Sanjivani C. Karne, Et Al

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.
Sci (2018) 7(3): 159-168
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.019
Effect of Different Colour of Shadenet and Growing Media on the Quality

Parameters and Yield of Spinach Cultivated by Hydroponics
Sanjivani C. Karne1*, Suchita V. Gupta1, Bhagyashree N. Patil2 and

Amrapali A. Aakhre3
1
Department of Farm Structures, CAET, Dr. PDKV, Akola, Maharashtra, India
2
Department of APE, CAET, Dr. PDKV, Akola, Maharashtra, India
3
Department of Biotechnology, CAET, Dr. PDKV, Akola, Maharashtra, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted during summer season of 2016- 2017 at the field of
Department Farm Structures, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The
experimental site was fairly uniform and levelled. Hydroponic structure was designed for
the cultivation of leafy vegetables by different hydroponic methods. The dimensions of
Keywords portable hydroponic structure were 1375 mm high x 925 mm long and were made from
locally available materials. The structure was made up of mild steel hollow pipes of size
Hydroponics, 25.4 mm which were bended and welded together to form a Quonset-type structure.
Quality parameters, Cultivation of spinach by using two different hydroponic methods was carried out under
Moisture content, controlled atmosphere and on the open field. Solid media culture and liquid hydroponics
Leaf area, Yield were used and in solid media three different types of media were used on cocopeat, soil
Article Info rite and 50% cocopeat and 50% soil rite. Various chemical characteristics like iron content
and chlorophyll content were determined by different methods of determination of iron
Accepted: and chlorophyll content of spinach in Green and white portable hydroponic structure and
04 February 2018 open-field after the proper growth of crop. All the observations were analyzed by Design
Available Online: expert version 9.0.2.0 software was used to analyze the result using response surface
10 March 2018
methodology (RSM). Maximum Moisture content was found 90.877% and maximum leaf
area was found 32.798 dm/sq. m. Yield of spinach was found greater in the green colour
hydroponic structure in between 150-210 q/ha. Yield inside the white colour hydroponic
structure was found between 120-200 q/ha and in the open field it was found between 50-
80 q/ha.
Introduction the most intensive method of crop production

in today’s agricultural industry in combination
The technology for food production in with greenhouses. Yet, for most of its
greenhouse has advanced a great deal in the employees, hydroponic culture requires only
last 20 years. Greenhouse food production basic agricultural skills. Since regulating the
often termed controlled environment aerial and root environment is a major concern
agriculture (CEA) usually accompanies in such agricultural systems, production takes
hydroponics. Hydroponic culture is possibly place inside enclosed design to control air and
159
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 159-168
root temperatures, light, water, plant nutrition leaves hold a good amount of soluble dietary
and adverse climate (Dalrymple, 1973). fiber. Spinach is a hot weather crop but can
also be grown during moderate winter season.
Soil is usually the most available growing It can also tolerate frost to some extent
medium for plants. It provides anchorage, (Agrifarming).
nutrients, air, water, etc. for successful plant
growth. However, soils do pose serious The very limited study is available regarding
limitations for plant growth too, at times. the cultivation of vegetables and the quality
Presence of disease causing organisms and parameters of spinach by different hydroponic
nematodes, unsuitable soil reaction, methods. Therefore the study is taken with the
unfavourable soil compaction, poor drainage, following an objective, to evaluate the quality
degradation due to erosion etc. are some of parameters of spinach grown under portable
them. In addition, conventional crop hydroponic structure.
cultivation in soil (Open Field Agriculture) is
somewhat difficult as it involves large space, Materials and Methods
lot of labour and large volume of water.
Moreover, some places like metropolitan Study area
areas, soil is not available for crop growing at
all, or in some areas, we find scarcity of fertile The experiment was conducted during
cultivable arable lands due to their summer season of 2016- 2017 at the field of
unfavourable geographical or topographical Department Farm Structures, Dr. Panjabrao
conditions. Therefore the portable greenhouse Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The
is an excellent alternative for garden experimental site was fairly uniform and
enthusiasts to indulge in their favourite levelled.
activity given a small space and budget. A
portable greenhouse is a huge space saver that Portable hydroponic structure
can help jump-start spring planting that can be
continued until the fall compared to traditional Hydroponic structure was designed for the
greenhouse structures. cultivation of leafy vegetables by different
hydroponic methods. Two same size frames of
Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea) is an edible structure were designed and fabricated in
flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae which different colour of covering material
native to central and western Asia. Its leaves was used such as green and white. The
are eaten as a vegetable, it is an annual plant structure was lightweight so that it can move
(rarely biennial) growing as tall as 30 cm from one place to another place as per the
(1 ft.). Spinach may survive over winter in convenience of crop environment. The
temperate regions. The leaves are alternate, dimensions of portable hydroponic structure
simple, ovate to triangular, and very variable were 1375 mm high x 925 mm long. The
in size from about 2-30 cm (1-12 in) long and structure was made up of mild steel hollow
1-15 cm (0.4-5.9 in) broad, with larger leaves pipes of size 25.4 mm which were bended and
at the base of the plant and small leaves higher welded together to form a Quonset-type
on the flowering stem. Spinach is a storehouse structure.
for many phytonutrients that have health
promotional and disease prevention properties. The portable hydroponic structure was
It is very low in calories and fats (100 g of raw specially designed for leafy vegetable
leaves provide just 23 calories). Also, its cultivation. In this study two structures was
160
constructed with different covering materials respectively was manually filled with
one for white and another for green covering. cocopeat and soil rite in the following manner.
Also two types of media culture were used Each was filled with cocopeat, soil rite and
such as solid media and liquid media. The mixture of cocopeat and soil rite (50-50 %).
different combinations are as follows, Sample was thoroughly mixed with small
amount of water. As per the size of trays,
Types of structures same size square was drawn on the growing
medium and seeds were sown at the middle of
Green hydroponic structure the square. The process was replicated thrice.
White hydroponic structure
Open field Similarly procedure was carried out for Green
and White portable hydroponic structure and
Cultivation Media also for the open field.
Cocopeat Liquid culture

