THESIS

Critical study of design of steel members subjected to flexure and combined forces as
per IS 800:2007, AS 4100:1998, AISC 360-16 and EN 1993-1-1:2005

Submitted By

Tirth Mayur Ganatra

PT 402015

Guide
Dr. Dhara Shah
Sr. Assistant Professor
CEPT University
Ahmedabad

M.TECH PROGRAMME IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERNG DESIGN

CEPT UNIVERSITY,
AHMEDABAD – 380009.

UNDERTAKING
I, Tirth Ganatra, the author of the dissertation titled Critical study of design of steel
members subjected to flexure and combined forces as per IS:800:2007, AS 4100:1998,
AISC 360-16 and EN 1993-1-1:2005 hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine,
carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of M. Tech degree in
Structural Engineering Design at the Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.
This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any degree/diploma.

Tirth Ganatra (PT-402015)

Date:
Place:

Disclaimer
This document describes work undertaken as part of the MTech degree in Structural Engineering Design at the
Faculty of Technology, CEPT University. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility
of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of CEPT University, the Dissertation Guide(s), or the
Dissertation Committee.

II
Kasturbhai Lalbhai Campus, University Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Phone: (079)26302740, Fax: 26302075, www.cept.ac.in

Thesis Title: Critical study of design of steel members subjected to flexure and combined
forces as per IS: 800:2007, AS 4100:1998, AISC 360-16 and EN 1993-1-1:2005

Approval Certificate

The above study done by Tirth Ganatra is hereby certified as a creditable work on the
approved subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to
warrant its acceptance as partial fulfilment towards M.Tech. Degree in Structural
Engineering Design for which it has been submitted. It is to be understood by this
approval that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement
made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein, but approves the study only
for the purpose for which it is submitted and satisfies his/her work as per requirements.

Guide Dean
Dr. Dhara Shah Dr.Paresh Shah
Sr. Assistant Professor Faculty of Technology
CEPT University, Ahmedabad CEPT University, Ahmedabad

III
Abstract
IS 800:2007 which is Indian standard is based on limit state design for the design of steel
structures. Section for design of flexure members includes the design of laterally supported
beams, laterally unsupported beams, plate girders, box girders, purlins and sheeting rails.
Section for design of members subjected to combined forces is focussing on design of members
subjected to combined shear and bending, axial force and bending.

The main focus of the study is comparison of design methodology for the members subjected
to bending and combined forces according to Indian Standard (IS 800:2007), Australian code
(AS 4100), Euro code (EN 1993-1-1:2005) and American code (AISC 360-16). In this study
critical study of four standards have been done to find the effect of various parameters in design
which is explained by examples.

The study includes the design of laterally supported beams, unsupported beams and design of
members subjected to bending and axial force of span 5m,6m,7m and 10m.Design capacity,
shear strength capacity for flexure members and section strength and overall member strength
have been compared using Indian steel section according to IS 800:2007, AS 4100:1998, EN
1993-1-1:2005 and AISC 360-16.

As all the codes are using limit state of design method for the design of steel members. Various
parameters which are used for the design in IS 800:2007, AS 4100:1998, EN 1993-1-1:2005
and AISC 360-16 are also included in this study. Design of plate girders and box girders is not
included in this study.

IV
Acknowledgement
With a deep sense of gratitude, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my guide, Dr. Dhara
Shah, for her valuable guidance and continual encouragement throughout the entire duration
of thesis. The confidence and dynamism with which Mr. Shashin Patel guided the work
requires no elaboration. His valuable suggestions as final words during the course of work are
greatly acknowledged.

I would like to extend my special thanks to Dr. Paresh Shah, Dean, Faculty of technology,
CEPT university for his continual kind words of encouragement and motivation through the
thesis. I would like to express my appreciation to my advisory committee: Prof V.R. Shah,
Prof. Aanal Shah and Prof.Anal Sheth for allowing me to do research and kept an eye on the
progress of my work.

I am indebted to all my family members and specially my classmates Abhinav, Abhi, Bhaumik,
Rahil, Jeet, Vishva, Ishan and whole SED 2017 batch. My sincere thanks to senior Mr. Amit
Joshi for helping me.

I would like to thank all who’s direct and indirect support helped to complete my work in time.
The blessing of God and my family enlighten my way for completion of thesis.

Tirth Ganatra
Roll No.PT402015

V
Contents
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE ............................................................................................................................... III
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... V
CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................................ IX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................................ X
1.INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... - 1 -
1.1GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................... - 1 -
1.2DESIGN PHILOSOPHY ................................................................................................................................. - 2 -
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THESIS................................................................................................................................ - 2 -
1.4 SCOPE OF WORK ........................................................................................................................................ - 3 -
1.5 NEED OF STUDY ........................................................................................................................................ - 3 -
1.6 DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................................................... - 4 -
2.LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... - 5 -
2.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................................. - 5 -
2.2 LITERATURE STUDIED............................................................................................................................... - 5 -
2.3LIMIT STATE METHOD ................................................................................................................................ - 7 -
2.3.1 Basic of Limit State Design ............................................................................................................ - 7 -
2.3.2 Types of limit states: ....................................................................................................................... - 8 -
2.4MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO FLEXURE ........................................................................................................... - 8 -
2.4.1 Behaviour of steel beams ................................................................................................................ - 8 -
2.4.2 Modes of failure .............................................................................................................................. - 9 -
2.5 SECTION CLASSIFICATION ......................................................................................................................... - 9 -
2.6COMPONENTS OF CROSS SECTION: ........................................................................................................... - 10 -
2.7MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCES: ......................................................................................... - 10 -
3.DESIGN MEMBER SUBJECTED BENDING ........................................................................................... - 11 -
3.1INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ - 11 -
3.2CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS ..................................................................................................................... - 11 -
3.3DESIGN PROCESS OF BEAMS ..................................................................................................................... - 12 -
3.4PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS....................................................................................................................... - 12 -
3.5SECTION CLASSIFICATION ........................................................................................................................ - 13 -
3.4DESIGN STRENGTH OF LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS............................................................................ - 16 -
3.4.1. Design bending resistance according to IS800:2007 .................................................................... - 16 -
3.4.2 Design bending resistance according to EN 1993-1-1:2005 ......................................................... - 17 -
3.4.3 Design bending resistance according to AS4100:1998 ................................................................. - 18 -
3.4.4 Design bending resistance according to AISC 360-16 .................................................................. - 19 -
3.5 SHEAR STRENGTH ................................................................................................................................... - 19 -
3.5.1 Shear capacity of the section according to IS800:2007 ................................................................. - 20 -
3.5.2Shear capacity of the section according to EN 1993 1 1:2005 ....................................................... - 20 -
3.5.2 Shear capacity of the section according to AS 4100:1998 ............................................................ - 21 -
3.5.3 Shear capacity of the section AISC 360-16 ................................................................................... - 21 -
3.5.4 General procedure for the design of laterally supported beams .................................................... - 22 -
3.6 LATERAL STABILITY OF THE BEAMS ........................................................................................................ - 22 -
3.7 WEB BUCKLING AND WEB CRIPPLING ...................................................................................................... - 22 -
 3.8 DESIGN BENDING STRENGTH OF LATERALLY UNRESTRAINED BEAM ....................................................... - 24 -
3.8.1 Design bending strength of laterally unrestrained beam according to IS 800:2007 ...................... - 24 -
3.8.2 Design buckling resistance moment according EN 1993-1-1:2005 .............................................. - 25 -
3.8.3 Design resistance for moment according to AS 4100:1998 .......................................................... - 26 -
3.8.4. Design resistance for moment according to AS 4100:1998 ......................................................... - 26 -
3.9 ELASTIC LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING MOMENT ................................................................................ - 26 -
3.9.1 Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment as per IS800:2007 ....................................................... - 26 -
3.9.2.Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment according to EN-1993-1-1:2005 ................................. - 30 -
3.9.3 Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment as per AS4100:1998 .................................................... - 31 -
3.9.4 Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment according to AISC360-16 ........................................... - 34 -
3.9.5 General procedure for design of laterally unsupported beam ........................................................ - 35 -
3.10 DEFLECTION CRITERIA .......................................................................................................................... - 35 -
4.MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCES ............................................................................... - 37 -
4.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................ - 37 -
4.2 BEHAVIOUR OF MEMBERS ....................................................................................................................... - 37 -
4.3 INDIAN CODE(IS800:2007) PROVISIONS .................................................................................................. - 39 -
4.3.1 Local capacity check ..................................................................................................................... - 39 -
4.3.2 Overall Buckling check ................................................................................................................. - 40 -
4.4 EUROCODE(EN 1993-1-1:2005) PROVISIONS .......................................................................................... - 41 -
4.4.1 Bending and axial force ................................................................................................................ - 41 -
4.4.2 Bending, shear and axial force ...................................................................................................... - 43 -
4.5 AUSTRALIAN CODE PROVISIONS (AS 4100:1998) ................................................................................... - 43 -
4.5.1 Uniaxial bending about major principal x-axis (Section capacity) ............................................... - 44 -
4.5.2 Uniaxial bending about major principal x-axis(Member capacity) ............................................... - 45 -
4.5.3 Uniaxial bending about minor axis(Section capacity) ................................................................... - 46 -
4.5.4 Uniaxial bending about minor axis (Member capacity) ................................................................ - 47 -
4.5.5 Biaxial bending (Section capacity)................................................................................................ - 47 -
4.5.6 Biaxial bending(Member capacity) ............................................................................................... - 47 -
4.6 AMERICAN CODE PROVISION (AISC 360-16) .......................................................................................... - 48 -
4.6.1 Members subjected to flexure and axial compression ................................................................... - 48 -
4.6.2 Members subjected to tension and single axis flexure .................................................................. - 49 -
4.7 INTERACTION RATIO ............................................................................................................................... - 49 -
5.ANALYSIS DATA ...................................................................................................................................... - 50 -
5.1GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................. - 50 -
5.2 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO FLEXURE........................................................................................ - 50 -
5.2.1 LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS........................................................................................................... - 50 -
5.2.2 LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS ...................................................................................................... - 52 -
5.3 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCES ........................................................................ - 54 -
6.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. - 62 -
6.1 COMPARISON OF CODAL PROVISION ........................................................................................................ - 62 -
6.2 INTERPRETATION OF RESULT DATA ......................................................................................................... - 62 -
6.3 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... - 63 -
6.4 FUTURE SCOPE........................................................................................................................................ - 64 -
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ - 65 -

