Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Volume 2014, Article ID 273460, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/273460

Research Article
Effect of W/C Ratio on Durability and Porosity in Cement
Mortar with Constant Cement Amount

Yun-Yong Kim,1 Kwang-Myung Lee,2 Jin-Wook Bang,1 and Seung-Jun Kwon3

1
Department of Civil Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hannam University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764,
Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Seung-Jun Kwon; [email protected]

Received 9 October 2013; Revised 17 March 2014; Accepted 20 March 2014; Published 15 April 2014

Academic Editor: Jun Zhang

Copyright © 2014 Yun-Yong Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Water is often added to concrete placing for easy workability and finishability in construction site. The additional mixing water can
help easy mixing and workability but causes increased porosity, which yields degradation of durability and structural performances.
In this paper, cement mortar samples with 0.45 of W/C (water to cement) ratio are prepared for control case and durability
performances are evaluated with additional water from 0.45 to 0.60 of W/C. Several durability tests including strength, chloride
diffusion, air permeability, saturation, and moisture diffusion are performed, and they are analyzed with changed porosity. The
changing ratios and patterns of durability performance are evaluated considering pore size distribution, total porosity, and
additional water content.

1. Introduction The strength and the related porosity have been studied
for a long time [6, 9–11]. For deterioration analysis consider-
Concrete as a porous material has air/water permeable prop- ing porosity changes, many researches have been carried out
erties and this has a great influence on not only strength but for chloride diffusion mechanism [1, 12, 13] and carbonation
also durability characteristics. Usually deteriorating agents behavior [2, 4, 14, 15]. Porosity changes and its relationship
which can cause steel corrosion like chloride ions and with air/water permeability are also investigated [16–19].
carbon dioxide intrude into concrete through pores or their These researches are for the normal concrete with suitable
connectivity [1–3]. Many techniques and models on dura- w/c ratio and air content. However, in construction site,
bility have been proposed based on porosity for explaining water is often added for easy concrete placing and concrete
permeation and diffusion mechanism [1–4]. In early-aged passing between steel spacing. The added water can help
concrete, hydrates containing C-S-H and Ca(OH)2 are gen- easy workability and finishability but concrete with added
erated through chemical reaction with cement particles and water shows segregation of aggregates and degradation of
water, and porosity with various pore distribution which are performance both in strength and durability. In the concrete
generated in the process can be the main route of water and with the same unit cement content, hydration can be more
gas. Many researches have been performed on the effects activated with larger unit water content. But the consumed
of curing condition, type of mix proportions, and mineral water for hydration reaction in cement paste develops to
admixtures on the related porosity [5–8]; however, they more pores which lead to reduction of strength and resistance
have shown a qualitative evaluation for porosity without to deterioration even in the same hydrate product amount.
reliable explanation for the relationship between porosity and Porosity plays an important role in mass transport and is also
durability performance. considered as durability index [20]. In spite of the concrete
2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 1: Mix proportions.

w/c Cement (kg/m3 ) Water (kg/m3 ) Sand (kg/m3 ) Air content (%) Flow (mm)
0.45 340 153 1800 5.2 280
0.50 340 170 1800 3.5 330
0.55 340 187 1800 1.8 335
0.60 340 204 1800 0.1 360