Soil rite
50% Cocopeat 50% soil rite In this method seeds are not directly sown in
Liquid media liquid medium. In liquid culture seeds were
first sown in seedling trays. For ease of
Size and material of tray used for transplant of seedlings, they were sown in
cultivation hydroponic cups which contain cocopeat as
growing medium. They were placed in
For the solid media culture method, small seedling tray cups. After 5 days from sowing
plastic tray was used having size 36 cm * 25 seedling were transplanted in to the trays
cm * 6cm in length, width and height which contains water and application of
respectively. For liquid culture method tray of fertilizers doses was applied at 5 days equal
GI material was used having size 75 cm * 28 interval as 1 g/ lit of 19:19:19 as major
cm * 7 cm in length, width and height nutrient and suprimo 5 ml. in lit. of water as
respectively, having 20 liter water holding micro nutrient for solid media and also for
capacity. In this method tray require a cover liquid media cultivation. Environmental
which holds the cups containing growing parameters like temperature, relative humidity,
media. Cover of the liquid media tray was light intensity and CO2 were measured from
made up of plywood material having size 78 6thmarch, 2017 to 23 rd April 2017 under
cm* 30 cm length, width respectively and controlled condition. These data were used to
thickness was 0.5 cm. Each cover contains 8 calculate the monthly average data, which
holes having diameter 5 cm to hold the were used for observing daily variation in
hydroponic cups. Also the hydroponic cups microclimate during the experiment.
for liquid culture method and air pumps for air
circulation were used in the experiment. Quality parameters of spinach
Sowing of seeds In the present study various quality parameters