VII
List of Figures
FIGURE 2.1: COMPARISON OF RESULTS BETWEEN AISC LRFD AND EC3 APPROACH ................. - 6 -
FIGURE 2.2: FACTORED LOAD VS. EFFECTIVE SPAN ........................................................................... - 7 -
FIGURE 3.1: LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING.................................................................................... - 12 -
FIGURE 3.2: INTERACTION BETWEEN MOMENT AND SHEAR .......................................................... - 17 -
FIGURE 3.3 LOCAL BUCKLING OF WEB ................................................................................................. - 23 -
FIGURE 3.4: DISPERSION OF CONCENTRATED LOADS AND REACTION IN WEB BUCKLING ... - 23 -
FIGURE 3.5: EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF WEB BUCKLING .......................................................................... - 23 -
FIGURE 4.1:BEHAVIOUR OF SLENDER BEAM-COLUMNS .................................................................. - 38 -
FIGURE 5.1 DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY OF THE LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS ................ - 51 -
FIGURE 5.2 SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE SECTION FOR LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS ......... - 52 -
FIGURE 5.3:DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY OF LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS ................... - 53 -
FIGURE 5.4.:SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE SECTION USED IN LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS .. -
54 -
FIGURE 5.5 MAJOR AXIS BENDING AND AXIAL TENSION (SECTION CAPACITY) ....................... - 55 -
FIGURE 5.6 MAJOR AXIS BENDING AND AXIAL TENSION (MEMBER CAPACITY)....................... - 56 -
FIGURE 5.7 MINOR AXIS BENDING AND AXIAL TENSION (SECTION CAPACITY) ....................... - 56 -
FIGURE 5.8 MINOR AXIS BENDING AND AXIAL TENSION (MEMBER CAPACITY) ....................... - 57 -
FIGURE 5.9 MINOR AXIS BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION (SECTION CAPACITY) ............ - 57 -
FIGURE 5.10 MINOR AXIS BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION (MEMBER CAPACITY) .......... - 58 -
FIGURE 5.11: MAJOR AXIS BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION (SECTION CAPACITY) ......... - 58 -
FIGURE 5.12: MAJOR AXIS BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION (MEMBER CAPACITY) ......... - 59 -
FIGURE 5.12: BIAXIAL BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION (SECTION CAPACITY) ................ - 59 -
FIGURE 5.13: BIAXIAL BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION (MEMBER CAPACITY) ................ - 60 -
FIGURE 5.14: BIAXIAL BENDING AND AXIAL TENSION (SECTION CAPACITY) ........................... - 60 -
FIGURE 5.15: BIAXIAL BENDING AND AXIAL TENSION (MEMBER CAPACITY) ........................... - 61 -

VIII
List of Tables
TABLE 1.1: DESIGN PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES ..................................... - 1 -
TABLE 3.1: SECTION CLASSIFICATION AS PER IS 800:2007 ............................................................... - 13 -
TABLE 3.2 SECTION CLASSIFICATION AS PER EN-1993-1-1(2005) .................................................... - 13 -
TABLE 3.3(1)SECTION CLASSIFICATION AS PER AS4100-1998 .......................................................... - 14 -
TABLE 3.3(2)SLENDERNESS RATIO FOR PLATE ELEMENTS ............................................................. - 15 -
TABLE 3.4 SECTION CLASSIFICATION AS PER AISC 360-16 ............................................................... - 15 -
TABLE 3.5 EFFECTIVE LENGTH ACCORDING TO IS800:2007 ............................................................. - 29 -
TABLE 3.6 TWIST RESTRAINT FACTOR .................................................................................................. - 33 -
TABLE 3.7 LOAD FACTORS (KT) FOR GRAVITY LOADS TABLE ........................................................ - 33 -
TABLE 3.8 LATERAL TORSION RESTRAINT FACTORS(KR) ................................................................ - 33 -
TABLE 3.9 ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION ................................................................................................... - 36 -
TABLE 5.1: BASIC DATA FOR LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS ..................................................... - 50 -
TABLE 5.2: SECTION CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................. - 50 -
TABLE 5.3: DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE SECTION ................ - 51 -
TABLE 5.4: BASIC DATA FOR LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS ............................................... - 52 -
TABLE 5.5: SECTION CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................. - 52 -
TABLE 5.6: DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE SECTION ................ - 53 -
TABLE 5.7:BASIC DATA FOR MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCES ............................. - 54 -
TABLE 5.8: SECTION SELECTION FOR DIFFERENT LENGTH ............................................................. - 54 -
TABLE 5.9 SECTION CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................... - 55 -

IX
List of Abbreviations

IS 800:2007
z-z Major axis of cross section
y-y Minor axis of cross section
fy=Characteristics yield stress
I=Moment of inertia of the member about an axis perpendicular to the frame
Ifc=Moment of inertia of the compression flange of the beam about the axis of parallel to the
Web
Ift=Moment of inertia of the tension flange of the beam about minor axis
It=St. Vennant’s torsion constant
Iw=Wrapping constant
KL=Effective length of the member
KL/ry=Effective slenderness ratio of the section about the minor axis of the section
KL/rz=Effective slenderness ratio of the section about major axis of the section
Mcr=Elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torsional buckling of the beam
Md=Design flexure strength
Mdv=Moment capacity of the section under high shear
Mdy=Design bending strength about the minor axis of the cross section
Mdz=Design bending strength about the major axis of the cross section
Meff=Reduced effective moment
Nd=Design strength in tension or compression
P=Factored applied axial force
Pd=Design axial compressive strength
Pdy,Pdz=Design compression strength as governed by flexure buckling about the respective axis
Zp=Plastic section modulus
Ze=Elastic section modulus
gm=Partial safety factor for material

gm0=Partial safety factor against yield stress and yielding

lcr=Elastic buckling load factor

lLT=Non-dimensional slenderness ratio in lateral buckling

m=Poisson’s ratio

X
EN 1993-1-1:2005
y-y Major axis of a cross-section
z-z Minor axis of a cross-section
fy=Yield strength of a steel
gM0=Plastic factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is

gM1=Plastic factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks

NEd=Design nominal force

Npl,Rd=Design plastic resistance to normal forces of the gross-section
Wpl=Plastic section modulus
Wel,min=Minimum elastic section modulus
Weff,min=Minimum effective section modulus
cLT=Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling

Mcr=Elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling

f=Ratio of moment in segments

AS 4100:1998
x-x Major axis of cross section
y-y Minor axis of cross section
fy=Yield stress used in design
G=Shear modulus
I=Second moment of area of a cross-section
Iw=Wrapping constant of a cross section
J=Torsional constant of cross section
Mb=Nominal member moment capacity
Mi=Nominal in-plane member moment capacity
Nc=Nominal member capacity in compression
Nt=Nominal section capacity in tension
le=Plate element slenderness

XI
AISC 360-16
Cb= Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for nonuniform moment diagrams
Fy= Specified minimum yield stress
I=Moment of inertia in the plane of bending
Lb= Length between points that are either braced against lateral displacement of compression
flange or braced against twist of the cross section
Lp= Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of yielding
Lr= Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-torsional buckling
Mcx, Mcy= Available flexural strength for the respective axis
Pr= Required axial strength using LRFD or ASD load combination

XII
 1.Introduction
1.1General
Steel structures are so common in developed countries. Developing countries like India,
steel structures are becoming more and more important due to its advantages over R.C.C.
structures. In various countries steel structures are designed according to their respective codes.
In various countries different codes have different theories but the fundamental idea remains
the same behind it. Steel members are also required to be designed for combined forces as well
as flexure.
Earlier, most of the countries were using design philosophy of working stress method,
but due to improvement in design, limit state philosophy was developed. Now most of the
countries use limit state design philosophy for the design as vast research has been done in the
field of structural engineering in past 50 years.

Table 1.1: Design philosophy according to various countries

Countries Design philosophy
Australia,Canada,China,Japan,Europe,UK Limit State Method(LSM)
USA Allowable Stress
Design(ASD)
Load And Resistance Factor
Design(LRFD)
India(IS 800:1984) Working Stress Design
India(IS800:2007) Limit State Design

Due to advancement in technology and engineers were facing the problem with
previous design code (IS 800:1984), the Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi had requested
the faculties of Indian Institute of Technology-Madras to help and prepare the new code based
on current practices of the various countries. The work of providing new design code (IS
800:2007) was carried out as a project with the financial support from the Institute for Steel
Development and Growth(INSDAG), Calcutta.

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 Various international codes have been used for introducing IS800:2007. The new code
has adopted various parameters from international `codes and it has also introduced provisions
on partial safety factor depends on limit state design, design against fatigue, design for fire
load, design for durability, design by testing.

In the formulation of IS800:2007, following publications have also been considered

AS-4100-1998: Steel structures (second edition), Standards Australia (Standards Association
of Australia)
BS-5950-2000 Part 1: Structural use of steelwork in buildings
CAN/CSA-S16.1-94-Limit state design of steel structures, Canadian Standards Association,
Rexdale(Toronto)
ENV 1993-1-1: Euro code 3: Design of steel structures

1.2Design Philosophy
The previous design philosophy, Working Stress Method(WSM) was based on linear
elastic theory which has been replaced with limit state design theory in most of the countries.
Working stress method was based on ultimate strength of steel and ultimate loads. Working
stress method was developed in 1950.
After it, probablistics concept was adopted for the design. The philosophy was based
on the theory that different uncertainties can be tackled more rationally in the mathematical
framework of probability theory. The risk which was involved in design was quantified in terms
of a probability of failure which is known as reliability based method.
After that probabilistic ‘reliability method’ approach was simplified and transformed
to a deterministic approach. The philosophy of the limit state method was introduced in the
British Code CP 110(1972) (now BS 8110), and the Indian concrete IS456: 1978.Limit states
design was first adopted for steel structures in the Canadian code in 1974, which was followed
by British code BS 5950 and BS 5400.In USA, the American Institute of Steel Construction
introduced the LSM in the form of load resistance factor design(LRFD) in 1993.

1.3 Objective of thesis

 Becoming familiar with “Limit State of Design” for steel structures which has been used in IS
800:2007, AISC 360-16, EN 1993-1-1(2005), AS 4100:1998

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 Learning as well as understanding the basis of various clauses concerned with section of design
of members subjected to flexure and combined forces from IS 800:2007, AISC 360-16, EN
1993-1-1(2005), AS 4100:1998
 Comparing similarities as well as difference between four standards
 Searching the area which has not been covered in each code
 To document step-by step procedure for designing different types of members, clearly
highlighting different methodology adopted in four different countries so that it may be helpful
to practicing engineers.

1.4 Scope of work

 Literature Review
 Comparison of different codal provisions for flexure members and general design consideration
for Indian, European, Australian and American standards
 To design the laterally supported and unsupported beams with various international codes and
compare the capacity of Indian section using different codal provisions
 To design steel members subjected to combined forces using different codal provisions

1.5 Need of Study

As discussed above, IS800:2007 which has been adopted from various international
standard which are all based on limit state method. Basic fundamental remains the same but
approach for design changes in each code so while doing the study it is prominent to find out
which code follows the most conservative approach as there are different formulas and
parameters which are used in various codes. It throws a light on different parameters which are
adopted in each code. Lateral torsional buckling formula also varies according to each code
which gives different moment capacity where lateral torsional buckling case is governing.
For members subjected to combined forces each code uses different interaction
formulas in which different factors are adopted for each code and results varies accordingly.
Though, every code uses the same design philosophy but result varies according to each code
which basically due to use of different parameters in each code.
A part from that there are certain areas where IS 800:2007 does not throw a light such
as it does not give formulas for slender section and it does not have any clause for minimum
thickness for members. Classification of section also differs in each code so it would give
different result for moment capacity for each code.

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1.6 Definitions
 Laterally supported beam:
A beam experiencing bending along major axis and when the compression flange is restrained
from buckling such beams are called laterally unsupported beam.

 Laterally unsupported beam:

A beam experiencing bending along major axis and when the compression flange is not
restrained from buckling such beams are called laterally supported beam.

 Web buckling strength:

Certain portion of beam at supports acts as column to transfer the load from beam to the
support. Hence under this compressive force web may buckle. This may happen under a
concentrated load on beam also.

 Web crippling:
Web crippling and buckling are almost same phenomena but it takes place when it is being
compressed. It also takes place at the beam support, where there is bottom flange resting on
support, and top flange takes load.

