S-Metric Space
S-Metric Space
S-Metric Space
Abstract. In this paper, we introduce S-metric spaces and give some of their properties.
Also we prove a fixed point theorem for a self-mapping on a complete S-metric space.
1. Introduction
Metric spaces are very important in mathematics and applied sciences. So,
some authors have tried to give generalizations of metric spaces in several ways. For
example, Gähler [3] and Dhage [2] introduced the concepts of 2-metric spaces and
D-metric spaces, respectively, but some authors pointed out that these attempts
are not valid (see [6–10]).
Mustafa and Sims [4] introduced a new structure of generalized metric spaces
which are called G-metric spaces as a generalization of metric spaces (X, d) to
develop and introduce a new fixed point theory for various mappings in this new
structure. Some authors [1, 5, 13] have proved some fixed point theorems in these
spaces.
Recently, Sedghi et al. [12] have introduced D∗ -metric spaces which is a prob-
able modification of the definition of D-metric spaces introduced by Dhage [2] and
proved some basic properties in D∗ -metric spaces, (see [11, 12]).
In the present paper, we introduce the concept of S-metric spaces and give
some of their properties. Then a common fixed point theorem for a self-mapping
on complete S-metric spaces is given.
We begin with the following definitions:
We can find some examples and basic properties of G-metric spaces in Mustafa
and Sims [4].
2. S-metric spaces
Lemma 2.9. Let (X, S) be an S-metric space. If r > 0 and x ∈ X, then the
ball BS (x, r) is an open subset of X.
Proof. Let y ∈ BS (x, r), hence S(y, y, x) < r. If we set δ = S(x, x, y) and
r0 = r−δ 0 0
2 then we prove that BS (y, r ) ⊆ BS (x, r). Let z ∈ BS (y, r ), therefore,
0
S(z, z, y) < r . By the third condition of S-metric we have
S(z, z, x) ≤ S(z, z, y) + S(z, z, y) + S(x, x, y) < 2r0 + δ = r
and so BS (y, r0 ) ⊆ BS (x, r).
Proof. Let {xn } converges to x and y. Then for each ε > 0 there exist
n1 , n2 ∈ N such that
ε
n ≥ n1 =⇒ S(xn , xn , x) <
2
and
ε
n ≥ n2 =⇒ S(xn , xn , y) < .
2
If set n0 = max{n1 , n2 }, therefore for every n ≥ n0 and the third condition of
S-metric we get
ε ε
S(x, x, y) ≤ 2S(x, x, xn ) + S(y, y, xn ) < + = ε.
2 2
Hence S(x, x, y) = 0 and so x = y.
262 Sh. Sedghi, N. Shobe, A. Aliouche
Proof. First, we show the uniqueness. Suppose that there exist x, y ∈ X with
x = F (x) and y = F (y). Then
S(x, x, y) = S(F (x), F (x), F (y)) ≤ L S(x, x, y)
and therefore S(x, x, y) = 0.
To show the existence, we select x ∈ X and show that {F n (x)} is a Cauchy
sequence. For n = 0, 1, . . . , we get by induction
S(F n (x), F n (x), F n+1 (x)) ≤ L S(F n−1 (x), F n−1 (x), F n (x))
..
.
≤ Ln S(x, x, F (x)).
Thus for m > n we have
S(F n (x),F n (x), F m (x))
m−2
X
≤2 S(F i (x), F i (x), F i+1 (x)) + S(F m−1 (x), F m−1 (x), F m (x))
i=n
m−2
X
≤2 Li S(x, x, F (x)) + Lm−1 S(x, x, F (x))
i=n
≤ 2Ln S(x, x, F (x))[1 + L + L2 + · · · ]
2Ln
≤ S(x, x, F (x)).
1−L
That is for m > n,
2Ln
S(F n (x), F n (x), F m (x)) ≤ S(x, x, F (x)). (5)
1−L
This shows that {F n (x)} is a Cauchy sequence and since X is complete there exists
u ∈ X with limn→∞ F n (x) = u. Moreover, the continuity of F yields
u = lim F n+1 (x) = lim F (F n (x)) = F u.
n→∞ n→∞
264 Sh. Sedghi, N. Shobe, A. Aliouche
Proof. The uniqueness part is easy. To show the existence, notice that the
map x 7→ S(x, x, F (x)) attains its minimum, say at x0 ∈ X. We have x0 = F (x0 )
since otherwise
S(F (F (x0 )), F (F (x0 )), F (x0 )) < S(F (x0 ), F (x0 ), x0 ) = S(x0 , x0 , F (x0 ))
which is a contradiction.
Next, we present a local version of Banach’s contraction principle.
Proof. There exists r0 with 0 ≤ r0 < r such that S(F (x0 ), F (x0 ), x0 ) ≤
(1 − L) r20 . We will show that F : BS (x0 , r0 ) → BS (x0 , r0 ). To see this, note that
if x ∈ BS (x0 , r0 ), then
S(x0 , x0 , F (x)) ≤ 2S(x0 , x0 , F (x0 )) + S(F (x0 ), F (x0 ), F (x))
r0
≤ 2(1 − L) + L S(x0 , x0 , x) ≤ r0 .
2
Fixed point theorems in S-metric spaces 265
We can now apply Theorem 3.1 to deduce that F has a unique fixed point in
BS (x0 , r0 ) ⊂ BS (x0 , r). Again, it is easy to see that F has only one fixed point in
BS (x0 , r).
Next, we examine briefly the behavior of a contractive map defined on BS (r) =
BS (0, r) ( the closed ball of radius r with centre 0) with values in Banach space E.
More general results will be presented in the next theorem.
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