ENG FAL G10 Studyguide PDF

A.L.
Smith
h
S t u d y Gu
G ide
Englis h Fi rst Addi

A ition
n al
Lan
ngua
age
G rade 10
1

Contents
Section 1 Listening and speaking ........................................................................... 6
Overview ................................................................................................................. 6
Unit 1 Listening ..................................................................................................... 7
Unit 2 Speaking – Informal speaking skills ............................................................. 8
Unit 3 Speaking – Formal speaking skills ............................................................... 9
Unit 4 How are listening and speaking assessed? .................................................. 17
Opportunities to practise listening and speaking ...................................................... 19
Section 2 Reading and viewing ............................................................................ 22

Overview ............................................................................................................... 23
Unit 1 Literary texts .............................................................................................. 23
Unit 2 Non-literary texts ....................................................................................... 29
Unit 3 Critical Language Awareness ...................................................................... 39
Unit 4 How are reading and viewing assessed? ..................................................... 43
Opportunities to practise reading and viewing skills ................................................ 45
Section 3 Writing and presenting ......................................................................... 46

Overview ............................................................................................................... 46
Unit 1 Getting started .......................................................................................... 47
Unit 2 Writing paragraphs .................................................................................... 49
Unit 3 Essays........................................................................................................ 51
Unit 4 Longer transactional writing ....................................................................... 54
Unit 5 Shorter transactional writing ...................................................................... 56
Unit 6 Other writing ............................................................................................. 62
Unit 7 How are writing and presenting assessed? .................................................. 64
Opportunities to practise writing and presenting ..................................................... 70

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 2

Section 4 Language structures and conventions.................................................... 79

Overview ............................................................................................................... 79
Unit 1 Words........................................................................................................ 80
Unit 2 Phrases, clauses and sentences ................................................................. 95
Unit 3 Punctuation .............................................................................................. 100
Unit 4 Direct and indirect speech ......................................................................... 103
Unit 5 More about language ................................................................................ 105
Unit 6 How are language structures and conventions assessed? ............................ 107
Opportunities to practise language structures and conventions .............................. 107
Section 5 Exam papers .......................................................................................108

Paper 1 Language in Context ...............................................................................108
Paper 3 Writing .................................................................................................. 118
Section 6 Answers to exam papers ...................................................................... 122

Paper 1 Language in Context ............................................................................... 122
Paper 3 Writing .................................................................................................. 129

Introduction to English First Additional Language

Learning an additional language can often feel like hard work. It does not have to be.
All you need to do is treat it like any other skill that you are good at: learn how to use
it, and then practise.
We hope that you will use this Study Guide to develop your language skills in all the
skill areas – Listening and speaking, Reading and viewing, and Writing. Of course,
when you learn a language you need to know something about the way it works. The
section on language structures and conventions will give you all the information you
need. In the final section of this Study Guide you will find some complete
examination papers to help you check that you are on top of everything.
Enjoy developing this important skill!
Assessment in Grade 10
You will be assessed informally and formally throughout the year. You will complete
12 Tasks. Two of these tasks are made up of the mid-year and final exams. Each of the
tasks will be discussed in the relevant sections in this Study Guide. The structure of
the exams is as follows:
PAPER 1 LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT

2 hours
Marks: 80
Section A: Comprehension (30 marks)

Section B: Summary (10 marks)
Section C: Language (40 marks)
PAPER 2 LITERATURE
2 hours
Marks: 70

PAPER 3 WRITING
2 hours
Marks: 100
A: Essay – One essay (50 marks)

B: One text – Longer Transactional text (30 marks)
C: One text – Shorter Transactional text (20 marks)
PAPER 4 ORALS
Reading Prepared reading (20 marks)
Speaking: Prepared speech (20 marks)
Listening (10 marks)

SECTION 1
Listening and speaking
Overview
During your Grade 10 year, you are going to need to develop your listening and
speaking skills. Listening is vitally important in everyday life, and also very important
at school. Not only does listening allow you to develop your language skills further, it
is also one of the most important ways that you learn new things in all your subjects.
You will need to develop the skills to:

• listen for specific information
• listen for critical analysis and evaluation
• listen for information so that you can interact with others
• listen for appreciation.
You will be able to test that you have listened well by answering questions correctly,
checking that the notes you have taken are accurate, and seeing if you have been able
to use information to do things like label diagrams or summarise what you have
heard. Sometimes you will need to come to a conclusion based on what you have
heard, or you might have to evaluate information critically. Your listening skills will
be assessed in a number of ways, but one of the important methods your teacher will
use is the listening comprehension.
When we interact with someone who is speaking to us, we often have to speak to
them in return. In Grade 10, you are going to develop a number of informal and formal
speaking skills.
To develop your informal speaking skills, you will take part in conversations,
dialogues, discussions in group work and do some unprepared reading aloud.
You will also learn how to speak in formal situations like interviews, panel
discussions, debates and official events.

UNIT 1
Listening
Listening comprehension
A listening comprehension aims to assess how well you listen to a text. You are
expected to listen carefully and then answer questions on what you have heard. You
could listen for a number of reasons.
Listening to take notes

Here you will listen for the main points and examples and make short notes in your
own words. You might also need to listen to information to transfer it to another form
– for example, listen to a text and fill in a table, or complete a map.
Listening critically
This could involve listening for:
• appreciation and then explaining why you liked or disliked it
• a viewpoint in a text, and then explaining it. You would pay attention to:
o bias
o prejudice
o attitude
o position
Some useful tips

• Focus your full attention on what you are hearing. Some learners find they are
able to pay more attention when they close their eyes. Other learners like to
doodle (draw or scribble aimlessly) while listening. Find out what helps you to
listen best.
• Pay attention to the content of what you are listening to, but don’t try to
memorise everything. Listen out for the main points.
• Write clear answers based on what you have heard – don’t make anything up.

UNIT 2
Speaking – Informal speaking skills
We develop our speaking skills whenever we speak. Use all the opportunities you are
given in class to improve your skills.
These opportunities include:

• discussions about topics in group work
• conversations and dialogues with other learners
• unprepared reading aloud.

UNIT 3
Formal speaking skills
Speeches
Speeches are presented on many different occasions ranging from school to church to
social events. A well-prepared speech that is well presented is always highly thought
of.
Prepared speech
A prepared formal speech is very similar to an essay. It requires you to present your
ideas in a logical way. Prepared speeches are often based on careful research.
Follow the same steps you would take when you are writing an essay (see Section3
Writing for more), and take note of these important points.
Structure
• Use an introduction that grabs the attention of your audience. Ask a question.
Tell a short story that relates to your topic. Surprise your audience.
• In the body develop each of your ideas logically, making sure that each idea is
linked to the next one. Be careful of being too serious, or of trying too hard to
be funny. Match your content to your audience.
• Your conclusion should sum up the ideas in your speech. Aim at leaving your
audience with something to think about.
Language
• Make sure that you have identified who your audience is and use language
that is appropriate to that audience.
• Always use formal language, but remember that you can choose the words you
use so that your ideas are easily understood (see Section 4 Language
structures and conventions for more).
Presentation
• Prepare and practise before your presentation.
• Pace yourself. Go more slowly during important points, and speed up when
you are giving examples.

UNIT 3
• Pause. Give your audience time to think about your important points.
• Pay attention to your posture. Stand up straight, shoulders back, feet slightly
apart so that you are comfortable, and don’t sway.
• Use gestures and facial expressions naturally.
• Make eye contact with your audience. It shows you are confident, and it
makes it easier to convince them of your point of view.
Unprepared speech
Unprepared or informal speeches usually happen on the spot and you do not have
much time to prepare. Often you are asked to ‘say a few words’ at a function.
Work hard to follow all the steps for a formal speech, but of course, you will not have
time to prepare and practise.
Remember:
• to structure your speech carefully
• to use language and that suits the audience and the occasion
• to present confidently.
Reading aloud
We do not often get the chance to read aloud in public, but when someone reads
aloud well, everyone is impressed. You, too, can impress others if you follow these
useful hints.
Some useful tips

• Choose your text carefully. Aim to read something that will be interesting for
others to hear. Because you will not have a long time, choose a passage that
makes sense when it is taken from a longer piece.
• Make sure you understand the meaning of all the words – if you are uncertain
of what a word means your audience will hear it in your voice.
• Make sure you understand what the text is about. You may have to answer
questions on it. Here again, if you don’t know what you are reading, you will
not be able to read confidently.

UNIT 3
• Practise reading aloud so that you can:

o make eye contact with your audience
o enhance meaning by using your voice
o project your voice clearly (speak loudly enough for everyone to hear
without shouting, or hurting your voice)
o use pace (speed of delivery) to express meaning
o become confident and fluent in your delivery.
• Use hand gestures when it is appropriate to do so.
• Stand up tall, feet a little apart when you read. This confident posture will help
you to read aloud easily.
• Pay attention to how you will be assessed in Unit 4 of this Section.
Interview
The aim of an interview is to get specific information or an expression of a point of

view from someone. We often think of job interviews, but politicians and famous
people are often interviewed.
Some useful tips

A good interviewer (the person who does the interviewing):
• prepares for the interview by
o deciding what she or he wants from the interview
o planning questions
o finding out a little about the interviewee (the person being interviewed)
• builds trust in the interview by listening carefully to what is being said
• listens to what is being said and responds to the interviewee
• asks questions that gather relevant information in a respectful way
• thanks the interviewee.
The interviewer may wish to take notes during the interview.

UNIT 3
Panel discussion
The aim of a panel discussion to is to share different opinions or information from a

variety of difference sources. Each person on the panel is an expert in the field.
A panel discussion has the following participants, and each participant has certain
duties.
Chairperson
The chairperson must:
• introduce the topic of the panel discussion
• introduce the speakers
• manage time effectively
• keep order if panel members or members of the audience speak out of turn or
fail to keep to time
• encourage participation from the audience
• call for a proposal or votes if appropriate.
A good chairperson:
• prepares for the panel discussion
• remains neutral.
Panel member
The panel member must:
• keep to the topic
• participate in the discussion without trying to take it over
• follow the chairperson’s discussion.
A good panel member:

• prepares for the panel discussion
• presents her or his point clearly and effectively
• does not become emotionally involved, especially if someone else disagrees
with her or his point of view.

UNIT 3
Giving directions and instructions
Directions
When you give directions, you are explaining to someone how to get from one place
to another. Your directions must be clear, brief and easy to follow.
Some useful tips

• Think carefully before you speak. Go over the route carefully in your mind –
try to see it.
• Be clear about the instructions. Refer to the specific direction and use words
like left, right, straight ahead.
• Include landmarks that someone will easily recognize. For example, ‘Turn
right at the statue of O.R. Tambo.'
• Include distances. You can either give approximate distances – about 100
metres – or exact measurements – go for six blocks.
• Use the imperative form (commands). ‘Walk straight for seven blocks. Turn
left.’
• Speak slowly.
• If possible, check that you listener understands. Repeat any directions that
your listener is unsure of.
Instructions
We give instructions so that someone can complete a task. Use logical, step-by-step
points that are brief and exact. Remember, the listener has to know exactly what to
do.
Some useful tips

• Think carefully about what has to be done. Be sure to get all the steps in the
right order.
• Describe all the things that you need.
• Speak slowly.
• Be precise and use the appropriate vocabulary and technical language.
• Use words like first, second, next, then to order the instructions.

UNIT 3
• Include all necessary details, but don’t add in too much or you will confuse
your listener.
• If possible, check that you listener understands. Repeat any instruction that
your listener is unsure of.
Debating
A debate is a formal event in which two teams explain their viewpoints on a motion (a
formal proposal on a specific topic) and try to convince each other and their audience
that they have the stronger argument. The audience gets involved in the debate.
Who is involved?
Two teams, a chairperson and the floor (the audience) make up a debate, and each
has a particular role to play.
The chairperson
The chairperson will:
• introduce the motion and perhaps give some background to it
• introduce each speaker in the correct order (see the procedure below)
• manage the time of each speaker
• manage the discussion when the debate is opened to the floor (the audience)
• call for a vote (if appropriate)
• end the debate.

UNIT 3
The debating teams

The Proposing team presents arguments The Opposing team presents arguments
supporting the motion. opposing the motion.
First speaker introduces the Proposer’s arguments. introduces the opposing argument, rebuts
(disproves or argues against) the First
speaker.
Second speaker builds on the team’s argument, builds on the team’s arguments,
presents new arguments, and rebuts the presents new arguments, and rebuts the
points made by the opposing team’s First previous speaker’s points.
speaker
Third speaker repeats the team’s main arguments and repeats the team’s main arguments and
tries to persuade the floor to vote for the tries to persuade the floor to vote against
motion and gives reasons for this. the motion and gives reasons for this.
The third speaker may also rebut previous The third speaker may also rebut previous
arguments. arguments.
The floor
The audience or floor listens to both sides of the argument. Floor members may ask
questions or provide comment at the appropriate time.
If allowed, the floor will be able to vote ‘For’ or ‘Against’ the motion at the end of the
debate.
What is the procedure?

A particular order is followed:
1. First speaker for the proposition
2. First speaker for the opposition
3. The second speaker for the proposition
4. The second speaker for the opposition
5. The Chairperson opens the motion to the floor for discussion and questions.
6. Third speaker for the opposition
7. The third speaker for the proposition
8. The debate is concluded and a result obtained by audience vote when the
motion is put to the vote, or by a judge.

UNIT 3
Introducing someone
We often have to introduce someone to an audience. This could be the guest of

honour or someone who is going to make a speech. The aim is to give your audience
information about the person.
Some useful tips

• Talk to the person before you have to introduce her or him. Find out
something interesting about this person – a personal story, something she or
he is proud of – anything that you can use to create interest when you
introduce her or him. Find out about all the person's achievements.
• Be formal when you introduce the person. Pay attention to your register and
vocabulary.
• Do not make fun of the person or make a joke at her or his expense.
• Be brief and to the point, but make sure that you have given your audience
enough information.
• Create interest with the interesting information you have learned.
• Use your voice and pace to create and maintain interest.
• Conclude confidently.

UNIT 4
How are listening and speaking assessed?
You will complete three formal speaking and listening tasks in Grade 10.
Term 1 – Task 1: Listening Comprehension
Term 2 – Task 5: Formal researched speech
Term 3 – Task 9: Prepared reading
You will also be assessed informally.
How am I assessed?
Reading: Prepared reading

This is for 20 marks.
Your teacher will assess you according to:

• your understanding of the text
• how you convey meaning using your voice
• how well you read (your reading skills)
• how you use gestures, body language and facial expression
• how you answer questions on what you read
• how effectively you interpret the text
• your choice of text
• how well you prepared for the reading
• how much audience eye contact you make.