 Lateral torsional buckling:

Lateral torsional buckling may occur in an unrestrained beam. Beam experiencing bending
about the major axis and not restrained against the lateral buckling of compression flange may
fail by lateral torsional buckling before material fails.

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 2.Literature Review
2.1 General
Literature review provides general idea about the work which has been carried out for
the design of steel members subjected to flexure and combined forces. It helps in confining the
extent of work furthermore helps in choosing the line of activity of the work. It gives us clear
vision of work and gives the overall scenario to it. During this many concepts will be cleared
which will expand the clarity of the topic. The literature is summarised below.

2.2 Literature Studied

 Subramanian N. “Code of practice of practice on steel structures a review of IS 800:2007”,
Civil Engineering & construction review magazine, Issue: AUGUST:2008

This paper reviews the design philosophy of IS800:2007 after it was revised over IS 800:1984
which had adopted working stress method for the design. As there is continuous development
in the field of structural engineering and design, though the Bureau of Indian Standards revises
the codes almost after 20 to 25 years. Contradictory, the codes of practices for other countries
are revised at regular intervals. For the members subjected to bending, short beams achieve
plastic moment capacity depending on, heather the section is being selected plastic or compact.
Long beams are prone to lateral-torsional buckling which results in reduced strength. The
Indian code has adopted two curves for the design of laterally unsupported beams. (rolled
section and welded section).IS 800:2007 gives simplified equation for Mcr for different beam
sections subjected to different loadings and support conditions according to Annexure E. For
the members subjected to combined forces should be checked for cross section strength and
overall member strength. Interaction formulas for the members in bending and axial
compression are adopted from Eurocode 3 provisions and the improved interaction equations
suggested by Greiner and Lindner (2006). For the overall member strength, equations given in
American code are less complex than given in IS800:2007.

 Danny J. Yong, Aitziber Lopez and Migule A. Serna,” A Comparative study of AISC-LRFD
& EC3 approaches to beam-column buckling resistance”, Stability & ductility of steel
structures, D. Camotim et al. (Eds.) Lisbon, Portugal, Sepetember 6-8,2006

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 In this paper comparative study of AISC LRFD and the new European code for the design of
steel structures, Eurocode 3 have been done. Similarities and differences between the two
standards have been identified. Comparative study is performed for a rolled I-section with
different slenderness. The results are shown in figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 shows the interaction
curves for different slenderness values and moment distribution. There are four curves have
been presented in each figure in which maximum values of combined bending moment and
axial compression. Following figure represents the comparison of the results corresponding to
section HEB 300 with uniform moment and non-dimensional slenderness value of 0.5 and 1.5.
It is seen from the figure that AISC LRFD has the bi-linear shape, EC3 buckling interaction
curve have parabolic shape. The main difference between AISC LRFD and EC3 has been that,
EC3 maintains two ultimate limit states(ULS) for all loading conditions: Cross section buckling
resistance ULS and buckling resistance ULS.In contrast, AISC LRFD has adopted both
ultimate limit states in its specification. For slenderness value of 0.5 in uniform moment
distribution AISC LRFD is more conservative than EC3, but in the case of slenderness value
of 1.5 EC3 approach is more conservative.

Figure 2.1: Comparison of results between AISC LRFD and EC3 approach
 Gayatri Bhanudas Purnaye & Prof U.R. Awari,” Design Aids for Beams with Varying
Conditions in Accordance with IS 800:2007”, International Journal on Recent Innovation
and Trends in Computing and Communication, Volume 3, Issue 5)
The paper discusses that there are no guidelines given in IS 800:2007 regarding selection of
the initial section. Flow charts have been prepared for the design of laterally supported and
laterally unsupported beams. Different sections have been used and graph has been plotted

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 against the factored load vs. effective span for laterally supported and laterally unsupported
beams.

Figure 2.2: Factored load vs. effective span

2.3Limit state method

The main objective behind limit state method is “the structure will not damage during
its entire service life because of collapse, excessive deflection etc, under the actions of all loads
and load combinations.”

2.3.1 Basic of Limit State Design

Limit states are defined as the limits for the safety and serviceability requirements for
the structure before the failure occurs which are acceptable. In limit state design the stress in
material is allowed to go beyond the yield limit and enter into the plastic zone to reach ultimate
strength. There are two types of limit states which are existing. Limit state of design basically
deals with that the design strength should be greater than design action which is acting on the
structure.
 Limit state of collapse
 Limit state of serviceability
Design Action≤Design Strength

-7-
 Main objectives of limit state method:
 Structure must be checked for relevant limit state
 For each type of limit state appropriate actions are to be considered
 From the different parameters such as material properties and geometrical data it is necessary
to verify that none of the limit state should be exceeded.

2.3.2 Types of limit states:

 Limit state of collapse
 Limit state of serviceability

Limit state of collapse:

Strength and stability of the structure subjected to maximum design loads out of
possible combinations of serval types of loads. The main objective of this is neither any part
nor the whole structure should be collapsed or become unstable under any type of load or load
combinations.

Serviceability limit state:

It basically deals with deflection and cracking of structures under service loads,
durability under working environment during their anticipated exposure condition during
service, stability as a whole, fire resistance etc.
(NPTEL Module 2: Philosophies of Design by Limit State Method)

2.4Members subjected to flexure

2.4.1 Behaviour of steel beams
Different types steel sections can be used for the efficient utilization of material in a
beam is determined by the geometrical layout of web and flanges. The optimum section for
flexure resistance is the one in which the material is located as far as possible from the neutral
axis, in the form of flanges.
In the beam design process, there are three factors importance for determining the size
of the necessary structural steel beam for a given set of condition. In order of priority they are:

 Design based on stress due to bending

-8-
 Design based on deflection
 Design based on shear
(Design of steel Structures-B.C. Punmia)

2.4.2 Modes of failure

 Bending failure: Bending failure may be due to crushing of compression flange or fracture of
the tension flange of the beam. Instead of failure due to crushing, the compression flange may
fail by column-like action with side sway or lateral buckling. Collapse would probably follow
the lateral buckling.

 Shear failure: Shear failure would most likely to be observed as buckling of web of the beam
near locations of high shear forces. Near reactions of concentrated loads, the beam can fail
locally due to crushing or buckling of web.

 Deflection failure: Large beam deflections can also represent failure when the intended use of
the beam places limits on deflection.
(Design of steel Structures-B.C. Punmia)

2.5 Section classification

A. Plastic: Plastic cross section are those which can develop their full plastic moment Mp and
allow sufficient rotation at or above this moment so that redistribution of bending moment can
take place in the structure until complete failure mechanism is formed.

B. Compact: Cross sections which can develop their full-plastic moment Mp but where the
local buckling prevents the required rotation at this moment to take place.

C.Semi-Compact: Semi-compact cross-sections are those in which the stress in the extreme
fibres should be limited to yield stress because local buckling would prevent the development
of the full plastic moment Mp.Only yield moment can be developed in such kind of sections.

D.Slender: Slender cross-sections are those in which yield in the extreme fibres cannot be
attained because of premature buckling in the elastic range.

-9-
 2.6Components of cross section:
Cross section is made of different plate elements. It consists web and flanges, in compression
it can be separated in two categories:
 Internal or stiffened elements: these elements are considered to be simply supported along two
edges parallel to the direction of compressive stress.
 Outstand or unstiffened elements: these elements are considered to be simply supported along
one edge and free on the other edge parallel to the direction.

2.7Members subjected to combined forces:

When there is more than one type of forces are acting on the structure it can be classified in the
following:
1.Combined shear and bending
2.Combined axial load and bending
a) Combined axial tension and bending
b) Combined axial compression and bending

- 10 -
 3.Design member subjected bending
3.1Introduction
A flexure member is general term to describe a member subjected to primarily to
bending moment. Beams under floor, a gantry girder and plate girder are flexure members.
Beam is combination of compression and tension member. Beam is a structural member which
is spanning between two supports, and transmitting loads by bending action. Steel beams are
available in various type of shapes and in some situation the response of the beam would be
more complex.

3.2Classification of beams
According to lateral restrained conditions, beams are divided in following categories.
 Laterally supported beams (Unable to move laterally)
 Laterally unsupported beams

Laterally supported beam:

Laterally supported beams are those kinds of beams which are unable to move laterally. A part
from that laterally supported beams are not affected by Lateral Torsional Instability.
In the following conditions lateral torsional buckling will not take place.
 The section is bent about minor axis
 Full lateral restraint is provided
 Closely spaced, discrete bracings are provided that slenderness (KL/r)y should be low.

Laterally unsupported beams:

In laterally unsupported beam, compression flange of beam is not restrained against the lateral
buckling. In it, bending also takes place in weaker direction. For hot rolled and channel section
which have very small moment of inertia about minor axis as compared to major axis, this
make section relatively weak against torsion and bending about weaker axis, and if not held or
supported in the direction normal to weak axis, it will bend in the weaker direction even if the
load is normal to weak axis, it will be weakened further if a horizontal load were to be applied
normal y-y axis. The bending is usually accompanied by twisting and it is to be called ‘Lateral
Torsional Buckling’.

- 11 -
 Figure 3.1: Lateral torsional buckling

3.3Design process of beams

IS800:2007, EN 1993-1-1(2005), AISC 360-16 and AS 4100:1998, all these codes follow the
limit state method for the design process of beams. AISC 360-16 also gives allowable stress
design approach for the design of beams.

3.4Partial safety factors

For the limit state of design partial safety factors are being used. According to different clauses
partial safety factors and capacity factors are used in different codes.

IS (800:2007) (Table 5)
For the resistance governed by yielding and buckling gmo=1.10

EN 1993-1-1:2005(Clause 6.1)
For the buildings:gmo=1.0

For the buildings:gmo=1.0

AS 4100:1998(Table 3.4)
In AS4100:1998 code, capacity factor(F) has been used.

