.

Tents for Dwitiya Sopan Badge :

(1) Pioneering—Tie and show the uses of timber hitch, rolling hitch,
marline spike/Lever hitch. Figure of Eight, Sheer, Square and Diagonal
lashings. Demonstrate the uses of four camp tools.

(2) Fire—Demonstrate any three of the following :

(i) Safety precautions with regard to fire.
(ii) Bucket-chain method of putting out the fire.
(iii) To tackle a dry grass fire,
(iv) Precautions in case of gas leak.

(3) Cooking : Cook in the open, two simple dishes, enough for one
person and make tea/coffee for one Patrol over wood fire or a stove.

(4) Compass :
(i) Demonstrate the practical use of a compass and know the
sixteen points,
(ii) Be able to find the North by atleast two constellations.
(iii) Have knowledge of paces, bearings and map sketches.

(5) First aid :

(i) Demonstrate St. John’s slings.
(ii) Improvising stretcher
(iii) Throwing a life line for 10mtrs.
(iv) Render first aid for:
(a) Burns and Sclad (b) Sprains
( c) Stings and Bites (d) Bleeding from nose.

(6) Satisfy your Scoutmaster that your behaviour at home and at school
is good.

(7) Estimation—with the help of improvised apparatus like scout staff,

estimate two distances/widths of not more than 100 metres.

(8) Participate in a troop Night Game.

81
 (9) Know and demonstrate –Morse signaling by one of the method,
flag, disc or buzzers, or demonstrate semaphore signaling by flag.

(10) Qualify for one of the following proficiency badges :

(a) Cook (f) Cyclist
(b) Debater (g) Laundrer
(c) Friend to animals
(d)Gardener
(e)Handyman

(11) Participate in Troop/Patrol sustained activity organized by the

Scout master for a month in your community making use of scouting skills.

(12) Complete any two of the following :

(a) Collect information on our heritage and culture and prepare a Log.
(b) Undertake a development project in your school with your Patrol
in consultation with the head of the institution.
(c) Participate in a social service camp.
(d) Serve in a community fair or mela.
(e) Discuss with your parents and neighbours about a pollution
problem in your locality and make a report of it.

DWITYA SOPAN

(1) Pioneering—Tie timber hitch, rolling hitch, marline spike/lever

hitch, know figure of eight, sheer, square and diagonal lashings.
"Demonstrate the uses of four camp tools.”

Timber Hitch

With this knot you may tie a heavy trunk or

bedding and take it your destination by dragging, In
camps you may carry collected sticks and logs by
gathing them into bundles and dragging with a piece
of string tied to »the bundles with this known, the
dragging in one direction and a half hitch in the
direction of the drag.
This is known as Killick Hitch.

82
 Rolling Hitch

The points of emphasis are that the knot is for

taking a strain roughly parallel to the rope to which it
is attached; that the first half hitch takes the strain;
and that the round turn binds the knot fast and is the
secret of the knot’s strength.

Start with a half hitch and then take a round

turn, round standing part and larger rope and finish
with a half hitch on top.

It is used for tying the open side of a sack. It is

a non-slipping hitch for pulling round a spar or another rope.

Figure of Eight Lashing

So we come to the Figure of Eight

Lashing which is used to lash three poles
together in order to form a tripod or “gyn”.
Lay the three spars together so that the end
of the centre spar points in the opposite
direction to the ends of the outer spars. The
lashing starts with a clove hitch around one
of the outside spars at a reasonable distance
from the end. Six or even turns are then
taken quite loosely round the spars, working
under and over alternately, like a figure of
eight. The lashing is finished off with loose
frapping turns and a clove hitch on the other
outside spar. If the lashing is too tight it will
not be possible to bring the legs to form an

83
equilateral triangle on the ground.

Sheer lashing

A sheet lashing is used either to form ‘legs’ from two poles (Type 1) or
to join two poles together to make a longer pole (Type 2).

Type 1

1. Start with a clove hitch round one of the poles (not both) and twist the
free end round the rope.
2. Make about ten turns round both poles; do not make these too tight
otherwise you will have difficulty with the frapping turns.
3. Make two frapping turns between the poles.
4. Finish off with a clove hitch round the other pole.

(1) (2)

Type 2

1 Place the two poles to be lashed together side by side. They should
overlap by at least a quarter of their lengths, otherwise the extended
length will not be firm.
2 Two lashings will be needed, both of which are made in the same
way. Start with a timber hitch round both poles.
3 Make about ten turns round both poles and finish off with a clove
hitch round one or both poles. Do not make any frapping turns.
4 Make a similar lashing at the other end of the overlap.

84
 SQUARE LASHING

1. Tie a clove hitch to upright stick. Be sure knot is on side of stick and long
end of cord is in front of you. Place other stick across upright stick.
2. Pass long end of cord down over cross stick and around in back of upright
stick. Bring cord to front under cross stick. Then bring up and over cross stick
and in back of upright. Bring down over cross stick as in beginning.
3. Wind exactly this way about three times. Pull cord tightly as you work co
make it lie neatly beside earlier turns
4. Now you are ready for "frapping." Wind the cord about three times
between the two sticks to tighten. Pull as tight as you can.
5. To finish, make two half hitches around one stick. Or tie the two ends
together with a square knot. Trim the ends and tuck them underneath the
lashing.
Use it: To make racks for towels or bathing suits, coat hangers, picture frames.

USING YOUR KNIFE.

For coarse cutting, grasp the handle with the whole hand and cut away from
you to prevent injury.

For fine whittling, move the knife in short cuts, pushing the back with
your thumb.

To open your Scout knife, hold it in your left hand. Put right thumbnail
Into nail slot. Pull out the blade until It snaps Into open position.

85
 To close knife, hold handle with left hand. Keep fingers safely on sides.
Push against back of blade with fingers of right hand. Let knife snap shut.

For whittling and fine

cutting, move the knife in short
cuts, pushing the back with
your thumb.

For coarse cutting, as in

trimming a branch, grasp the handle with the whole hand. Cut off twigs from
thick end toward top.
USING YOUR AXE :

For chopping and splitting you must have wood support under the
stick. Otherwise the ax stroke will end up in the ground and not in the wood.
A down tree or large chunk of wood will do.

For chopping a stick in two, hold the ax edge against the stick on a
slant to the grain, not straight across. Raise stick and ax together, with wrist
motion and bring them down hard together on the chopping block. If the stick
is not cut at this first stroke, raise stick and ax together In contact with one
another and bring them down together. Repeat until cut.

If the stick is too thick to cut with this contact method, place the stick
with the spot where you want to cut it on the chopping block and cut it in two
with a V-shaped notch. Make top of V as wide as the stick is thick.

86
 When chopping and splitting, keep ax and wood together—in contact.

For splitting a stick, hold one end of the stick in one hand. Rest the
other end on the block. Place the ax blade on this end with a little of the blade
overhanging it. Lift stick and ax together. Then bring down hard together on
the chopping block. Just as you hit the block, twist the wood or the ax slightly
to break the pieces apart.

If the wood for splitting is wrist-thick or thicker, first saw it into pieces
about as long as your ax handle. Split the half pieces into quarters and the
quarters into eighths.

If a stick is too thick to cut with a contact stroke, cut It in two with a V-
shaped notch.

USING YOUR SAW.

Your method depends on what's to be sawed. For general-sawing, hold
the wood firmly in place and use smooth and easy saw strokes. Pull the saw
back and forth without downward pressure. Let the weight of the saw do the
job for you.

Bucking—that is cutting wood into logs or small pieces—is easy with a

saw. For thin wood, place one end of it over a log. Kneel, down on one knee
and put the opposite foot on the other part of the wood. Saw the end of the
wood off so that it falls free of the log.

