0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views3 pages

MA 101 (Mathematics I) : N N N N N N 1 N

1. An infinite series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence. It converges if the partial sums converge, in which case the sum is the limit of the partial sums. 2. Tests like the ratio test, root test, and comparison test can determine if a series converges absolutely or conditionally based on the behavior of the terms. 3. Operations like grouping, rearranging, and adding terms preserve convergence and sums for absolutely convergent series but can affect conditionally convergent series.

Uploaded by

Atul Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views3 pages

MA 101 (Mathematics I) : N N N N N N 1 N

1. An infinite series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence. It converges if the partial sums converge, in which case the sum is the limit of the partial sums. 2. Tests like the ratio test, root test, and comparison test can determine if a series converges absolutely or conditionally based on the behavior of the terms. 3. Operations like grouping, rearranging, and adding terms preserve convergence and sums for absolutely convergent series but can affect conditionally convergent series.

Uploaded by

Atul Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

MA 101 (Mathematics I)

Series : Summary of Lectures


P
An infinite series in R is an expression xn , where (xn ) is a sequence in R.
n=1
More formally, it is an ordered pair ((xn ), (sn )), where (xn ) is a sequence in R and
sn = x1 + · · · + xn for all n ∈ N.

xn : nth term of the series


sn : nth partial sum of the series

P
Convergence of series: xn is convergent if (sn ) is convergent. In this case, the
n=1

P
sum of the series is xn = lim sn .
n=1 n→∞
A series which is not convergent is called divergent.

Examples:

arn−1 (where a 6= 0) converges iff |r| < 1.
P
1. The geometric series
n=1

1
P
2. The series n(n+1)
is convergent with sum 1.
n=1
3. The series 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + · · · is not convergent.


P ∞
P
Algebraic operations on series: Let xn and yn be convergent with sums x
n=1 n=1
and y respectively. Then

P
(a) (xn + yn ) is convergent with sum x + y
n=1
P∞
(b) αxn is convergent with sum αx, where α ∈ R
n=1


P
Monotonic criterion: A series xn of non-negative terms is convergent iff the se-
n=1
quence (sn ) is bounded above.

1
P
Example: n2
is convergent.
n=1

P
Cauchy criterion: A series xn is convergent iff for each ε > 0, there exists n0 ∈ N
n=1
such that |xm+1 + · · · + xn | < ε for all m > n ≥ n0 .

1
P
Example: n
is not convergent.
n=1

P
Result: If xn is convergent, then xn → 0.
n=1

P
Hence if xn 6→ 0, then xn cannot be convergent.
n=1

Examples: The following series are not convergent.


∞ ∞
n2 +1 n
(−1)n n+2
P P
(a) (n+3)(n+4)
(b)
n=1 n=1

Comparison test: Let (xn ) and (yn ) be sequences in R such that for some n0 ∈ N,
0 ≤ xn ≤ yn for all n ≥ n0 .
Then

P ∞
P
(a) yn is convergent ⇒ xn is convergent,
n=1 n=1
P∞ ∞
P
(b) xn is divergent ⇒ yn is divergent.
n=1 n=1

Limit comparison test: Let (xn ) and (yn ) be sequences of positive real numbers such
that xynn → ` ∈ R.

P ∞
P
(a) If ` 6= 0, then xn is convergent iff yn is convergent.
n=1 n=1
P∞ ∞
P
(b) If ` = 0, then yn is convergent ⇒ xn is convergent.
n=1 n=1

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1+sin n 1 √ 1 n
P P P P
Examples: (a) 1+n2
(b) 2n +n
(c) (d) 4n3 −2
n=1 n=1 n=2 n(n−1) n=1

Cauchy’s condensation test: Let (xn ) be a decreasing sequence of nonnegative real


∞ ∞
2n x2n is convergent.
P P
numbers. Then xn is convergent iff
n=1 n=1

Examples:

1
P
(a) p-series: np
is convergent iff p > 1.
n=1

1
P
(b) n(log n)p
is convergent iff p > 1.
n=2


P ∞
P
Definitions: xn is called absolutely convergent if |xn | is convergent.
n=1 n=1

P ∞
P ∞
P
xn is called conditionally convergent if xn is convergent but |xn | is divergent.
n=1 n=1 n=1

Result: Every absolutely convergent series is convergent.

Ratio test: Let (xn ) be a sequence of nonzero real numbers such that | xxn+1
n
| → `.

P
(a) If ` < 1, then xn is absolutely convergent.
n=1
P∞
(b) If ` > 1, then xn is divergent.
n=1

∞ ∞
P n
P (2n)!
Examples: (a) 2n
(b) (n!)2
n=1 n=1
1
Root test: Let (xn ) be a sequence in R such that |xn | n → `.

P
(a) If ` < 1, then xn is absolutely convergent.
n=1
P∞
(b) If ` > 1, then xn is divergent.
n=1

∞ ∞
P (n!)n P 5n
Examples: (a) nn2
(b) 3n +4n
n=1 n=1

Leibniz’s test: Let (xn ) be a decreasing sequence of positive real numbers such that

(−1)n+1 xn is convergent.
P
xn → 0. Then the alternating series
n=1
∞ ∞
(−1)n+1 n1p , p ∈ R (−1)n+1 n3n+1
P P
Examples: (a) (b)
n=1 n=1

Result: Grouping of terms of a convergent series does not change the convergence
and the sum.
However, a divergent series can become convergent after grouping of terms.

Result: Rearrangement of terms does not change the convergence and the sum of an
absolutely convergent series.

Example: 1 − 12 + 13 − 14 + 15 − 16 + · · · = s
1 + 31 − 12 + 15 + 17 − 41 + 91 + · · · = 32 s

P
Riemann’s rearrangement theorem: Let xn be a conditionally convergent se-
n=1
ries.

P
(a) If s ∈ R, then there exists a rearrangement of terms of xn such that the rearranged
n=1
series has the sum s. ∞
P
(b) There exists a rearrangement of terms of xn such that the rearranged series
n=1
diverges.

You might also like