were determined as moisture content, leaf
Solid media culture method area, and yield of spinach in each hydroponic
structure and open field. Following methods
In this method plastic tray of size 36 cm * 25 was used to study the different quality
cm * 6cm in length, width and height parameters. The moisture content of spinach
161
during experiment was determined on the dry analyze the interaction between parameters
basis using the following method (AOAC, (Kwaghger et al., 2012).
1984). A small sample approximately 50 g of
spinach was kept in a pre-dried and weighed Results and Discussion
moisture box. The mass of the sample was
recorded as W1. The box was placed in an Experimental data for response surface
oven maintained at 70o C temperature for 18 method
hours. After drying, the sample was cooled in
desiccators at room temperature and weighed The experimental data for moisture content,
after cooling. The mass of the dried sample leaf area and yield are presented in Table 1.
was recorded as W2. The moisture content of The second order polynomial response surface
the sample was calculated by using the model was fitted to each response variable.
following formula: Regression analysis and ANOVA were
calculated for fitting the model and the
significant of the model term was examined
Moisture content (%) = statistically. The computed regression
coefficients of the second order polynomial
Where, models for the response variables along with
the corresponding R2 and coefficient of
W1 = Initial Weight of sample and variance (CV) are given in Table 2. As a
W2 = Final Weight of Sample general rule, the coefficient of variation (CV)
should not be greater than 10% (Snedecorand
Leaf area of spinach was determined directly Cochran, 1967). Two variable Multilevel
by using Leaf Area Meter. Yield is the most Cathagoric Factorial Design used for
important factor in the crop production. After obtaining responses for each treatment. Table
harvesting Weight of spinach harvested from 1 represents experimental data for quality
each tray was measured and yield quintal per parameters of spinach in portable hydroponic
hector was calculated. structures.
All the observations were analysed by Design Analysis of variance for moisture content
expert trail version 9.0.2.0 software was used
to analyze the result using response surface It has been observed that for the moisture
methodology (RSM) which is a collection of content highest results were obtained inside
mathematical and statistical technique that are the liquid media in both the green and white
useful for modelling and analysis of problems structure effect (higher coefficient values).
in which a response of interest is influenced Analysis of variance shows that the models
by several variables (Montgomery, 2001). The are highly significant (p≤0.001) for all the
two variable Multilevel Cathagoric Factorial responses (Table 2).
Design model was used for obtaining the
Multilevel Cathagoric Factorial Design as The coefficient of determination (R2) values of
responses for each treatment was applied in all responses are quite high (>0.86), indicating
this work to study the variables for quality a high proportion of variability was explained
parameters of spinach cultivated by by the data and the RSM models were
hydroponics. This method is suitable for adequate (Table 2). The equation describing
fitting a quadratic surface and it helps to the effects of Structure and growing media on
optimize the effective parameters with a moisture content in terms of coded values of
minimum number of experiments as well as variable is given as:
162
Moisture Content = +85.88+4.21* A[1] Positive sign in front of the term indicates
+1.95* A[2] -0.37* B[1] -0.34* B[2] -1.88* synergistic effect, whereas negative sign
B[3] (R2-0.8662) ……..1 indicates antagonistic effect (Hameed et al.,
2008). The linear positive terms Eqn. (2)
Positive sign in front of the term indicates indicated that leaf area was found more inside
synergistic effect, whereas negative sign the structure than open field also it shows
indicates antagonistic effect (Hameed et al., different results in different growing medium.
2008). The linear positive terms Eqn. (1)
indicated that moisture content was found The graphical representations of the equation
more inside the structure than open field also for the optimization of leaf area are shown as
it shows different results in different growing 3-D dimensional plot in Figure 2. The
medium. The different solid growing media response surface plot representing the effect
show different results. structure and growing medium on the leaf
area. The results showed that green
The graphical representation of the equation hydroponic structure with liquid medium
for the optimization of moisture content is shows the high leaf area. White hydroponic
shown as 3-D dimensional plot in Figure 1. structure followed by green hydroponic
The response surface plot representing the structure and less leaf area was found on the
effect structure and growing medium on the open field. For the different solid growing
moisture content. The results showed that media showing different result.
green hydroponic structure with liquid
medium shows the high moisture content. Analysis of variance for yield
White hydroponic structure followed by green
hydroponic structure and less moisture content It has been observed that for the yield highest
was found on the open field. results were obtained inside the liquid media
in both the green and white structure effect
Analysis of variance for leaf area (higher coefficient values). Analysis of
variance shows that the models are highly
It has been observed that for the leaf area significant (p≤0.001) for all the responses
highest results were obtained inside the liquid (Table 3). The coefficient of determination
media in both the green and white structure (R2) values of all responses are quite high
effect (higher coefficient values). Analysis of (>0.85), indicating a high proportion of
variance shows that the models are highly variability was explained by the data and the
significant (p≤0.001) for all the responses RSM models were adequate (Table 4).
(Table 3). The coefficient of determination
(R2) values of all responses are quite high The equation describing the effects of
(>0.78), indicating a high proportion of Structure and growing media on yield in terms
variability was explained by the data and the of coded values of variable is given as:
RSM models were adequate (Table 3). The
equation describing the effects of Structure Yield = +127.72+29.72* A[1] +27.54* A[2] -
and growing media on leaf area in terms of 6.60* B[1] -27.28* B[2] -3.29* B[3] (R2 –
coded values of variable is given as: 0.8592)………..3
Leaf Area = +20.56+3.95* A[1] +2.43* A[2] Positive sign in front of the term indicates
+0.19* B[1] -8.21* B[2] -0.27* B[3] (R2 – synergistic effect, whereas negative sign
0.7849)………..2 indicates antagonistic effect (Hameed et al.,
2008).
163
Table.1 Experimental data for quality parameters of spinach
Sr. Structures Growing Moisture Leaf Area Yield