87
 For larger wood, make a simple sawbuck by driving two stakes into
the ground to form an X and lashing- them together.

For a big sawing job, improvise a. sawhorse by driving four stakes into
the ground to form two Xs with their legs across a log. If necessary, lash each
of the Xs.

When you have permission to clear a campsite of saplings and brush,

saw them off just above ground level. If you saw them off higher, you'll trip
over the stumps.

USING YOUR SPADE..

A thoughtful camper uses his camp spade to
remove the topsoil or sod. The sod he removes in
turfs the size of the spade blade. He places the turfs
out of the way, in a shady place so that they will not
dry out. After the fire has been put out and the ashes
have been "gardened" into the ground with the spade,
the camper replaces the turfs. Thus he leaves no trace
of the fire.
The spade has other uses around the fire. It U
the perfect tool for picking up and moving glowing
embers. This is important if you cook in aluminum
foil, or use a bean hole, or roast and bake in Dutch
ovens.
The spade is also a sanitary tool. A single dig
with the spade will produce a "cat hole" for your own
need. A short ditch will make a latrine for your patrol

88
(page 77). A hole in the ground will take care of dishwater. Another hole may
serve as an "icebox" to keep food from spoiling. In all cases the sod is
preserved and replaced.
The spade is important conservation tool. You use it for removing turf
horn a grassy spot. You can then restore it.

(2) Fire – Demonstrate any three of the following :

(ii) Lay and light a wood fire in the open

with not more than two match sticks, if not
possible clean and light a kerosene or a gas
stove.

Fire lighting is one of the arts you must

learn, aj & Guide for
your outdoor
activities as you will
find It so essential. In
order to acquire the
skill, you should
know :

(i) how to
choose
a site ;

(ii) something about the fuel;

(iii) how to make fire ;
(iv) what precautions should be
taken while using the fire, and
(v) how to put it out.

Site
The site chosen must be away from
buildings and on bare patch of ground, free
from grass and twigs.

You may choose a site under a shade to

avoid to be directly under the sun, but care
should be taken not lo be too close a trunk or
old stump or under low hanging branches.
Briefly, the site should be so chosen that it is

89
away from inflammable objects, When lighting under a tree, see that there is
no bee hive in the tree.

If the ground is wet with damp grass, lift a square sod and keep it
away from the fire. Make your fire on the place from where the sod is
removed. Afterwards hen you no longer' need the fire, remove the ash and
burnt twigs- and prepare the ground for putting back ,e sod and water on it.
Thus you will avoid disfiguring any green patch for making a fire.

You should acquire a fire knowledge about the trees which may make
good, and quick burning fuel. By and large twigs of thorny Babul, Ber; Pines,
Casuarinas and the like are good for quick fire. You may collect dry and dead
branches from nearby trees for fuel. But never break off green branches and
mutilate a tree. Besides the green branches will give out unpleasant smoke.
Some of the trees such as mango or tamarind gives good quick burning wood
but while burning, it gives smoke and unpleasant smell. If possible, use of
these types of wood may be avoided.

Building a fire

If the ground is damp as a result of dew or rains, e a small platform of

fresh green twigs on which the sunk or tinder will be laid. The punk is nude
of dried saves, bark, thorn, twigs, pine cones or anything which should be
easily ignited. Around the punk thin twigs or fragments of wood should be
arranged leaning against each other forming the shape of a topee. This is
known kindling. When the punk is ignited and the kindling tarts burning,
thicken pieces of log may be put round hi kindling.

A fuzz or fire stick makes very good kindling. In order to make a fuzz
stick you need a piece of dry food about twelve inches in length. The stick
should be with your left hand by the pointed end and the lunt end should be
rested against some solid object.

Whittle long thin strips from the pointed end to about half the way of
the sticks. The art of preventing the knife from slicing the shaving completely
off the stick consists in letting the knife cuter more deeply towards the end of
the stroke.

If the completed fuzz stick is made to stand point downwards in the

middle of the pyramid of the punk, it will catch fire quickly, and make u
blaze.

Before lighting the fire the direction of the blowing wind must be taken
notice of. Back should be turned towards the blowing wind and a hole should

90
be made in the punk by bending down, and fire should be set well down and
close to the hole. You should not blow the flame at once. Remember that you
are not to use more than two match sticks.

PUT IT OUT

As soon as you are through cooking, or whatever you are doing with
the fire, begin co put it out. This is especially important if you are out for the
day and must go away and leave the spot later.

(a) Let fire die down as much as possible.

(b) Scatter coals, break up big pieces, knock logs apart.
(c) Stir coals—and sprinkle with water—then stir again. Repeat
until there are no live coals—under the logs or in the middle.
(d) If you have no water, put on sand or dirt, and stir thoroughly.
(e) When you can press your hand on the spot where the fire was,
you know it is out.
(f) Cover with rocks or dirt—and check carefully before you leave.

PRESSURE STOVES

There are three types of pressure stoves in general use today traffin, petrol,
and gas. All can be bought in models suitable or hiking and lightweight
camping, at between £5 and £9.

Traffin : This is the type known to most as the

'primus', and is many yean of faithful service
behind it. It is heavier than the other two, and
requires a separate fuel for priming, but it very
efficient, the cheapest to run, and paraffin
(kerosene) widely obtainable.
Petrol : Cleaner; quicker; needs no priming
fuel, and some models require no pumping.
Petrol is dearer than paraffin and hikier in

camp. 1. Burner
Gases : Lightest in weight; clean; gives instant, 2. Primary Tray
finely regulated at; maintenance almost nil; but 3. Filler Cap
less power output than the Her two, and 4. Air Value
dearer to run. 5. Top Ring
6. Fuel Tank
_____ a paraffin pressure stove works:. Liquid 7. Pressure Pump

91
paraffin when _____ vaporizes into a gas which, when ignited, gives off sense
heat. A paraffin stove in action has the liquid at the bottom (in the tank) and
the gas at the top (at the burner). In between, heated tubes are changing the
liquid to gas. Pumped assure keeps' the paraffin flowing upwards through
the _____ tubes, and a tiny jet directs the ignited gas to the burner. The
heating tubes are kept hot by the flame.

To start a cold stove, -the tubes must first be

heated. That why n priming (starting) fluid is
necessary. It is lit in the particular tray under
the burner tubes and there heats them up.
Here is the lighting drill, assuming that the
stove is in order, tank is three-quarters full, the
jet is newly pricked clean, the valve is open:
put priming fuel in the tray and light it trays
methylated, and preferably in solid form. A
saucepan _____ced on the stove will help the heating of the burner tubes);
then the fuel is almost burned out, close the valve, hold the stove steady, and
give one or two short strokes of the pump. A faint blue flame appears in the
burner, all is well, so far. The full stroke or two and wait half a minute or so.
If the flame increases, pump vigorously.

Should all not be well and the priming flame goes out, put light to the burner.
It will ignite if the priming fluid was efficient. If not, refill tray and start again.

If, owing to pumping too much too much too soon, unvaporized para
produces an alarming yellow, sooty flame, open the valve once and the flame
will subside.

The valve is your 'on' and 'off' switch, as well as the flame insulator. Always
leave it open when not in use. The standard burner can be replaced by an
extra-pressure' burner for outdoor use, or by an adjustable, self ____ burner.

_____ nothing but paraffin to fuel a paraffin stove - never control. Store fuel
airtight in a safe cool-place away from food. Bid using a pressure stove in a
tent, A tent in flames may you warm for the moment, but it won't keep the
rain out towards.

(ii) Safety precautions with regard to fire.

Precautions : When the fire is ablaze, you may place your utensils for
boiling water or any other cooking which your guider or your patrol may like
to do.

92
 While lighting the fire or cooking you should carefully tuck away the
loose ends of your clothes so that they do not fall into the fire.