Table 2: Physical properties of cement and sand. performed for the OPC mortar samples with the same age
(91 days). Various durability tests including strength, chloride
Physical properties of aggregate diffusion, air/water permeability, saturation, and moisture
Specific gravity (g/cm3 ) 2.62 diffusion are performed. This paper presents how much
F.M 2.64 durability performance and porosity change through adding
Physical properties of cement water to normal concrete mix and shows the quantitative
Specific gravity (g/cm3 ) 3.15 relationships between changes in porosity and durability
Blaine (cm2 /g) 3,120 performances.
Chemical composition of cement (%)
SiO2 21.5
2. Experiment Program
Al2 O3 5.10
Fe2 O3 3.04 2.1. Mix Proportions and Curing Conditions. Cement mortar
CaO 61.3 with OPC was prepared for MIP samples not to be interfered
MgO 2.85 by coarse aggregate. For control case, cement mortar samples
SO3 2.21 with 0.45 of W/C and 5.2% of air content are prepared.
LOI 1.93 In order to consider the additional water for easy concrete
placing, the samples with higher W/C ratio, and constant
cement content are prepared through adding mix water.
Table 3: Measuring conditions for MIP test. Surface saturated condition of sand is prepared for this
Contacting angle 130∘ mixing and finally 4 different mix proportions are considered
as W/C of 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60. Mix proportions are
Mercury surface tension 485 dynes/cm
listed in Table 1 where the unit content of cement is fixed. The
Maximum head pressure 4.45 psi
properties of cement and sand are listed in Table 2.
Stem volume 0.392 mL In early aged state, porosity shows relatively rapid reduc-
Bulb volume 5 cc tion due to hydration so that the mortar samples have been
Pemetrometer constant 10.79/pF cured for 91 days in water-submerged condition with 20∘ C
High pressure measurement 33,000 psi of temperature. Tests of MIP and durability performance
were performed for the samples at the same age. With higher
Table 4: Conditions for chloride diffusion test (NT BUILD 492). w/c ratios, abundant bleeding water is observed and little
segregation of aggregation is found. However, the samples
Catholyte 10% NaCl are mortar, not concrete, so that segregation seems to be not
Anolyte 0.3 N NaOH critical.
Temperature 20∼25∘ C
Applied potential 30 V
2.2. Tests for Durability Performance
Initial current 40∼60 mA
Duration time 24 hours 2.2.1. Porosity and Compressive Strength. Pore structure is
developed with hydration reaction and porosity generally
decreases with age in curing condition [3, 24]. For an evalua-
samples with the same porosities, they may have different tion of porosity in cement-based material, several techniques
chloride diffusion coefficients due to the enhanced binding such as nitrogen adsorption method [25], image analysis, and
capacity in concrete with mineral admixture [17, 21]. For MIP are widely utilized. MIP test is conventionally performed
carbonation, the porosity is altered with carbonation process for its convenience and reliable results for capillary pores
due to the formation of CaCO3 [14, 15, 22, 23]. However, [26, 27]. Cement mortar samples cured for 91 days are
durability characteristics can be quantitatively evaluated and submerged in acetone after breaking into a small size for
related to porosity in OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) stopping hydration process. After drying them in oven in
concrete controlled with the same curing and environmental 105∘ C for 24 hours, MIP tests are performed threefold for
conditions. In this paper, porosity is experimentally evaluated each W/C case. For the compressive test, cylindrical samples
through MIP (Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry) for cement (100 mm of diameter and 200 mm of height) were prepared
mortar with increasing additional water. Durability tests are and the test was carried out based on JIS A 1108 [28]. Table 3
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

Table 5: Results of sorptivity, surface concentration, and moisture diffusion coefficient.

Moisture
Surface
W/C Sorptivity Thickness Area Constant diffusion
concentration
(𝑆: kg/m3 h0.5 ) (𝐿: cm) (𝐴: cm2 ) (𝐵: mm) coefficient
(𝐶𝑜 : kg/m3 )
(𝐷𝑚 : m2 /h) × 10−7
0.45 0.17 5 25 0.02 42.89 9.1
0.50 0.18 5 25 0.02 48.73 12.4
0.55 0.24 5 25 0.02 53.89 14.3
0.60 0.44 5 25 0.02 56.43 24.2

Table 6: Regression analysis for various ranges of porosity and W/C ratios.

