Robson Selfesteem 1989
Robson Selfesteem 1989
Robson Selfesteem 1989
PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION
SYNOPSIS In constructing a new self-report questionnaire for measuring self esteem, the aim has
been to satisfy psychometric requirements without sacrificing the intuitive meaning of the concept.
Self esteem is seen as a composite, and examination of its components may have more analytic or
predictive value than ' global' scores. Preliminary reliability and validity data are encouraging.
several theorists (e.g. James, 1890; McDougall, Coopersmith (1967, JV=8) or Rogers &
1928; Rosenberg, 1965; Fleming & Courtney, Dymond (1954, N=l). Using a card-sort
1984) is that self esteem is based on beliefs technique, and having been given working
stemming from self evaluation of character, definitions for each component, nine experienced
abilities and behaviour. These beliefs gradually psychiatrists and psychologists were asked to
develop as a result of experiences during allocate each item to a component on face
childhood (Coopersmith, 1967) and later (Beck, validity, and to discard those items that did not
1967). Deficits in some of these aspects may be appear to fit any component. Items that did not
balanced by excesses in others, and if this is the achieve unanimous or near unanimous categor-
case it may be that shifts in the subordinate ization were rejected. Further items were dis-
elements which together give rise to self esteem carded on the basis of instability on test-retest,
have more analytic or predictive usefulness than heavily skewed response in a normative popu-
'global' self esteem scores. A scale which lation, or poor correlation with the mean overall
permitted examination of these individual com- score.
ponents would, therefore, constitute a logical This process of attrition resulted in a pool of
advance. 30 items (see Appendix) categorized as follows :
significance (5); worthiness (5); appearance/
DEFINITION OF SELF ESTEEM social acceptability (5); resilience and deter-
mination (5); competence (4); control over
The studies of Rosenberg (1965) have demon- personal destiny (4); value of existence (2). Since
strated the contribution of a sense of personal the relative scores of items and components is of
worthiness, appearance and social competence primary interest, a Likert scale was chosen for
to self esteem. Coopersmith (1967) has empha- scoring. The numerical scale for each item
sized the need for a feeling of competence and ranges from 0-7, giving a maximum score for
power, and Beck (1967) has pointed out the 'global' self esteem of 210. Four anchor points
importance of interpretation of events in ar- range from 'completely disagree' to 'completely
riving at a self view. Abramson et al. (1978) have agree'.
shown how attributional style may effect self The phrasing and ordering of the items were
esteem. arranged to minimize the commoner response
Drawing this work together, self esteem can errors (Oppenheim, 1966). Thus, there is a
be defined as follows: balance of positive and negative items to counter
' The sense of contentment and self acceptance the tendency to acquiesce, categories are well
that results from a person's appraisal of his own mixed to reduce the halo effect and the logical
worth, significance, attractiveness, competence, error, and double barrelled statements are
and ability to satisfy his aspirations.' avoided. The instructions for the questionnaire
A measuring instrument must aim to quantify requested a response ' as you typically feel most
this sense, or the individual elements of self of the time' in an attempt to capture trait, rather
appraisal. than state, attributes.
DERIVATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF SUBJECTS (See Table 1 for mean ages and
ITEMS FOR THE QUESTIONNAIRE sex ratios)
Based on the theoretical and empirical infor- Control group
mation reviewed elsewhere (Robson, 1988), Seventy people who showed no evidence of
seven components of self esteem were defined. psychological disorder were approached indi-
These consist of the subjective sense of sig- vidually by the author and asked to complete
nificance; worthiness; appearance and social the questionnaire. This was not a random
acceptablity; competence; resilience and deter- sample, but an attempt was made to obtain a
mination; control over personal destiny; and wide range of ages and occupational back-
the value of existence. grounds. The first 50 of these subjects also
Based on these components, 50 trait items completed the 10 items of the Rosenberg Self
were either devised (N = 35) or modified from Esteem Scale.