If a spark happens to fall on your clothes and set it alight, you should
remove the garment from your body and roll it on the ground to extinguish it.
Never run about with clothes on fire as this will make the flames blaze further
and spread them. Roll on the ground yourself if the clothes can not be taken
off. This will smother the flames.

FIRE SAFETY HINTS

Don't build fires when you are alone

Don't "play" with fire
Use fireplaces to enclose fires
Clear ground around fireplace so wind cannot
blow a spark into leaves, grass, etc.
Dig a trench in ground if it is windy or if there
are no stones or logs to enclose fire; pile dirt
and sod to one side and replace when through1 Build small fires
Break matches in two before throwing away* Never leave a fire unattended
Have some means for fighting fire on hand—
pails of water, sand, etc.

(iii) Bucket-chain method of putting out the fire

93
(iv) To tackle a dry grass fire.

You may take every precaution in building your fire, yet a spark may
jump out into the leaves or crass and start a fire. You may come on a small fire
just starting from some carelessly-thrown match as you hike through the
woods. Do something about it before it gets too large! Here are some ways to
take care of it:

94
— Send someone to notify fire wardens
by telephone, unless you are SURE
you can handle it. Keep cool, be
deliberate.
— Use sand or dirt to smother flames,
or use brooms, brush, burlap bags,
or some other heavy material that
can be soaked in water, to beat out
the flames. If there are pails of water
'handy, make the water go further
by this method, rather than trying to
sprinkle on the flames. Use shovels
to dig dirt to smother fire, or to dig a
trench around it.
— Work with the wind IN YOUR
FACE, not at your back. Beat toward
the wind. (Beating with the wind at your back tends to help fan the flames,
or causes sparks or flames to jump ahead into unburned area.)
— Larger fires require fire fighters and tools. An experienced man should
organize that crew. Let the fire warden take charge, and help as he directs.

(Note: State and Federal Conservation Departments have excellent books to

help with this. Write your state bureau of information to learn what is
available.)

(v) Precautions in case of case leak.

Contact your nearest gas dealer to find out the various precautions necessary
in case of a gas leak.

(3) Cooking : Cook in the open two simple dishes, enough for, one person
and make ten coffee for one Patrol over wood fire or a stove.

Cook in the open wood firs, two simple dishes enough for one person
and make tea or coffee for one patrol.

For cooking two dishes for one person in one hour one lighted fire
between two logs will be useful.

Take all precautions as mentioned above m connection with

institutions given for the purpose. After using the fire follow the instructions
about putting it out and also clearing the site.

95
 In planning the menu choose dishes which could be quickly and easily
cooked and which do not require too many items of kitchenware.

You need cook either rice or khichdi or chapati for the main item of the
meal. The second item could be potatoes or mixed vegetable or egg curry.

By and large for an adult person, 250 grams of rice or flour and another
250 grams of vegetable should be enough. Besides you will need about 100
grams of oil or ghee as cooking medium, salt and other condiments.

(4) Compass :
(i) Demonstrate the practical use of a compass and know the sixteen points.

I am certain that you know that the needle of a compass has the habit
of swinging round until it points in one definite direction.

If you followed the direction indicated by one end of the needle you
would come out at a spot north of Canada, about 1400 miles from the North
Pole. The reason for this is that at this spot there is a powerful magnetic force.
It is this force which attracts the north point of the needle and make it point to
"Magnetic North".

North is only one of the compass .points. Every sailor knows' the other
points of the compass by heart, and so should a Scout I have talked about
north, but that is only because we usually think of north as a starting point.
That is just for convenience — we could just as well use south.

Explorers seldom refer to compass points. They use compass degrees

instead because they are more exact.

When you look at the compass chart you will notice that it is marked
not only with the points, but also with figures-running clockwise from 0 at the
north point round to north again which also has the figure 360. So any point
can be given either as a compass name or as a degree number. Thus, cast is 90
degrees, south is 180, west is 270, and so on. Instead of saying S.E. we can say
135 degrees.

96
How a Compass Helped My Career

Knowing the right way to use a compass helped to give me a good

start in my army career.

It was this way.

With a number of other young officers I was being tested in surveying.

We had to take a reading with our compass to a certain spot, and from there
to another point, and from there to a third point. If one did it correctly, this
last reading should land us exactly at the spot whence we started.

But it means extreme care to take an accurate reading. If you misread

your compass by not much more than a hair's breadth you would fail. Only
one of our party had been exact enough to succeed, and who do you think
that was?

Little me!
As a result of this and a few good marks in other subjects, I got
promoted with extra pay, with which I was able to buy. -the best horse I ever
had.

The sixteen point! are divided into three parts as follows :

(i) Cardinal points— (PRIMARY)
North,
South
West
(ii) Half cardinal points (SECONDARY)
North-East
South— East,
South— West
North—West
(iii) Three letter points- (TERITARY)
North -North—East
East— North— East
East— South— East
South—South— East
South—South—West
West-South- West
West—North—West
North -North— West

97
(ii) Be able to find the North by atleast two constellations.

FINDING THE NORTH WITHOUT A COMPASS

North by the Stars

Various groups of stars have

been given names because they
seemed to make some' kind of picture
outline of men and animals.

The Plough or the Big Dipper is

an easy one to find. It is shaped
something like a plough or dipper. It
is the most useful star group for a
Scout to know, because in the
northern part of the world it shows
him where north is. The Plough is also
called the Great Bear. The stars in the
curve make its tail. It is the only bear I
know that wears a long tail.

Pole Star – The two stars in the Plough called the Pointers tell you
where the North or Pole Star is. It is the last star in the tail of the Little Bear.
All stars and constellations move round the sky during the night, but the Pole
Star remains fixed in the north.

Orion – Another group of stars, or constellation, represents a man

wearing a sword and belt, and is named Orion. It is easily recognized by three
stars in a line, the "belt", and three smaller stars in another line, close by, the
"sword". Two stars to right and left below the sword are Orion's feet, two
more above the belt are his shoulders, and a group of three small stars
between them make his head.

The Zulus call Orion's belt and sword the

"Ingolubu", or three pigs pursued by three dogs. The
Masai tribe in East Africa say that the three stars in
Orion's belt are three bachelors being followed by three
old maids. You sec, scouts all know Orion, though under
different names.
The great point about Orion is that by him you
can always tell which way the North or Pole Star lies,
and you can see Orion whether you are in the south or
the north part of the world.

98
 If you draw a line, by holding up your staff against the sky, from the
centre star of Orion's belt through the centre of his head, and carry that line
on through two big stars till it comes to a third, that third, star is the North or
Pole Star.

A line through Orion will eventually reach the Pole or North Star.

(iii) Have knowledge of paces, bearings and map sketches.

SCOUT'S PACE.

There'll be times when you’ll want to move faster than your usual
hiking speed. When an old wolf wants to hurry, it lopes. A Scout uses Scout's
pace. Scout's pace is a mixture of jogging and walking: You jog about 25
paces (double steps) at an easy dogtrot, then walk 25 paces. Then repeat.

Scout's pace serves two useful purposes. One is to cover ground

without being tired. The other use is to measure distance. With a bit of
practice you can develop a steady rate of 1 mile in 12 minutes or 2 kilometers
in 15 minutes, not varying 15 seconds either way. To learn this timing method
measure a half mile with a car's odometer. Scout's-pace the distance forward
and back until your timing is right.

Then, when you are good at Scout's pace, use if often. If you like to run,
work out your own faster timing rate.

Compass Bearings
When we talk about the bearing
of an object, we mean its direction. But
direction in relation to what? There
must be a known reference point, in
the same way that the distance to a
place must be measured from some
known point if it is to have any
meaning.
The point to which all bearings
are related is the north line, and they
are measured from it in a clockwise
direction. So, when we say that the
bearing of an object is 45°, 'we mean
that it is 45° of arc in a clockwise
direction from north.

