BETA RATAYI PRENTICE HALL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES SERIES UO PCE eee a leRF MICROELECTRONICS Behzad Razavi University of Californi: , Los Angeles To join a Prentice Hall PTR Internet mailing list, point to http:/www.prenhall.com/mail_lists PRENTICE HALL PTR Upper Saddle River, NJ. 07458Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Daa Razavt, Bewzan, RF microelectronics { Behzad Razavi D Prentice Hall communications engineering and emerging technologies series ; 2) Tnelicies I references and index. 1, Radio circuits-Design and construction 2. Integrated cireuits-Design and construction I. Title. IL. Series, TRES6.R39 1998 97-3056 621.384'12-de2t cP Acquisitions Editor: Russ Hall Editorial Assistant: Maureen Diana Editorial/Production Supervision: Kerry Reardon Manufacturing Manager: Alexis R. Heydr Cover Design: Alamini Design Composition: PreT eX, Inc. © 1998 Prentice Hall PTR Prentice-Hall, Inc. ‘A Simon & Schuster Company ‘Upper Saddle River NI 07458 Prentice Hall books are widely used by corporations and government agencies for training, ‘marketing, and resale, The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk ‘quantities. For more information contact Corporate Sales Department Phone: 800-382-3419 Fax: 201-236-7141 E-Mail: [email protected] cor write: Prentice Hall PTR. One Lake Street Upper Saddle River, NI 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, ‘without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America wok 7654321 ISBN O-13-487571-5 Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, SA., Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo Simon & Schuster Asia Pte. Ltd., Singapore Ecitora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Lida.. Rio de JaneiroContents Preface > 1 _ Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology 1 1.1 Complexity Comparison 2 1.2 Design Bottleneck 4 1.3 Applications 6 14 Analog and Digital Systems 7 15 Choice of Technology 9 References 10 P 2 Basic Concepts in RF Design u 2.1 Nonlinearity and Time Variance 11 2.1.1 Effects of Nonlinearity 14 2.1.2. Cascaded Nonlinear Stages 22 2.2 Intersymbol Interference 25 2.3. Random Processes and Noise 28 23.1 Random Processes 29 232 Noise 37 24 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range 48 2.5 Passive Impedance Transformation 50 References 53 PB ___ 3 Modulation and Detection 34 3.1 General Considerations 54 3.2 Analog Modulation 57 3.2.1 Amplitude Modulation 57 3.2.2. Phase and Frequency Modulation 58 viiviii 33 34 35 Contents Digital Modulation 63 3.3.1 Basic Concepts 64 3.3.2 Binary Modulation 74 33.3 Quadrature Modulation 81 Power Efficiency of Modulation Schemes 90 3.4.1 Constant- and Variable-Envelope Signals 90 34.2 Spectral Regrowth 91 Noncoherent Detection 93 References 96 4 Multiple Access Techniques and Wireless Standards 98 41 42 43 5 52 53 54 Mobile RF Communications 98 Multiple Access Techniques 103 42.1 Time- and Frequency-Division Duplexing 103 42.2. Frequency-Division Multiple Access 105 42.3 Time-Division Multiple Access 105 4.24 Code-Division Multiple Access 107 Wireless Standards 110 43.1 Advanced Mobile Phone Service 111 43.2 North American Digital Standard 112 4.3.3. Global System for Mobile Communication 113 434 QualeommCDMA 114 435 Digital European Cordless Telephone 116 References 117 5 Transceiver Architectures 118 General Considerations 118 Receiver Architectures 122 5.2.1 Heterodyne Receivers 122 5.2.2 Homodyne Receivers 129 5.2.3. Image-Reject Receivers 138 5.24 Digital-IF Receivers 146 52.5 Subsampling Receivers 147 ‘Transmitter Architectures 149 53.1 Direct-Conversion Transmitters 152 3.2 ‘Two-Step Transmitters 154 ‘Transceiver Performance Tests 155Contents ix 55 Case Studies 157 5.1 Motorola’s FM Receiver 157 5.5.2 Philips’ Pager Receiver 158 5.5.3 " DECT Transceiver 159 5.5.4 Lucent Technologies’ GSM Transceiver 161 5.5.5 Philips’ GSM Transceiver 162 References 163 6 Low-Noise Amplifiers and Mixers 166 6.1 62 TA 12 13 14 15 Low-Noise Amplifiers 166 6.1.1 General Considerations 166 6.1.2 Input Matching 170 6.1.3 Bipolar LNAs 173 6.1.4 CMOSLNAs 178 Downconversion Mixers 180 62.1 General Considerations 180 6.2.2 Bipolar Mixers 188 623 CMOS Mixers 192 624 Noise in Mixers 194 