UNIT 4
Speaking: Prepared speech

Your teacher will assess:

• the quality of your research skills
• how well you planned and organized your speech your presentation skills
o use of voice and tone
o use of gestures, body language and facial expression
o awareness of your audience
o your audience eye contact
• your language use
• your choice, design and use of audio and/or audio-visual aids.
Listening
Your teacher will assess:

• your comprehension of the text
• your evaluation of the content.

Opportunities to practice
listening and speaking
1. Listen to a radio news broadcast and take down the main points. If possible,
record the news broadcast so that you can compare your notes to the full
broadcast, or listen to the next broadcast and see if you got all the important
points. (Listen for information.)
2. A learner from another school in another province has joined your class for the
day. Introduce him or her to the rest of the class. (Introduce someone.)
3. Watch a television talk show with a friend. Listen carefully for the speakers’
points of view. Compare notes with your friend. Were you able to identify the
speakers’ opinions? (Listen for opinion.)
4. You have been asked to talk to the Grade 8s about how wonderful literature is.
Select one favourite literary text (it can be a poem, a novel, a short story or a
play that you have read) and tell them what you think of it and why. (Give
opinion on a literary text)
5. Choose a photograph from a magazine. Write a short speech in which you say
whether you like the photograph or not, and why. (Give opinions.).
6. Listen to a popular song. Talk to a friend about it. Do you like it? What appeals
to you about the song? Or why don’t you like it? Do you find it meaningful to
you? (Give opinions.)
7. Look carefully at the following visual text and explain it to a friend.

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE LISTENING AND SPEAKING
Pocket money
Transport 40%
Lunch 15%
Savings 10%
Air time 35%
8. Prepare and present a formal speech on one of these following topics:

a. Folktales are nonsense.
b. My favourite folktale or myth (don’t just tell the story!)
c. Ways to improve our school
9. Select a passage from a book or magazine or newspaper article and read it

aloud to an audience (your family, social or church group).
10. Share a joke with a group of friends.
11. With a group of friends prepare and hold a panel discussion on one of the
following topics:
a. Ways to improve our community
b. The importance of education
c. Teenage pregnancy

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE LISTENING AND SPEAKING
12. Prepare and present one of the following debates with some friends:
a. Learners should not be allowed to do part-time work after school.
b. Single-sex schools are the best places in which to learn.
c. Everyone should get a university education.
13. Give instructions to a learner in Grade 5 on how to cover a school textbook in

plastic.
14. An aunt you have not seen in a while has phoned to say she is coming to visit.
Give her directions from the main road to your house.

SECTION 2
Reading and viewing
Overview
The texts that are read in this part of the curriculum can be divided into two sections
– literary texts and non-literary texts. The literary texts are the texts that we think of
as literature: novels, short stories, plays and poetry.
The non-literary texts are made up of a number of different types of texts such as:
• informative texts like newspaper articles, magazines, editorials, speeches,
among others
• visual texts like graphs, diagrams, photographs, films, cartoons, comic strips,
illustrations, and advertisements etc
• computer technology texts like emails, SMS texts and twitter messages or
tweets.
In this Study Guide we will examine these different types of texts and how to study
them. We will also develop our skills in Critical Language Awareness by looking at
texts that have a particular purpose or agenda and will ask, ‘Who gains from this text?
Who loses? How?’

UNIT 1
Literary texts
Types of literary text
When we study literature, we study four major types or genres of text:

1. poems
2. short stories
3. novels
4. drama (plays).
Defining poetry
A poem is a word composition by a poet that is often characterised by rhythm, vivid
language and imagery and emotion. There are a number of forms of poetry – sonnets,
odes, haiku etc. Each form adds something to the poem and so is carefully chosen by
the poet. Poets use poetic devices to help create the poem.
Defining a short story

A short story is a short piece of prose that is written from a particular narrative (story-
telling) point of view. Short stories are fictional although they may be based on a real
event. There is (most often) a plot, characters and some development of themes in the
story.
Defining a novel
A novel can be defined as an extended or long piece of prose. Usually there is a plot
and there are characters in a novel. Whereas in a short story the author does not have
the time to develop the plot or to introduce sub-plots, or to develop the characters, the
length of a novel allows for this. Often there are sub-plots that run at the same time as
the main plot. Characters in novels can be developed in greater depth, and there are
often many more themes than in a short story.

UNIT 1
Defining drama
While they still tell a story, plays (drama) are written in a very different way to short
stories or novels.
A play provides us with the actual words that the characters are saying in direct
speech, and some stage directions. There are no descriptions of what is going on or
what anyone is thinking nor are there explanations from the playwright. Everything
we learn about the character and the action we find in the characters’ words or in the
stage directions. We learn about characters from what they say, what others say about
them and what we see them do.
The characters’ words are set apart from each other. The character’s name is set on
the left of the page, and her or her words are indicated next to the name.
The playwright indicates what must happen by giving stage directions. These are
often in italics. The playwright will sometimes indicate the time and setting of the
play, as well as the scenery on the stage.
Plays are divided into acts and scenes.
Important features of literary texts
A literary text has a great deal to offer us as readers. In order to experience all that we
can from a piece of literature, it is important to understand some basic concepts that
we use to study literature.
Plot
The plot is the action of the story – what happens, when and to whom.
The plot often follows a particular pattern:

• set-up – the start of the story when we are introduced to the characters and
setting
• rising action – further on into the story – the movement towards the climax

UNIT 1
• the climax – the peak of the action when the conflict between characters,
characters and nature or other circumstances has reached breaking point
• falling-action – the part after the story where things are resolved in one way or
another and the story comes to an end.
Setting
The setting is where the story takes place. It is both the physical place as well as the
time in which the plot happens.
The setting can have an impact on the characters and the themes of the work.
Narrative point of view

The narrator is the story-teller. The narrative point of view can be of two main types:
1. The Omniscient or Third Person narrator – here the story is told as though
some outsider is watching the story unfold. The narrator tells us what is
happening, and can also say what characters are thinking. We will read: ‘The
man walked into the shop. …’
2. First Person narrator – here the story is told from the point of view of one of
the characters. We will read: “I walked into the shop. …’ Because we see all the
action through this character’s eyes, we cannot know what other characters
are thinking. We are limited to what the narrator knows and shares with us as
readers.
Character
The characters are the people (or animals) in a story. We learn about the characters
through what they say, what they do and what other people say about them.
The main character in a text will develop and grow in response to the setting, events
in the plot and other characters. Less important characters will not change much
at all.


UNIT 1
Theme
Themes are the main ideas, concerns, or issues that are explored in the novel, short
story or poem. The theme can also be thought of as a moral the writer wants us to be
aware of.
Imagery
A writer will use imagery – pictures made up of words – to create the ideas and
feelings he or she wants in a poem or other piece of writing. The more vivid or alive
the image, the more powerful the writing is for the reader. Writers use rhetorical
devices or figures of speech to create these images.
Rhetorical devices or Figures of speech

Writing can be made more powerful and interesting through the use of figures of
speech or rhetorical devices.
Similes
Similes are comparisons between two different things that share a common feature.
Similes use ‘like’ and ‘as ... as ...’ A simile draws attention to a similarity that each
shares to emphasise a point.
Example: The boy moved as fast as lightning on the track. (Speed is the common
feature that both the boy and lightning share.)
Metaphors
Metaphors are comparisons between two different things that share a common
feature. However, the one thing is said to be the other, rather than like the other.
Example: The boy is lightning on the track.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration for effect.
Example: I am soaked to the bone.

UNIT 1
Personification
Personification is the treatment of inanimate objects or animals as if they were
human.
Example: The clever snake found a warm spot in which to sleep.
Antithesis
Antithesis is the bringing together of two very different things to emphasise the
contrast between them. It is important that there is a balance between the two parts.
Example: “To err is human, to forgive, divine.” (To err means to make a mistake.)
(Alexander Pope, poet)
Oxymoron
An oxymoron is created by putting two words that mean the opposite next to each
other to show the contrast.
Example: Ill health
Irony
Irony occurs when the writer says one thing but means the opposite. This draws
attention to the point the writer wants to make.
Example: [Someone who is sending Mxit messages] I think Mxit is a big waste of time!
Euphemism
Euphemism is used when a writer wants to write about something unpleasant or
socially unacceptable in a more pleasant or less direct way.
Example: My cat passed on. (This is less unpleasant than saying the cat died.)
Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds for sound effect.
Example: We walked round and round in the out-of bounds

UNIT 1
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of consonants for sound effect.
Example: Solly sold sea-shells surreptitiously.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that sound like the things they name or like the
sound these things make.
Example: Sizzle, buzz, crunch
Tone
Tone is the writer's attitude toward the subject being written about. Tone may be
formal or informal, playful, angry, serious, ironic, depressed, etc.
Voice
Voice is the writing style of the author that we can identify by the way the writer uses
language (choice of words, use of punctuation and structure of sentences) and literary
techniques (which we have discussed above).

UNIT 2
Non-literary texts
Informative texts
Informative texts include newspaper articles, magazine articles, editorials, speeches

or any other pieces of non-fiction writing. You need to be able to talk about the
content of the text as well as the style in which the text has been written. You will also
explore the point-of-view of the writer, what the writer is likely to have wanted to
achieve when she or he writing the text. (We cannot always be sure of this.) You can
also examine critical language issues in the text like bias and stereotyping, etc (See
Unit 3 Critical Language Awareness.) Informative texts often form part of the
Comprehension section of Paper 1.
How to answer a comprehension test

Comprehension tests assess your ability to read for meaning and understanding, and
to examine a text carefully. You will answer questions based on the text and you will
support your answers from the text. However, you will also answer questions that ask
for your personal opinion or interpretation.
Follow these steps

1. Read through the text quickly to get a general sense of what it is about. See if
you could tell someone what it is about in a few sentences.
2. Reread the text more carefully. If there are any words you don’t understand try
to work out their meaning by looking at the context (sentence or paragraph) in
which you find them.
3. Identify:
o the text’s main idea
o why you think the writer wrote the text
o what you think the writer’s attitude to the subject is
o the audience the writer wrote for
o the level of formality of the language (formal or informal)
o the tone (serious or light-hearted)
o the register (look at the choice of words)
o where the text comes from (for example, a magazine, a novel, etc.).

UNIT 2
4. Now read the questions.

5. Read the passage for a third time thinking about the questions as you read.
6. Now begin answering the questions making sure you understand how you need
to answer. (multiple choice, one word answers, a sentence, a longer response).
The mark allocation should be your guide to the length of your answers, and
you should use your own words unless you are asked to quote.
7. You will find the questions start at the beginning of the text and move through
in sequence to the end.
8. Interpretive questions tend to be asked at the end.
Types of questions that can be asked

• Content or factual questions have answers that can be found in the text.
• Interpretive or inferential questions test your understanding of the text and
how it is presented. You will look at:
o the purpose of the text
o the use of language (including choice of words (diction) and register)
and punctuation
o the writer’s style (how he or she expresses him or herself)
o tone (the writer’s attitude to the subject)
o genre or type of text.
• Opinion, personal response and judgement questions require you to respond
based on your personal opinion and thoughts.
Visual texts
There are a number of different visual texts that you are already familiar with,
especially from other subjects.
Graphs
Graphs provide information in a graphic form. You need to read all the information on
the graph – title and key – and then the data before you interpret the information.

UNIT 2
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Language 31
UNIT 2
Photographs
A photograph is analysed by looking at the way in which the subject matter is shown
in the frame or picture.
Composition of the shot in the frame

This is how the various things are put into the frame. There are some general rules.
Things at the top of the frame are more
powerful than things at the bottom
The left of the
frame is more
‘morally good’
than the right
side of the
frame.
Two frames showing importance of where the subject is

UNIT 2
Camera Shot
Shots can be categorised by the distance of the object from the camera and how much
of the object is visible
Shot Use or effect
Establishing shot or Establishes scene or place and atmosphere

Extreme Long Shot
Long shot General information
Full shot Information
Medium shot Information, conversation
Close up Emotion
Extreme close up Emotion, special attention, disorient the viewer
Camera angle
Camera angles are categorised by the placement of the camera and how it relates to
the subject.
Angle Use or effect
Overhead Information, location, show vulnerability or weakness
High angle Inferiority of object or figure
Eye level Information, conversation, real-life
Low angle Dominance of object or figure

UNIT 2
Camera focus
The focus is the sharpness of the image in the frame.
Focus Use or effect
Sharp focus Natural, normal situation
Soft focus Romance, visual difficulty, weakness, drunk or drugged
Lighting
The way in which the subject is lit in the frame is important, and you must consider
this in your analysis.
Lighting Use or effect
Bright (daylight, bright Natural, normal situation

lights)
Dim Romance, visual difficulty, weakness, drunk or drugged
Films
Films are made up of many frames (24 frames per second) and so we start analysing a
film using the same techniques as we do for a camera shot.
Read this section and the section on photographs.


UNIT 2
Camera movement
The way the camera moves provides the director with ways to make the scene come
alive.
Movement Use or effect
Panning Sweep of a scene, follow object
Tilt Information, show disorientation, imbalance
Dolly Includes viewer in the movement of the subject
Tracking To suggest the viewer is sharing in the movement of the

subject, viewer becomes more involved
Point of view shot Seeing through the character’s eyes
Zoom Movement in and out to focus attention, provide more

information
Costume and setting
The costume and setting in a film are important to understanding what is happening,
and why. Pay careful attention to what they show and how they do this.
Music
Music is often used in films to create an atmosphere and mood. By linking the music
to the character, the director will increase our emotional response. Think of the music
played in a horror film!
Cartoons and comic strips

A cartoon could consist of a single frame containing a drawing or a series of frames.
Cartoons are often found in newspapers and magazines. A comic strip is always a
series of drawings.