99
 There are three north points from which
bearings can be measured - magnetic north, as
taken with a compass when finding the magnetic
bearing of an object on the ground; grid north,
when ascertaining the grid bearing of an object on
the map; and true north, for stating the true
bearing of an object on the ground.

Why take bearings? Map makers,

surveyors, and the like take-bearings chiefly for
plotting (recording on paper) the positions of
objects. Map users, when they take bearings,
either do so to find on a map something they can
see on the ground, in which case they would
take a magnetic bearing and convert it to a grid
bearing; or to find on the ground an object they
can see on the map; when they would take a
grid bearing from the map, convert it, and locate
the object by compass.

If you wish to know the bearing of your

own position from an object, there is no need to
go to the object to take the bearing. It can be calculated by taking the bearing
of the object and padding 180° to it if the result does not exceed 360°. If it
does, you deduct 180°. This is called a back bearing. Example: forward
bearing 45° - back bearing 225°; forward bearing 200o - back bearing 20°.

Bearings taken for accurate compass work are always stated in degrees,
because a reading can be given to the nearest 36oth part of the compass card.
For ordinary map reading, the named compass points serve well enough.
Even a half of the 32 is adequate.

Map bearing of church = 90o compass bearing = 100o. Where magnetic

variation is wesierly (as in the British Isles) the compass always overstates (by 10o
here), so :
(a) Deduct the variation to convert a compass bearing to a map (grid)
bearing, (b) Add the variation to a map bearing to convert it to a compass
bearing.

100
USES OF PRISMATIC COMPASS :

It may be used for taking bearings and for

night marching.

To take bearings : Open the lid at right angles

to the body of the compass. Look through the slit in
toe prism at the object and align the hairline on it.
Then look through the hole in the prism and read its
magnetic bearing.

When potting bearings on a map, calculate the magnetic variation of

the year, and make the necessary conversions. Take also into account the
“compass error” when a fair amount of accuracy is required.

MAP SKETCHING METHOD

Map sketching should be done in such away as to enable some one else
to find his way from your drawing.
Several methods may be used:

101
 a. You may find a map of your locality which may be easily enlarged.
To do so, draw squares on the map if grid lines are not given. Then draw
squares of the required size on your paper and fill up the squares to scale.
Conventional signs are already oversized and should not be enlarged.

b. A rough sketch may be drawn by standing on high ground or on a.

tree from where you can see all the ground to be described. Mark your
position at the bottom of your paper. Then stick a pin vertically into each end
of a ruler. Sight along the ruler various prominent objects, and draw the line
of direction on the paper. The distances from your position are then paced out
and drawn to scale. Having got the main points, you will have no difficulty in
filling in the other required details.

c. Fairly accurate results can be obtained from the triangulation

method. First of all choose carefully a convenient "base line" in the centre of
the area to be covered, and have it as long as possible. Measure accurately the
distance from end to end of your base line, and draw it to scale on your paper.

Now, starting at one end, take several bearings of prominent futures

which can be seen from both ends. Although bearings are best taken with a
compass, a rules with pins fixed at both ends may be used for very rough
sketch in a manner similar to the one described in b.

Plot your bearings or directions on paper and repeat the process at the
other end of your base line. The position of each object will be found at the
intersection point of their two bearings.

Intermediate objects are plotted to scale by pacing their distance from

one end of the base. Other details may be jotted down freehand within this
framework.

FINAL MAP

The final map is drawn at home

with a protractor and a plotting scale on
"graph paper." Leave all the bearings,
and the distances on the course of the
main circuit so that the examiner may
check them.
Indicate clearly the true and
magnetic North, the scale used and the
name of the chief features. In the upper
corner of the map print a title describing
locality and mention the date of survey.

102
(5) First aid :

Demonstrate dressings, slings, bandages, improvising stretcher, throwing a

life line.
DRESSING

A dressing is a covering applied to a wound or to an injured part and

may be used : —
(a) To assist in controlling bleeding (haemorrhage).
(b) To protect a wound from further injury.
(c) To prevent or lessen infection.

1. Prepared Sterile Dressing. The ideal dressing for all wounds consists
of a sterilised (germ-free) piece of gauze or lint to which is something stitched
a pad and a roller bandage. This dressing is enclosed and sealed in a
protective covering. To use a prepared sterile dressing: —

If possible, wash the hands thoroughly, with soap and running water;
they must not, however, be regarded as sterile. Loosen the protective covering
and remove the dressing. Expose the dressing as little as possible to the air.
Do not breathe or cough over it. Avoid fingering the surface of the dressing
which is to be applied to the wound. Do not handle anything else which is not
clean.

2. Gauze of Lint. If a prepared sterile dressing is not available, cover

the wound with a piece of clean guaze or lint (smooth side towards the
wound).

To use gauze of lint, loosen the covering and with clean scissors cut a
piece to the size required to cover the wound adequately; take care not to
touch the side which is to be applied to the wound. Place the unused portion
of the gauze or lint in a clean container.

3. Emergency Dressings. If a prepared sterile jessing or guaze or lint is

not immediately available, the inside fold of a clean handkerchief or freshly
laundered towel, a piece of linen or clean paper tissue may be used but their
use is only temporary until a prepared sterile dressing or guaze or lint is
available.

The greatest care must be taken in handling and applying dressings to

avoid touching with the naked fingers any part of the wound or any part of
the dressing which will be in contact with the wound. The object is to prevent
further contamination by germs.

103
 Dressing must be covered with an adequate pad of cotton wool which
must extend well beyond the dressing and kept in place with a bandage.
Clean linen or any other soft bulky material may be used as a cad if cotton
wool is not available.

4. A cold Compress (wet dressing) may help to limit swelling and

bleeding under the skin. To make a cold compress; take a thin towel, piece of
lint, flannel, cotton wool or handkerchief and soak it in cold water. Squeeze
out the water so that the material .does not drip but do not wring it dry. Keep
the compress moist by dripping on more water from time to time or by
replacing it by another, freshly prepared. The addition of a little methylated
spirit may help evaporation and so increase the effect of the compress. Do not
cover the compress but if it is necessary to secure it in position use the
minimum of bandaging and use open woven material if available. Do not
apply a wet dressing where there is an open wound or use methylated spirit
near the eyes.

SLINGS
Slings are used :—

(a) To afford support and rest to an upper limb.

(b) To prevent the weight of an upper limb
pulling on or moving the chest, shoulder or neck.

Arm Sling
This supports the forearm and hand and is
used in cases of fractured ribs, in cases of wounds
and injuries of the upper limbs, and in cases of
fracture of the forearm when splints are being
used.

To apply an arm sling, face the casualty

and put one end of a spread-out triangular
bandage over his shoulder on the sound side with
the point towards the injured side, pass it round
his neck so that it appears over the shoulder of the
injured side and let the other end hang down in
front of the chest. Carry the point behind the
elbow of the injured limb and place the fore arm
over the middle of the bandage so that it is at right
angles to the upper arm; then carry the second
end up to the first and tie them in the hollow just
above the collar-bone (Fig. 11). Tuck the bandage

104
into the back of the elbow, bring the point forward and secure with a safety
pin to the front of the bandage.

When the bandage has been applied, the base should be at the root of
the little finger nail so that all the finger nails are exposed. A bluish tinge of
the finger nail indicates that there is a dangerous constriction interfering with
the circulation, in the upper limb.

The bandage should be kept as low as possible at the back of the neck
and below the collar of a coat if worn. If there is no coat, a pad must be placed
under the loop to prevent, chafing.