𝑌 = 𝐴(𝑋 − 1) + 1
𝑌: gradient of normalized pore change
Pore diameter range
𝑋: normalized W/C or water content
𝐴 𝑅2
∼0.01 𝜇m 4.3682 0.7246
0.01∼0.1 𝜇m 2.3352 0.9839
0.1∼1 𝜇m 0.3412 0.1506
0.1∼10 𝜇m 0.9321 0.9765
10 𝜇m∼ 0.5489 0.2400

shows measuring conditions for MIP test. In order to obtain 2.2.3. Water Evaporation. Concrete with larger pores permits
appropriate sample, it is taken from the top, middle, and larger water absorption in saturated condition and larger
bottom location in the cylindrical sample. evaporation of water in drying process accordingly. Free
water in cement mortar exists only in pores so that porosity is
2.2.2. Chloride Diffusion Coefficient. For an evaluation of closely related with evaporation of water amount [33]. For this
resistance to chloride attack, diffusion coefficient is essential test, cubic mortar samples (50 × 50 × 50 mm) are prepared
for prediction of service life and quantitative understanding and their weights at the age of 91 days are measured after 1-
of chloride behavior [12, 17, 29]. Chloride diffusion coefficient week submerged condition. For 10 days, the changes in weight
is calculated based on the guideline of NT BUILD 492 [30]. of mortar samples exposed to room condition (20∘ C and R.H.
The average from 3 samples per each w/c case is obtained for 55%) were monitored. With higher w/c ratio, segregation of
the mortar samples at the age of 91 days. The middle part of aggregate can occur but, in the weight change, total weight
cylindrical sample for compression test is taken with depth is measured for entire volume. The effect of segregation is
of 50 mm. Table 4 presents the test conditions and diffusion considered in the entire volume. Saturation can be calculated
coefficients are calculated through (1) and (2). Silver nitrate through the following:
solution (0.1 N, AgNO3 ) was used as indicator [31]:

𝑅𝑇 𝑥𝑑 − 𝛼√𝑥𝑑 𝑊act − 𝑊dried

𝐷𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑚 = ⋅ , (1) 𝑆 (%) = × 100, (3)
𝑧𝐹𝐸 𝑡 𝑊sat − 𝑊dried

𝑈−2 𝑅𝑇𝐿 2𝐶
𝐸= , 𝛼 = 2√ ⋅ erf−1 [1 − 𝑑 ] , (2)
𝐿 𝑧𝐹𝐸 𝐶0 where 𝑊sat , 𝑊act , and 𝑊dried are weights in saturated, room,
and dried condition after 24 hours in 105∘ C in oven.
where 𝐷𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑚 is diffusion coefficient in non-steady-state con-
dition from RCPT (m2 /sec), 𝑅 is universal gas constant
(8.314 J/mol K), 𝑇 is absolute temperature (K), 𝐿 is thickness 2.2.4. Air Permeability. So far, there have been no standards
of specimen (m), 𝑧 is ionic valence (= 1.0), 𝐹 is Faraday for air permeability test and various techniques are proposed
constant (= 96,500 J/V mol), 𝑈 is applied potential (V), 𝑡 is based on Darcy’s Law [34, 35]. For this study, mortar disk
test duration time (sec), 𝐶𝑑 is the chloride concentration at samples with 30 mm depth are fixed in the cylinder with
which the color changes when using a colorimetric method 70 mm of diameter and subjected to air pressure of 0.2 MPa
for measuring 𝑥𝑑 based on the references [31, 32], 𝐶0 is from bottom of the sample to upward. The air volume
chloride concentration in the upstream solution (mol/L), 𝛼 is through the disk sample was monitored with time. This test
an experimental constant through (2), and erf−1 is the inverse is performed for samples at the age of 91 days and air per-
function of the error function. meability can be calculated through (4). As in Section 2.2.3,
4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 7: Results of regression analysis for normalized porosity and durability performance.