UNIT 2
Comic strips are meant for enjoyment, and cartoons mostly have the intention to
educate, or to offer comment on a social situation. They do this by drawing our
attention to the situation and making us laugh about it.
Newspaper cartoons are often satirical: they use irony, humour or exaggeration to
expose society’s problems or shortcomings.
Remember these terms

Frame – the individual picture (often with a frame around it) in a cartoon. Some
cartoons have only one frame.
Speech Thought
bubble bubble
Two cartoon frames showing speech and thought bubbles
Follow these steps in analysing a cartoon

1. Study the text carefully, paying attention to the drawings as well as to the
speech bubbles or captions.
2. Look carefully at the characters in the cartoon. Examine their facial
expressions, body language and movement. How are they being shown? Are
there any exaggerations?
3. Examine the setting (where the action takes place).
4. Read the text. Is there anything to notice about the word choice and the use of
punctuation?
5. Now read the questions. You will be asked to identify:
o satire
o parody (exaggeration for comic effect)

UNIT 2
o the cartoonist’s intention in drawing the cartoon

o any personal bias the cartoonist is showing.
6. Answer the questions as you would answer any comprehension questions.
Advertisements
We are all aware of advertisements around us, and the different forms they come in.
You can be asked to answer questions based on this type of text. You can read more
about how advertisements work in Section 2: Writing and presenting.
How to respond to advertisements

1. Study the advertisement carefully. Look at any pictures and the written text.
2. Decide on the purpose of the advertisement. Does it want to promote an idea
or sell a product or service?
3. Decide who the target audience is. The target audience can be broken down
into: age, sex, race, earning capacity, location, etc.
4. Look at the layout carefully. Pay attention to:
o font
o font size
o how the text and images link
o headlines and slogans and where they are placed.
5. Examine the language carefully. Look out for:
o emotive language
o figures of speech
o puns
6. Identify the persuasive techniques that have been used (see Unit 4 for more
information):
o giving facts and statistics so that they appear to be scientific truth
o personal endorsement of a product by someone famous
o personal stories
o stereotypes
o repetition

UNIT 2
o rhetorical questions
o selling gimmicks, like two for one offers, prizes, special offers, limited
editions, etc.
7. Read the questions carefully.
8. Answer as you would any comprehension test question.
Computer technology texts
Computer technology texts include emails, SMS texts and Tweets.
Email
Email is an electronic form of a letter. You can read more about how to write them in
Section 3: Writing and presenting.
SMS texts
SMS is an acronym for Short Messaging Service. SMSs are sent from cellphones.
(Notice how you write the plural form.) They can use only up to 160 characters
including spaces. It is common to use ‘SMS language’ – a language made up of
abbreviations and slang. While this may be acceptable language for an SMS, it is
important not to use it when you are writing formally.
Tweets
A tweet is sent from the twitter social media service. It is an electronic message that
has a maximum of 140 characters. A tweet can be a message or a search query for
information.
You can follow people on Twitter. This means that you can read any tweet they send.
Your followers will be able to read all your tweets. Celebrities use Twitter as a way of
increasing their popularity.

UNIT 3
Critical language awareness
Critical language awareness examines how power works in texts. People in power will
write and say things in ways that will lead you, the reader, to believe that they should
stay in power. Critical language awareness will give you the tools to examine what
people are saying, identify the ways they are using language to create their power and
so be able to resist it.
Issues in Critical Language Awareness
Important questions to ask when you read a text

Who gains from this text? Who loses? How?
How are people named?
What has been included? What has been excluded?
What pronouns are used? Who are ‘they'?
Denotation and connotation
Denotation
All words mean something, and the meaning that we find in the dictionary is known
as the denotative meaning.
Example: snake = a legless reptile
Example: red = a colour
Connotation
Often a word will have associations or emotional ideas linked to it. These associations
will often not be found in a dictionary but will be made by a person who hears or
reads the word.
Example: snake = a cold or dangerous person
Example: red = danger (or romance, depending on who is seeing the colour)

UNIT 3
Why this is important

When writers make a text they will choose the words very carefully. If they want to
influence the reader, to increase emotions, they can do this by choosing words that
have strong connotations.
Point of view
A good definition of point of view is the position from which something is considered.
Our point of view determines what we think about issues and the world we live in.
When we establish what the writer’s point of view is, we get insight into the beliefs
and attitudes the writer may have, and we can then look carefully at how these beliefs
are put into the text.
Bias and stereotyping in language

A stereotype is a simple or general image of a person. You can stereotype others
according to their sex, gender, age, race, culture, physical abilities, occupation,
political beliefs, economic class and country of origin.
A bias is a preference for or against a person or thing based on the stereotype you
have of the group of people or things to which they belong.
A prejudice is a belief based on your biased ideas and stereotypes about someone that
you have formed before you even know her or him. The prejudice is based on the
stereotype you have of the group to which this person belongs.
Often people are not even aware of their biases or prejudices and this is seen in their
speech and writing.
Word choice exposes bias and stereotyping

The words writers use expose their bias. For example, often writers use only the
masculine pronoun as though women did not exist at all. You can use him and her,
and she and he, for example. Alternatively you can use plural pronouns to avoid a
gender bias.

UNIT 3
Example:
Scientists are working for the improvement of mankind. Note: Mankind excludes all
women, so the word humankind is preferred. Scientists are working for the
improvement of humankind.
Persuasive language
Language can be used to stir up emotions, to persuade or to manipulate people to
think or believe something. Advertisers and propagandists often used persuasive
language to achieve their goals. Critical Language Awareness helps us to become
aware of this,
Persuasive language techniques

• Word choice. Pay attention to the connotation of words, the number of
adjectives used, and the pronouns that have been used to include (we, us) and
exclude (they, them).
• Rhetorical questions are questions that have no real answer and for which the
questioner does not expect a response. Rhetorical questions are effective
because they encourage the reader or listener to think about the answer.
Example: “How many times must you be told to study hard?” asked the
principal at the assembly after the exams.
• Imagery is used to create pictures in our minds about what the speaker or
writer wants us to see and believe. This is achieved through the use of
adjectives, word-pictures and figurative language (especially to create
comparisons).

UNIT 3
Example:
“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where
they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their
character.” Dr Martin Luther King Jr (The image of a different world is created.)
• Repetition allows the speaker or writer to reinforce the message. In his famous
“I have a dream’ speech, Dr Martin Luther King Jr repeats the phrase “I have a
dream” eight times, the word “free” five times and “freedom” nineteen times
in only 1666 words.
• The agentless passive allows the speaker or writer to suggest things without
there being any active agent responsible. (See Section 4 Language Structures
and conventions for more on the active and passive voice)
Example:
We have been put under pressure. (By whom?) If the writer or speaker does not
say, we are left to come to our own answers which will have been prompted by
the speaker or writer in the first place. Furthermore, this allows us to feel like
victims.)
Emotive language
Emotive language is language that has been deliberately structured to create
emotions in the reader. Poets use emotive language to ensure that their poetry is vivid
and interesting. Advertisers and politicians use emotive language to lead us to believe
what they want us to believe. Emotive language uses a number of techniques that you
have already examined in the sections on figures of speech, bias and prejudice, and
persuasive language.

UNIT 4
How are reading and viewing assessed?
Types of assessment
You will be assessed on the literature that you read and study in literature tests and
exams, and assessed on the other text types you have studied in Comprehension and
Language questions.
Literature
The literature that you study will be assessed with literature essays and contextual
questions.
Literature essay
In a literature essay, you respond to a question about a literary text that you have
studied. You have to have a thorough understanding of the text so that you can talk
about plot, theme, character and setting and provide your own view on issues that the
question raises. The most important thing to remember is that this is not the time to
tell the story! You have to provide a carefully argued answer related to the question
you are answering.
You will find out how to write a literature essay in Section 3 Writing and Presenting.
Contextual questions
In a contextual question you are given an extract from a literary text you have read
and you are then asked questions.
The questions asked include:
• a question about where or when in the text the extract comes from
• ones that you can find the answers to in the extract
• ones about the setting of the text
• ones about characters and theme in the text.
The total for the question will be 35 marks. Each question requires a short answer. Use
the mark allocation to guide you as to the length of your answer.

UNIT 4
Tasks and exams

You will complete three formal reading and viewing tasks in Grade 10, as well as a
final exam.
Tasks
Term 1 – Task 4: Test 1 Literature Contextual questions
Term 2 – Task 6: Literature essay and contextual questions
Task 7: Mid-year exam Paper 2
Term 3 – Task 10: Test 2 Literature essay and contextual questions
Task 11: Literature essay and contextual questions
Task 12: Final exams Paper 2
Non-literary texts
final exam.
Tasks
Term 1 – Task 4: Test 1 Reading / viewing Comprehension, summary and integrated
language study
Term 2 – Task 7: Mid-year exam (see structure below)
Term 3 – Task 10: Test 2 Comprehension, summary and integrated language study
The final exam

Language in context 2 hours
A: Comprehension (30)
(A range of texts can be used including visual and or graphic texts)
B: Summary: (10)
(Length of the text: 60–70 words)
C: Language
Language structures (words and sentences) assessed in context using a variety of
texts.
Critical language awareness.

Opportunities to develop reading
and viewing skills
Literary texts
You will be studying a variety of texts chosen by your teacher. Use the ideas in this
Study Guide when you are approaching the different questions that are set.
Non-literary texts
Practise your skills on all non-literary texts using the suggestions in this Study Guide
on how to approach these texts. Your skills will improve and you will be able to
answer any question that could be set.

SECTION 3
Writing and presenting
Overview
In this Section we will focus on how to improve your writing skills. We will start off
with a look at the process you should follow whenever you write something. The
writing process helps you write better texts. After that, we will look at the various
types of essay that you need to be able to write. We will explore ‘real-world’
transactional texts and see how important it is to match format and content. Finally
we will look at how your writing will be assessed.


UNIT 1
The writing process
Effective writing is always the result of a careful process. Don’t fall into the trap many
learners do – they think they do not have the time to work through the process.
Unfortunately, their results show that if they had used the writing process they would
have been more successful.
1. Pre-writing
1. Read the topic and carefully analyse what you must do. Consider the format
and structure, language features and register of the text you have chosen.
2. Check that you know the text’s purpose, audience and context.
3. Brainstorm your ideas. Here you can use a mind-map or whatever other
method of brainstorming you like.
4. Check that you know and understand the criteria you will be assessed on.
5. If relevant, do research on the topic.
2. Planning
1. Plan what you want to say, keeping all you learned in Stage 1 in mind.
2. Identify the main ideas and the supporting information. Usually one idea is
contained in a paragraph.
3. Check that the sequence of your ideas is logical.
3. Drafting
1. Write a rough first draft. Be sure to take into account
a. the purpose of the text
b. the audience
c. the type of text (format and style is important here)
2. Choose words that are appropriate to the level of formality of the writing as
well as the topic. Work hard at being original and to create vivid pictures.
3. Organise your ideas in a logical sequence so that the essay or story makes
sense.
4. Remember to paragraph your work

UNIT 1
4. Revising, editing, proofreading and presenting

1. Read your first draft and look at
a. Word choice
b. Sentence structure
c. Paragraph structure
How can you improve these?
2. Check the sequencing and linking of paragraphs. Does the essay flow? Is it
logical? Does one paragraph link to the next?
3. Check grammar, spelling and punctuation.
4. Check the format.
5. Rewrite and rework until you are satisfied.
5. Present your text

UNIT 2
Paragraphs
What makes a good paragraph?
A paragraph is a unit of writing made up of sentences dealing with a single idea or

topic. A good paragraph has a topic sentence. The topic sentence introduces the main
idea of the paragraph. All the other sentences give extra details. You can put the topic
sentence anywhere in the paragraph, but it is often the first sentence.
A useful tip when you summarise is to identify all the topic sentences in the
paragraphs. These will give you the basic summary of what you have read. When you
plan your writing, you could also write your topic sentences as a plan, and then fill in
the extra details in the sentences that make up the paragraph.
Practise writing paragraphs – this will improve your essay writing skills.
Types of paragraphs
Informative paragraph
An informative paragraph provides information about a topic. It is important that all
the facts are correct, so you may need to do some research.

Follow the guidelines for writing a paragraph – topic sentence and supporting
sentences. Your word choice will be determined by the topic you are writing about,
and you may have to use a more formal register.
Imaginative paragraph
An imaginative paragraph is a short piece of fantasy or fiction writing. It could be a

little story in itself, or a description. Once again, it will have a topic sentence that
introduces the main idea, and then more sentences to fill in the details.

Use interesting vocabulary to make your paragraph exciting and readable.

UNIT 2
Explanation of how a common object is operated or works
An explanatory paragraph is a factual paragraph that explains or describes the way

something works. It must be factually accurate. Your topic sentence will say what
process is being explained. Your supporting sentences will then describe in logical
order how the object works.
Your register will be formal.
An argument
A paragraph that sets out an argument will follow the usual paragraph structure. The
topic sentence will state your point of view on a subject, and then the supporting
sentences will give evidence to show why your argument is correct. A final sentence
will sum up the argument briefly.

UNIT 3
Essays
An essay is an extended piece of writing (it has more than one paragraph) on a
particular topic. An essay presents your ideas, thoughts, point of view or tells a story.
Some essays are creative fiction and other essays demand factual accuracy.
Essay writing tests how well you can express yourself in writing. Your language skills
are also shown in your writing.
Types of essay
In Grade 10, your essay will be between 200 and 250 words long. You are expected to
be able to write a number of different types of essay. You should become familiar with
what each essay type requires and practise writing these essays.
Writing a Narrative essay
The narrative essay tells a story, and is most often fictional. The story could be about
something that happened in the past, a fantasy or science fiction.
A good narrative essay:
• will have a strong, believable story-line or plot with a good conclusion that
leaves the reader satisfied
• will use description to create the scene
• will have strong characters
• will often use dialogue.
Writing a Descriptive essay

A descriptive essay is a description of a person, place, situation or thing. It could also
be a description of your feelings about something.

UNIT 3
A good descriptive essay:

• creates pictures in words, so will use adjectives and adverbs effectively
• uses a lot of detail to capture what is being described
• uses words in interesting ways so that the writing does not become ordinary
and clichéd
• is more than a string of descriptions – it builds the description carefully and
completely.
Writing an Expository essay

An expository essay explains something or provides information about a topic. You
should be familiar enough with the subject to be able to write with authority.
A good expository essay:

• is factually accurate
• is logical and well thought out.
Writing an Argumentative essay

The purpose of this type of essay is to argue or defend a point of view. The
argumentative essay is subjective – it expresses and explains your point of view on a
particular subject and shows where you stand on something.
A good argumentative essay:

• clearly states what you believe in the opening paragraph
• provides evidence to support your beliefs in the next paragraphs
• uses emotive language and personal statements, but is also logical and well
thought out
• concludes with a statement that assures your reader that you are right.