It will frequently be found that during the application of the sling the
forearm drops. This can be very uncomfortable and the sling should be re-
adjusted so that the wrist is in line with, or even slightly higher than, the
elbow.

Collar and Cuff Sling

This is used to support the wrist. To apply a collar and cuff g bend the
casualty's elbow and lay his forearm across his f chest with his fingers
touching his opposite shoulder. Pass a clove hitch, round his wrist and tie the
ends of the bandage in the hollow just above the collar-bone (Fro. 12).
To make a clove hitch (Fig. 13) take a narrow bandage and make a
loop. Make a second loop and lay it on top of the first; then lay the top loop
behind the first without turning.

Triangular Sling

This keeps the hand well raised and is used in the case of a fractured
collar-bone (Fig. 14).

105
 Place the casualty's forearm across his chest so that his fingers point
towards the shoulder and the centre of the palm rests on the breast-bone. Lay
an open bandage over the forearm with one end the limb and tuck the base of
the bandage well under the hand and forearm so that the lower end may be
brought under the bent elbow and then upwards across the back to the
uninjured shoulder where it is tied in the hollow above the collar-bone. The
loose point of the bandage is then tucked well in between the forearm and
bandage in front and the fold thus formed is turned backwards over the lower
part of the upper arm and pinned.

Improvised Slings

Slings may be improvised in many simple

ways, for example by pinning the sleeve to the
clothing by turning up and pinning the lower edge
of the coat; by passing the hand inside the but
toned coat or waistcoat; Scarves, tics, belts and the
like ma1 also be used as slings.

BANDAGES
Bandages are applied :—
A. Triangular Bandage B. Roller Bandage

(a) To retain dressings and splints in position and to immobilise

fractures. Knots should never be -tied over a fracture.
(b) To afford support to "an injured part (e.g., sprained ankle) or
in the form of sling.
(c) To control bleeding.
(d) To reduce or prevent swelling.
(e) To assist in the lifting and carrying of casualties.

A. TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
Triangular bandages are made by cutting a piece of linen 01 calico, not
less than thirty-eight inches square, diagonally into two pieces, A triangular

106
bandage has three borders. The longest is called the '-"base" and the other two
the "sides". There are three corners ; the upper one (opposite the base) is
called the “point" and the other the "ends" (Fig. 6). The bandage may be
applied : —
(a) As a whole cloth spread out to its full extent, e.g., chest bandage.
(b) As a broad bandage made by bringing the point down to the
centre of the base and then folding the bandage again in the
same direction (Fig.7).
(c) As a narrow bandage made by folding the broad bandage once
again in the same direction (Fig. 8).

It is sometimes advisable to halve <he size of

the triangular bandage by bringing the two ends
together before folding it into the broad or narrow-
bandage.

To secure the ends of a bandage a reef knot

(Fig. 9) must be used. To make a reef knot, take the
ends of the bandage one in each hand. Cross the end
in the right hand under and then over the end in .the
left hand thus making a turn. Then cross the end
now in right hand over and then under the end in
the left hand, thus making a second turn.

The knot must be placed where it does not

cause discomfort or chafe the skin. If the bandage or
knot is likely to be uncomfortable, a pad must be
placed between the bandage or knot and the, body.

107
After the reef knot is completed the-ends of the bandage should be tucked
away out of sight.

Granny knots (Fig. 10) are apt to «lip and must not be used.

Bandages may be improvised from handkerchiefs, belts, straps, braces,

ties, or any piece of linen, calico, tape, cord and the like.

When not in use the triangular bandage should be – folded narrow; the
two ends should be "folded to the centre the bandage folded to the centre,
again and then folded in two, reducing it to a packet about 6 ½ in. by 3 ½ in.

APPLICATION BANDAGES

(To keep Dressings in position)

In practising bandaging the: First Aid student is advised to place a pad

of wool or other material on the part to be bandaged-to represent a dressing.

For the Scalp. Fold a hem inwards along the base of an open bandage.
Stand behind the casualty and-place the open bandage on his head so that the
hem lies on his forehead close down to his eyebrows and the point hangs
down at the back of his head. Carry the ends round the head just above the
ears to the back, cross the ends over the point of the bandage low down near
the nape of the neck; bring them forward round the head above the ears and
tie them in a knot on the forehead close to the lower border of the bandage
(Fig. 16). Steady the casualty head with one hand and with the other draw the
point of the bandage downwards; then turn it up and pin it to the bandage on
the top of the casualty’s head.

For the Forehead; Side of the Head, Eye, Cheek and for any part of the
body that is round. The narrow or broad bandage should be used according
to the requirements; of the case, the centre being placed over the dressing, and

108
the ends carried round the head or limb, crossed and then tied in the most
convenient position. Surplus bandage may be taken round the limb and tied.

For the front of the Chest.

Stand-in front of the casualty and place the centre of an open bandage over
the dressing with the point over his shoulder on the same side. Fold a three
inch hem inwards along the base of the bandage, carry the ends round the
casualty's body and1 tie them leaving one end longer than the other then
draw the point over his shoulder and tie it to the longer end (Fig. 17).

For the Back of the Chest. Stand behind the casualty and
proceed as for the bandage for the front of the chest.
For the Shoulder. Stand facing the casualty’s injured side and
place the centre of an open bandage on his shoulder, with the
point running up the side of the neck. Fold a hem inwards
along the base, carry the ends round the middle of the arm,
cross and tie them on the outer side so as to secure the lower
border of the bandage. Apply an arm sling. Turn down the
point of the first bandage over the knot of the sling, draw it tight
and pin it (Fig. 18).

109
The Elbow. Bend the casualty’s elbow to a right angle. Fold
throw hem inwards along the base of an open bandage. Lay
point on the back of the upper arm and the middle of the
base the back of the forearm; Cross the ends in front of the
elbow, round the upper arm and tie above the
elbow (Fig. 19). The point down over the knot
and elbow and pin it. If it advisable to bend
the elbow, a narrow or broad bandage could be
used according to the needs of the case.

For the Hand. Place an open bandage under the hand – the injury
being uppermost – with the point away from the casualty and the base
of the bandage at the wrist. Bring the point over the hand to the wrist
and after folding a hem inwards along the base of the bandage, pass
the ends round the wrist, cross them and finally tie over the point (Fig.
20). Bring the point over the knot and pin it to the bandage over the
hand.
After the application of a dressing and bandage for wounds of
the upper limb, the limb should be supported by a sling.

For he Hip or Groin. Stand or kneel facing the hip to be

bandaged and tie a narrow bandage round the body,
with a knot on the injured side. Carry the point of an
open bandage under the first bandage and turn it down
over the knot. Fold a hem inwards according to the size
of the casualty along the base of the open bandage,
carry the ends round the thigh, cross them and tie them
on the outer part of the thigh so as to secure the lower

110
border of the bandage. Fix the point of the bandage with a safety pin (Fig. 21).

For the Knee. Bend the casualty’s knee to a right

angle. Fold a narrow hem inwards along the base of
an open bandage. Lay the point on his thigh and the
middle of the base below his knee; cross the ends
behind his knee, then round his thigh and tie above
his knee on the front of this thigh. Bring the point
down over the knot and knee and pin it. If it is
inadvisable o bend the knee, a narrow or broad
bandage should be used according to the needs of
the case (Fig. 22).

For the Foot. Place the casualty’s foot on

the centre of an open bandage with his
toes towards the point. Draw up the
point over his instep, bring the ends
forward so that his heel is covered and
cross them; pass the ends round the
ankle, cross at back and then tie them in
front. Draw the point forward and pin it
to the bandage over the instep.

For a Stamp. Fold a narrow hem inwards along the base of an open bandage.
Place the base of the bandage high up on the under side of the stump with the
point hanging down. Draw the point up over the stump, cross them again,
bring them forward and tie in front. Bring the point down over the knot and
pin it.

