FOUR STAGES OF DESIGN 2.

At least 2 if width of the pier abutment is

CONCEPTUAL >30
3. For complex geotechnical condition and
- The purpose is to come up with various
geotechnical engineer’s instruction
probable bridge scheme and to decide one or
4. Shear velocity / shear wave velocity
more final design for further considerations.
5. Liquefaction
PRELIMINARY
6. Recommended foundation type
- Its purpose is to select best scheme for the
 Minimum Requirements for the soil investigation
proposed concepts and ascertain the feasibility
1. Shear wave velocity  (seismic
of the selected concept to refine the cost
requirements)
estimates
2. Liquefaction potential
DETAILED 3. Recommended foundation type (shallow or
- To finalize the details of bridge structure for deep)
tendering and construction  Bridge Type: according to span
CONSTRUCTION 1. Girder bridge

- To provide a step by step procedure in building 2. Cable – Stayed Bridge

the bridge. 3. Suspension bridge

 Criteria (Major Effect On the Bridge) 4. Arch bridge

1. Type, volume. Magnitude of traffic to be  Problems

carried by the bridge  Materials
2. Clearance required by the traffic on the 1. Reinforced Concrete Short Span

deck 2. Pre-stress Long Span

3. Navigation clearance under the bridge 3. Steel Long Span

4. Environmental effects (earthquake or 4. Composite Long Span

wind). Camber – used to oppose deflections
5. Geological information and soil  Technical Problems
characteristics at the site. 1. Technical difficulties – can be solve but
6. Economic condition and available costly
funding 2. Technical limitations – can’t be solve
7. Expectations of stakeholder on the form (limit)
and aesthetics.  Problems meet by bridge with long span
 Design Data 1. Girder stiffness in the transverse direction
- Topographic Maps of the bridge site 2. Deduction of cable efficiency of very long
- Topography cable – stayed bridge
- Hydrographic survey 3. Torsional stiffness of the main girder (
- Geotechnical Information diaphragm to prevent)
- History of any prior or existing bridges at the 4. Allowable stresses of the construction
site and performance during floods and materials
earthquake  Parts Of Bridge
- Road right of way 1. Decks
 Geotechnical Information 2. Expansion Joints
1. At least 1 per abutment/pier 3. Approach Slab
4. Abutment (Substructure)
 - Lateral Loads - IM – secondary effects due to dynamic
- Bridge support load allowance
- Earthquake load - BR – breaking force
- Braking force - CE – centrifugal force
- Centrifugal force - LS – live load surcharge
5. Pier - PL – pedestrian load
- Hydrostatic Force - TU – temperature gradient
- Bridge’s Reaction - SE – settlement
- Earthquake load - WA – water load and stream pressure
- Braking force - WS – wind load on structure
- Centrifugal force - WL – wind load on live loads
 Types of Bearing - IC – ice load
1. Elastomeric - CT – collision force (vehicular)
2. High load multi – rotational - CV – collision force (vessel
3. Steel - EQ – earthquake load
Elastomeric bearing has a low initial cost when  Live Loads
compared to other types and required virtually no long 1. Design Truck HL – 93 (AASHTO 2012)
term maintenance.

 Design limit State

Limit state - a condition beyond which a bridge
system or component ceases to fulfill the function for
which it is design.
2. Design Tandem
RESISTANCE ≥ LOAD EFFECT
 Loadings
- Permanent – constant or varying along time
interval upon construction
- DC – structural components and non –
structural compnents 3. Design Lane Load

- DW – wearing surface and utilities

- DD – downdrag (neagative skin friction)
- EH – horizontal earth pressure
- EV – vertical pressure from dead load of  Load Cases
earth fill Case 1: Design Tandem + Design Lane Load
- ES – earth surcharge loads
- CR – creep
- SH – shrinkage
- PS – secondary effects from post –
Case 2: Design truck + Design Lane Load
tensioning
- EL – miscellaneous locked-in force effects
from construction process
- Transient – varying over a short time interval
- LL – vehicle live loads Note: Case 1 & Case 2 is For Maximum Positive
Moment
Case 3: 90% Two Design Truck + 90% Design Lane  Settlement
Max settlement  1 inch to 2 inch for service load
 Stream Pressure

𝐶𝐷 𝑣 2
𝑃=
1000
Case 4: Two Design Tandem + Design Lane Load
CD = Drag Coefficient
V = velocity
 Wind Speed
VB = 160 kph; for bridge with height higher
Note: Case 3 & Case 4 is for Maximum Negative than 30 ft
Moment
𝑉30 𝑍
𝑉𝐷2 = 2.5𝑉𝑂 ln ( )
 Fatigue Load – cyclic load 𝑉𝐵 𝑍𝑂
For Fatigue Load, HL – 93 V30 = wind velocity above 30 ft
IM = 15% LL Z = height
ZO = friction length of upstream fetch
Total = 100% LL + 15%LL  bouncing Effect VB = base wind velocity
 Total Breaking Force
Parameter Open suburban City
Case 1 – 25% Design Truck = 25% [72] country
Case 2 – 25% Design Tandem = 25% [50] VO (kph) 13.2 17.6 19.3
Z (mm) 70 1000 2500
Case 3 – 5% [Design Truck + Design Lane] = 5% [72
ZO (ft) 0.2296 3.28 8.2
+ 0.64L]
∴ Open country bridge height 50ft, V50 = 180 kph
Case 4 – 5% [Design Tandem + Design Lane] = 5%
[50 + 0.64L]  Wind Pressure
No. of Lanes Multiple Presence Factor, m 𝑉𝐷𝑍 2
𝑃𝑝 = 𝑃𝐵 ( )
1 1.2 𝑉𝐵

2 1.0 PB = 160 kph

3 0.85 Type Windward Leeward

≥4 0.65 Trusses, Columns, Arches 2.4 kPa 1.2 kPa

 Centrifugal Force Beams 2.4 kPa N/A

𝒇 𝒗𝟐 Large Flat Surface 1.9 kPa N/A

𝑪=
𝒈𝑹 Windward = 4.4
Use as Value PD
v = design Speed Leeward = 2.2
G = accel. Due to gravity Θ > 30 pressure
f = load factor Θ < 30 suction

R = ratio of curvature
C = centrifugal Force
 Pedestrian Load – apply in the interior girder
PL = 3.6 kPa = 75.1876 lb/ft2
 Uniform Temperature – not applicable in the
Philippines
 Temperature Gradient – Bridge deck