UNIT 3
You can present both points of view – your own, and the opposing view. If you do
this, you can put each point of view in its own paragraph, or you can balance
paragraphs with one idea and then show the opposite. Whichever way you choose to
do it, make sure that you do it this way throughout the essay.
Writing an essay based on a picture

When you are given a picture to write about, you can choose to write any of the above
types of essay. You can use the visual text as a whole or you could concentrate on one
or two aspects that catch your attention.
Be sure to indicate the topic number clearly, and to give your essay a title.

UNIT 4
Longer transactional texts
A transactional text is a piece of writing that aims to communicate with a particular

purpose in mind. The format of the transactional text is as important as the content.
These texts are divided into longer and shorter texts based on their length.
In Grade 10 you need to write between 120 and 200 words in the longer
transactional text.
Letters
In letter writing the layout is very important.
Writing a friendly letter

The purpose of this letter is to communicate with a friend or someone you know well.
Follow this structure.

• Include your address, the postal code and the date in the middle of the page.
• Begin with: Dear … followed by the name or title of the person (Lerato,
Grandmother, Mr Maseko)
• State your reason for writing in the first paragraph.
• Expand on this in the second paragraph.
• Conclude the letter with a short paragraph.
• Sign off with an appropriate ending. Your relationship with the person will
determine the ending. For example, Yours sincerely, Your daughter, Kind
regards, Love.
• Write your name. Write your first name only to a friend, but use your full name
to someone you know less well.

UNIT 4
Possible topics include:

• letter giving information about an event that has happened or could happen
• letter of appreciation or thanks for something, or saying why you enjoyed an
event
• letter explaining your actions – for example, a letter asking someone to excuse
your behaviour.
Writing a business letter

This is a formal letter. It should be businesslike but polite and respectful. It contains
only relevant details based on the reason you are writing the letter. This could be, for
example, to make a complaint or suggestion, to query something, to ask for
information, to apply for a job.
Follow this structure.

• Include your address, the postal code and the date in the middle of the page.
• On the next line against the margin write the name of the person you are
writing to, followed beneath that with their full address.
• Skip a line.
• Write Dear Sir/Madam or their name.
• Skip a line.
• Write a short subject heading that is underlined and explains the purpose of
the letter. For example: Request for accommodation (no full stop)
• Skip a line.
• State the problem or subject in the opening paragraph.
• Expand on this in the second paragraph.
• The concluding paragraph ties up the loose ends and asks for action.
• Skip a line.
• The ending should be formal. Yours faithfully, followed by your signature.
Print your name and your title under your signature.

UNIT 5
Shorter transactional texts
In Grade 10 you need to write between 50 and 100 words in the shorter transactional
text. It is very important that you keep to this word limit.
Brochures or flyers
The purpose is to promote or make known a service or event. A brochure could also
present information about a topic. Brochures and flyers are very similar in layout and
content to an advertisement.
Brochures are usually printed on both sides of a piece of paper, and are often folded
into sections. A flyer is often on one side only of a sheet of paper.
Some useful tips

• Include all important information: what, where, when.
• Give contact details for more information.
• Read the section on advertisements later in this guide to get some more ideas.
Posters
The purpose of a poster is to promote a product or an event. It is similar to a brochure
but because it is larger and printed on one side of the page only design is very
important.
Some useful tips

• Include all important information: what, where, when.
• Pay careful attention to design. A poster must draw attention but also be easy
to read. Layout of the information is important.
• Read the section on advertisements later in this guide to get some more ideas.

UNIT 5
Dialogues
A dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. Use the following format.
Name 1: I am enjoying reading this Study Guide!
Name 2: Yes, I have learned a great deal.
Name 1: Passing the exams is going to be easy.
Some useful tips

• Notice that although a dialogue is in direct speech, there are no inverted
commas.
• Use a colon after each speaker’s name and start each speaker's words on a new
line.
• Use a register and vocabulary that matches the speakers’ backgrounds and the
context of the dialogue.
Reviews and Recommendations

A review is a personal response to a work of art, a play, a films, CDs, paintings,
drawings, books, and electronic games like Play Station, Nintendo, and X-Box. A
restaurant could also be reviewed. You will present a personal opinion, and you will
use emotive language to describe your personal response to what you are reviewing.
A recommendation is like a review, although here the focus is on saying why the
reader should read or do something or visit a particular place.
Some useful tips

• Give all the necessary information about what you are reviewing. For example,
give the name of the book, the author and the publisher.
• Give your impression of what you saw/read/visited. Use a lot of detail to
describe your thoughts.
• State your personal recommendation – would you recommend this or not?

UNIT 5
Possible topics include:

• review of a song
• review of a music video
• recommendation for a book.
Advertisements
As you will know, a print advertisement aims to sell a product or an idea. The content
as well as the design and layout are important.
You do not have to illustrate the advertisement: use different colours, change the font
size or type, or, if you are making this by hand, write differently. Instead of using
pictures, present your text in either a continuous piece or in a few linked paragraphs
– this is an assessment of your language skills after all.
Some useful tips

• Be creative in your word choice and your use of punctuation.
• Remember to use emotive language and figures of speech to make your
advertisement more appealing.
• Pay attention to the notes on AIDA below.
A good advertisement uses the four elements in the acronym AIDA.
ATTENTION – attract the Attention of the target audience (those whom you want to
buy the product or service).
• The image is eye-catching, drawing the reader’s attention.
• The layout is attractive and appealing.
• Colour is used effectively.
• The headline is bold, striking, catchy and/or appealing.
• The text adds to what the visual shows and promotes the product or service.

UNIT 5
INTEREST – maintain the Interest of the target audience

• Pictures, diagrams, graphs, statistics, font type and size maintain interest.
• Layout is appealing and even unusual.
• Headline is used to attract attention. (Use size or content, such as a catchy
question, a bold statement, a pun, etc.)
• Text refers to the service/product.
• The text will be aimed at a specific target audience.
DESIRE – Create the need in the target audience to have this service or product
• The advertisement appeals to our basic human needs and desires. We are
made to feel that we cannot live without the product or service.
ACTION – Get the target audience to buy this service or product
• There is a clear call to take action. ‘Buy now.’ A telephone number, contact
details etc make this possible.
Diary Entries
A diary is a personal, confidential piece of writing. You write a diary to record events,
your personal thoughts, emotions and ideas. Usually the writer is the only audience.
Some useful tips

• Include the day and date.
• Use colloquial language and an informal register.
• Use the first person –‘I’.
• Use the past tense to write about completed actions. Use the present tense to
write about your current feelings.
• Try to write personally and honestly from the heart.
• Keep to the topic, and be sure to include the correct number of entries.

UNIT 5
Invitations
The purpose of an invitation is to invite someone to an event. The invitation must
provide all necessary information: what, when, where.
Useful phrases to use:

• You are invited / You are cordially invited
• RSVP (means please respond)
Include the following information:

• date and time
• full address of the venue
• the dress required, for example informal or formal
• how the person can confirm if he or she is attending (telephone number or
email address)
• the latest acceptable date for a reply.
Directions
When you give directions, you are explaining to someone how to get from one place
to another. Your directions must be clear, brief and easy to follow.
Some useful tips

• Think carefully before you write. Go over the route carefully in your mind – try
to see it.
• Be clear about the instructions. Refer to the specific direction and use words
like left, right, straight ahead.
• Include landmarks that someone will easily recognize. For example, ‘Turn
right at the statue of O.R. Tambo.
• Include distances. You can either give approximate distances – about 100
metres – or exact measurements – go for six blocks.
• Use the imperative form (commands). ‘Walk straight for seven blocks.
Turn left.’
• Write in point form.
• Reread your directions. Make sure that you have been clear and concise.

UNIT 5
Instructions
We give instructions so that someone can complete a task. Use logical, step-by-step
points that are brief and exact. Remember, the reader has to know exactly what to do.
Some useful tips

• Think carefully about what has to be done. Be sure to get all the steps in the
right order.
• Describe all the things that you need.
• Be precise and use the appropriate vocabulary and technical language.
• Use words like first, second, next, then to order the instructions.
• Include all necessary details, but don’t add in too much or you will confuse
your reader.
• Use the imperative form (commands). ‘Walk straight for seven blocks.
Turn left.’
• Write in point form.
• Reread your directions. Make sure that you have been clear and concise.
Filling in forms
We all need to fill in forms, but often do not take this seriously enough. Take your
time and ensure that you complete all parts of the form accurately.
A possible topic includes filling in a form for a competition.
Writing an email
An email is an electronic form of communication that is similar to a letter. An email is
shorter and does not have the same address requirements.
Some useful tips

• Use a meaningful subject line. Say what the email is about.
• Use a greeting. Use ‘Dear’ if it is formal and ‘Hi’ is acceptable if it is informal.
• Use proper spelling, grammar and punctuation.
• Use paragraphs.
• Do not write in CAPITALS.
• End off with a proper ending (Regards) and your name.

UNIT 6
Other writing
Writing a summary
When you summarise you read a passage and then sum up the main points in a
certain number of words. You need to read with understanding, cut out all
unnecessary information and detail and then sum up the text in your own words. This
is a skill you use all the time. You need to be able to simplify what you have read and
express the content in your own words.
You could be asked to summarise in point form or as a continuous

paragraph/passage.
If you write in point form or in paragraph summaries, the process is similar.
Follow this process

• Read the passage to get a broad sense of what it is about.
• Reread the passage for understanding.
• Highlight or underline the topic or key sentences as you read it for a third time.
• Write down the sentences that sum up the main points of the passage in your
own words.
• If you are required to write only a point summary, this is where you stop.
• Write a rough draft in paragraph form.
• Remember you must shorten the text so:
o remove any unnecessary words, information or detail.
o take out all examples or illustrations.
o change direct speech to indirect (reported) speech.
• Compare your draft to the original and make any changes to improve on
your draft.
• Check and include the word count at the end of your summary.
• Give your summary a title, if required (the title is not included in the final
word count).
• Do a final reread, checking for errors and use of language.

UNIT 6
Literary essays
A literary essay is similar in many ways to an expository essay. You could describe a
character and justify your opinion of the character, describe the setting of a novel or
short story and explain its effect in the text, or you could identify a theme and say
how it works.
The length of a literary essay is about 200 to 250 words.

UNIT 7
How are writing and presenting assessed?
Assessments during the year
final exam.
Term 1 – Task 2: Narrative essay
Task 3: Longer/shorter transactional text
Term 2 – Task 6: Essay and shorter transactional text
Task 7: Paper 3: Writing (in May)
Term 3 – Task 8: Essay
Task 11: End of year examinations: Paper 3: Writing
The writing exam has the following sections.
A: Essay – One essay
B: One text – Longer Transactional text
C: One text – Shorter text
Marking essays and transactional writing
You can use the following ideas to help you assess your own work. They are based on
the rubrics that are used to assess writing by the Department of Basic Education.
Be honest when you assess your own work. Check each category and see where the
quality of your work is. What do you need to do to improve?

UNIT 7
Essays
Content
80 to 100% • Content shows impressive insight into topic.
• Ideas are thought-provoking, mature.
• Excellent development of topic. Vivid detail.
• Shows awareness of impact of language.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting has produced virtually flawless, presentable
essay
70 to 79% • Content shows thorough interpretation of topic.
• Ideas: imaginative, interesting.
• Logical development of details. Ideas are connected.
• Shows awareness of impact of language.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting has produced a well crafted, presentable essay.
60 to 69% • Content shows a sound interpretation of topic.
• Ideas: interesting, convincing.
• Several relevant details developed.
• Critical awareness of language evident.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting has produced a presentable and very good
essay.
50 to 59% • Content: an adequate interpretation of topic.
• Ideas: ordinary, lacking depth.
• Some points, necessary details developed.
• Some awareness of impact of language.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting has produced a satisfactorily presented essay.
40 to 49% • Content: ordinary. Ideas not always connected.
• Ideas: mostly relevant. Repetitive.
• Some necessary points evident.
• Limited critical language awareness.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting that has produced a moderately presentable and
coherent essay.
30 to 39% • Content not always clear, ideas not connected.
• Ideas: few ideas, often repetitive,
• Sometimes off topic. General line of thought difficult to follow.
• Inadequate evidence of planning/drafting. Essay not well presented.
Below 30% • Content irrelevant. Ideas not connected at all.
• Ideas: repetitive, off topic.
• Non-existent planning/drafting. Poorly presented essay.

UNIT 7
Language
80 to 100% • Language, punctuation effectively used. Uses figurative language appropriately.
• Choice of words highly appropriate.
• Sentences, paragraphs well-constructed.
• Style, tone, register highly suited to topic.
• Text virtually error-free following proof-reading, editing.
• Length meets requirements of topic.
70 to 79% • Language, punctuation correct and able to include figurative language correctly.
• Choice of words varied and correctly used.
• Sentences, paragraphs logical, varied.
• Style, tone, register appropriately suited to topic.
• Text largely error-free following proof-reading, editing.
• Length correct.
60 to 69% • Language and punctuation mostly correct.
• Choice of words suited to text.
• Sentences, paragraphs well constructed.
• Style, tone, register suited to topic in most of the essay.
• Text by and large error-free following proof-reading, editing.
• Length correct.
50 to 59% • Language simplistic, punctuation adequate.
• Choice of words adequate.
• Sentences, paragraphing might be faulty in places but essay still makes sense.
• Style, tone, register generally consistent with topic requirements.
• Text still contains errors following proof-reading, editing.
• Length correct.
40 to 49% • Language ordinary and punctuation often inaccurately used.
• Choice of words basic.
• Sentences, paragraphs, faulty but ideas can be understood.
• Style, tone, register lacking in coherence.
• Text contains several errors following proof-reading, editing.
• Length – too long / short.
30 to 39% • Language and punctuation flawed.
• Choice of words limited.
• Sentences, paragraphs constructed at an elementary level.
• Style, tone, register inappropriate.
• Text error-ridden despite proof-reading, editing.
• Length – too long / short

UNIT 7
Below 30% • Language and punctuation seriously flawed.