No. Media Content (%) (Dm/m2) (q/ha)
1 Green Hydroponic Structure Cocopeat 90.56 22.2 170.25
2 White Hydroponic structure Cocopeat 88.12 20.4 168.58
3 Open field Cocopeat 80.32 12.6 96.36
4 Green Hydroponic Structure Soil Rite 89.87 12.26 117.25
5 White Hydroponic structure Soil Rite 87.26 11.3 115.26
6 Open field Soil Rite 79.86 10.36 67.3
7 Green Hydroponic Structure Co.+ SR. 89.26 22.24 125.2
8 White Hydroponic structure Co.+ SR. 87.23 21.1 122.36
9 Open field Co.+ SR. 75.26 12.96 50.56
10 Green Hydroponic Structure Liquid 95.26 34.5 215.54
11 White Hydroponic structure Liquid 92.15 33.26 212.59
12 Open field Liquid 87.26 26.34 70.36
21 Open field Co.+ SR. 76.56 12.26 67.59
24 Open field Liquid 78.22 11.96 105.56
33 Open field Co.+ SR. 78.2 14.3 72.35
36 Open Field Liquid 77.98 14.68 76.3
164
Table.2 ANOVA table showing the effects of structures and growing media on moisture content
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Value p-value Prob> F

Model 808.83 5 161.77 38.84 < 0.0001 significant
A-Structure 714.75 2 357.37 85.80 < 0.0001
B-Growing Media 94.08 3 31.36 7.53 0.0007
Residual 124.96 30 4.17
Lack of Fit 32.16 6 5.36 1.39 0.2605 not significant
Pure Error 92.80 24 3.87
Cor Total 933.79 35
Std. Dev. 2.04
Mean 85.88
C.V. % 2.38
R2 0.8662
Adj R2 0.8439
Pred R2 0.8073
Table.3 ANOVA table showing the effects structures and growing media on leaf area
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Value p-value Prob>F

A-Structure 745.81 2 372.90 20.71 < 0.0001
B-Growing Media 1226.32 3 408.77 22.70 < 0.0001
Residual 540.30 30 18.01
Pure Error 333.11 24 13.88
Cor Total 2512.42 35
Std. Dev. 4.24
Mean 20.56
C.V. % 20.64
R2 0.7849
Adj R2 0.7491
Pred R2 0.6903
Table.4 ANOVA table showing the effects structures and growing media on yield
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Value p-value Prob>F

A-Structure 59046.61 2 29523.31 68.71 < 0.0001
B-Growing Media 19618.20 3 6539.40 15.22 < 0.0001
Residual 12889.87 30 429.66
Pure Error 8399.43 24 349.98
Cor Total 91554.68 35
Std. Dev. 20.73
Mean 127.72
C.V. % 16.23
R2 0.8592
Adj R2 0.8357
Pred R2 0.7973
165
Table.5 Optimization criteria for different quality parameters of spinach
Name Goal Lower Upper Lower Upper Importance

Limit Limit weight weight
A:Structure is in range Green Open 1 1 3
Hydroponic field
Structure
B:Growing Media is in range cocopeat Liquid 1 1 3
Moisture Content maximize 75.26 95.26 1 1 3
Leaf Area maximize 10.26 38.98 1 1 3
Yield maximize 50.56 215.54 1 1 3
Table.6 Solution generated by software for quality parameters of spinach
No. Structure Growing Moisture Leaf Yield Desirability