111
 THROWING A LIFE-LINE

The cord for a Life Line should be supple, and about 60 feet long; at
one end there should be a light weight, sufficient to direct your throw but not
so heavy as to injure the victim should it hit him. To throw the line, coil it
carefully in the left hand, making coils of equal size, and taking care that no
coil overrides its neighbours. The weighted end of the line should be the last
to be coiled. Now take about 1|3 of the coils in your right hand and throw
them at the mark coils in your right hand and throw them at the mark
between 2 posts. The coils will straighten out in the air and continue to uncoil
from your left hand.

Render First Aid for

(a) Burns and Sclads:

Burns can be caused by Heat, Chemicals or

WARNING
Friction.
DO NOT use cream,
lotions or antiseptics. DO
NOT try to remove
charred clothing which
adheres to the skin. 112
 Scalds are caused by moist heat such as that resulting from boiling water,
steam and hot oil etc etc.

Minor Burns : These are caused when a small area of the skin is burnt as
while touching a hot iron, a hot cooking pot, hot oil etc.

Management

(1) Cool the burnt part as soon as possible

after getting burns by immersing it in a WARNING
bucket of cold water for atleast 10 minutes. DO NOT use for tests
This relieves the pain. have shown that ordinary
water is best. DO NOT
(2) Wash the .burns with diluted dettol put the patient in a cold
solution as in a simple wound and treat it bath, for this will be too
in a similar way. Do not prick blisters. The distressing.
gauze padding has to be excessive as
initially there is a lot of oozing from the burnt area.

(b) Sprains:

A Sprain is most commonly seen over the ankle. It is caused by

stretching or tearing of the ligaments around the joint. Very often it is
impossible to make out between a sprain and a fracture.

WARNING
If the accident involved a blow
rather than just pulling or
twisting, it is possible that this
is more than a sprain; it may
have broken a bone if in doubt,
treat this injury as if it were a
FRACTURE.

113
 (c) Strings and Bites:

Stings : Extract the sting if present (i.e. Bee stings) with the point
of a needle which has been sterilised by passing it slowly through a flame.

(2) Apply freely spirit, a solution of washing soda.

(3) Cover with a dry dressing. If the sting is inside the mouth wash
of with a solution of bicarbonate soda, two teaspoonfuls to a pint of water
should be used. Apply a hot compress to the front of a neck.

SOME POSIONOUS ARACHNIDS

(d) Bleeding from nose:

Bleeding from (be nose usually occurs offer an injury over the nose or
a scratch whilst picking inside your nose. At times over enthusiatic blowing of
the nose can also cause bleeding.

Make the causality sit in front of a basin leaning forwards. Make her
pinch the soft part of her nose and breath through the mouth, for 10 minutes.
She must spit but any blood that come into her mouth. Release the nose
slowly after 10 minute. If bleeding starts again repeat the procedure for
another 5 minutes. If this fails to stop bleeding, send her to a doctor or a

114
hospital pinching her nostril. After bleeding has stopped refrain from blowing
the nose, as this will dislodge the clot formed and bleeding will reoccur.

(6) Satisfy your Scoutmaster that your behaviour at home- and at school is
good.

A scout must bring a certificate from parents and the school teacher
about his good behaviour at home and at school. This is included as a test
because for scout to have an all round development, he should not only be a
good scout but his character should be excellent at home and at school.

(7) Estimation— with the help of improvised apparatus like scout staff,
estimate two distances/widths of not more than 100 metres.
ESTIMATION: Estimation has a simple rule —start from yourself ;—one can
have Height, Distance, Weight and 'Number estimated roughly, to some
clear degree of correction by using self-units. So before starting estimating a
Scout should have his PERSONAL MEASUREMENTS entered in his own
Note Book or Diary under the following items :—
1. My Height—(in metre and in feet & inches)—
2. Height upto my eye level from ground—
3. My reach upto the tip of the middle-finger of the upstreached hand
from ground—
4. My reach across from the tip of the left-hand-middle-finger to the
other, streached on the other side (this is the other way to measure
one's height as these two measurements are equal )—
5. Length of my right fore-arm from elbow point to the tip of the middle-
finger—
6. Span of my palm from thumb tip to that of the little finger—
7. Length of my feet (from toe to heel) —
8. Length of my each step walking (average)—
9. Length of my 100 steps running—
10. My shoulder height—

Since an average Scout it a growing spices, so their measurements are

to be checked by monthly till it becomes a constant feature.

PERSONAL MEASUREMENTS. On hikes and while camping you often

have to measure a distance, a height, or a width. You can do this easily by
using the ruler you always carry with you: yourself. The most important
personal measurements you will use are shown below. Take these

115
measurements— in metrics—and write them in the proper spaces. Then
remember them and make use of them.

In each case the

estimate to be within 10% above or below."

Check and memorise the following : Length of your staff, of your

rope, of some other articles you usually carry with you.

Your own measurements : joint of forefinger to finger tip, elbow to tip

of forefinger, arms extended sideways, your reach. Thickness of a few
standard coins.

When estimating without-apparatus, note that :

THINGS LOOK FARTHER OFF-THAN THEY ARE:

a. when you are kneeling or lying down.
b. when background and object are of similar colour.
c. on broken ground.
d. in avenues, long streets or ravines.
c. when the object is in the shade.
f. in mist or failing light.
g. when heat is rising from the ground.
h. when the object is partly seen.

THINGS LOOK NEARER THAN THEY REALLYARE:

a. on bright clear days.
b. when the sun is behind you.
c. if background and object are of different colour.
d. when the ground is level.

116
e. when looking over water or a deep chasm.
f. when looking upward or downward.

JUDGING DISTANCES

For estimating short lengths: use your rope, the span of thumb and little
finger etc... A staff marked in centimetres and inches is extremely useful.
However, at the time of your test, a staff of this kind should not be used as a
measuring stick, but as a standard of reference for approximate estimation.
For estimating long distances: make use of the length of your pace.

If greater accuracy is required, use a long rope previously measured

with your staff. If a cycle is at hand, check the distance covered by rotating the
pedals 360°, and count the number of strokes required to cover the full
distance.
For estimating the distance across a
river, take an object x such as a tree or
rock on the opposite bank. Start off (point
A) at right angles to it and pace a
convenient distance, say 50 yards (point
B). Mark this point with a staff or stone.
Go on in the same direction for another 50
yards : on arriving at C. turn at right
angles and walk inland counting your
paces until you bring the 'stick and, the
tree in line. The number of paces that you
have taken from the bank (CD) will then give you the distance across AX.

A sighting stick may also be used for measuring distances, if one

knows the size of an object or of a person at that distant point. Holding the
stick at arm's length, measure off the height of the object on the stick. The
distance is found by the rule:

Distance = height of object X length of reach .

height on stick.

5' x 2'
If a 5’ scout is ½” high on your stick, the distance is = 240’
1"
2

To measure the distance between two objects which are

unapproachable, the following method may be useful. Let AM across a river,
be the distance to be measured. Stick a staff at a convenient point L. By the
preceding method find out the distance LA, say 40 yards. Similarly find out

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the distance ML, say 60 yards. The line AL is then produced to A' by a
convenient fraction, say 1|2 of die total length. AL. Similarly the line ML is
produced to M', keeping-the same proportion. Measure now the distance
M'A' say 15 yards. It follows that the distance between the points MA will be
2XM'A' or 30 yards.

MEASURING WIDTHS
NAPOLEON METHOD. Stand on one
shore. Bow your head, chin against
chest. Hold your hand to your
forehead, palm down. Move hand
down until the front edge of it seems
to touch the opposite shore. Now
make half right turn, "transferring" the
distance to your shore. The distance to
the point which the edge of your hand
seems to touch it the width of the river.
Pace it Napoleon would have used the
brim of hit hat instead of his hand. So
would you If you had on a broad-brim
Scout hat.