• Choice of words inappropriate.
• Sentences, paragraphs muddled, inconsistent.
• Style, tone, register flawed in all aspects.
• Text error-ridden and confused following proof-reading, editing.
• Length – far too long / short
Longer and shorter transactional writing
Content
80 to 100% • Specialized knowledge of requirements of the text.
• Disciplined writing – learner maintains thorough focus, no digressions.
• Text fully coherent in content and ideas, and all details support the topic.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting has produced a virtually flawless, presentable
text.
70 to 79% • Good knowledge of requirements of the text.
• Disciplined writing – learner maintains focus, hardly any digressions.
• Text is coherent in content and ideas, with all details supporting the topic.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting has produced a well crafted, presentable text.
60 to 69% • Fair knowledge of requirements of the text.
• Writing – learner maintains focus with minor digressions.
• Text is coherent in content and ideas, and details support the topic.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting has produced a presentable and good text.
50 to 59% • Adequate knowledge of requirements of the text.
• Writing – learner digresses from topic but does not impede overall meaning.
• Text adequately coherent in content and ideas and some details support the topic.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting has produced a satisfactorily presented text.
40 to 49% • Moderate knowledge of requirements of the text. Response to writing task reveals a
narrow focus.
• Writing – learner digresses, meaning is vague in places.
• Text moderately coherent in content and ideas and has basic details which support
the topic.
• Evidence of planning and/or drafting that has produced a moderately presentable
and coherent text.
30 to 39% • Elementary knowledge of requirements of the text. Response to writing task reveals a
limited focus.
• Writing – learner digresses, meaning is obscure in places.
• Text not always coherent in content and ideas and has few details which support the
topic.
• Planning/drafting inadequate. Text not well presented.

UNIT 7
Below 30% • No knowledge of requirements of the text.

• Writing – learner digresses, meaning is obscure in places.
• Text not coherent in content and ideas and too few details to support the topic.
• Planning and drafting non-existent. Poorly presented text.
Language
80 to 100% • Has applied all the necessary rules of format.
• Text is grammatically accurate and well constructed.
• Vocabulary is very appropriate to purpose, audience and context.
• Style, tone, register very appropriate.
• Text virtually error-free following proof-reading, editing.
• Length correct.
70 to 79% • Has applied the necessary rules of format.
• Text is well constructed and accurate.
• Vocabulary is mostly appropriate to purpose, audience and context.
• Style, tone and register mostly appropriate.
• Text largely error-free following proof-reading, editing.
• Length correct.
60 to 69% • Has applied most of the necessary rules of format.
• Text is well constructed and easy to read.
• Vocabulary is appropriate to purpose, audience and context.
• Style, tone and register generally appropriate.
• Text mostly error-free following proof-reading, editing.
• Length correct
50 to 59% • Has applied an adequate idea of the requirements of format.
• Text is adequately constructed. Errors do not impede flow.
• Vocabulary is adequate for the purpose, audience and context.
• Style, tone and register adequately appropriate.
• Text still contains few errors following proof-reading, editing.
• Length correct
40 to 49% • Has a moderate idea of the requirements of format - some critical oversights.
• Text is basically constructed. Several errors.
• Vocabulary is limited and not very suitable for the purpose, audience and context.
• Lapses in style tone and register.
• Text contains several errors following proof-reading, editing.

UNIT 7
30 to 39% • Has vaguely applied the necessary rules of format.

• Text is poorly constructed and difficult to follow.
• Vocabulary requires remediation and not suitable for purpose, audience and context.
• Style, tone and register inappropriate.
• Text error-ridden despite proof-reading, editing.
Below 30% • Has not applied the necessary rules of format.
• Text is poorly constructed and muddled.
• Vocabulary requires serious remediation and not suitable for purpose.
• Style, register and tone do not correspond with topic.
• Text error-ridden and confused following proof-reading, editing.
• Length – far too long / short

Opportunities to practice writing
Essays
Write between 200 and 250 words on your chosen topic.
1. Write an essay which contains the following words:

If I had not left …
OR
As the day came to an end, I could not believe …
NOTE: These words can appear anywhere in the essay.
2. There is more recognition of women in society today than ever before. Discuss
your views.
3. AIDS orphans – whose responsibility are they?
4. Lessons I have learnt from my older brother/sister.
5. Our communities are no longer safe. Do you agree? Discuss your view in a
well-substantiated essay.
6. If I were the principal of this school, I would …
7. Sport is not what it used to be. Instead of going to the matches for the fun and
excitement, we sit in front of the TV set. It’s not the same. Do you agree?
8. Grandmothers
9. Have the technological advances of the last ten years had a positive impact on
the lives of young people?
10. Spring
11. Things I am grateful for
12. The pictures reproduced on the following pages may evoke a reaction or
feeling in you or stir your imagination. Choose one and write an essay on it.
Give your essay a title.

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE WRITING
SOURCE: http://pddepot.com/displayimage.php?album=14&pos=0
SOURCE: http://pddepot.com/displayimage.php?album=14&pos=0

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE WRITING
SOURCE: freephotos.com
SOURCE: Ann Smith

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE WRITING
SOURCE: Ann Smith
Longer transactional writing
FRIENDLY LETTER
Your best friend has won a talent contest. Write a letter to congratulate him/her on
this achievement.
BUSINESS LETTER
You were shopping in a local shop recently and the shop assistant was very rude to
you. Write a letter of complaint to the shop manager.

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE WRITING
PERSONAL LETTER
At a social occasion your friend took offence to a joke you made at her expense. Write
a letter to this friend in which you apologise for the unintended insult.
BUSINESS LETTER
You are planning to spend a holiday at a beach resort. Write the formal letter you
would send to Wow Beach Resort to make a reservation.
Remember to include specific dates and personal requirements.
Shorter transactional writing
DIARY ENTRIES
You have gone through a very happy/difficult period recently. You recorded your
experience in a diary. Write out the diary entries for any three days.
INSTRUCTIONS
You have been asked to do a short oral presentation for a Life Orientation lesson on
how to study effectively. Write down a list of five tips you would give your classmates
in your presentation.
DIRECTIONS
Your grandfather will be attending your sports day. Write the directions that will
enable him to drive from his home to the venue.
In the directions, you should include at least three landmarks, as well as indications
of distance and direction between these landmarks.
INFORMAL SPEECH
As part of the end-of-year celebrations, your school's Cultural Club invites Grade 10
learners to a dinner held at the school.
At the end of the evening you are asked to make a short, informal speech to thank the
organisers and sponsors, and to conclude the evening.
Write the speech you would make.

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE WRITING
DIALOGUE
You recently had to admit to one of your parents that you did something wrong. Use
the dialogue format to write this conversation.
Summaries
Question 1
Imagine that you are preparing a speech on healthy habits for teenagers. In your web
research, you came across the article ‘Healthy Habits for teens’. Read the article below
and extract SEVEN important points to include in your speech.
Instructions
1. Write your points in full sentences using NOT more than 70 words.
2. Number your sentences from 1 to 7 and write only ONE fact per line.
3. Write in correct sentences and use your own words as far as possible.
4. Indicate the number of words you have used in brackets at the end of your
summary.
5. Note that you will be penalised if you ignore these instructions.
Healthy Habits for Teens

Nov 12th, 2009 by lynn5991
Health and hygiene needs change during adolescence. However, making wise
food choices, exercising, and getting enough sleep are still the keys to good
health.
Nutrition
Puberty has an impact on nutritional needs. A balanced diet of nutritious foods is
needed to fuel growth, as well as normal body processes. Teens typically consume
more calories than usual during growth spurts.
Eating correctly means not only avoiding foods high in fat, sugar, and salt, but also
taking sensible portions. Overeating, especially of high calorie foods, can lead to
obesity. Parents can help by making nutritious food choices available, setting a good
example, and paying attention to portion sizes.

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE WRITING
Exercise
A moderate amount of daily exercise is important for everyone, including teens. It
builds strong bones and muscles and benefits the heart and blood vessels. Physical
inactivity sets the stage for possible obesity and the development of other health
problems later in life.
There are some ways teens can add exercise to their daily routine. Doing so helps the
body cope with stress and strengthens muscles.
Sleep
Everyone needs adequate sleep. The body, especially the brain and nervous system,
restores itself during sleep. Teens need at least eight and one half hours of sleep every
night, but most only sleep about seven hours. They tend to go to bed late and then
find it difficult to get up in the morning.
The negative effects of too little sleep include the following:

• Difficulty concentrating in school and lower marks
• Becoming irritated more easily and losing emotional control
• Decreased resistance to illness.
Some teens take on too many extracurricular activities or hold part time jobs during
the school week. Others spend late nights on the computer or watching television.
Good choices, time management skills, and a regular sleep schedule can help teens
get enough rest.
(Adapted from http://www.bukisa.com/articles/190045_healthy-habits-for-teens User

published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License)
Question 2
Imagine that you are writing an argumentative essay on technology and teenagers. In
your web research, you came across the post on CreateDebate.com. Read the post
below and extract eight important points to include in your essay.
Instructions
1. Write your points in full sentences using NOT more than 70 words.
2. Number your sentences from 1 to 8 and write only ONE fact per line.
3. Write in correct sentences and use your own words as far as possible.

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE WRITING
4. Indicate the number of words you have used in brackets at the end of your
summary.
5. Note that you will be penalised if you ignore these instructions.
Post by SMCdeBater
Look, it is quite obvious that technology dominates the lives of various teenagers,
myself included, and it is easy for mistakes to happen.
Take MSN for example; millions of teens worldwide use the internet to
technologically chat to a friend or others. When you are chatting to someone online,
there are dangers, and not just the obvious ones. This is where we see Cyber
Bullying, and how it has affected the lives of thousands of teens from all parts of the
world. If a teen is continuously bullied, depression is one common result, which can
often, and has, lead to suicide. But why just limit Cyber Bullying to the Internet, when
this similarly occurs on mobile phones and e-mails?
One other major harm that is highly evident with teenagers is technological addiction,
which can occur within Internet chatting, gaming, online gaming, excessive
downloading, website interests, etc. This involves repetitive uses of certain
technology to an addictive extent. This is one of the leading causes of teenage obesity
and is again a problem that can be seen worldwide (in some countries it may occur
more than in others). Addictive habits towards technology do not promote any form of
exercise, which is why a build up of excessive energy and fats are not removed from
the body, and obesity is the result.
The above two problems are the most common when it comes to teenagers, and
teenagers are suffering as a result of it. More teenagers need to start accepting that life
isn't limited to technology and that anyone who believes so should get outside and
get to know planet Earth. I am 15, and I am a regular user of the Internet, but I also
play Basketball, Chess, Compete in School Debates, Compete in Public Speaking
Competitions, and most of all, socialize with friends outside the Internet. It isn't hard
to break away from technology, yet most teens are drawn into a life of technology one
way or another. Some do it to "fit in," some do it to "try new things," and some do it
"just because it is there to do." Like I said, it isn't hard to break away; some people
just need more help doing this than others.

OPPORTUNITIES
TO PRACTICE WRITING
(Adapted from
http://www.createdebate.com/debate/show/Is_technology_harming_teensoverweigh
t ©2011 hardwarehelpers.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. User content, unless source
quoted, licensed under a Creative Commons License. )
Possible answers to summaries
Question 1
1. Teenagers need to have a balanced diet to help their bodies grow.
2. Parents should help by offering teenagers healthy foods in the right size
portions.
3. Teenagers need daily exercise.
4. Exercise builds muscles and bone and helps with stress.
5. Teenagers must have about eight and a half hours sleep every night.
6. Teenagers don’t sleep enough.
7. Sleep gives the body a chance to restore itself.
[70 words]
Question 2
1. Millions of teenagers use technology and chat on the internet.
2. Many teenagers’ lives are taken over by technology negatively.
3. Teenagers get involved to fit in or to try new things.
4. There are dangers of online chatting.
5. One danger is Cyber Bullying.
6. Another danger is becoming addicted to technology.
7. Technologically addicted teenagers do not exercise.
8. It is possible to avoid being addicted.
[69 words]

SECTION 4
Language structures and conventions
Overview
In this section we are going to revise the language you need for your examinations.
Remember, you need to understand the rules and know how to apply them. You do
not have to learn this as if it were theory.

UNIT 1
Words
Nouns
Types of nouns
Nouns are the names of people, places, things and emotions or feelings. There are
four types of noun:
1. a common noun names things
Example: books, pens, schools, teachers
2. a proper noun names a specific person or a specific place or a specific thing
Example: Mr Zuma, Cape Town, Freedom Square, The Great Gatsby
3. an abstract noun names emotions or feelings that cannot be touched, seen,
heard, or tasted
Example: love, hate, happiness
4. a collective noun names a group of things
Example: a pride of lions, a team of soccer players, a school of fish
Number
Most nouns have a singular and a plural form.
Usually in English we add an ‘s’ to make the singular noun plural.
Example: desk – desks
Some nouns have an irregular plural form.
Examples: man – men, foot – feet, wife – wives

UNIT 1
You need to study the irregular forms.
For most nouns, add an ‘s’ cars, schools, jobs

For nouns ending in ‘ch, x, s’ or ‘s’-like sounds, add churches, foxes, buses
‘es’
For nouns ending in ‘f’ or ‘fe’, change to ‘ve’ elves, loaves, thieves
For most nouns ending in ‘o’, add an ‘s’ pianos, videos
To some nouns ending in ‘o’, add ‘es’ (learn these) heroes, potatoes, tomatoes volcanoes,
For most nouns that end in a vowel and ‘y’, add ‘s’ boys, days, keys
For nouns that end in a consonant and ‘y’, change ‘y’ babies, countries
to ‘ies’
Some nouns change a vowel sound when they become mice, geese, men
plural
Some nouns have forms from Old English children, oxen
Some nouns don’t change species, sheep
The apostrophe is never used to form a plural. SMSs, photos, 1940s
Countable and uncountable nouns
Countable nouns
Most nouns can be counted and have singular and plural forms.
Examples: car – cars, human–humans
Uncountable nouns
Some nouns are uncountable.
Examples: sugar, flour, meat, beef, pork, mutton, chicken (as a food), advice, algebra,
work, homework, equipment, furniture.
You must learn which nouns are uncountable so that you do not make them plural.
Determiners – articles
Articles are special adjectives that are used before nouns.

• Indefinite article: a book, an apple
• Definite article: the book, the furniture, the apples

UNIT 1
When a particular noun is mentioned two or more times, we usually use the indefinite
article (a or an) for the first mention and the definite article (the) for the second and
further mention of the noun.
Example: A man walked into the shop. The man (the same man as in the previous
sentence) bought a newspaper.
If the noun is well-known or is meant to be specially noted, then the definite article
can be used.
Examples: The Koran is a religious text.
Pronouns
Pronouns take the place of a noun and must refer back to the noun. For this reason it
is important that the correct pronoun is used to replace the noun.
Types of pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular Plural
Personal Personal Possessive Reflexive Personal Personal Possessive Reflexive
pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun
as as object as subject as object
subject of a of a clause of a
of a clause clause
clause
First I me mine myself we us ours ourselves
person
Second you you yours yourself you you yours yourselves
person
Third she, he, it her, him, hers, his, herself, they them theirs themselves
person it its himself,
itself
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to the subject of the clause.