𝑌 = 𝐴(𝑋 − 1) + 1 𝐴 𝑅2
𝑌: w/c (water content) 0.6927 0.9755
𝑌: compressive strength −0.4642 0.9678
𝑌: chloride diffusion coefficient 1.1446 0.9911
𝑌: saturation 0.0621 0.1625
𝑌 = 𝐵√(𝑋 − 1) + 1 𝐵 𝑅2
𝑌: water loss 0.5419 0.9984
𝑌: air permeability 1.4559 0.9809
𝑌 = 𝐶(𝑋 − 1)2 + 1 𝐶 𝑅2
𝑌: sorptivity 6.1042 0.9809
𝑌: moisture diffusion coefficient 6.6166 0.9545

(a) Photos for test

Sealing

Φ10 × 3 concrete
specimen

Surface coating Air compressor

Water

Sealing

(b) Schematic diagram for test

Figure 1: Test for air permeability.

entire volume including segregation is considered in the test (0 m2 ), and 𝛾 is unit weight of air (1.205 × 10−6 kg/cm3 ). The
of air permeability: test setup and its photo are presented in Figure 1.

2𝑃2 ℎ𝛾 𝑄
𝐾= 2 2
× , (4)
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝐴 2.2.5. Moisture Diffusion. Moisture diffusion is a major
parameter since water is largely responsible for durability
where 𝐾 is air permeability (cm/s), 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are applied air problems; however, experimental evaluation needs special
pressure (0.2 MPa) and atmospheric pressure (0.1013 MPa), ℎ control because of locally varying moisture and complex pore
is depth of disk sample (30 mm), 𝐴 is area under air pressure connectivity [36]. Recently, simple equation for moisture
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

0.8 25

20
0.6

Pore volume (%)

Pore volume (%)

15
0.4
10

0.2
5

0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Pore diameter (𝜇m) Pore diameter (𝜇m)

w/c 45% w/c 55% w/c 45% w/c 55%

w/c 50% w/c 60% w/c 50% w/c 60%
(a) PDS (91 days) (b) Cumulative porosity (91 days)

Figure 2: PSD and total porosity.

25 50 diffusion is proposed considering mass of diffusion and

sorption like the following [36]:
Compressive strength (MPa)

45
𝑀 −𝑆𝑡0.5
Total porosity (%)

20 40 ( ) = 𝐵 [1 − exp ( )] + 𝐶0 𝐿
𝐴 𝑡 𝐵
35
∞
8 −𝐷𝑚 (2𝑛 + 1)2 𝜋2 𝑡
15 30 × {1 − ∑ 2 2
exp [ ]} ,
𝑛=0 (2𝑛 + 1) 𝜋 4𝐿2
25 (5)
10
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
20 where 𝑀 is mass of water from sorption and diffusion (kg),
w/c ratios 𝐴 is surface area (mm2 ), 𝐵 is constant related to the distance
from the absorbing surface (mm), 𝑆 is sorptivity (kg/m2 h0.5 ),
Porosity (91 days)
𝐶0 is surface moisture content (kg/m3 ), and 𝐿 is length of
Compressive strength (MPa)
specimen (mm). In this study, sorptivity for mortar sample
Figure 3: Strength and porosity with different W/C ratios. (91 days) is obtained based on KS F 2609 [37] and moisture
diffusion coefficient was calculated based on the results.
Cubic samples (50 × 50 × 50 mm) are prepared and their sides
were coated with epoxy resin for one-dimensional intrusion
of water. As previously described, total volume of segregation
25 12
is considered for the test.
Chloride diffusion coefficient

10
3. Results of Durability Test and Porosity
Total porosity (%)

20 8
(10−12 m2 /s)