Media Content Area
1 Green Hydroponic Liquid 92.675 32.798 194.609 0.842 Selected
Structure
Fig.1 Effect of hydroponic structure and growing media on moisture content
Design-Expert® Software
Factor Coding: Actual
Moisture Content
Design points above predicted value
Design points below predicted value
X1 = A: Structure
X2 = B: Growing Media
100
95
Moisture Content
90
85
80
75
Liquid Open field
cocopeat+soil rite
White Hydroponic structure
soil rite
B: Growing Media cocpeat Green HydroponiA: Structure
Structure
Fig.2 Effect of hydroponic structure and growing media on leaf area
Leaf Area
X1 = A: Structure
40
30
Leaf Area
20
10
0
Liquid Open field
cocopeat+soil rite
soil rite
Structure
166
Fig.3 Effect of hydroponic structure and growing media on yield
Yield
X1 = A: Structure
250
200
150
Yield
100
50
0
Liquid Open field
cocopeat+soil rite
soil rite
Structure
The linear positive terms Eqn. (3) indicated the STATEASE software (StateaseInc,
that yield was found more inside the structure Minneapolis, USA, Trial version), used for
than open field also it shows different results simultaneous optimization of the multiple
in different growing medium and inside the responses.
structure.
Table 6. Shows that the software generated
The solution generated optimum conditions of eleven optimum conditions of independent
independent variables with the predicted variables with the predicted values of
values of responses (Table 4). responses. Solution No.1, having the
maximum desirability value (0.842) was
The graphical representations of the equation selected as the optimum conditions for better
for the optimization of yield are shown as 3-D quality of spinach.
dimensional plot in Figure 3.
Maximum Moisture content, yield and leaf
The response surface plot representing the area were found to be 90.877%, 150-210 q/h
effect structure and growing medium on the and 32.798 dm/sq. m. respectively in the
yield. The results showed that green green colour hydroponic structure. Also in
hydroponic structure with liquid medium white colour hydroponic structure Moisture
shows the high yield. White hydroponic content, yield and leaf area were found to be
structure followed by green hydroponic less as compare to green hydroponic structure
structure and less yield was found on the open but more than open field. Yield inside the
field. For the different solid growing media white hydroponic structure was found 120-
showing different result. 200 q/ha and in the open field it was found
between 50-80 q/ha.
Study of optimized chemical characteristics
of spinach References
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technique was carried out for the quality AOAC (1984) Official Methods of Analysis.
parameters of spinach. To perform this 14 th Ed. Edited by Sidney Williums.
operation, Design expert version 9.0.2.0 of Published by the Association of Official
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Analysis Chemists, Inc. Arlinton, Kwaghger A., Kucha E. I., and Iortyer H. A.,
Virginia, 22209, USA (2012). Optimization of conditions for
Dalrymple D.G. (1973). A global review of the preparation of activated carbon from
greenhouse food production. USDA mango nuts using CaCl2. International
Rpt. 89. Journal of Environment and Bioenergy,
Hameed B. H., Tan IAW, and Ahmad A. L. 1(3). pp. 146-161.
(2008). Preparation of activated carbon Montgomery D.C. (2001). Design and
from coconut husk: Optimization study analysis of experiments, 5th ed. John
on removal of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
using response surface methodology. Snedecor G. W. and Cochran W. G., (1967)
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153. Statistical Methods, 6th ed. Iowa State
pp. 709–717. University Press: Ames.
How to cite this article:
Sanjivani C. Karne, Suchita V. Gupta, Bhagyashree N. Patil and Amrapali A. Aakhre. 2018.
Effect of Different Colour of Shadenet and Growing Media on the Quality Parameters and
Yield of Spinach Cultivated by Hydroponics. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(03): 159-168.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.019
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.

Sci (2018) 7(3): 159-168

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.019

Effect of Different Colour of Shadenet and Growing Media on the Quality

Sanjivani C. Karne1*, Suchita V. Gupta1, Bhagyashree N. Patil2 and

Introduction the most intensive method of crop production

Cocopeat Liquid culture

Sowing of seeds In the present study various quality parameters

Table.1 Experimental data for quality parameters of spinach

Sr. Structures Growing Moisture Leaf Area Yield

Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Value p-value Prob> F

Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Value p-value Prob>F

Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Value p-value Prob>F

Table.5 Optimization criteria for different quality parameters of spinach

Name Goal Lower Upper Lower Upper Importance

Table.6 Solution generated by software for quality parameters of spinach

No. Structure Growing Moisture Leaf Yield Desirability

Fig.1 Effect of hydroponic structure and growing media on moisture content

Fig.2 Effect of hydroponic structure and growing media on leaf area

Fig.3 Effect of hydroponic structure and growing media on yield

Numerical0multiresponse optimization Anonymous http://www.agrifarming.in

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