For member subjected to bending

 Full lateral support=0.9
 Members without full lateral support=0.9

- 12 -
 Web in shear=0.9
 Web in bearing=0.9
 Stiffener=0.9

AISC 360-16(Clause F1)

To design for flexure members in LRFD, capacity factor shall be taken as:
Fb=0.9

3.5Section classification
Table 3.1: Section classification as per IS 800:2007
Parameters Criteria
Yield stress
250
e=√
𝑓y

Plastic(b/tf)(flange) 9.4e

Plastic(d/tw)(web) 84e

Compact(flange) (b/tf) 10.5e

Compact(web)(d/tw) 105e

Semi Compact(flange)(b/tf) 15.7e

Semi Compact(web)(d/tw) 126e

Table 3.2 Section classification as per EN-1993-1-1(2005)

Parameters Criteria
Yield stress
235
e=√
𝑓y

Plastic(b/tf)(flange) 9e

- 13 -
Plastic(d/tw)(web) 72e

Compact(flange) (b/tf) 10e

Compact(web)(d/tw) 83e

Semi Compact(flange)(b/tf) 14e

Semi Compact(web)(d/tw) 124e

Table 3.3(1)Section classification as per AS4100-1998

Section Parameters Section modulus(Ze)
Compact ls≤lsp Shall be lesser of S or 1.5Z

Non-compact lsp< ls≤lsy Z+[(lsy-ls)/(lsy-lsp)](Ze-Z)

Slender Section ls>lsy Z(lsy/ls)(for sections with

flat plate elements)

Z(lsy/ls)2(for section whose

slenderness is determined by
the value calculated for a flat
plate element with maximum
compression at an
unsupported edge and zero
stress or tension at other edge
and which satisfies ls>lsy

Z(lsy/ls)0.5(For circular

hollow sections which satisfy

ls>lsy

𝑏 𝑓y
section slenderness= ∗ √
𝑡 250

- 14 -
 Table 3.3(2)Slenderness ratio for plate elements
Plate Longitudinal Residual Plasticity Yield Deformation
element edges stresses limitlep/lsp Limit(ley/lsy) limit(led)
type supported
Uniform Compression

Flat Both HR 30 45 90

For web(Compression at one edge and tension at other)

Flat Both Any 82 115 -

Table 3.4 Section classification as per AISC 360-16

Element Width-to- Limiting width to thickness ratio
thickness Ratio
lp (compact/non compact) lr (non-

compact/non
compact)
Flanges of rolled I b/t 𝐸 𝐸
0.38√𝑓 1.0√𝑓
y y

section,channels
and tees
Flanges of doubly b/t 𝐸 𝐾c𝐸
0.38√𝑓 0.95√ 𝑓
y y

and singly
symmetric I-shaped
built-up section
Compression elements members Subject to Flexure (Table B4.1b) (Stiffened
members)

Webs of doubly h/tw 𝐸 𝐸

3.76√𝑓 5.70√𝑓
y y

symmetric I-shaped

- 15 -
 sections and
channels
Webs of singly hc/tw 𝑀p 𝐸
(hc/hp)(E/Fy)0.5/[(0.54𝑀 ) − 5.70√𝑓
y y

symmetric I-shaped
0.09]2 ≤lr
sections

3.4Design strength of laterally supported beams

For the laterally supported beam the factored design moment, M at any section should satisfy
the following equation.
M<Md ….(3.1)
Where Md=Design bending strength of the section
The design bending strength of the section can be calculated using one of the method.
 The flanges resist the bending moment and the axial force acting on the section and web resist
only the shear.
 The whole section resists the bending moment and the axial force and therefore the web has to
be designed for combined shear and its share of normal stresses.

3.4.1. Design bending resistance according to IS800:2007

(a) When the factored shear force does not exceed 60 % of the design shear strength of the
section, the following formula applies. In this case shear force does not have any influence on
design bending strength.

Design bending resistance for bending about major principal axis: (Clause:8.2.1)
Md=bbZpfy/gmo≤1.2Zefy/gmo ….(3.2)

Md=Design bending resistance of the section

Zp=Plastic section modulus
fy=yield stress of the material
gmo=Partial safety factor

bb=1.0 for plastic and compact section

The additional check ≤1.2Zefy/gmo is provided for serviceability.

- 16 -
(b)When the factored shear force exceeds 60% of the design shear strength, the following
formula applies.
In this case, a member subjected to both bending and shear has to use its web to resist shear
force as well as to assist flange in resisting moment. So, when cross section is subjected to both
has a reduced moment resistance in the presence of high shear. (Design of steel Structures-
Subramanian)

Figure 3.2: Interaction between moment and shear

For plastic and compact section:(Clause 9.2.2)

Mdv=Md-b(Md-Mdv)≤ 1.2Zefy/gmo ….(3.3)

b=(2V/Vd-1)2 …(3.4)

Md=Design bending strength of the section according to equation 3.1

V=factored applied shear force as governed by web yielding or web buckling
Vd=Design shear strength as governed by web yielding or web buckling
Ze=elastic section modulus

For semi-compact section:(Clause 9.2.2)

Mdv=Zefy/gmo …..(3.5)

3.4.2 Design bending resistance according to EN 1993-1-1:2005

(a)When designed shear force is less than 50% capacity of the section the design bending
resistance can be taken as follows: (Clause 6.2.5)

- 17 -
For Class 1 and Class 2 cross section:
Wplfy
Mc,Rd=Mpl,Rd= …..(3.6)
gmo

For Class 3 cross section:

Wel,minfy
Mc,Rd=Mel,Rd= …..(3.7)
gmo

For Class 4 cross section

Wel,minfy
Mc,Rd=Mel,Rd= ....(3.8)
gmo

Mc,Rd=Design resistance for bending about one principal axis of a section

Weff,min=Minimum effective section modulus
Wel,min=Minimum elastic section modulus
Wpl=Plastic section modulus

(b)When designed shear force is more than 50% capacity of the section, the reduced designed
bending strength should be found out using reduced yield strength. (Clause 6.2.8 (3))
Reduced yield strength=(1-r)fy …(3.9)

r=(2VEd/Vpl,Rd-1)2 ...(3.10)

VEd=Design shear force

Vpl,Rd=Design plastic shear resistance

3.4.3 Design bending resistance according to AS4100:1998

According to clause 5.1 of AS4100:1998,design bending resistance is to be given as below:
For the members with full lateral restrain, following formulas are to be used for design bending
resistance:
Mx*≤FMsx ...(3.11)

Mx*≤FMbx ….(3.12)

Mx*=Design bending moment about the x-axis

F=the capacity factor

- 18 -
Msx=The nominal section moment capacity about x-axis
Mbx=The nominal member moment capacity

A member bent about the section minor principal y-axis shall satisfy the following equation.
My*≤FMsy ..(3.13)

My*=The design bending moment about y-axis

Msy=The nominal section moment capacity
According to clause 5.3.1,for the member with full lateral restraint the nominal section moment
capacity and the nominal member moment capacity should be the same.

Nominal member and section capacity:

Ms=fyZe ….
(3.14)
Ze=effective section modulus

3.4.4 Design bending resistance according to AISC 360-16

According to clause F-2 of AISC 360-16,the design bending resistance can be given as below.
For laterally supported beams, with doubly symmetric compact I-shaped members and
channels bent about their major axis and for the doubly symmetric I-shaped members with
compact webs and non-compact or slender flanges about their major axis, the nominal flexure
strength shall be greater than the designed bending moment.

Designed flexure strength=FMn …(3.15)

Mn=Nominal flexure strength=FyZx …(3.16)

Where
Fy=Specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel being use,ksi(MPa)
Zx=Plastic section modulus about x-axis

3.5 Shear Strength

Shear force also exits with the bending in beam, so it necessary to check the shear capacity of
the section.

- 19 -
3.5.1 Shear capacity of the section according to IS800:2007
According to clause 8.2.1.2 of IS800:2007 shear capacity shall be checked as follows:
The factored design force shall be less than the shear capacity of the section
Vn≤Vd …(3.17)
Vd=Vn/gmo ….(3.18)

The nominal shear strength of a cross section Vn may be governed by plastic shear resistance
or the strength of the web governed by shear buckling. The nominal plastic shear resistance
under pure shear is given by Vn =Vp

Vp= Avfyw/√3gmo …(3.19)

Where
Av=Shear area
fyw=Yield strength of the web

3.5.2Shear capacity of the section according to EN 1993 1 1:2005

According to clause 6.2.6 of EN 1993-1-1:2005,shear capacity shall be given as follows:
The design value of the shear force VEd at each cross section shall satisfy
(Ved/Vc,Rd) ≤1 ….(3.20)

Where
Vc,Rd=The design shear resistance
Vc,Rd=Design plastic shear resistance
In the absence of torsion, the design plastic resistance is given by following formula:

Vpl,Rd =Avfy/√3gMo ….(3.21)

Where,
Av=Shear area
fy=yield strength of the web
Vpl,Rd=Design plastic shear resistance

- 20 -
3.5.2 Shear capacity of the section according to AS 4100:1998
According to clause 5.11.1 of AS 4100:1198
A web subjected to design shear force shall satisfy
V*≤FVv ….(3.22)

F=Capacity factor

Vv=Nominal shear capacity of the web

dp 82
(i) When, t ≤ fy
w √
250

In this case, shear yield capacity of the web should be checked.

The nominal shear yield capacity of the web.Vv= Vw
Vv= Vw=0.6fyAw ….(3.23)
Where
fy=Yield strength of the web
Aw=Gross sectional area of the web

dp 82
(ii) When,t > fy
w √
250

In this case, shear buckling capacity of the web should be checked.

3.5.3 Shear capacity of the section AISC 360-16

According to clause G2 of AISC 360-16,shear strength is to be given as follows.
Shear strength=FvVn ..(3.24)

Vn=0.6FyAwCv ..(3.25)
Where,
Aw=Area of web
Fy=Strength of the steel (N/mm2)
Cv=1.00

Fv=1.00(LRFD) for h/tw≤2.24√E/Fy

- 21 -
3.5.4 General procedure for the design of laterally supported beams
IS 800:2007,EN 1993-1-1:2005,AS 4100:1998,AISC 360-16
 Calculation of factored loads
 Calculation of maximum bending moment and shear force
 Find out section modulus required
 Select the suitable section
 Section classification
 Check whether the reduction in bending moment is required due to shear force or not
 Calculate design moment capacity of the section according to respective clause
 Calculate the shear strength of the section
 Check for the deflection

3.6 Lateral stability of the beams

It is observed that all compression members have a tendency to buckle or bend sideways
even when subjected to axial compression. If the load is in plane containing principal axis, the
compression flange of a symmetrical beam tends to buckle laterally. As a result, the beam is
relatively weak in resistance to torsion and to bending in the plane normal to the web. (B.C.
Punmia)

The lateral torsional buckling of an I-section is considered with following assumption.

 The beam is initially undistorted.
 Its behaviour is elastic.
 It is loaded by equal and opposite end moments in the plane of the beam.
 The loads act in the plane of web only
 The beam does not have residual stresses.
 Its ends are simply supported vertically and laterally (Design of steel Structures-N.
Subramanian)

3.7 Web buckling and web crippling

When heavy concentrated load applied, it produces high compressive stress in the web either
or under the load. So, it is the main reason behind web buckling and web crippling which is
shown in figure 3.3(a) and 3.3(b). In the web buckling, the web is considered to be as a strut

- 22 -
which is restrained by beam flanges. Such strut can be considered at the point of concentrated
load or reactions at the support as shown in figure 3.4 and 3.5

(a)Web buckling (b)Web crippling

Figure 3.3 Local buckling of web

Figure 3.4: Dispersion of concentrated loads and reaction in web buckling

Figure 3.5: Effective width of web buckling

The load is being speeded out over a finite length of the web as shown in figure 3.10. It is called
dispersion length and complex theoretically. So, the formula which is being is used, it derived
from experiment. Dispersion length is taken as (b1+n1).