6 3.1. Durability Test Results

15 4 3.1.1. Compressive Strength and Porosity. The larger water

content in cement mortar leads coarse pore distribution.
2 The results at the age of 91 days show typical increase in
strength and decrease in total porosity with higher w/c ratio
10 0
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 (larger additional water). Pore size distribution (PSD) and
w/c ratios porosity are presented in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows changes
in strength and porosity with w/c ratios. Averages from
Porosity (91 days) 3 samples are plotted for the evaluation of porosity and
Chloride diffusion coefficient strength, respectively.
With increasing w/c ratio (additional water amount) from
Figure 4: Chloride diffusion coefficient and porosity with different 0.45 to 0.60, porosity goes up to 150% and compressive
W/C ratios. strength is reduced to 75.6%. Although they have the same
6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

cement amount, 33% additional water causes considerable this range. Figure 9 shows the pore volume in 5 specified
changes in the performances. groups.
In each 5 divided region, measured porosities are aver-
3.1.2. Chloride Diffusion Coefficient and Porosity. Chloride aged as one value and they are compared with W/C ratios. By
diffusion coefficient is dependent on pore structure since doing so, the changes in porosity with different W/C ratios
pore can be both room for holding chloride ion and route can be easily evaluated. Figure 10(a) shows the changes in
for ion diffusion [29, 38]. In this test, the average from 3 porosity averages with different w/c ratios and Figure 10(b)
samples shows clear increase in chloride diffusion coefficient shows their comparisons of normalized results by the case of
with higher W/C ratio, which is presented in Figure 4 with W/C 0.45.
measured porosity. As shown in Figure 10, averaged porosities in 5 different
With higher W/C ratio, chloride diffusion coefficient range of pore diameter show interesting changes with increas-
linearly increases to 157%. ing W/C ratio. In 2 groups of pore radius (below 0.01 𝜇m and
0.01∼0.1 𝜇m), relatively higher increasing ratio is measured
with higher W/C ratios. The finer pores are easily filled
3.1.3. Water Evaporation and Porosity. For water loss, distinct with swelling of cement particles so that higher gradients
difference is not observed within a few hours but can be of changing porosity are evaluated in the first 2 groups.
observed with extended drying periods to 10 days. The The results of regression analysis shown in Figure 10(b) are
samples with higher porosity can have larger room for listed in Table 6 with determinant coefficients. The gradient
keeping water so that water loss from each sample shows of normalized pore change in the first group (∼0.01 𝜇m) is
different amount with drying process. This shows consistent 4.3682 with 0.7246 of determinant coefficient. The second
result with previous research [24]. In the saturation from (3), group (0.01∼0.1 𝜇m) has 2.3352 with 0.9839 of determinant
clear difference is not measured since the mortar with larger coefficient.
water loss has larger amount of free water as well. The water
loss and saturation are presented in Figure 5 and they are
plotted with measured porosity in Figure 6.
The amount of water loss increases to 7.65 g (w/c 0.45), 3.2.2. Relationship between Porosity and Durability Perfor-
9.01 g (w/c 0.50), 9.88 g (w/c 0.55), and 10.57 g (w/c 0.60) mance. Analysis on durability characteristics with porosity
after 10 drying days, which shows consistent behavior with is performed since relationships with w/c ratios may be
porosity measurement. practical but have no consideration of physical properties.
Total porosity measure through MIP is normalized by the
case of W/C 0.45 and compared with normalized durability
3.1.4. Air Permeability and Porosity. The coarse pores in test results. The results are shown in Figure 11 and those from
mortar with higher w/c ratio cause rapid air permeation and regression analysis are listed in Table 7.
the results of air permeability with measured porosity are From the various tests, durability performances with
shown in Figure 7. linear relationship with porosity are evaluated to be W/C ratio
Air permeability increases to 192% when w/c changes (water content), compressive strength, and chloride diffusion
from 0.45 to 0.60 and it shows relatively little increment over coefficient. Nonlinear relationships of square root of porosity
0.50 of w/c. are found in water loss and air permeability. Sorptivity and
moisture diffusion coefficient are related to square of porosity.
3.1.5. Moisture Diffusion Coefficient and Porosity. Concrete Except for saturation, durability performances can be related
with large product of hydrate has dense pore structure. to porosity change with high determinant coefficient.
Moisture diffusion coefficient is measured to increase with This paper presents quantitative patterns and relation-
higher W/C ratio since it has higher sorptivity due to higher ships between porosity and durability performances in the
porosity. The results of sorptivity, surface concentration, cement mortar with constant cement contents. In construc-
and moisture diffusion coefficient are listed in Table 5 and tion site or unavoidable conditions, adding water in fixed
presented in Figure 8 with measured porosity. mix condition for temporarily easy concrete placing is often
With increasing w/c ratio to 0.60, surface moisture conducted; however, it is found that durability performances
content linearly increases to 132%. Sorptivity and moisture in cement mortar with added water significantly decrease
diffusion coefficient are shown to quadratic increase to 259% with increasing porosity.
and 266%, respectively.