UNIT 1
Examples:
He gave himself enough time to wash the car and water the garden.
You gave yourselves no chance to win!
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns show ownership.
Examples:
The bag is mine.
The lunch boxes are theirs.
The ball belongs to the dog. It is its ball. (Not it’s!)
Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are:
who, what, whose, which.
Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns are used to refer back to people or things that have already been
mentioned in a different clause in a sentence. The relative pronouns are: who, which
and that.
Adjectives
Adjectives give us information about nouns. They are placed before the noun or
after verbs.
Descriptive adjectives
Descriptive adjectives tell us more about the noun.
Examples: Green roofs, yellow bricks
Demonstrative adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives point to a specific noun.
Examples: This dog, that cat

UNIT 1
Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives say who owns an object.
Possessive
adjective
me my
you (singular and plural) your
him his
If it belongs to her it is her object.
it its
us our
them their
Comparison of adjectives
Adjectives change when you compare things. When an adjective is not being
compared to anything, we say it is in the positive degree.
The adjective takes on the comparative degree when two things are being compared.
The adjective takes on the superlative degree when three or more things are being
compared.

UNIT 1
To form the comparative degree To form the superlative degree

For most adjectives add ‘er’ add ‘est’
e.g. big bigger biggest
For most adjectives that end in ‘y’ change the ‘y’ to ‘i’ and add ‘er’ change the ‘y’ to ‘i’ and add ‘est’
e.g. happy happiest
happier
If an adjective is long and would add the word more before the add the word most before the
sound strange if you add ‘er’ or ‘est’ adjective adjective
e.g. honest
more honest most honest
Some adjectives are irregular, and
you need to learn their comparative
and superlative degrees.
good better best
bad worse worst
many more most
Adverbs
Adverbs give us more information about verbs (they say how something is done) and
more information about adjectives and other adverbs.
They are usually formed by adding ‘ly’ to the end of the adjective, although there are
important exceptions you must look out for.
Types of adverb
There are five types of adverb, and they are always placed in the sentence in this
order:
Adverbs of time
These adverbs tell us when something happens: today, yesterday, later, now.
Adverbs of manner
These adverbs tell us how something is done: slowly.

UNIT 1
Adverbs of place
These adverbs tell us where something happens: inside, outside.
Adverbs of frequency
These adverbs tell how often something happens: always, usually, often, sometimes,
seldom, rarely, never.
Adverbs of reason
These adverbs tell us why something happens: because.
Prepositions
Prepositions show the relationship between two nouns or pronouns.

Common prepositions include: above, across, at, below, behind, by, from, for, in,
near, through, over, under and with.
Some prepositions consist of more than one word. These compound prepositions need
to be learned.
up to according to as of in place of because of out of

next to in reference to out of by way of on account of in spite of
prior to with respect to instead of in front of ahead of apart from
Verbs
A verb tells us what action is being performed (or was performed or will be performed)
by the noun or pronoun.
Verbs also say what state the noun or pronoun is (or was or will be) in
Thabo is happy.
He was unhappy.
He will be unhappy when he gets his report.

UNIT 1
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Transitive verbs
Transitive verbs are verbs that have an object.
Example: The cows ate the grass. (Ate is the verb, the grass is the object.)
Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbs do not have an object
Example: The girl walked.
Finite and non-finite verbs

Verbs can be finite or non-finite.
Finite verbs
Finite verbs have a subject, have been conjugated to match that subject and have a
tense.
Example: The learner (singular subject) leaves (third person singular conjugation,
present tense) for school late every day.
Non-finite verbs
Non-finite verbs have no subject and have no tense. There are two types of non-finite
verbs.
1. The participle is formed by adding –ing to the verb
Examples: climbing the mountain; walking the dog
2. The infinitive or base form of the verb (often has to in front of it)
Examples: to cry, to laugh
Auxiliary verbs
An auxiliary verb (or helping verb) is a verb that works with a non-finite verb to form
a finite verb. Important auxiliary verbs are: be, can, do, must, may, have.

UNIT 1
Verb tenses
The tense of the verb indicates when the action took place (past tense), is taking place
(present tense) or will take place (future tense).
The present tenses

Present continuous Simple present
Use - for talking about temporary situations - for talking about:
- for talking about something that is - habits
happening at the moment of speaking - things that are generally true
- for talking about permanent situations
Form be + present participle (The present participle the ‘usual form’ of the verb
has the form verb+ing.)
Example They are learning. The sun rises.
The past tenses

The past participle is used to form the past tense. We form the past participle of most
verbs by adding ‘ed’ to the end of it.
Example: climb – climbed
Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You should learn these.
For example:
Go – went
Come – came
Past continuous Simple past

Use for talking about something that was for talking about actions or situations in the
happening at a past time but had not finished past
at that time
Form was + present participle Verb + ‘ed’ or irregular verb
were verb + present participle
Example They were climbing the fence earlier. I wanted to win the prize.
She ate all the crisps.

UNIT 1
The future tenses

Future will Future going to
Use - for talking about what we think or believe - for talking about something in the future
will happen in the future. which we can see as a result of
something in the present.
We use ‘will’ when we decide to do something - for talking about what we intend to do in
at the moment of speaking. the future. The decision has been made.
Form will + verb am going to + verb

are going to + verb
is going to + verb
Example They will win the prize. He is going to climb Mount Everest.
The perfect tenses

A tense is a perfect tense when the action is over and complete. Compare this to the
continuous tenses above. The continuous tenses show that the action is still
continuing.
Present perfect Present perfect continuous

Use - for action started in the past and - for action that may be finished or not
continues to the present. The action is finished.
finished. - for situations that are more temporary
- for talking about what has been achieved - for talking about how long something has
in a period of time. been happening
- for situations that are more permanent
Form have + verb + ‘ed’ have been + present participle
has + verb + ‘ed’ has been + present participle
Example They have talked about this already. She has been studying very hard.

UNIT 1
Past perfect Past perfect continuous

Use for talking about an event (B) that happened for talking about an event (B) that started
before another event in the past (A) before another event in the past (A) and has
been happening up to the point we are talking
about (A)
Form had + verb + ‘ed’ or irregular verb had + been + present participle
Example When she arrived (A), I had already gone to The wind had been blowing for an hour (B)
school (B). when it started to rain (A).
Future perfect
Use for talking about an event (A) that will be completed by a certain time in the future
Form will + have + verb + ‘ed’ or irregular verb
Example I will have read the book dinner by tonight.
Concord
Concord occurs when the number of the subject agrees with the number of the verb.
1. Single subjects (for example: I, you, he, she, it, the learner, Mrs Maki) take
verbs in their singular form
Examples:
I learn. (first person singular)
You learn at school. (second person singular)
Mary sings. (third person singular)
2. Plural subjects (for example: we, you [plural], they, the dogs) take verbs in
their plural form
Example:
We run in the rain. (first person plural)
You walk in the rain. (second person plural)
The dogs bark in the rain. (third person plural)
3. If the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns
connected by and you must use a verb in its plural form.
Example: Jack and Thabo walk to school every morning.

UNIT 1
4. If two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or , use a verb in

its singular form.
Example: Jack or Thabo must write on the board.
5. When collective nouns are the subject of the sentence they take a singular
verb. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person or thing
(herd, flock, crowd) but are considered singular and take a singular verb.
6. When the words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody,
anybody, anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are used they
require verbs in their singular form.
7. When sentences begin with there is or there are, the subject follows the verb.
Because there is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows.
Modals
Modals are verbs that contain the speaker or writer’s subjective view within their
meaning.
Example:
Thato is a teacher. (Certainty is created by the simple present tense.)
Thato may be a teacher. (Doubt is created by the modal. He may or not be a teacher.)
Purpose of modal Strength moves from

least certainty, to most certainty,
possibility, probability possibility, probability
To make a statement could be/might be may must
To instruct someone could might must

to do something
To predict something could/might may/should will
To give advice might/could had better must

UNIT 1
Active and Passive voice
The voice of the verb tells us whether the subject is doing the action (active voice) or
whether the subject has the action done on or to it (passive voice).
For example:
Active voice: Enoch Sontonga wrote the hymn.
Passive voice: The hymn was written by Enoch Sontonga.
The passive voice can be in any of the tenses that we have discussed.
Agentless passive
The agentless passive occurs when the agent, or who did the action is not stated.
Examples: I have been let down. (By whom?) It has been decided. (By whom?) The
fridge door was left open. (By whom?)
The agentless passive is often used in scientific writing, persuasive writing and to
avoid responsibility.
Examples:
The experiment was performed on the plants. (Notice that there is no-one who is seen
to have actually performed the experiment.)
The window was broken. (Nobody is identified so nobody can be held responsible.)
Logical connectors
Logical connectors are used to join or connect two ideas that have a relationship to
each other. These relationships can be time, cause, and reason and purpose.
Logical connectors that signal time

Conjunctions Prepositions Adverbs
until, after, before, when, while, during, after, before, since, until, then, next, after that, following
since, once, whenever, as soon as, upon that, before that, afterwards,
as long as, by the time meanwhile, beforehand

UNIT 1
Logical connectors that signal cause, reason and purpose

Conjunctions Prepositions Adverbs
because, as, since, now that, as due to, in order to, because of therefore
long as, such that, in order that
Abbreviations and acronyms and texting symbols
Abbreviations
Abbreviations are the short forms of words that we use in writing.
Rule: If the abbreviation ends on the same letter as the last letter of the original word,
do not add a full stop.
Examples: Doctor becomes Dr but March becomes Mar.
Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from the first letters or syllables of words that make up a
longer name.
For example:
SADTU – South African Democratic Teachers’ Union
UN – United Nations
WHO – World Health Organisation
Vocabulary: research meaning of words in reading –

dictionary
Dictionaries provide a great deal of information about words and how they should be
used and spelled.
The common features of dictionaries are:

UNIT 1
(Extracct from The Ch

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Language 94
UNIT 2
Phrases, clauses and sentences
Phrases
A phrase is a group of words that must be part of a sentence. You cannot leave a
phrase on its own. Phrases in a sentence work as a part of speech. They work as verbs,
adjectives, prepositions, adverbs and nouns.
Verb phrase
This phrase does the work of a verb.
Example: This afternoon I will be reading for the test tomorrow.
Adjectival phrase
This phrase gives more information about a noun.
Example: The man with the big white hat knocked at the door.
Prepositional phrase
This phrase connects nouns and pronouns (and noun phrases) to other nouns,
pronouns and noun phrases.
Example: This afternoon I will be studying for the test tomorrow.
Adverbial phrase
This phrase gives more information about a verb.
Example: Thabo will run with pride at the race on Saturday. (three phrases)
Clauses
A clause is phrase that contains a finite verb.
Independent clauses can stand alone as a simple sentence.

Example: The pen fell on the floor.
Dependent clauses must be joined to an independent clause so that they can

make sense.
Examples: when they left; because he wanted to

UNIT 2
Types of dependent clauses

1. Noun clauses perform the same function as nouns.
Example: What the young girl did saddened her parents.
2. Adverbial clauses answer:
o Why?
Example: She failed because she did not study.
o When?
Example: He began to train as soon as he bought running shoes.
o Where?
Example: He began to run where he found open spaces.
o For what purpose?
Example: He started to train so that he could win his race.
o With what consequence?
Example: He ran so fast that nobody could keep up with him.
o Under what conditions?
Example: He cannot win unless he trains every day.
3. Adjectival clauses give us more information about a noun. Adjectival clauses
are also called relative clauses. There are two types of adjectival clause:
o defining adjectival clauses give us more information about the noun so
that we can understand better
Example: The learner who lives in the squatter camp works very
hard.
o Non-defining adjectival clauses give us more information, but this
information is not important to our understanding
Example: Learners, who come to school using different types of
transport, arrive late every day.
Sentence types
A simple sentence is a group of words that contains a finite verb and makes sense.
Examples: She fed the dog. They will all leave their homes at the same time.

UNIT 2
Statements
Statements end with a full stop and state a fact or opinion or make an arrangement.
Examples: It is cold.
Questions
Questions end with a question mark and are intended to find out information.
Example: Why is the sky blue?
Commands
Commands end with an exclamation mark and are an order to do something.
Example: Come here!
Exclamations
Exclamations are expressions of surprise or a loud cry.
Example: Ow!
Compound and complex sentences
Compound sentences
Compound sentences are made up by joining two sentences with a conjunction.
Example:
She read. She ate.
She read and ate.
Complex sentences
Complex sentences are made up using an independent and a dependent clause.
Examples: We could not study because the noise was too loud.
The subject, object and predicate of a sentence

A sentence can be divided up according to what function each part plays in the
sentence.
Subject
The subject of the sentence is who or what does the action.
Example: The girl hit the ball.

UNIT 2
To find the subject of a sentence ask: who or what did the verb?
Answer: The girl
Predicate
The predicate of a sentence is the verb and object together. If there is no object then
the predicate is simply the verb.
Examples: The boy climbed the fence.
Subject = The boy
Predicate = climbed the fence
Thabo laughed.
Subject = Thabo
Predicate = laughed.
Object
The object of the sentence is to whom or to what the action is being done.
Example: The boy climbed the fence.
To find the object of a sentence ask: subject verb did whom or what?
The boy climbed whom or what?
Answer: the fence.

UNIT 2
There are two types of object:

1. The direct object is used when the action of the verb affects the person or
thing.
Example: The girl wrote her notes.
Subject = The girl
Did the action of the verb affect an object? Yes, the notes were written.
Direct object = her notes
2. The indirect object is the person for whom or the thing for which the action of
the verb and its object is done.
Example: The boy gave his friend some money.
Subject = The boy
Did the action of the verb affect an object? Yes, the money was given.
Direct object: some money
Was there a person for whom or thing for which the action of the verb
and its object were done? Yes, his friend.
Indirect object: his friend

UNIT 3
Punctuation
In spoken language we have no punctuation. We listen for pauses to know when

something ends, and can hear by the speaker’s voice that he or she is asking a
question. In writing we need punctuation to make the writing easier to read and
understand.
Punctuation at the end of sentences
Full stop
The full stop is used to indicate the end of a statement or to show that a word has
been abbreviated.
Question mark
A question mark indicates that the sentence is a direct question.
Exclamation mark
The exclamation mark is used to show a sharp cry, a loud statement or an emotional
outburst.
Ellipsis
Ellipsis is used to show an incomplete thought or idea.
Example: She walked into the square, thinking that …
Quotation marks or inverted commas

Quotation marks are used to show the exact words that were used by a speaker or
writer.
They are also used to show the title of a poem or short story.