COMPASS METHOD.
Stand on one side of a river (B). Notice
a rock exactly opposite to you on the
other-side of the river (A). Point the
travel-direction arrow of your compass
at the rock. Turn the dial until the
compass needle lies over the orienting
arrow, north point pointing N. Read the
degrees (in this case 120). Add 45°
(making It 165). Walk along the river,
pointing the travel arrow toward A.
When the compass is oriented, stop (C).
Distance CB Is the width of the river.

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 (8) Participate in a troop night game.

Night Games

[The fun and value to be had from night games is enormous. Many a
Scout has had his fear of the dark-overcome through gradual training in
“Night Scouting.” It may be easy to make a sketch map of a strange village in
broad daylight, but try it in the pitch dark and complete silence—no questions
to be asked.

This section allows for full use of the Scooter's imagination ;—Bank
Robberies, Fifth Columnists, Rockets, etc.

Once again it is advisable to warn the police and other interested

parties. The police may even co-operate with you.

Good training in Night Scouting can well be given in the daylight,

using masks. These masks should not be blind folds but should be so made
that the wearer can dimly distinguish objects, so that he gets somewhere near
night game conditions.

In planning night games it is always as well to consult the weather

pundits and study the state of the moon. The game that can be a success on a
really dark night may be quite impossible when the moon is at the full, and
vice versa. It is essential to go over the ground in daylight before the game is
played, so that the boundaries are known and understood and the area over
which the game is played is reasonably familiar to most of those taking part,
and especially the Patrol Leaders.

Good night games are grand Scouting, but experience shows that there
are few forms of Scouting that can so easily flop if the planning and previous
re-connaisance leave anything to be desired.

Generally speaking, a night game should be of shorter duration than

an ordinary Wide Game. Forty-five to sixty minutes is about right, but it
depends a great deal on the area to be used and the number taking part. All
these points do need to be thought out and made clear before the game takes
place. There is nothing, quite so depressing for a boy as to be taking part in a
game which he does hot' understand and in which, so far as he is concerned,
nothing ever happens. Spending an hour under a hawthorn bush on a wet
night may possibly be good for the soul, although that is arguable, but it is
certainly not the kind of picture the average boy has of what he expects
Scouting to give him. A night game, above all else, does need real action if it is
to be a success.

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 As a Wide Game, the background story can make or mar a night game.
If the story is too long or too complex no one will understand it or take any
notice of it, and yet if it is not there at all the romance of Scouting suffers a
jolt. In any case, a background story does need translating into terms of
realism, both in the written instructions and in the action that takes place. For
example, in relation to one boy the story may well be that he is the High Priest
of the Hittite Fire-Worshippers and must guard a collection of idols which
have been gathered together as a result of exploration in the Lower Reaches of
the Amazon. That is all very well, but the Scout also needs to know that he,
Bill Smith, upon pain of a severe grilling from his Patrol Leader, has to guard
the area bounded by four oak trees which contains fourteen old signalling
flags.

We so often fail by taking Insufficient trouble before starting, and once

the game starts it is quite futile to try to issue supplementary instructions or
to make clear things that should have been made clear when the Troop met to
plan the game.

Spies in Camp
THREE or more Patrols needed. One Patrol, distinguished by white bands on
arms, act as Spies Each is given a piece of firewood (not as a weapon). Other
Patrols are Guards. The Camp Fire is burning briskly. All Spies leave Camp
and take up positions at an agreed distance from Camp Guards then encircle
the Camp, at least 50 yards from fire At "Go" Spies try to creep into Camp and
put wood on fire; anyone who does so remains by fire. Guards can capture by
taking away wood.

Night Scavenger Hunt

The Troop Scavenger Hunt means always a thing ingenious and

hilarious evening, especially if the items are chosen with malice aforethought.
A Night. Scavenger Hunt in Camp might be equally successful. Some of the
items might have to be "prepared," but some serious items of nature study
could be included as well as those which need thought and imagination to
obtain. To those who have never played this sort of game the following items
may give you ideas of others, to make up about a score or two dozen: a baked
potato, a pound of pebbles in a paper bag; a beggar man's knot; a white maple
leaf; the signature of the village policeman whom they will probably not
know but whose co-operation you have previously obtained—don't forget to
invite him to a Camp Fire afterwards as an honoured guest); one of he S.M.'s
shoes (he has only two—so this item calls for incisive leadership); a member
of another Patrol, kidnapped, bound and gagged; a whittled doll; a moth; five
named wild flowers; a feather over 3 inches long; some items from a notice
board outside the camp; something borrowed from a non-Scout, and so on.

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There is much more real training in leadership and followership in such a
game as this than is superficially apparent.

(9) Know and demonstrate – Morse Signalling by any one of the

methods, Flag, Disc, Buzzer or demonstrate Semaphore signaling by flag.

Must know the Morse signs for alphabets and numerals in English or
any Indian language and must be able to send and receive a simple message.

Morse signaling by flags:

Prepare to signal stance:

Stand comfortably with feet apart, directly facing the receiving station.
Hold the flag sticks about 15cms from the lower end in the right hand. This
hand, bent slightly at the elbow should be resting on the right thigh close to
your hip. The left had gathers up the folds of the flag in one fluid movement
and holds the flag to its stick near to your chest.
Ready position:

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 From the figure one position, the left had releases its hold on the flag
grasp the flag stick below the right hand. The thumbs of both hands point
upwards. Simultaneously raise the flag stick until both hands raise to the level
of your nose and the flag stick slants towards your left shoulder in a position
half-way between the horizontal and the vertical.

Dot position:

Continue to keep both hands on the flag stick at noise level but the elbow
slightly away from the sides of the body. Move the flag stick smartly to the
right, describing a 90 degree arc. This movement of the flag stick is made with
the help of the wrists only and not with the arms or body. After completing
the movement, return quickly to the ready position.
Dash position:

This position is similar to the dot position but the movement to the right
is extended through a 135 degree arc, i.e. the flag stick reaches a position
where it is parallel to the ground.

Morse signaling by Buzzers:

For connecting two buzzer stations together you may use two wire two
battery system or three wire single battery systems.

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If you have the use of portable radio, even a local set ask one of your friends
to build this cheap mini transmitter shown in below figure. Its signal can be
picked by radio placed few away. The transformer used as a radio of 10 to I.
the coil is standard medium wave antenna on which tapping is made. Do not
use this transmitter near human habitation.

Semaphore signaling by flags:

These are the different types of the flag position to transmit the signals.

(10) Qualify for one of the following proficiency badges :

Cook, Debater, Friend to animals, Gardener, Handy- man, Cyclist, Laundrer

Refer to A.P.R.O. part II

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(11) Participate in Troop/Patrol sustained activity organized by the Scout
master for a month in your community making use of scout skills.

(12) Complete any two of the following ;

(a) Collect information on our heritage and culture and prepare a Log.

A land of colourful contrasts, India offers the visitor an opportunity to

see centuries old art and architecture side by side with modern projects of
science and technology. The wild grandeur of the Himalayas, the great
monuments of the past, the varied flora, and above all the variety in the
costumes and customs of her nearly 590 million people, bring to the traveller
a picture of diversity in life and landscape as he travels from one region to
another.

No region in the world is more colourful or picturesque than India. Us

ancient monuments and buildings designed by master-craftsmen of bygone
days, Its customs, festivals, religions, philosophy and art testify to one of the
oldest and richest civilizations and are of absorbing interest. To the lover of
nature, the botanist and the naturalist, India offers every charm in forest,
mountain, valley, cultivated plain or desert waste.