3.2. Porosity and Durability Performance 4. Conclusions

3.2.1. Analysis of Changes in Pore Size Distribution. In For OPC mortar with constant cement content and additional
Figure 2, total porosity and PSD are measured. In order to water content, various durability tests are performed and
analyze the changes in pore size, pore volumes in 5 groups of their results are investigated with derivation of pattern and
pore diameter are evaluated. Capillary pores which are closely relationship with porosity. The conclusions on effect of W/C
related to mass transport are reported be within the size of ratio on durability and porosity in cement mortar with
10−8 ∼10−4 m [39] and the results from MIP range can cover constant cement amount are as follows.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

12.0 100.0

80.0
9.0

Saturation (%)
Water loss (g)

60.0
6.0
40.0
3.0
20.0

0.0 0.0
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0
Exposed period (hours) Exposed period (hours)

w/c 60% w/c 50% w/c 60% w/c 50%

w/c 55% w/c 45% w/c 55% w/c 45%
(a) Water loss (b) Saturation

Figure 5: Water loss and saturation with W/C ratios.

25 25 60

moisture diffusion coefficient 10−7 (m2 /s)

Water loss (g) and saturation (%)

surface concentration (kg/m3 )

50

Sorptivity 102 (kg/m3 h0.5 )

17
Total porosity (%)
Total porosity (%)

20 20 40

13 30

15 15 20
9
10

10 0
10 5 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
w/c ratios
w/c ratios
Porosity (91 days) Surface content
Porosity (91 days)
Water loss (g) Sorptivity Moisture coefficient
Saturation (%)
Figure 8: Sorptivity, surface concentration, moisture diffusion, and
Figure 6: Water loss, saturation, and porosity with different W/C porosity with different W/C ratios.
ratios.

25 0.08
Air permeability (10−16 m/s)

0.06
Total porosity (%)

20

0.04 (1) Cement mortar with constant W/C ratio of 0.45

and air amount 5.2% is prepared and its durabil-
15 ity performances are quantitatively investigated with
0.02 adding mixing water to 0.60 of W/C ratio. The
increasing W/C ratio causes increasing porosity to
10
150% compared with control case (W/C 0.45). With
0
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 increasing porosity, interesting patterns with porosity
w/c ratios are evaluated, which are linear relationships (W/C
ratio, compressive strength, and chloride diffusion
Porosity (91 days)
coefficient), square root of porosity (water loss and air
Air permeability (m/s)
permeability), and square of porosity (sorptivity and
moisture diffusion coefficient) with high determinant
Figure 7: Air permeability and porosity with different W/C ratios.
coefficient over 0.9.
8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

0.25 0.5
0.8 0.8
Pore volume (%)

Pore volume (%)

0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2
0 0
Pore volume (%)

Pore volume (%)

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Pore diameter (𝜇m) Pore diameter (𝜇m)
0.15 0.3

0.1 0.2

0.05 0.1

0 0
0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09
Pore diameter (𝜇m) Pore diameter (𝜇m)

w/c 45% w/c 55% w/c 45% w/c 55%

w/c 50% w/c 60% w/c 50% w/c 60%
(a) PSD (∼0.01 𝜇m) (b) PSD (0.01∼0.1 𝜇m)
0.8 0.4
0.8
Pore volume (%)