UNIT 3
Punctuation within sentences
Comma
The comma is used to separate words or phrases in a list.
The comma is used in direct speech to show that a speech is about to start.
Ellipsis
Ellipsis can also be used to show that words have been left out of a quotation in a
sentence.
Dashes
Dashes are used to bracket words or phrases from the rest of the sentence.
Example: He ran – no matter the weather – every night.
Dashes can also be used to show that there has been a change of idea or thought.
Example: She left – does it really matter?
Colons
Colons are used to show that a list is starting.
Example: She had bought: books, pencils, pens and a ruler.
Colons are used in plays to show who is speaking.
Parenthesis
Parenthesis is used to separate words, phrases or clauses from the rest of the sentence
that are not needed to make the sentence grammatically correct. Brackets, commas
and dashes can be used for parenthesis.
Example: The learners asked that the principal (Mr Jacobs) to talk to them.

UNIT 3
Punctuation within words
Apostrophe
The apostrophe is used to show that letters have been left out of a word.
The apostrophe is also used to show possession when used with ‘s’.
Examples: The book of Thabo = Thabo’s book
The books of the girls = the girls’ books (Notice that when the word ends in an
‘s’ you don’t need to add the ‘s’.)
Hyphens
Hyphens are found inside words and are used to form compound words.
Example: father-in-law
Bold print and italics

Bold type is most used to highlight important information.
Italics are used to show a book, play or film title.
They can also be used to show that a word is not an English word.
When we are writing direct speech italics can be used to show the way in which the
speaker said something. The italics emphasise the word.
When we write, we underline words that would be in bold or in italics.

UNIT 4
Direct and indirect speech
Direct speech
We use direct speech to record the exact words spoken by someone.
Follow these rules

1. Use quotation marks to indicate actual words.
2. Put the punctuation mark inside the quotation marks.
3. If the speech is introduced with words like said, asked, etc., put a
comma after the word.
4. Start the speaker’s words with a capital letter.
Indirect speech
We use indirect speech to report what someone said.
Follow these rules

1. Remove the quotation marks.
2. Insert ‘that’ before the original words that were spoken.
3. Change the personal pronouns to third person pronouns.
4. Change the tense so that it is one tense back in time.
5. Change questions to statements. Use words like asked, queried, etc. to show
that it was a question in the original. Change exclamations to statements.
6. Change demonstrative adjectives (this, these) and possessive adjectives (my,
your) one step further away.
This becomes that; these becomes those; my becomes his or her

UNIT 4
7. Change adverbs of time and place correctly. Indirect speech is always one step
away from the direct speech. For example, today becomes that day.
8.
Direct speech Indirect speech
today that day
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next day
this week/month/year that week/month/year
next week/month/year the following week/month/year
last week/month/year the previous week/month/year
here there


UNIT 5
More about language
Figurative language
Figurative language is language that is used in a creative, non-factual way. Figurative

language is used in literary texts and advertising. It creates images in our minds that
makes the text more interesting and vivid. Political persuasive writing also uses
figurative language to achieve its goal. (See Section 2 Reading and viewing for more
on figures of speech.)
Idioms and proverbs
Idioms
Idioms are distinct expressions that are peculiar to a language and whose meaning
may not be easily understood simply by looking at the words that make it up. In
English, for example, the following idiomatic expressions mean ‘to die’: to kick the
bucket, to go to a better place, to go to the other side, to pass on.
Proverbs
Proverbs are short sayings that aim to teach a life lesson. They are specific to a
language and are often misunderstood because they cannot be taken literally.
Register
Register is the form of language used in specific contexts and situations. Register runs
on a scale from low register to high register.
Register in a text can be identified by the choice of words – the more complex the
words, the higher the register – and the length of sentences – the more complex the
sentence structure, the higher the register.

UNIT 5
Jargon
Jargon is the use of terms and language specific to an occupation, hobby or sport.
Between members of the same group these words are called terminology. But, to an
outsider who is excluded because she or he does not understand, the words are called
jargon.
Examples: curriculum, assessment – educational terminology to a teacher but jargon
to a person not in the education sector
Slang
Slang is made up of words and phrases that are used in informal speech. It is often
specific to particular social groups and will not be easily understood by people from
outside the group.
Slang is often used in computer texts like SMSs and Tweets.
Colloquial language
Colloquial language is informal language and includes expressions and words that
are not acceptable in formal speech and writing.
Example: I’m gonna go to the shop.
Colloquial language is different to slang because colloquial expressions are often
used by many speakers of a language whereas slang is limited to specific social
groups.

UNIT 6
How are language structures and conventions are assessed?
Language is assessed in use. This means that you must understand how to use the
language, but you will not be asked to define terms or explain a language term.
Tasks
final exam.
Term 1 – Task 4: Test 1Reading / viewing Comprehension, summary and integrated
language study
Term 2 – Task 7: Formal researched speech
Term 3 – Task 10: Task 10: Test 2 Comprehension, summary and integrated language
study
The final exam
Language in context 2 hours

A: Comprehension (30)
(A range of texts can be used including visual and or graphic texts)
B: Summary: (10)
(Length of the text: 60 – 70 words)
C: Language
Language structures (words and sentences) should be assessed in context using a
variety of texts.
Critical language awareness.

SECTION 5
Exam papers
Paper 1 Language in Context 2 Hours
SECTION A: COMPREHENSION
QUESTION 1
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Under a pine tree in Braamfontein Cemetery a group of children from the Sparrow
School sings Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika, livening it up with their hip-hop moves. Adult
choir members deliver a more formal gospel version of the song as part of a gathering
organised by the Johannesburg City Parks to mark the death of Enoch Sontonga, the
man who wrote the first verse, chorus and tune of the song which means, 'God
bless Africa'.
The song was written in 1897 when Sontonga was a teacher and choir master at a
school in Nancefield, Soweto. The song gained popularity and in 1912, ANC members
sang it after their first conference. In 1923 the writer and ANC co-founder, Sol Plaatjie,
recorded the song accompanied by pianist Sylvia Colenso. Later, poet Samuel Mqhayi
added seven stanzas in Xhosa and the song was included in the Xhosa hymn book.
The song was also included in various anthologies of poetry.
Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika became the national anthem of several southern African
countries. In our country it became a song of comfort and of defiance against the
apartheid government. In 1994 it was combined with Die Stem, written by CJ
Langenhoven, to form South Africa’s new anthem.
As guests prepared to lay wreaths in Sontonga’s honour, the chairman of the Cultural
Committee, Oscar Oliphant, asked the teenagers from the Sparrow School to sing the
original song composed by Sontonga. They were taken by surprise but gave a lively
performance. Later when the national anthem was played, the teenagers could be
seen mouthing the words and adding their hip-hop moves.

SECTION 5
Exam papers
Before laying a wreath for Sontonga, Culture Minister Pallo Jordan said: 'There is no
way that Sontonga could have dreamt of the massive impact that his song would have
on this country.' He said that an exercise book containing other works by Sontonga
disappeared during the forced removals in Sophiatown. 'Enoch Sontonga probably
wrote many other songs but this is the only one we managed to preserve.' He asked
composers, writers, artists and their families to send copies of their works to the
national archive* for safe keeping. 'You never know what is going to be important one
day,' he said.
[Adapted from Southern Heritage, July 2005]
Glossary:
* archive – a place where public records and important state documents are kept.
QUESTIONS
1.1 Explain in your OWN WORDS why people met at the Braamfontein Cemetery
(paragraph 1). (2)
1.2 Explain how the children’s version of Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika differed from the one
sung by the adult choir (paragraph 1). (2)
1.3 What does the abbreviation ‘ANC’ stand for? (1)
1.4 Explain the meaning of ‘…the song gained popularity…’ (2)
1.5 Name TWO things that Sol Plaatjie will be remembered for (paragraph 2). (2)
1.6 Quote a word from paragraph 2 that means the same as:
1.6.1 Religious song (1)
1.6.2 Books of verse (1)
1.7 Explain why the song Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika comforted people during the apartheid
years. (2)
1.8 Read the following statement and answer the questions:
Enoch Sontonga wrote the national anthem of the new South Africa.
1.8.1 Is the statement TRUE or FALSE? (1)
1.8.2 Give a reason using information from the passage to support your answer. (1)


SECTION 5
Exam papers

1.9 In each case say if the statement is a FACT or an OPINION and give a reason for
your answer:
1.9.1 Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika is the national anthem of several southern African
countries. (2)
1.9.2 Everyone knows that Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika was sung as a song of defiance
during the apartheid years. (2)

1.10 Complete the passage below by filling in the correct form of the word in brackets.
In paragraph 4 Mr Oliphant is referred to as the chairman of the Cultural
Committee. The writer should rather have used the word (1.10.1 chair) because
the words chairman and (1.10.2 chair) are regarded as sexist terms. (2)
1.11 Why are the words ‘Die Stem’ written in italics in paragraph 3? (1)
1.12 Read the following statement and answer the questions:
Learners from the Sparrow School knew that they would be asked to sing the
original
Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika (paragraph 4).
1.12.1 Is the statement TRUE or FALSE? (1)
1.12.2 Quote a phrase of not more than three words from paragraph 4 to support
your answer. (1)
1.13 Refer to line 24. Do you agree with Minister Pallo Jordan that Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika
has had a ‘massive impact’ on South Africa? Give a good reason for your
answer. (2)
1.14 Quote ONE word from paragraph 5 that means the opposite of destroy. (1)
1.15 Explain why the Minister of Culture wants the work of composers, authors and
artists to be kept in the national archive. (2)
1.16 Give the passage a suitable title that summarises what the passage is about. (1)
TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION 5
Exam papers
SECTION B: SUMMARY WRITING

QUESTION 2
There is a lot to do and see in South Africa but very few people make the best of these
opportunities.
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

• Read the article, ‘Experience South Africa’.
• Choose any SEVEN things FROM THE PASSAGE that you wish to do one day.
• In point form, summarise the SEVEN things you would like to do.
• Write each point as a full sentence.
• Your whole summary should not be more than 50 words.
EXPERIENCE SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa offers something for every taste.
The view from the top of Table Mountain is simply stunning. Whether you take a ride
in the cable car or climb to the top, the view of the sea and Cape Town is an
experience not to be missed. Another Cape experience is going on a boat trip to see
the whales as they lazily play about in the Atlantic Ocean.
South Africa is known for its outstanding national wildlife parks, the largest of which
is the Kruger National Park. You could go on a game drive or on a guided hiking tour
where a game ranger takes visitors to see the animal and bird life on foot.
In August and September thousands of visitors flock to Namaqualand to view the

carpets of spring flowers that stretch out as far as the eye can see. Be sure to book in
time as accommodation can be a problem. City dwellers may enjoy a farm holiday
where they can get away from it all. These holiday farms offer comfortable
accommodation, excellent meals and the opportunity to experience farm life first
hand.
You cannot go to Gauteng without visiting the Apartheid Museum where you can learn
about the struggle and the many heroes of the time. We need to know our history to
make sure that we do not repeat it. While you are in the area you could spice up your
holiday with a ride on the roller-coaster at Gold Reef City, one of the largest
entertainment playgrounds in the country.

SECTION 5
Exam papers
For those who do not live in a coastal area, the sea and the sunny beaches will always
remain a special holiday destination. Whether you go swimming, surfing, fishing or
simply lie and soak up the sun, a seaside holiday is always a treat.
[Adapted from an article by Jennifer Stern in Travel, 22 April 2006]
TOTAL SECTION B: 10


SECTION 5
Exam papers
SECTION C: LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT

QUESTION 3: VISUAL LITERACY
ANALYSING A CARTOON
Study the following cartoon and answer the questions that follow.
DENNIS THE MENACE by Hank Ketcham

[Adapted from Sunday Times, 14 May 2006]
NOTE: Dennis – name of male character; Margaret – name of female character

SECTION 5
Exam papers
QUESTIONS
3.1 Who is the leading, more dominant figure in the cartoon?
3.1.1 Prove your answer by referring to what is SAID. (2)
3.1.2 Prove your answer by referring to what you SEE in the pictures. (2)
3.2 How does Dennis’s mood change from frame 1 to frame 3? (2)
3.3 Explain why the word 'UNIVERSITY' (frame 4) is printed in bold letters. (1)
3.4 Dennis uses informal language in frames 5 and 7.
Quote ONE example of informal language used in the cartoon. (1)
3.5 Quote a word from the cartoon that means the same as tight or small. (1)
3.6 Rewrite Margaret’s words in frame 6 starting with the words given:
She said that… (2)
3.7 Rewrite 'No big deal!' (frame 7) in more formal language. (2)
[13]
QUESTION 4: USING LANGUAGE CORRECTLY

Read the text and answer the questions based on it.
SURVIVAL IS BUT AN INSECT AWAY

You may think that insects are all legs and very little else, but they are not. Just look
at how quickly baby birds grow from eating insects. Insects are a very rich source of
fat and protein.
If you need to survive in the veld, flying ants can be trapped by placing a close tangle
of twigs over the hole that the ants are emerging from. Place a bowl under the tangle
but do not close the opening that the termites are coming out of. As the flying ants
crawl through the twigs, they lose their wings and fall into the bowl. Gently roast the
flying ants over the fire or eat them fresh from the ground. You will be amazed at how
delicious they are. Flying ants are so rich in fat that they leave a fatty deposit against
the roof of your mouth when you eat them.
[Adapted from Outlook, 28 May 2006]

SECTION 5
Exam papers
QUESTIONS
4.1 Choose the most likely answer from the list below.
The extract has been taken from…
A a magazine.
B a high school textbook.
C an encyclopaedia.
D a report. (2)
4.2 Considering the heading, what do you think the author’s aim was when writing
the text? (3)
4.3 Complete the following sentences by adding the missing question tags:
For example: All insects have legs, don’t they?
4.3.1 Insects are not just all legs, ... ...? (1)
4.3.2 An insect is not just all legs, ... ...? (1)
4.4 Combine the following sentences using the word 'and':
Insects are very rich in fat.
Insects are very rich in protein. (2)
4.5 Rewrite the sentence below, starting with the words given.
Do not change the meaning of the sentence.
You can eat flying ants straight from the ground.
Flying ants can …. (2)
4.6 Complete the following passage by:
• Giving the correct form of the word;
• Filling in the missing word; or
• By choosing the correct word from those given.
Give only the number and the correct answer.
When I realised how (4.6.1 taste) flying ants were, I (4.6.2 not) mind spending a
(4.6.3 hole/whole) day trying to catch (4.6.4 this/these) tiny insects. At least I
knew I (4.6.5 can/could) treat my family to a good meal (4.6.6 ...) the end of
the day. (6)
[17]