Measurement of self esteem by questionnaire 515
Table 1. Mean age and sex ratio of the three (P < 0-0001) and mean stability of individual
samples items was 0-63 + 0-16 (s.D.).
(BDI). The correlation between the self evalua- therapy referrals were compared with the control
tion and the questionnaire was 07 (P = 00006). group, the former had significantly lower scores,
The correlation between the self evaluation and mean 'global' scores being 99-8±24 (S.D.) and
the BDI was -0-449 (P = 005). 137±20-2 respectively (P < 00001, / test).
When the effect of the BDI was partialled out,
the association between self evaluation and the
DISCUSSION
questionnaire remained significant (r = 0-624,
P < 001). This suggests that the relationship is The new self esteem scale was found to be
not mediated through the level of depression. acceptable to patients, and generally took only a
few minutes to complete. The reliability data
Discriminant validity detailed above compare favourably with that
reported for other self esteem measures (e.g.
Hypothesis Wylie, 1974). Preliminary investigations of con-
Low self esteem is generally held to be highly vergent and discriminant validity are also en-
associated with depressive disorder (e.g. Beck, couraging, and further assessment in larger
1967; Ingham et al. 1986) so that one would populations now seems appropriate.
predict a significant negative correlation between A factor analysis is being carried out in order
level of depression and self esteem score. In the to determine how the individual items inter-
anxiety sample the correlation between the BDI relate. The components upon which the scale is
and the new scale was -0-69 (P < 00001). based overlap, so that it might be expected, for
example, that 'significance' and 'worthiness'
Hypothesis may load together. This does not necessarily
A strong association between anxiety and low imply redundance since retaining breadth of
self esteem has frequently been reported (e.g. content is a primary aim of the 30-item format,
Rosenberg, 1962; Bagley et al. 1979). A group of which is intended to provide a rapid and
anxious patients should, therefore, be dis- systematic means of assessing self concept.
tinguishable from control subjects on the basis Responses to individual items, or patterns or
of self esteem score. When the anxiety group response, may reveal irrational, self defeating
was compared with the control group the attitudes or beliefs which are amenable to
mean global scores were 108 + 24-8 (S.D.) and modification by methods such as cognitive
137 + 20-2 respectively, a highly significant differ- behaviour therapy (Beck et al. 1979). The main
ence ( P < 0-0001, /test). function of the factor analysis is to provide the
basis for the construction of a shorter form of
Hypothesis the measure for research use, with items repre-
Anxious patients who have been successfully senting each component selected in order to
treated should demonstrate a significant improve- maximize reliability and validity.
ment in self esteem. Thirteen patients from the Self esteem is clearly a composite rather than
anxiety group whose anxiety ratings had normal- a single entity (Robson, 1988), and the main
ized following psychological treatment were purpose in adopting a component approach in
studied. Mean global scores were 109 + 39 (S.D.) devising the items was to ensure that the
before treatment and 166-4+17-2 afterwards, a questionnaire taps a broad view of the concept
significant improvement (P < 00001, paired t in a balanced way without overstressing any
test). single aspect. A second major motive stems from
my belief that in conditions which cause similar
Hypothesis changes in 'global' self esteem, for example
Many psychotherapists believe that low self anxiety and depression, the contribution made
esteem is a particular characteristic of patients by individual components may be quite different.
referred for dynamic psychotherapy (Bloch, Thus, in the same way that the presence or
1988). One would, therefore, predict that a absence of certain components of depressive
consecutive group of psychotherapy referrals disorder, such as diurnal mood variation or
should score significantly less on the self esteem weight loss, aid classification and give pointers
scale than control subjects. When the psycho- for choice of therapy, so might analysis of the
Measurement of self esteem by questionnaire 517
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Journal of Psychiatry 153, 6-15. methodological considerations and measuring instruments). Uni-
Rosenberg, M. (1962). The association between self esteem and versity of Nebraska Press: Lincoln.
anxiety. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1, 135-152. Wylie, R. C. (1979). The Self Concept, (Volume 2: Theory and
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self Image. research on selected topics). University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln.
Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.