- 23 -
Web buckling formula:
Strength of the web against web buckling=(b1+n1)twfcd ….(3.26)

Where
b1=(bf-tw)/2 …(3.27)
tw=Thickness of web
fcd=Design compressive strength to be obtained from Table 9 IS800:2007

Web crippling formula:

Strength of web against web crippling=Fw=(b1+n2)twfy/gmo ..(3.28)

Where,
b1=(bf-tw)/2 …(3.29)
n2=2.5*(tf+r1) ..(3.30)
r1=Root radius
tw=Thickness of web
fy=Yield strength of the web
(Design of steel structures-N.Subramanian)

3.8 Design bending strength of laterally unrestrained beam

3.8.1 Design bending strength of laterally unrestrained beam according to IS 800:2007
According to clause 8.2.2 of IS800:2007,
Design bending strength for laterally unrestrained beam is governed by
Md=bbZpfbd …(3.31)

bb=1.0 for plastic and compact section

=Zp/Ze for semi compact section

Zp,Ze=plastic section modulus and elastic section modulus with respect to extreme compression
fibre
fbd=design bending compressive stress, obtained as given below (Table 13(a) or Table 13(b))

- 24 -
fbd=cLTfy/gmo …(3.32)
1
cLT= {F …(3.33)
LT+[FLT2-lLT2]}

FLT=0.5[1+aLT(lLT-0.2)+lLT2} …(3.34)

aLT,the imperfection parameter is given by:

aLT=0.21 for rolled steel section

aLT=0.49 for welded steel section

lLT=√bbZpfy/Mcr ≤ √1.2Zefy/Mcr ….(3.35)

fy
=√f for,lLT <0.4 value lateral torsional buckling does not apply …(3.36)
cr,b

Where,
Mcr=Elastic critical moment
fcr,b=Extreme fibre compressive stress corresponding to elastic lateral buckling moment

3.8.2 Design buckling resistance moment according EN 1993-1-1:2005

According to clause 6.3.2.1 of EN 1993-1-1:2005,
Mb,Rd= cLTWyfy/gM1 . ..(3.37)

Where,
Wy=Wpl,y for Class 1 & Class 2 cross-sections
Wy=Wel,y for Class 3 cross-sections
Wy=Weff,y for Class 4 cross-sections

1
cLT= {F …(3.38)
LT+[FLT2-lLT2]}

FLT=0.5[1+aLT(lLT-0.2)+lLT2} …(3.39)

Wyfy
lLT=√ M <0.4 (Lateral torsional buckling does not apply) …(3.40)
cr

aLT is imperfection factors for lateral torsional buckling curves

For curve a=0.21

- 25 -
 b=0.34
c=0.49
d=0.76
3.8.3 Design resistance for moment according to AS 4100:1998
The section capacity of is checked according to clause 5.2(AS 4100:1998) as discussed
in 3.4.3 of this section.

3.8.4. Design resistance for moment according to AS 4100:1998

The yielding capacity of the section according F2(AISC 360-16) which is discussed in
3.4.4 of this section

3.9 Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment

Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment according various international standard is to
be calculated as follows:

3.9.1 Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment as per IS800:2007

In case of a beam which is symmetrical only about the minor axis and bending about
major axis, the elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling moment is given by
following equation. (Clause E-1.2)

p2EIy K Iw GIw(LLT)2
Mcr=c1 (L {[(Kw) 2 I + + (c2ys-c3yj)2] 0.5-(c2yg-c3yj} ….(3.41)
LT)2 y p2EIy

Where
c1,c2,c3=Factors depending upon the loading and end restraint conditions(Table 42)

K=Effective length factors of the unsupported length accounting for boundary conditions
at the end lateral supports. The effective length factor K varies from 0.5 for complete
restraint against rotation about weak axis to 1.0 for free rotate about weak axis, with
0.7 for the case of one end fixed and other end free. It is analogous to the effective
length factors for compression members with end rotational restraint

- 26 -
Kw=Warping restraint factor. Unless special provisions to restrain warping of the section
at the end lateral supports are made,Kw should be taken as 1.0

yg=y distance between the point of application of the load and the shear centre of the
cross-section and is positive when the load is acting towards the shear centre from
the cross-section and is positive when the load is acting towards the shear centre
from the point of application

yi=yg-0.5∫A (z2-y2)ydA/Iz

ys=co-ordinate of the shear centre with respect to centroid,positive when the shear centre
is on compression side of the centroid.

y,z=co-ordinates of the element area with respect to centroid of the section

yj=can be calculated by using the following approximation

a)Plain flanges:
yj=0.8(2bf-1)hy/2.0

(when bf>0.5)

yj=1.0(2bf-1)hy/0.2

(when bf≤0.5)

b) Lipped flanges
yj=0.8(2bf-1)(1+hL/h)hy/2.0

(when bf>0.5)

yj=1.0(2bf-1) (1+hL/h) hy/0.2

(when bf≤0.5)

Where,
hL=height of the lip

- 27 -
 h=overall height of the section
hy=distance between shear centre of the two flanges of the cross-section
It=torsion constant given by:
=Sbiti3/3 for open section

=4Ae2/S(b/t) for hollow section

Where
Ae=area enclosed by the section
b,t=breadth and thickness of the elements respectively

Iw=The warping constant given by:

(1-bf)bfIyhy2 for I-sections mono-symmetric about weak axis

=0 for angle,Tee,narrow,rectangle section and approximately hollow sections

bf=Ifc/(Ifc+Ift) where Ifc,Ift are the moment of inertia of the compression and tension

flanges,respectively,about the minor axis of the entire section

From the equation 3.41 following equations are given in clause 8.2.2.1 of IS800:2007
(I) In case of simply supported, prismatic members with symmetric cross-section, the elastic
lateral buckling moment,Mcr,can be determined from
p2EIy p2EIw
Mcr=√{((L ) [GIw+ (L ]} = bbZpfcr,b …..(3.42)
LT)2 LT)2

fcr.b of non-slender rolled steel sections in the above equation may be approximately calculated
from the values given in Table 14, which has been prepared using following equation:
1.1π2E 1 LLT/ry
fcr,b= LLT [1+ 20 ( )2]0.5 ….(3.43)
( )2 hf/tf
ry

The following simplified equation may be used in the case of prismatic members made of
standard rolled I-sections and welded doubly symmetric I-sections for calculating the elastic
lateral buckling moment,Mcr

- 28 -
 π2EIyhf 1 LLT/ry
Mcr= 2LLT2 [1+ 20 ( )2]0.5 ….(3.44)
hf/tf

Where,
It=torsional constant=Sbiti3/3 for open section;

Iw=Warping constant
Iy,ry=Moment of inertia and radius of gyration, respectively about weaker axis
LLT=Effective length for lateral torsional buckling(Table 15)
hf=Centre to centre distance between flanges
tf=Thickness of flange

Mcr for doubly symmetric prismatic beam subjected to uniform moment in the unsupported
length and torsionally restraining lateral supports is given by: symmetric prismatic beam
subjected to uniform moment in the unsupported length.
π2EIY Iw GIt(LLT)2 0.5
Mcr= [I + ] ….(3.45)
LLT2 y π2EIY

Where,
IyIw,Iz=moment of inertia about the minor axis warping constant and St.Venants torsion
constant of the cross section respectively
G=Modulus of rigidity
LLT=Effective length against lateral torsional buckling
Table 3.5 Effective length according to IS800:2007
Condition of restraint support Loading condition
Torsional Restraint Wrapping Restraint Normal Destabilizing

Fully restrained Both flange fully 0.70L 0.85L

restrained
Fully restrained Compression flange 0.75L 0.90L
fully restrained

Fully restrained Both flanges fully 0.80L 0.95L

restrained

- 29 -
 Fully restrained Compression flange 0.85L 1.00L
partially restrained

Fully restrained Wrapping not 1.00L 1.20L

restrained in both
flanges

3.9.2.Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment according to EN-1993-1-1:2005

There is no formula for finding out Mcr in current eurocode. But ENV 1993-1-1:1992
is having formula to find out critical moment for different section which is described as below.

According to ENV 1993-1-1:1992(Annexure F),

I. The elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling of a beam of uniform
symmetrical cross section with equal flanges, under standard conditions of restraint at
each end, loaded through its shear centre and subject to uniform moment is given by:

π2EIY Iw GIt(LLT)2 0.5

Mcr= [I + ] …(3.46)
LLT2 y π2EIY

Where
E
G=2(1+𝑣)

It is the torsion constant

Iw is the warping constant
Iz is the second moment of inertia about minor axis
L is the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint

II. In the case of a beam of uniform cross section which is symmetrical about minor axis,
for bending moment about the major axis the elastic critical moment for lateral torsional
buckling is given by
p2EIz k Iw GIt(kL)2
Mcr=C1 (𝑘L)2 {[(k ) 2 I + + (C2zg-C3zj)2] 0.5-(C2zg-C3zj} ….(3.47)
w z p2EIz

Where,

- 30 -
C1,C2 and C3 factors depending upon loading and restraint conditions
k and kw are effective length factors
zg=za-zs

zj=zs-0.5∫A (y2+z2)z dA/Iy

za is the coordinate of the point of load application

zs is the coordinate of the shear centre
The effective length factor k and kw vary from 0.5 for full fixity to 1.0 for no fixity with 0.7 for
one end fixed and one end free
The factor k refers to end rotation on plan.
The factor kw refers to end warping. Unless special provisions for warping fixity is made,kw
should be taken as 1.0
Values of C1,C2 and C3 are given in tables F.1.1 and F.1.2

III. Beams with uniform doubly symmetric cross-sections

For doubly symmetric cross-section zj=0,thus:
p2EIz k Iw GIt(kL)2
Mcr=C1 (𝑘L)2 {[(kw) 2 I + + (C2zg)2] 0.5-(C2zg} …(3.48)
z p2EIz

For end-moment loading C2=0 and for traverse loads applied at the shear centre zg=0.For
these cases.
p2EIz K Iw GIt(L)2 0.5
Mcr=C1 (𝐾L)2 {[(Kw) 2 I + ] } ….(3.49)
z p2EIz

When k=kw=1.0 (no end fixity)

p2EIz Iw GIt(L)2 0.5
Mcr=C1 {[ I + ] } …..(3.50)
(L)2 z p2EIz

3.9.3 Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment as per AS4100:1998

For the laterally unrestrained beam, following formulas should be used to find out
elastic lateral torsional buckling according to clause 5.6 of AS 4100:1998,
Mb=amasMs≤Ms …(3.51)

Where
am=Moment modification factor

- 31 -
as=Slenderness reduction factor

Ms=Nominal section capacity determined in accordance with clause 5.2 of AS 4100:1998

which is discussed 3.4.3 of this section

Moment modification factor am: (any of the below)

I. 1.0
II. Value from Table 5.6.1 of AS 4100:1998
III. am=[(1.7Mm*)/[(M2*)2+(M3*)2+(M4*)2] …(3.52)
Mm*=Maximum design bending moment in the segment
M2*, M4*=Design bending moments at the quarter points of the segment
M3*=Design bending moment at the midpoint of the segment
IV. Value from an elastic buckling analysis (Clause 5.6.4 of AS4100:1998)

Elastic buckling analysis according to clause 5.6.4(AS4100:1998)

Moa=Mob/am …(3.53)

am=(Mos)/(Moo) …(3.54)

Mos=Elastic buckling moment for a segment, fully restrained at both ends, which is
unrestrained against lateral rotation and loaded at shear centre
Moo=The reference elastic buckling moment given by the following equation
Mo=[(π2EIy/le2){GJ+( π2EIy/le2)}]0.5 …(3.55)

Where
E=200000 MPa(Elastic modulus)
G=shear modulus of elasticity (80000 MPa) or nominal dead load
IyJ, and Iw=section constants
Iy=I about the cross section minor principal y-axis
J=torsion constant for a cross section
Iw=wrapping constant for a cross section
le=effective length(Clause 5.6.3 AS 4100:1998)

- 32 -
Effective length of the segment according to clause 5.6.3 of AS4100:1998
le=kt kl kr l …(3.56)
where
kt=twist restraint factor
kl=load height factor
kr=lateral rotation restraint factor
l=length would be either of
(i) Segment length, for segments without intermediate restraints, or for segments
unrestrained at one end, with or without intermediate lateral restraints
(ii) sub-segment length
Table 3.6 Twist restraint factor
Restraint arrangement Factor,k1
FF,FL,LL,FU 1.0
FP,PL,PU 1+[(d1/l)(tf/2tw)3/nw]
PP 1+[2(d1/l)(tf/2tw)3/nw]