Cascaded Stages Revisited 200 References 204 7_Oscillators 206 General Considerations 206 Basic LC Oscillator Topologies 209 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 212 Phase Noise 214 74.1 Effect of Phase Noise in RF Communications 215 7.4.2 Q ofan Oscillator 217 7.43 Phase Noise Mechanisms 220 7.44 Noise-Power Trade-off 224 7.4.5 Bifect of Frequency Division and Multiplication on Phase Noise 224 7.4.6 Oscillator Pulling and Pushing 225 Bipolar and CMOS LC Oscillators 227 7.5.1 Negative-G», Oscillators 227 752. Interpolative Oscillators 23116 1d 18 79 Contents Monolithic Inductors 233 Resonatorless VCOs 235 Quadrature Signal Generation 236 78.1 RC-CR Network 236 7.8.2 Havens’ Technique 239 783 Frequency Division 243 Single-Sideband Generation 243 References 244 8 Frequency Synthesizers 247 81 82 83 84 General Considerations 247 Phase-Locked Loops 249 8.2.1 Basic Concepts 249 8.2.2 Basic PLL 252 8.2.3 Charge-Pump PLLs 258 8.24 ‘Typeland Type II PLLs 265 825 Noise inPLLs 266 82.6 Phase Noise at Input 266 827 Phase Noise of VCO 267 828 Frequency Multiplication 269 RF Synthesizer Architectures 269 83.1 Integer-N Architecture 270 83.2. Fractional-N Architecture 277 833 Dual-Loop Architectures 284 834 Direct Digital Synthesis 285 Frequency Dividers 290 84.1 Divide-by-Two Circuits 290 84.2 Dual-Modulus Dividers 293 References 296 9 Power Amplifiers 298 General Considerations 298 9.1.1 Linear and Nonlinear PAs 301 Classification of Power Amplifiers 301 92.1 Class A and BPAs 302 9.2.2 ClassC PAs 305Contents xi 93 94 95 9.6 High-Efficiency Power Amplifiers 306 Large-Signal Impedance Matching 310 Linearization Techniques 313 95.1 Feedforward 314 95.2 Feedback 315 953 Envelope Elimination and Restoration 317 954 LINC 318 Design Examples 320 References 323Preface ‘The annual worldwide sales of cellular phones has exceeded $2.5B. With 4.5 mil- lion customers, home satellite networks comprise a $2.5B industry, The global positioning system is expected to become a $5B market by the year 2000. In Europe, the sales of equipment and services for mobile communications will reach $30B by 1998, The statistics are overwhelming. The radio frequency (RF) and wireless market has suddenly expanded to unimaginable dimensions. Devices such as pagers, cellular and cordless phones, cable modems, and RF identification tags are rapidly penetrating all aspects of our lives, evolving from luxury items to indispensable tools. Semiconductor and system companies, small and large, analog and digital, have seen the statistics and are striving to capture their own market share by introducing various RF produets, RF design is unique in that it draws upon many disciplines unrelated to integrated cireuits (ICs). The RF knowledge base has grown for almost a century, creating a seemingly endless body of literature for the novice. This book deals with the analysis and design of RF integrated circuits and systems, Providing a systematic treatment of RF electronics in a tutorial language, the book begins with the necessary background knowledge from microwave and communication theory and leads the reader to the design of RF transceivers and circuits. The text emphasizes both architecture and circuit level issues with respect to monolithic implementation in VLSI technologies. The primary focus is on bipolar and CMOS design, but most of the concepts can be applied to other technologies as well. The reader is assumed to have a basic understanding of analog IC design and the theory of signals and systems. The book consists of nine chapters. Chapter I gives a general introduction, posing questions and providing motivation for subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 describes basic concepts in RF and microwave design, emphasizing the effects of nonlinearity and noise. Chapters 3 and 4 take the reader to the commmnication system level, giving an overview of modulation, detection, multiple access techniques, and wireless standards, While initially appearing to be unnecessary, this material is in fact essential to the concurrent design of RF circuits and systems. Chapter S deals with transceiver architectures, presenting various receiver and transmitter topologies along with their merits and drawbacks. This chapter xi