0.8
0.6

Pore volume (%)

0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.6 0 0.3 0.2
Pore volume (%)

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Pore volume (%)

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Pore diameter (𝜇m)
Pore diameter (𝜇m)

0.4 0.2

0.2 0.1

0 0
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1 3 5 7 9
Pore diameter (𝜇m) Pore diameter (𝜇m)

w/c 45% w/c 55% w/c 45% w/c 55%

w/c 50% w/c 60% w/c 50% w/c 60%
(c) PSD (0.1∼1 𝜇m) (d) PSD (1∼10 𝜇m)
0.4
0.8
Pore volume (%)

0.6
0.4
0.3 0.2
0
Pore volume (%)

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Pore diameter (𝜇m)

0.2

0.1

0
10 30 50 70 90
Pore diameter (𝜇m)

w/c 45% w/c 55%

w/c 50% w/c 60%
(e) PSD (10 𝜇m∼)

Figure 9: PSD in different pore radius.

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

0.5 3

Normalized averages in porosity

0.4 2.5
Averaged porosity

0.3 2

0.2 1.5

0.1 1

0 0.5
45 50 55 60 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
w/c ratios (%) Normalized w/c ratios

Averaged PSD (∼0.01 𝜇m) Normalized PSD (∼0.01 𝜇m)

Averaged PSD (0.01 ∼ 0.1 𝜇m) Regression (∼0.01 𝜇m)
Averaged PSD (0.1 ∼ 1 𝜇m) Normalized PSD (0.01 ∼ 0.1 𝜇m)
Averaged PSD (1 ∼ 10 𝜇m) Regression (0.01 ∼ 0.1 𝜇m)
Averaged PSD (10 𝜇m∼ ) Normalized PSD (0.1 ∼ 1 𝜇m)
Regression (0.1 ∼ 1 𝜇m)
Normalized PSD (1 ∼ 10 𝜇m)
Regression (1 ∼ 10 𝜇m)
Normalized PSD (10 𝜇m∼ )
Regression (10 𝜇m∼ )

(a) Averaged porosity with W/C ratios (b) Normalization of porosity and W/C ratios

Figure 10: Changes in averaged and normalized porosity with W/C ratios.

2
Normalized durability performance
Normalized durability performance

2.5
1.5

1
1.5

0.5 1
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Normalized total porosity Normalized total porosity

w/c (water content) Water loss

Regression (w/c) Regression (water loss)
Compressive strength Air permeability
Regression (strength) Regression (air permeability)
Chloride diffusion coefficient Sorptivity
Regression (chloride diffusion) Regression (sorptivity)
Saturation Moisture coefficient
Regression (saturation) Regression (moisture diffusion)
(a) Regression results for W/C, strength, chloride diffusion coefficient, (b) Regression results for water loss, air permeability, sorptivity,
and saturation and moisture coefficient

Figure 11: Relationships between normalized porosity and durability performance.

(2) With increasing water content from 0.45 to 0.60 of in moisture diffusion coefficient. In the compressive
w/c (133% increase), it is evaluated that the increase strength, it decreases to 75.6% for control case (W/C
ratios are 139% in water loss, 150% in porosity, 0.45). This paper quantitatively presents how much
157% in chloride diffusion coefficient, 192% in air and with what pattern the durability performances are
permeability, 259%in moisture sorptivity, and 266% changed with increasing mix water in cement mortar.
10 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Conflict of Interests [15] S.-J. Kwon and U.-J. Na, “Prediction of durability for RC
columns with crack and joint under carbonation based on prob-
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests abilistic approach,” International Journal of Concrete Structures
regarding the publication of this paper. and Materials, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2011.
[16] H.-W. Song and S.-J. Kwon, “Permeability characteristics of car-
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