Table 3.7 Load factors (kt) for Gravity loads Table

Longitudinal Restraint arrangement Load height position
position of the
load
Shear Top flange
Centre
Within segment FF,FP,FL,PP,PL,LL,FU,PU 1.0 1.4
At segment end FF,FP,FL,PP,PL,LL,FU,PU 1.0 2.0

Table 3.8 Lateral Torsion Restraint Factors(kr)

Restraint arrangement Ends with Factor,kr
lateral
rotational
restraints
FU,PU Any 1.0

- 33 -
 FF,FP,FL,PP,PL,LL None 1.0
FF,FP,PP One 0.85
FF,FP,PP Both 0.70
Parameters
d1=clear depth between flanges ignoring fillets or welds
nw=number of webs
tf=thickness of critical flange
tw=thickness of web
F=fully restrained
L=laterally restrained
P=partially restrained
U=unrestrained

Now,
as (Slenderness reduction factor)

as=0.6[{(Ms/Moa)2+3}0.5-( Ms/Moa) …(3.57)

Value of Moa
(i) Moa= Mo where Mo is the reference buckling moment(Equation 3.55)
(ii) According to elastic buckling analysis(Equation 3.53,3.54)

3.9.4 Elastic lateral torsional buckling moment according to AISC360-16

AISC 360-16 follows the following formulas for lateral torsional buckling. According
to clause F2(Double symmetric compact I shaped members and channels bent about their major
axis)
(i) When Lb≤Lp the limit state lateral torsional buckling does not apply
(ii) When Lp<Lb≤Lr
𝐿b-Lp
Mn=Cb[Mp-( Mp-0.7FySx)( 𝐿 -L )]≤Mp ….(3.58)
r

(iii) When Lb>Lr

Mn=FcrSx≤Mp …(3.59)

- 34 -
Where,
Lb=length between points that are either braced against lateral displacement of the compression
flange or braced against twist of the cross section, in(mm)
𝐶bπ2E 𝐽c 𝐿b
Fcr= 𝐿b [(1+0.078𝑆 h (𝑟 )2] …(3.60)
( )2 x o ts
𝑟ts

In which
E=modulus of elasticity of steel=29000ksi(200000 MPa)
J=torsional constant,in4 (mm4)
Sx=elastic section modulus taken about the x-axis, in3(mm3)
ho=distance between the flange centroids
𝐸
Lp=1.76ry√𝐹 …(3.61)
y

𝐸 𝐽c 𝐽c 0.7𝐹y 2 0.5 0.5

Lr=1.95rts 0.7𝐹 [𝑆 h +{(𝑆 h )2+6.76( )} ] …(3.62)
y x o x o 𝐸

3.9.5 General procedure for design of laterally unsupported beam

According to IS 800:2007,EN 1993-1-1:2005,AS 4100:1998 and AISC 360-16
 Calculate factored load
 Find out maximum bending moment and shear force
 Select the suitable section
 Section classification
 Find out maximum plastic moment and moment due to lateral torsional buckling
 Select the minimum value as the design capacity of the section
 Find out the shear strength of the section
 Check for serviceability

3.10 Deflection criteria

In various international standards, there are different criteria for allowable deflection. As the
problem has been formulated as per the simply supported beam. Following table shows the
allowable deflection in simply supported beam.

- 35 -
 Table 3.9 Allowable deflection
International Standard Allowable deflection
IS 800:2007(Table 6) Span/300
EN 1993-1-1:2005(Table 4.1 ENV 1993-1- Span/250
1:1992)
AS 4100:1998(Table B1) Span/500(Beam supporting masonry
partitions)
Span/250(All beams)
AISC 360-16 Span/360

- 36 -
 4.Members subjected to combined forces

4.1 General
Most columns are subjected to bending in addition to the axial load; considerable care
should be taken in a practical situation to load a column under axial only. When significant
bending is present in addition to an axial load in member, the member is termed as beam
column (Design of steel Structures-N. Subramanian)

4.2 Behaviour of members

The behaviour of beam-column is classified into following cases:
 A short-beam column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending about either axis or
biaxial bending. Failure occurs when the plastic capacity of the section is reached, with
the limitations set in the second same.
 A slender beam column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending about major axis.
If the beam column is supported laterally against buckling about the minor axis, the
beam-column fails by buckling about the major axis. It represents an interaction
between column buckling and simple uniaxial bending. If the beam column is not very
slender a plastic hinges forms at end point of maximum moment.
 A slender beam column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending about the minor
axis. Now there is no need for lateral support and no buckling out of plane bending.
The beam column fails by buckling about minor axis. This also represents an interaction
between column buckling and simple uniaxial buckling. At very low axial loads, the
beam column will attain the bending capacity about minor axis.
 A slender beam-column subjected to axial load and bending about the major axis, and
restrained out of plane bending. The beam-column fails due to combination of column
buckling about the minor axis and lateral torsional buckling. The beam column fails by
twisting as well as deflecting in the major axis plane and minor axis plane. Thus it
represents an interaction between column buckling and beam buckling.

- 37 -
  A slender beam-column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending and not having any
lateral support. The ultimate behaviour of the beam-column is complicated by the effect
of plastification, moment magnification and lateral torsional buckling. The failure will
be similar to the fourth case but minor axis buckling will dominate. (McGinley & Aug
1992)

(a)Moment about major z-z axis (b)Moment about minor y-y axis

(buckling restrained about minor y-y axis)

(c) Moment about major z-z axis (d)Moment about major z-z
(no restraint) and minor y-y axis (no restraint)
Figure 4.1:Behaviour of slender beam-columns

- 38 -
4.3 Indian code(IS800:2007) provisions
IS 800:2007 requires the following two checks to be performed.
 Local capacity check
 Overall buckling check

4.3.1 Local capacity check

For plastic and compact section:(Clause 9.3.1.1)
Under combined axial force (tension or compression) and bending moment the
following formula should be satisfied.
(My/Mndy)a1+(Mz/Mndz)a2≤1 ….(4.1)

Conservatively the following equation should be satisfied

(N/Nd)+(My/Mdy)+(Mz/Mdz)≤1 ….(4.2)

Where
My,Mz=Factored applied moment about the minor and major axis of the cross section
respectively
Mndy, Mndz=Design reduced flexure strength under combined axial force and the respective
uniaxial moment alone
For standard I or H sections
n≤0.2;Mndy=Mdy ….(4.3)
n>0.2;Mndy=1.56Mdy(1-n)(n+0.6) ….(4.4)
Mndz=1.11Mdz(1-n) ≤Mdz ….(4.5)
n=N/Nd
N=Factored applied axial force(Tension T or Compression P)
Nd=Design strength in tension Td=Agfy/gmo …(4.6)

Nd=Design strength in compression= Agfy/gmo

Ag=Gross area of the cross section

a1,a2=Constants

For I and channel section (Table 17)

a1=5n≥1

- 39 -
 a2=2

gmo=Partial safety factor in yielding

For semi-compact section:

In the absence of high shear force, semi-compact section should satisfy the following
criteria.
fx≤fy/gmo …(4.7)

For cross section without holes, the above criteria reduce to

(N/Nd)+(My/Mdy)+(Mz/Mdz)≤1 …(4.8)

4.3.2 Overall Buckling check

Bending and axial tension: (Clause 9.3.2.1)

Meff≤Md …(4.9)

Meff=[M-yTZey/A] ...(4.10)

Where
M,T=Factored applied moment and tension respectively
A=Area of cross-section
Zey=Elastic section modulus of the section with respect to extreme compression fibre
Y=0.8,if T and M can vary independently or otherwise

=1.0

Bending and axial compression:(9.3.2.2)

P
+ Ky CmyMy + KLT Mz ≤ 1.0 …(4.11)
Pdy Mdy Mdz

P
+ 0.6Ky CmyMy + Kz CmzMz ≤ 1.0 …(4.12)
Pdz Mdy Mdz

Cmy, Cmz=Equivalent uniform moment factor

P=Applied axial compression under factored load

- 40 -
My, Mz=Maximum factored applied bending moment about y and z-axis of the member
Pdy,Pdz=Design strength under axial compression as governed by buckling about minor(y) and
major(z) axis respectively
Mdy,Mdz=Design bending strength about y(minor) or z(major) axis considering laterally
unsupported length of the cross-section

Ky=1+(l y-0.2)ny≤1+0.8ny …(4.13)

Kz=1+(l z-0.2)nz≤1+0.8nz ....(4.14)

KLT=1-((0.1l LTny)/(CmLT-0.25))≥1-(0.1ny/(CmLT-0.25)) ...(4.15)

Where,
ny,nz=Ratio of actual applied axial force to the design axial strength for buckling about y and z
axis
CmLT=Equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral torsional buckling as per Table 18 in
IS800:2007 corresponding to the actual moment gradient between lateral support against
torsional deformation in the critical region under consideration.

4.4 Eurocode(EN 1993-1-1:2005) provisions

4.4.1 Bending and axial force
According to clause 6.2.9
For Class 1 and class 2 cross section,following criteria should be satisfied:
MEd≤MN,Rd …(4.16)
MNRd=Mpl.Rd[1-(NEd/Npl,Rd)] …(4.17)

For doubly symmetrical I- and H- sections or other flanges sections,allowance need not be
made for the effect of axial force on the plastic resistance moment about y-y axis when both
the following criteria are satisfied

NEd≤0.25Npl,Rd ….(4.18)
NEd≤0.5hwtwfy/(g mo) ….(4.19)

- 41 -
For cross-sections where fastener holes are need not to be accounted for, the following
approximation may be used for standard rolled I or H sections and for welded I or H sections
with equal flanges.

n≤a: MN.z.Rd=Mpl.z.Rd …(4.20)

n-a
For n>a:MN,z,Rd=Mpl,z,Rd [1 − (1−𝑎) 2] ..(4.21)

Where
n=NEd/Npl,Rd ..(4.22)
a=(A-2btf)/A ...(4.23)
For bi-axial bending the following criterion may be used:
My.Ed MzEd
[M ] a+ [M ]b …(4.24)
N.y.Rd N.z.Rd

Where for I and h sections

a=2; b=5n

Npl,Rd=Design plastic resistance to normal forces of the gross-section

NEd=Design normal force
My.Ed=Design bending moment-y-y axis
Mz.Ed=Design bending moment-z-z axis

For class 3 cross-sections

The following criteria should be satisfied
fy
sx,Ed≤ g
mo

where sx,Ed is the design value of the local longitudinal stress due to moment and axial force

For class 4 cross-sections

fy
sx,Ed≤ g
mo

As alternative following formula can also be used

NEd My,Ed+NEdeNy Mz,Ed+NEdeNz
+W +W ≤1 …(4.25)
Aefffy/gmo eff,y,minfy/gmo eff,z,minfy/gmo

- 42 -
Uniform members in bending and axial compression:
According to EN 1993-1-1:2005,for the overall member strength; following shall be
satisfied.(Clause 6.3.3)
NEd My,Ed+∆My,Ed Mz,Ed+∆Mz,Ed
cyNRk + kyy My.Rk +kyz Mz.Rk ≤1 …(4.26)
cLT
gM1 gM1 gM1