India offers a 'variety of wild life such as few countries have: tiger,
panther, bear, elephant, buffalo and bison In the forests, trout and mahseer in
the rivers, the wily snipe and the strong-winged duck on the jheels, and the
quick-turning pig in the jungles.

To the mountaineer, the Himalayas offer the highest mountains in the

world, with their many famous peaks which have not yet been scaled.

The art collector and souvenir-hunter will reap a good harvest in this
country. India's arts and crafts have always been prized abroad. An
instinctive feeling for beauty, infinite patience and the accumulated
experience of centuries enable the Indian craftsmen to produce goods of rare
excellence and design. Kashmir is justly renowned for the exquisite patterns
and colours of its hand-embroidered shawls. The brocades of Varanasi
(Banaras) and Murshidabad, the jewellery of Delhi and Jaipur, the ivories of
Karnataka and Kerala, the inlaid metalware of Moradabad and Hyderabad,
the glass bangles of Firozabad and the leather goods of Madras are some of
the infinite varieties of Indian crafts which appeal to the eye and satisfy the
aesthetic sense of connoisseur and layman alike.

Drama in India, as everywhere else, had its origin in religion. Later it

moved towards secularism. Bharata's Natya Sastra, the treatise on
dramaturgy, and the recently discovered theatre at Sitabanga Cave in Central

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India date back to the first century before Christ. Thus, the-dramatic art in
India is of an ancient origin.

Sanskrit drama was an integrated art of music, dance, action and

poetry. Unlike the European drama wherein story and characters were given
prime importance, Indian dramaturgy gave the first place to sentiment or
rasa. At the same time full attention was paid to the gradual development of
the plot and to the characters in the play. The soul of the play, however, was
rasa — the portrayal of emotion and the evocation of the same in the
spectator's heart.

There is a rich tradition of dance in India, which may be /classified as

(1) Classical, (2) Folk and (3) Tribal.

The classical dances are the ones that tourists can easily see in the big
cities where several cultural organisations frequently conduct performances.
The best-known schools of classical dance are the Bharata Nat/am of South
India, the Kathakali (dance-drama) of Kerala, the Kathak of North India, the
Koochipudi of Andhra Pradesh, the Odissi of Orissa and the Manipuri of
Manipur in Eastern India.

The tribal dances are the visible rhythmic expression of the joys and
beliefs of the simple, unsophisticated people, known as Adivasi or "original
inhabitants" who lived in India before the Aryan Influx. These tribes live
mostly in scattered forest areas and dance is an integral part of their ritualistic
life.

Similar to the tribal dances are the folk-dances of different parts of

India. These are less ritualistic and are based on the simple joys of the people,
their agricultural pursuits and the changing cycle of seasons.

The film is one of the most popular forms of entertainment In India.

While all cities and towns have one or more cinema houses, the big cities have
dozens of them and many of them screen American and British films.

Most people in the cities know and speak English well and English
language films are popular with the educated urban people.

There are more than two hundred museums situated all over the
country, where the lover of art and archaeology can see the original
specimens of Indian plastic art and painting. Most of the museums also
display antiquities recovered during excavations of historical sites. At some of
the ancient sites like Khajuraho, Amaravati, Hampi and Konarak, there are

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collections of detached antiquities in addition to the superb sculptures on the
inside and outside of the temple – walls.

The Indian way of life is essentially one which believes in spectacle and
festivity. Followers of major religions — Hinduism, Islam, Christianity,
Sikhism and Jainism—all have various festivals which fall in different parts of
the year. Consequently, almost every month, there is some festival or the
other which adds zest to life and provides occasion for family and social
reunions.

Among the Hindus, many of the festivals are connected with the
changing seasons. Of course, the seasonal festivals have also legend and
mythology associated with their origin. This is so because Indian civilization
is ancient and has a very long tradition which goes back into the dim past of
pre-historical days.

In India festivals are occasions also for artistic expression and yeomen
in most parts of India use rice-flour or coloured powder for preparing designs
of floral and geometrical motifs on the floor. The 'rangoli' designs are
beautiful works of folk art. Women adorn their hands and feet, too, on such
occasions, with attractive and fine patterns made with green henna paste
which leaves a red pattern when washed off.

(b) Undertake a development project in your school with your Patrol in

consultation with the head of the institution.

A school is an institution where changes, alterations and repairs are

always needed.

It becomes very expensive for the management to spend lot of money

from time to time on such projects.

If a scout patrol comes forward to help in such development projects

then the management would welcome such a suggestion.

The development projects that could be undertaken are as follows :

1. White washing the walls.
2. Carrying out petty repairs to furnitures.
3. Preparing a playground like a football field, a badminton court
volley ball court etc.
4. Make arrangements for educational and sporting film shows.
5. Arrange for cleanliness drives.
6. Conduct fund raising campaigns.

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 All the above projects should be carried out in consultation with the
head of the institution.

(c) Participate in a social service camp.

Participate in a social service camp

In order to make the youth more service oriented the university

students have now started the National Service Scheme (N.S.S.). For this
project the youths have to give voluntary service for 12O hours in some
village development programme or road construction project or any such
type of social service. Youths can divide their 120 hours into. 2 parts which is
60 hours in- Urban areas for hospital work or working in the slums etc. The
second part could be a 60 hours I continuous social service camp in the rural
village.

Scouts who wish to do social service can join such NSS units and work
for the community welfare projects in the rural areas.

As an alternative if. there is a big scout who would like to pass |this
test they could consult the village panchayat or the local muncipal bodies or
the zilla parishad and organise such community development |projects and
arrange for a community development camp along with the |help of local
villagers.

(d) Serve in a community fair or mela.

Nowadays huge melas are organised like the kumb mela in which
lakhs of people gather at one place for religious ceremonies. In the villages
fairs are held at regular intervals to celebrate various festivals and occassions.

At such fairs and melas there is always a problem of discipline,

maintaining law and order and sanitation problem like bathing and toilet
facilities. At such melas and fairs there is always a need for a helping hand
needed by the pilgrims in cooking and finding raw foods and vegetables.

A very strong reception counter is also needed in order to guide

people and to answer their enquiries. A lost and found booth can also be of
utmost importance as the pilgrims could loose many possessions. Many little
children may also be lost.

Electrical fittings will be at many points and it would require special

care to see that short circuit does not occur.

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 Scouts could do any of the services mentioned above at such fairs or
melas.

(e) Discuss with your parents and neighbours about a pollution problem in
your locality and make a report of it.

Discuss with your parents and neighbours about" a pollution problem

in your locality and make a report of it.

If cleanliness is not maintained pollution is bound to occur. Scouts are

supposed to discuss this problem with their parents and neighbours or such
adults who would help them in solving the pollution problem. The local
municipality or the Zilla Parishad could also be very helpful in solving the
pollution problem. Refer point no. 12 of Pratham Sopan on page no. 72 for
Mosquito Control.

A scout is required to discuss the pollution problem in the locality with

the above authorities and make a report of it and submit it to the scout
master.

This test has been included in the Dwitiya Sopan in order to sow the
seeds of service in the younger generation and thus making the youth more
aware about the community development and in turn enhancing the image of
scouting in the eyes of the general public.

(i) On the successful completion of the tests for Dwitiya Sopan

badge to the satisfaction of independent examiners arranged
by the Training Counsellors and appointed by the Local
Association or District Association, as the case may be, on the
basis of the certificate issued by the examiners the Scouts
shall be issued the Dwitiya Sopan Badge.
(ii) The Dwititya Sopan badge consists of the Bharat Scouts &
Guides emblem with scroll 'TAYYAR” in Devanagari script
under if
(iii) The Dwititya Sopan badge shall be worn on the-left arm in
place of Pratham Sopan badge

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