SECTION 5
Exam papers
QUESTION 5: DICTIONARY AND LANGUAGE SKILLS

Study the following dictionary entry concerning the word ‘deposit’ which is used in
the previous passage, and answer the questions that follow.
deposit / n / 1 first payment you make when you agree to buy something
expensive such as a house or a car: We’ve put down a deposit on a new house.
2 a layer of metal that has formed in soil or rock: There are rich gold deposits on
the reef. 3 a layer of a substance that forms inside or on something: Layers of fat
can be deposited in the arteries.
deposit / v / 1 to put or to leave something somewhere: They deposited their
suitcases at the hotel. 2 to pay money into a bank account: He deposited money
in his account. 3 to lay down or to layer: These sediments were deposited by
floods.
[Adapted from Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners]
QUESTIONS
5.1 Read the sentence below and answer QUESTIONS 5.1.1 to 5.1.2.
Flying ants are so rich in fat that they leave a fatty deposit against the roof of
your mouth when you eat them.
5.1.1 Is the underlined word used as a noun or as a verb? (2)
5.1.2 Quote the dictionary definition that gives the correct meaning of the word
'deposit' as it is used in the sentence above. (2)
5.2 Explain why the word 'deposit' has been printed in bold letters in the dictionary
entry above. (2)
5.3 What is the function of the sentences that have been printed in italics in the
dictionary entry? (2)

SECTION 5
Exam papers
5.4 Explain why the words 'Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners'
have been printed in italics. (2)
[10]
TOTAL SECTION C: 40
GRAND TOTAL: 80
[Adapted from ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE P1 NOVEMBER 2006,

Department of Education]

SECTION 5
Exam papers
Paper 3 Writing 2 Hours
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Start each section on a NEW page.
2. Write neatly and legibly.
3. Pay attention to spelling, sentence construction and language.
4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
CHOICE OF ANSWERS
1. This question paper consists of THREE sections, namely SECTION A, SECTION B
and SECTION C.
SECTION A: Creative writing (50 marks)
SECTION B: Longer transactional writing (30 marks)
SECTION C: Shorter pieces (20 marks)
2. You are required to answer ONE question from EACH section.
3. There must be evidence that you have planned, proof-read and edited your work.

SECTION 5
Exam papers
SECTION A: CREATIVE WRITING
QUESTION 1
Write an essay of 150–200 words (approximately 1 to 1½ pages) on ONE of the following

topics. Number your essay correctly and give it a title.
There must be evidence that you have planned, proof-read and edited your work.

1.1 Me in 10 years’ time.
1.2 Write an essay in which the following words appear:
I walked out of the room, knowing I could never come back.
1.3 Teenage pregnancy seems to be happening more and more. Do you think your
school is doing enough to support pregnant mothers? Discuss.
1.4 Write a story called: It is hard to forget.
1.5 Write an essay on a topic that comes to mind when you look at one of the
pictures below. Give your essay a title.
1.5.1

SECTION 5
Exam papers
1.5.2
TOTAL SECTION A: 50 MARKS
SECTION B: LONGER TRANSACTIONAL WRITING
QUESTION 2
Choose ONE of the following topics.

The body of your response should be between 120–150 words (approximately 15–20 lines).
2.1 FRIENDLY LETTER

You recently won your school’s essay writing competition. Your aunt who is a
famous journalist sent you a lovely book to congratulate you. Write a letter
thanking her for the gift.

SECTION 5
Exam papers
2.2 BUSINESS LETTER

Your Community Club wants to help the orphans at the local orphanage by
painting their dining room which is looking old and dirty. Write a letter to a
local business asking them for a donation.
TOTAL SECTION B: 30 MARKS

SECTION C: SHORTER PIECES
QUESTION 3
Choose ONE of the following topics.

The body of your response should be between 50–70 words (approximately 8–10 lines).
3.1 POSTER
Design a poster to encourage people to save electricity.
Note: No illustrations are required. Write only the text for the poster.
3.2 DIARY ENTRY

You are away on a Winter Writer’s School and are keeping a diary.
Write the diary entries of the first three days.
3.3 DIRECTIONS
Your teacher is concerned about your progress, and wants to come to your
house to talk to your parents.
Write him careful directions from your school to your house.
TOTAL SECTION C: 20 MARKS

SECTION 6
Answers to exam papers
Paper 1 Language in Context
[Adapted from ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE P1 NOVEMBER 2006,

Department of Education]
SECTION A: COMPREHENSION
QUESTION 1 (No language penalty unless learners must quote directly)
1.1 The Johannesburg City Parks organized a function to commemorate the death of
Enoch Sontonga. (Or words to this effect.) (NOT: “to mark the death”) (2)
1.2 The children sang in a lively way whereas the adults sang the formal version. /
The children sang in hip hop style but the adults sang the hymn. (Or words to this
effect.) (Must be a comparison.) (Award 0 or 2) (2)
1.3 African National Congress (1)
1.4 More and more people starting singing the song. /It became more popular.
(Award 0 or 2) (2)
1.5 He was a writer. He was co-founder of the ANC. He recorded Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika.
(Any TWO answers 1 +1) (2)
1.6
1.6.1 hymn (1)
1.6.2 anthologies (Must be plural form) (1)
1.7 Learners’ own responses are required and a variety of answers can be expected.
Marker discretion is advised. Marks are awarded for the ability to argue a point.
Example: They felt comforted knowing that God would hear them and that they
could look forward to the time they would be free. (2)
1.8
1.8.1 False (1)
1.8.2 He wrote only the first verse, chorus and tune. (Learners can quote.)/ The
national anthem is a combination of Die Stem and Nkosi Sikelel’ I Afrika. (1)
1.9.1 Fact (1) It can be proved. (1) (Or words to this effect.) (2)
1.9.2 Opinion (1) It is unlikely that “everyone” knows. (1) (Or words to this effect.) (2)

SECTION 6
1.10.1 Chairperson (1)

1.10.2 Chairlady (1)
1.11 It is the title of the song. (1)
1.12.1 False (1)
1.12.2 “taken by surprise” (Learners should use quotation marks but do not penalise
if they get the answer correct.) (1)
1.13 Learners’ own responses are required and a variety of answers can be expected.
Marker discretion is advised. Marks are awarded for the ability to argue a point.
NB: It must be clear that learners understand the meaning of “massive impact”.
Example: Yes, any song that becomes a national anthem has a big influence on
people. (2)
1.14 “preserve” (Do not penalise if learners have not used quotation marks.) (1)
1.15 He wants the works to be kept safe to preserve them for future
generations./Some of the works may become well-known like Nkosi Sikelel’
iAfrika. (Or words to this effect.) (2)
1.16 A variety of answers can be expected. The answer should be a summary of the
content of the text. Examples: Sontonga Honoured / Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika (1)

SECTION 6
Criteria for marking TRUE/FALSE questions

1 If True or False is correct and there is a quote/substantiation, but it is wrong –
candidate gets 1 mark.
2 If True or False is incorrect – NO mark irrespective of correct
quote/substantiation.
3 If True or False is correct and quote/substantiation is correct – 2 marks.
4 If candidates are asked to quote, words must be quoted from the passage and not
contextualised. If True or False is correct but contextualisation is given –
candidate gets 1 mark.
5 If only True or False and no quotation/substantiation – no marks.
6 If Yes or No instead of True or False – no marks.
7 If T or F instead of True or False – AWARD MARKS
8 Words contained in the quotation MUST be spelt 100% correctly.
9 If only the quotation/substantiation is given without True/False – NO MARKS.
TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION 6
SECTION B: SUMMARY WRITING

QUESTION 2
Points to look for: (ANY 7)
1 Table Mountain
2 Seeing the whales
3 National Wildlife Parks
4 Namakwaland flowers
5 Farm holiday
6 Apartheid Museum
7 Gold Reef City
8 Seaside/Costal holiday
Points must be given in full sentences. Points need not be written in the first person (I
would like to…)
Example:
Look for the meaning and not the exact words reflected in the alternatives given.
1. See the view from Table Mountain. /Take the cable car up Table Mountain. /
Climb Table Mountain. (1)
2. Go on a boat to see the whales. (1)
3. Visit a national wildlife park. / Visit the Kruger National Park. / Go on a game
drive in a national wildlife park. / Go on a hike in a national wildlife park. (1)
4. See the spring flowers in Namaqualand. (1)
5. Experience a farm holiday. (1)
6. Visit the Apartheid Museum. (1)
7. Go to Gold Reef City. / Go on a roller coaster at Gold Reef City. (1)
8. Go on a costal holiday. / Go to the seaside. / Go surfing/swimming/fishing at the
coast. / Go to the beach and soak up the sun. (1)

SECTION 6
MARKING INSTRUCTIONS
• Award 1 mark for each correct point given.
• Note that learners need NOT use their own words.
• Award 3 marks for language and cohesion, according to the grid below.
• Consider each incomplete sentence as a language error. (7)
Mark allocation Descriptors

3 Very good use of language with no more than 3 errors.
Good cohesion, logic and flow.
2 Fairly good use of language with no more than 5 errors.
Points mentioned in a sensible manner.
1 Poor language with more than 5 errors.
Points are disjointed or incorrect.
0 Unintelligible.
Total misinterpretation.
Not attempted.
PENALTIES
• NB! Count the number of words up to the maximum word limit of 50 and draw
a double slash (//). Do not award marks to points given after the word limit has
been reached.
• Each incomplete sentence must be treated as a language error.
• The mark awarded for language may not exceed the marks obtained for the
content.
• Deduct 1 mark from the total if the summary is written in paragraph form.
TOTAL SECTION B: 10

SECTION 6
SECTION C: LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT

QUESTION 3: VISUAL LITERACY (No language penalty)
3.1.1 Margaret. She speaks the most. / She talks down at Dennis. / She questions what
Dennis says. / She criticizes Dennis (Or words to this effect.) (2)
3.1.2 She walks in front of Dennis most of the time./She taps him on the shoulder in a
rather bossy way in frame 3./ She throws up her hands to stress her point in
frame 4. (Or words to this effect.) (2)
3.2 He is happy/confident in frame 1 but looks disappointed/miserable/unhappy in
frame 3. (Learners must make a comparison.) (2)
3.3 Getting to university is the final step and Margaret wants to stress this point. /
She says this word loudly to scare/belittle Dennis by showing him how far he
still has to go. (1)
3.4 “Man” / “thing” / “gonna” / “’till” (Any one) (Need not use quotation marks) (1)
3.5 “snug” (Need not use quotation marks) (1)
3.6 She said that his (1) little desk was (1) going to get awfully snug in a few years.
(Award marks for the two underlined words but deduct a mark from those
awarded if the word order is incorrect.) (2)
3.7 That is not important. / That does not worry me. (Or words to this effect.)
(Award 0 or 2) (2)
[13]

SECTION 6
QUESTION 4: USING LANGUAGE CORRECTLY

4.1 A / A magazine (2)
4.2 To give survival tips. / To inform people how to survive in the bush.
(Or words to this effect.) (2)
4.3.1 Insects are not all just legs, are they? (Comma, underlined words and question
mark must be correct.) (1)
4.3.2 An insect is not all just legs, is it? (Comma, underlined words and question
mark must be correct.) (1)
4.4 Insects are very rich in fat and protein. / Insects are very rich in both fat and
protein. (0 or 2) (2)
4.5 Flying ants can be eaten straight from the ground. (0 or 2) (2)
4.6 SPELLING MUST BE CORRECT
4.6.1 tasty (1)
4.6.2 didn’t (1)
4.6.3 whole (1)
4.6.4 these (1)
4.6.5 could (1)
4.6.6 at/by (1)
[16]

SECTION 6
QUESTION 5: DICTIONARY AND LANGUAGE SKILLS

5.1.1 noun (2)
5.1.2 “a layer of a substance that forms inside or on something.” (Learners need not
use quotation marks.) (2)
5.2 It is the head word. / so that it can be seen easily by the reader when using a
dictionary. (2)
5.3 They show how the words are used in a sentence. / To distinguish the
definitions from the examples. (2)
5.4 It is the name of a dictionary/book./ It is the title of a dictionary. (2)
[10]
TOTAL SECTION C: 40
Paper 3 Writing
Use the rubrics in Section 3, Unit 7 to assess your writing. You may wish to ask a
friend to do this for you for an objective response.

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A.L.

Englis h Fi rst Addi

Section 2 Reading and viewing ............................................................................ 22

Section 3 Writing and presenting ......................................................................... 46

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 2

Section 4 Language structures and conventions.................................................... 79

Section 5 Exam papers .......................................................................................108

Section 6 Answers to exam papers ...................................................................... 122

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 3

Introduction to English First Additional Language

PAPER 1 LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT

Section A: Comprehension (30 marks)

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 4

A: Essay – One essay (50 marks)

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 5

You will need to develop the skills to:

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 6

Listening to take notes

Some useful tips

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 7

These opportunities include:

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 8

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 9

Some useful tips

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 10

• Practise reading aloud so that you can:

The aim of an interview is to get specific information or an expression of a point of

Some useful tips

The interviewer may wish to take notes during the interview.

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 11

The aim of a panel discussion to is to share different opinions or information from a

A good panel member:

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 12

Giving directions and instructions

Some useful tips

Some useful tips

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 13

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 14

The debating teams

What is the procedure?

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 15

We often have to introduce someone to an audience. This could be the guest of

Some useful tips

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 16

You will also be assessed informally.

Reading: Prepared reading

Your teacher will assess you according to:

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 17

Speaking: Prepared speech

Your teacher will assess:

Your teacher will assess:

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 18

7. Look carefully at the following visual text and explain it to a friend.

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 19

8. Prepare and present a formal speech on one of these following topics:

9. Select a passage from a book or magazine or newspaper article and read it

10. Share a joke with a group of friends.

© Via Afrika ›› English First Additional Language 20

13. Give instructions to a learner in Grade 5 on how to cover a school textbook in