NEd My,Ed+∆My,Ed Mz,Ed+∆Mz,Ed

czNRk + kyy My.Rk +kzz Mz.Rk ≤1 …(4.27)
cLT
gM1 gM1 gM1

Where
NEd,My,Ed an Mz,Ed are the design values of the compression force and the maximum moment
about y-y and z-z axis along the member, respectively
∆My,Ed,∆Mz,Ed are the moment due to shift of centrodial axis
cy and cz are the reduction factors due to flexure buckling

kyy,kyz,kzy,kzz are the interaction factors

4.4.2 Bending, shear and axial force

According to clause 6.2.10
Where design shear force exceeds 50% of the design shear resistance to combinations of
moment and axial force should be calculated using a reduced yield strength
(1-r)fy …(4.28)

Where
r=(2VEd/Vpl,Rd-1)2 …(4.29)

4.5 Australian code provisions (AS 4100:1998)

According to AS 4100:1998,there are two checks which should be satisfied
 Section capacity (Clause 8.3 of AS 4100:1998)
 Member capacity (Clause 8.4 of AS4100:1998)

- 43 -
4.5.1 Uniaxial bending about major principal x-axis (Section capacity)
Section capacity
For the section capacity following criteria shall be satisfied.
Mx*≤FMrx …(4.30)

Where,
F=Moment capacity factor(Table 3.4)

Mrx=Nominal section moment capacity, reduced by axial force(Tension or compression)’

N*
Mrx=Msx(1-FNs) …(4.31)

Msx,Msy=The nominal section capacity about x- and y- axis respectively(Eq:3.11 should be

used which is discussed in previous chapter considering zez, zez
Ns=The nominal section axial load capacity

Ns for axial compression: (Clause 6.2 of AS 4100:1998)

Ns=kfAnfy …(4.32)
kf=The form factor
=(Ae/Ag)
Ae=The effective area
An=The net area of the cross section

Ns for axial tension: (Clause 7.2 of AS4100:1998)

Should be lesser of
Ns=Agfy and ..(4.33)
Ns=0.85ktAnfy …(4.34)
Ag=The gross area of the cross section
fy=The yield stress used in design
kt=The correction factor for distribution of forces
An=The net area of the cross section
fu=The tensile strength used in design

Alternatively, following equations can also be used

- 44 -
(i) For compression member where kf equal to 1.0 and for tension members-
N*
Mrx=1.18Msx(1-FNs)≤Msx …(4.35)

(ii) For compression members where kf is less than 1.0-

N* 82-lw
Mrx=Msx(1-FNs)(1+0.1882-l ) ≤Msx …(4.36)
wy

Where,

b fy
le= t √250 ..(4.37)

b=The clear width of the element outstand from the face of supporting element or the
clear width of the element between the faces of the supporting plate elements
t=thickness of plate

for Hot rolled sections,

If one longitudinal edge is supported ley=16

If two longitudinal edges are supported ley=45

Plastic moment capacity reduced for axial force(tension or compression) shall be calculated as
follows
N*
FMprx=1.18FMsx(1-FN )≤FMsx ..(4.38)
s

4.5.2 Uniaxial bending about major principal x-axis(Member capacity)

According to clause 8.4.2 of AS 4100:1998 for in-plane elastic analysis
 For tension members 4.5.1(in this section) should be used.
 For compression members, the member capacity (in-plane capacity-elastic analysis)
shall be calculated as follows:
M*≤FMi ..(4.39)
N*
Mi=Ms(1-FNc) ..(4.40)

F=the capacity factor (Table 3.4 of AS4100:1998)

M*=The design bending moment about principal axis

- 45 -
 Ms=The nominal section capacity(Equation 3.11)
N*=The design axial compressive force
Nc=The nominal member capacity in axial compression
Nc=acNs≤Ns …(4.41)

Ns=Equation 4.32
ac=The member slenderness reduction factor(AS 4100:1998-Table 6.3.3(3))

4.5.3 Uniaxial bending about minor axis(Section capacity)

According to clause 8.4.2.2
My*≤FMry ..(4.42)

M*=the design bending moment about the principal axis

F=the capacity factor(AS 4100:1998 Table 3.4)

Mi=the nominal in plane member moment capacity

N*
Mi=Ms(1-FNc) ..(4.43)

N*=the design axial force

Nc=the nominal member capacity in axial compression (Equation 4.32 in this section)

Alternatively

For double symmetric I-section

N*
Mry=1.19Msy[1-(FNs)2]≤Msy ..(4.44)

F=Moment capacity factor (AS 4100:1998 Table 3.4)

Mry=Nominal section moment capacity, reduced by axial force (Tension or compression)

for rectangular or hollow section which are compact

N*
Mrx=1.18Msy(1-FNs)≤Msy ..(4.45)

- 46 -
4.5.4 Uniaxial bending about minor axis (Member capacity)
According to clause 8.4 of AS4100:1998, member capacity should be checked as per 4.5.2
discussed in this chapter.
For member bent about the minor principal axis
N*
FMpry=1.19FMsy[(1-(FN )2] ≤FMsy ..(4.46)
s

4.5.5 Biaxial bending (Section capacity)

According to clause 8.3.4 of AS4100:1998, section capacity of biaxial bending shall be
checked as follows due to axial compression or tension
N* Mx* My*
+ + ≤1 …(4.47)
FNs FMsx FMsy

Where,
N*= Design tensile or compressive force
Mx*= Design bending moment about the major principal x-axis
My*= Design bending moment about the minor principal y-axis
Alternatively,
Mx* My*
(FM )g+(FM )g≤1 …(4.48)
rx ry

Where
N*
g= 1.4+(FNs)≤2

4.5.6 Biaxial bending(Member capacity)

For compression according to clause 8.4.5.1 of AS 4100:1998
𝑀x* 𝑀y*
(FM )1.4+(FM )1.4≤1 …(4.49)
cx iy

Where
F=The capacity factor (AS 4100:1998)

Mcx=The nominal in-plane capacity(Mix)(Equation 4.40 of this section) about major

Axis
Miy=The nominal in-plane member moment capacity,(Equation 4.43 of this section)about
minor axis
For tension according to clause 8.4.5.2 of AS4100:1998

- 47 -
 𝑀x* 𝑀y*
(FM )1.4+(FM )1.4≤1 …(4.50)
tx ry

F=The capacity factor (AS 4100:1998)

Mtx = The nominal moment capacity about major axis (Equation 4.31 of this section)
Mry=The nominal moment capacity due to reduced axial force about minor axis(Equation 4.43)

4.6 American code provision (AISC 360-16)

According section H of AISC 360-16(LRFD)

4.6.1 Members subjected to flexure and axial compression

This clause applies for double symmetric members and biaxial bending.
𝑃𝑟 8 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦 Pr
+ ( + )≤1 for ≥0.2 …(4.51)
𝑃𝑐 9 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦 Pc
𝑃𝑟 𝑀 𝑀 Pr
+ ( 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦) ≤ 1 for <0.2 …(4.52)
2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦 Pc

Where,
Pr=Required axial strength
Pc=Available axial strength
Pc=FcPn …(4.53)

According to clause E3 of AISC 360-16

Pn=FcrAg ….(4.54)
Fcr=Elastic buckling stress
Ag=Gross cross-sectional area of member
Mr=Required flexure strength
Mc=FbMn= Available flexure strength(Equation 3.12)

x=Subscript relating symbol to major axis bending

y=Subscript relating symbol to minor axis bending
Fc=Resistance factor for compression=0.9

Fc=Resistance factor for compression=0.9

- 48 -
4.6.2 Members subjected to tension and single axis flexure
According to clause H-2 and clause H-3 of AISC 360-16 the members subjected to
single axis flexure and tension is to be governed by clause 4.6.1 as discussed in this section.

4.7 Interaction ratio

Table 4.1 shows the formula which are being used for finding ratio of member capacity
and section ratio.
IS 800:2007 EN 1993-1- AS 4100:1998 AISC 360-16
1:2005
Uniaxial bending and axial tension
Section Eq:4.1 Eq:4.24 Eq:4.30-(both axis) -
capacity Mx*/FMrx≤1

Member Eq:4.9(Meff/Md) Eq:4.26 and Eq:4.30-(both axis) Eq:4.51 or

capacity 4.27 Mx*/FMrx≤1 Eq:4.52

Uniaxial bending and axial compression

Section Eq:4.1 Eq:4.24 Eq:4.30-(both axis) -
capacity Mx*/FMrx≤1

Member Higher of Eq:4.26 and Eq:4.39(M*/FMi≤1) Eq:4.51 or

capacity Eq:4.11 and 4.27 Eq:4.52
Eq:4.12
Biaxial bending and axial compression
Section Eq:4.1 Eq:4.24 Lower value of -
capacity Eq:4.47 and Eq:4.48
Member Higher of Eq:4.26 and Eq:4.49 Eq:4.51 or
capacity Eq:4.11 and 4.27 Eq:4.52
Eq:4.12
Biaxial bending and axial tension
Section Eq:4.1 Eq:4.24 Lower value of -
capacity Eq:4.47 and Eq:4.48
Member Eq:4.9(Meff/Md) - Eq:4.50 Eq:4.51 or
capacity for both axis Eq:4.52

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 5.Analysis Data
5.1General
For members subjected to flexure, the beam length of 5m,6m,7m and 10m are taken for
the design of laterally supported and laterally unsupported. For the members subjected to
combined forces, members length of 5m,6m,7m and 10m are taken for the following cases.
 Major axis bending and tension
 Minor axis bending and tension
 Minor axis bending and compression
 Major axis bending and compression
 Biaxial bending and compression
 Biaxial bending and tension

5.2 Design of members subjected to flexure

5.2.1 Laterally supported beams
Table 5.1: Basic data for laterally supported beams
DL(kN/m) 20
LL(kN/m) 20
5m span ISMB 350@ 0.524kN/m
6m span ISWB 400 @ 0.667 kN/m
7m span ISWB 450 @ 0.794kN/m
10m span ISMB 600 @0.1226 kN/m

Table 5.2: Section classification

Section IS 800:2007 EN 1993-1- AS 4100:1998 AISC 360-16
classification 1:2005
ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISWB [email protected] kN/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISWB [email protected]/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISMB [email protected]/m

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 Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact

Table 5.3: Design moment capacity and shear strength of the section
IS 800:2007 EN 1993-1- AS 4100:1998 AISC 360-16
1:2005
ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m(5m span)
Design moment 202.18 222.4 200.16 200.16
capacity(kNm)
Shear 372 409.2 382.73 425.25
strength(kN)
ISWB [email protected] kN/m(6m span)
Design moment 292.23 322.55 290.3 290.3
capacity(kNm)
Shear 451.39 496.53 464.4 516
strength(kN)
ISWB 450 @ 0.794kN/m(7m span)
Design moment 400.14 440.15 396.14 396.14
capacity(kNm)
Shear 543.24 597.56 558.9 621
strength(kN)
ISMB 600 @0.1226 kN/m(10m span)
Design moment 797.73 877.5 789.8 789.8
capacity(kNm)
Shear 944.76 1039.24 972 1080
strength(kN)

Laterally supported beam

10m(ISMB 600 @ 0.1226 kN/m)

7m(ISWB 450@ 0.794kN/m)

6m(ISWB 400 @ 0.667 kN/m)

5m([email protected]/m)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Design capacity(kNm)

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.1 Design moment capacity of the laterally supported beams

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 Laterally supported beams

10m(ISMB 600 @ 0.1226 kN/m)

7m(ISWB 450@ 0.794kN/m)

6m(ISWB 400 @ 0.667 kN/m)

5m([email protected]/m)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Shear Strength(kN)

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.2 Shear strength of the section for laterally supported beams

5.2.2 Laterally unsupported beams

Table 5.4: Basic data for laterally unsupported beams
DL(kN/m) 6
LL(kN/m) 6
5m span ISMB 350@ 0.524kN/m
6m span ISLB 450 @0.653 kN/m
7m span ISLB 550 @ 0.863kN/m
10m span ISWB 600 @ 1.02kN/m
Above lengths are given, indicate unsupported length and the beam is simply placed on
longitudinal beams at its ends.

Table 5.5: Section classification

Section IS 800:2007 EN 1993-1- AS 4100:1998 AISC 360-16
classification 1:2005
ISMB 350@ 0.524kN/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISLB 450 @0.653 kN/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISLB 550 @ 0.863kN/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISWB 600 @ 1.02kN/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact

- 52 -
 Table 5.6: Design moment capacity and shear strength of the section
IS 800:2007 EN 1993-1- AS 4100:1998 AISC 360-16
1:2005
ISMB 350@ 0.524kN/m(5m span)
Design moment 66.72 73.39 122.3 112.08
capacity(kNm)
Shear 372 409.2 382.73 425.25
strength(kN)
ISLB 450 @0.653 kN/m(6m span)
Design moment 117.83 129.6 163.92 137.46
capacity(kNm)
Shear 507.81 558.59 522.45 580.5
strength(kN)
ISLB 550 @ 0.863kN/m(7m span)
Design moment 131.69 144.84 228.11 191.19
capacity(kNm)
Shear 714.48 785.92 735.08 816.75
strength(kN)
ISWB 600 @ 1.02kN/m(10m span)
Design moment 228.03 250.8 395.5 230.82
capacity(kNm)
Shear 944.76 1039.24 972 1080
strength(kN)

Laterally unsupported beam

10m(ISWB 600@ 1.02 kN/m)

7m(ISLB 500 @0.863 kN/m)

6m(ISLB 450 @0.653 kN/m)

5m(ISMB [email protected] kN/m)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Design moment capacity(kNm)

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.3:Design moment capacity of laterally unsupported beams

- 53 -
 Laterally unsupported beams

10m(ISWB 600@ 1.02 kN/m)

7m(ISLB 500 @0.863 kN/m)

6m(ISLB 450 @0.653 kN/m)

5m(ISMB [email protected] kN/m)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Shear strength(kN)

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.4.:Shear strength of the section used in laterally unsupported beams

5.3 Design of members subjected to combined forces

Basic data:

Table 5.7:Basic data for members subjected to combined forces

IS EN:1993 1- AS AISC
Parameters 800:2007 1:2005 4100:1998 360-16
Minor axis
moment(top)(kNm) 5 5 5 5
Minor axis
moment(bottom)(kNm) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Major axis
moment(top)(kNm) 10 10 10 10
Major axis
moment(bottom)(kNm) 20 20 20 20
Axial force(T)(kN) 50 50 50 50
Axial force (C )(kN) 50 50 50 50
Ends of the member are rigidly connected to beam and prevented from side sway.

Table 5.8: Section selection for different length

Length(m) Section
5 ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m
6 ISMB [email protected]/m
7 ISMB [email protected]/m
10 ISMB [email protected]/m

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 Table 5.9 Section classification
Section IS 800:2007 EN 1993-1- AS 4100:1998 AISC 360-16
classification 1:2005
ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISMB [email protected] kN/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISMB [email protected]/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
ISMB [email protected]/m
Flange Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact
Web Plastic Class 1 Compact Compact

Major axis bending and axial tension(Section capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Interaction ratio

AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.5 Major axis bending and axial tension (Section capacity)

- 55 -
 Major axis bending and axial tension(Member capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Interaction ratio

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.6 Major axis bending and axial tension (Member capacity)

Minor axis bending and axial tension(Section capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Interaction ratio

AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.7 Minor axis bending and axial tension (Section capacity)

- 56 -
 Minor axis bending and axial tension(Member capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Interaction ratio

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.8 Minor axis bending and axial tension (Member capacity)

Minor axis bending and axial compression(Section

capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Axis Title

AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.9 Minor axis bending and axial compression (Section capacity)

- 57 -
 Minor axis bending and axial compression(Member capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Interaction ratio

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.10 Minor axis bending and axial compression (Member capacity)

Major axis bending and axial compression(Section capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Interaction ratio

AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.11: Major axis bending and axial compression (Section capacity)

- 58 -
 Major axis bending and axial compression(Member
capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Interaction ratio

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.12: Major axis bending and axial compression (Member capacity)

Biaxial bending and axial compression(Section capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Interaction ratio

AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.12: Biaxial bending and axial compression (Section capacity)

- 59 -
 Biaxial bending and axial compression(Member capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Interaction ratio

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.13: Biaxial bending and axial compression (Member capacity)

Biaxial bending and axial compression(Member

capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Interaction ratio

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 EN 1993-1-1:2005 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.14: Biaxial bending and axial tension (Section capacity)

- 60 -
 Biaxial bending and axial tension(Member capacity)

ISMB 500 @ 0.869 kN/m for 10m

ISMB [email protected] kN/m for 7m

ISMB 400 @ 0.616 kN/m for 6m

ISMB 350 @0.524kN/m for 5m

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Interaction ratio

AISC 360-16 AS 4100:1998 IS 800:2007

Figure 5.15: Biaxial bending and axial tension (Member capacity)

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 6.Results and Conclusion
6.1 Comparison of codal provision
 In IS 800:2007 and EN 1993-1-1:2005, the sections are classified in to plastic, compact,
semi-compact, slender and class1, class2, class3, class4 respectively. AS 4100:1998
and AISC 360-16 have classified sections into compact, non-compact and slender
categories
 In IS 800:2007 and EN 1993-1-1:2005, the value of partial safety factor has been taken
as 1.1 and 1 respectively.In, AISC 360-16(LRFD) and AS 4100: 1998.the value of
capacity factors has been used as 0.9 and both codes are using plastic section modulus
for the calculation of design moment capacity.
 All four codes give same formula for the shear strength of the section. The reason
behind the variation of results is factors which are being used in different codes. EN
1993-1-1:2005 gives around 10% more shear strength than IS800:2007 because of
partial safety factors discussed above.AS 4100:1998 and AISC 360-16 give same
formula for finding out shear strength but AISC 360-16 suggests the value of capacity
factor 1 while AS 4100:1998 gives the value 0.9 so the AISC 360-16 gives 10% more
value of shear strength than AISC 360-16.
 For laterally unsupported beams, IS800:2007 ,EN-1993-1-1:2005,AISC 360-16 give
guidelines for not to check for lateral torsional buckling in certain cases.
 For members subjected to combined forces all codes give equation for interaction ratio
of the member capacity and section capacity expect AISC 360-16. AISC 360-16 gives
formula only for member strength which easier than IS 800:2007 to implement.
 AS 4100:1998 gives more detailed equations for all cases in members subjected to
combined forces but it does not have reduction factor incase of simply supported beams
 EN 1993-1-1:2005 does not have any formula to calculate moment capacity due to
lateral torsional buckling.

6.2 Interpretation of result data

 Hot rolled I-sections which are used in all problems, are classified into Plastic and Class
1 according to IS 800:2007 and EN 1993-1-1:2005 respectively, they are classified into
compact category according to AS 4100:1998 and AISC 360-16.

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  Problems which are discussed in this study, AISC 360-16 gives the highest value of
shear strength for all types of section, while IS 800:2007 gives the lowest value of the
shear strength of the section.
AISC 360-16>EN 1993-1-1:2005>AS 4100:1998>IS 800:2007
 For problems discussed in this study of laterally unsupported beams, IS 800:2007 gives
lowest design moment capacity and AS 4100:1998 gives highest value of design
moment capacity.
AS 4100:1998>AISC 360-16>EN 1993-1-1:2005
 Design of members subjected to combined forces, all possible cases have been taken
into consideration for the span of 5m,6m,7m and 10m and
ISMB350,ISMB400,ISMB450,ISMB500 has been selected respectively.
 Possible cases: Uniaxial bending (major and minor) and compression, Uniaxial bending
(major and minor) and tension, biaxial bending and tension, biaxial bending and
compression .
 Interaction ratio for section and member capacity is decreased as the span and section
size is increased upto span of 7m according to IS 800:2007 ,AS 4100:1998 and AISC
360-16.
 According to EN-1993-1-1:2005 section capacity decreases as span and section size is
increased but member capacity does not show the same results.

6.3 Conclusion
 AISC 360-16(LRFD) and AS 4100:1998 are the most conservative codes for finding
out the design moment capacity while EN 1993-1-1:2005 gives highest design moment
capacity for the section which is around 10% more than obtained by IS800:2007.
 IS 800:2007 is the most conservative code in design moment capacity for laterally
unsupported beams.
 AS 4100:1998 becomes the most conservative in case of major axis uniaxial bending
and axial tension and biaxial bending
 For biaxial bending and axial tension AISC 360-16 becomes the most conservative.
 All these results are based on Plastic type of section.

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6.4 Future Scope
 For the comparison of members subjected to flexure, results of plate girder should also
be included.
 Rather than only doubly symmetric I-section, various types of sections can be
compared.

- 64 -
 References
Codes:
1. ANSI/AISC 360-16,"Specification for Structural steel buildings", (2016).
2. AS 4100-1998, "Steel Structures."
3. EN 1993-1-1 (2005): “Eurocode 3:Design of steel structures- Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings”
4. EN 1993-1-1 (2006):”Eurocode 3:Design of steel structures-Part 1-5:General rules-
Plated structural elements”
5. ENV 1993-1-1:1992:”Design of steel structures-Part 1-1:General rules and rules for
buildings”
6. IS 800:2007, "General construction in steel-code of practice.", BIS

Textbook and thesis:

1. N.Subramanian,”Design of steel structures”
2. S K Duggal,”Design of steel structures”
3. Dr.B.C.Punmia,”Design of steel structures”
4. American Institute of Steel Construction,”Design examples,version 14.1”
5. Brian Kirke,”Steel structures design manual to AS4100”
6. Serkan Sahin,”A comparative study of AISC-360 and Eurocode 3 strength limit
states”(2009)

Research Papers
1. Subramaniam N. “Code of practice of practice on steel structures a review of IS
800:2007”, Civil Engineering & construction review magazine, Issue: AUGUST:2008
2. Danny J.Yong,Aitziber Lopez and Migule A.Serna,” A Comparative study of AISC-
LRFD & EC3 approaches to beam-column buckling resistance”, Stability &
ductility of steel structures ,D.Camotim et al..(Eds.)Lisbon,Portugal,Sepetember 6-
8,2006.
3. Gayatri Bhanudas Purnaye & Prof U.R.Awari,” Design Aids for Beams with Varing
Conditions in Accordance with IS 800:2007”, International Journal on Recent
Innovation and Trends in Computing and Communication, Volume 3,Issue 5

- 65 -
4. Prof.Ravindra Bhimarao Kulkarni & Vikas Arjun Patil,”Design Aids of Flexure
Members and Beam-Columns Based on Limit State Method”,International Journal
of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2,Issue 10,Oct-2011
5. Sh.N.Prabhakar,”Query/Comments on published code-General construction in steel-
Code of practice”

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