R E C I P R O C A T I N G E N G I N E S

Aviation

Spark Plugs/Oil Filters

Service
Manual
AV6-R

$3.00

Revised November 2004 Bringing Power To Flight® 1

 R E C I P R O C A T I N G E N G I N E S
Purpose Spark Plugs ................................................................................... 2-18
Product Features ............................................................................................. 3
This service manual presents recom- Design Features .............................................................................................. 3
mended service, handling and recondi- Spark Plug Type Designation System ............................................................... 4
tioning practices to assure economic, Typical Types of Electrode Construction .................................................. 4
satisfactory operation from Champion Operating Period ................................................................................... 4
Aerospace spark plugs and oil filters. Selection Criteria ............................................................................................. 5
Proper service and handling can help Reach .................................................................................................... 5
lengthen the time between replacement Heat Rating ............................................................................................ 5
Shielded Terminal Designs ...................................................................... 5
periods, while reducing unscheduled or Electrode Conditions .................................................................................... 6-9
emergency replacements. Electrode Wear Patterns ...................................................................... 6-7
Included are ways to analyze spark plug Carbon Fouling ...................................................................................... 8
performance through examples of Oil Fouling ............................................................................................. 8
adverse effects from certain engine Lead Fouling ....................................................................................... 8-9
operating conditions. You will also find Bridged Electrode Gaps ......................................................................... 9
Cracked Core Nose ................................................................................ 9
application information and spark plug Operating Data ............................................................................................ 10
type selection criteria, as well as useful Preignition ........................................................................................... 10
references to supplemental Champion Detonation .......................................................................................... 10
publications. Connector Well Flashover .................................................................... 10
Improper Gaskets ................................................................................. 10
FAA/PMA Approved Installation Procedures ............................................................................. 11-12
Preinstallation ....................................................................................... 11
Champion Aerospace products are manu- Outside Gaskets ................................................................................... 11
factured in accordance with standards Anti-Seize Compound ........................................................................... 11
established by the Federal Aviation Installation ...................................................................................... 11-12
Administration. Correct Socket Tools ............................................................................. 11
Spark Plug Connector Installation .................................................... 11-12
Dow Corning Compound Application .................................................. 12
Removal Procedures ................................................................................. 12-13
Shielded Terminal Connectors .............................................................. 12
Unshielded Terminal Connectors .......................................................... 12
Spark Plug Handling ............................................................................ 12
Reconditioning Service ............................................................................. 13-18
Preliminary Visual Inspection ................................................................ 13
Degreasing .......................................................................................... 13
Cleaning the Firing End .................................................................. 13-14
Model 2600A Vibrator/Cleaner ............................................................. 13
Model CT-475AV Cleaner/Tester ........................................................... 14
Cleaning the Barrel End ....................................................................... 14
Cleaning the Terminal Wall ................................................................... 14
Cleaning Connector Seats .................................................................... 15
Firing End Inspection ........................................................................... 15
Cleaning the Threads ........................................................................... 15
Gap-Setting Tools and Procedure ................................................................... 16
Model CT-482 Erosion Gauge ............................................................... 16
Model 2500A Gap-Setting Tool ............................................................. 16
Model CT-415 Gap-Setting Tool ............................................................ 17
Model CT-457 GAP-SETTING TOOL ....................................................... 17
Model CT-408 Gap-Setting Tool ............................................................ 17
Testing Tools and Procedures ........................................................................ 18
Model CT-475AV Cleaner/Tester ........................................................... 18
Tester Calibration ................................................................................. 18
Preservation and Storage .............................................................................. 18

Oil Filters .................................................................................... 19-26

Product Features ........................................................................................... 19
Aircraft Engine Oil Filters ............................................................................... 20
Benefits of Efficient Engine Oil Filtration ........................................................ 20
Oil Filter and Efficient Element Design ...................................................... 20-21
Champion Replacement Elements ................................................................. 20
Filter Media .......................................................................................... 21
Dirt-Holding Capability ......................................................................... 21
Resistance to Collapse .......................................................................... 21
Champion Full-Flow Spin-On Filters ............................................................... 21
Champion Aviation Engine Oil Filters ............................................................. 22
Lycoming Replacement Filters .............................................................. 22
Semi-Depth Type Filters ........................................................................ 23
Element Removal and Installation Procedures ................................................ 23
Housing Removal ................................................................................. 23
Cleaning and Lubrication ..................................................................... 23
Assembly ........................................................................................ 23-24
By-Pass Filter System ............................................................................. 24
Full-Flow Filter System .......................................................................... 25
Oil Filter Sludge Inspection ............................................................................ 25
Over Pressurized Lube Oil Filter ..................................................................... 26
Supplemental Information ............................................................................. 27

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 R E C I P R O C A T I N G E N G I N E S

Spark Plugs
Product Features

Plated threads prevent seizing. ➤

Silicon carbide resistor prevents wear from

➤
voltage drain for prolonged plug life.

Fired glass seal provides positive

retention of center wire and
prevents gas leakage. ➤

Copper core assures efficient heat transfer

➤
and maximum electrical conductivity.

➤ Aluminum oxide insulator has excellent

thermal properties to resist cracking.
Plated threads prevent seizing. ➤

Nickel alloy electrodes provide

➤ excellent resistance to spark and
heat erosion.
Design Features
Advanced-engineered Champion The # I Choice Worldwide - OEM for Choose lridium “S” spark plugs for
Aerospace spark plugs are designed for all U.S. Piston Engines high-performance engines.
the critical difference in performance, far Champion spark plugs are a product of Longer-lasting than platinum spark plugs,
beyond the ordinary. Champion spark Champion Aerospace’s commitment to Iridium “S” plugs resist lead attack better
plugs stand up to high temperatures, quality and advanced technology, a and provide better scavenging than
pressures and lead deposits, with a commitment that has made Champion standard platinum plug designs, resulting
performance second to none. When spark plugs the #I choice of engine in exceptional performance, even under
you’re up in the air, count on quality manufacturers, maintenance technicians the most demanding conditions.
Champion spark plugs. and pilots around the world.

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 S P A R K P L U G S

Spark Plug Type

Designation System

All Champion Aerospace spark plugs are Typical Spark Plug Number with Symbol Explanation
identified by type designations as
indicated on the following spark plug
number and symbol chart. The symbol is
composed of a rating position number,
together with prefix and suffix numbers to
indicate major plug design characteristics.
Typical Types of
R H B 37 E
Electrode Construction

Resistor Electrode Design

None — No Resistor None — Conventional Single
R — Mil Spec. E — Two Electrode Massive
Resistor — Erosion N — Four Electrode Massive
Two-Prong E Protection
Ground Electrodes S — Single Electrode (Iridium)
B — Twin Electrodes
R — Push-wire - 90' to Center
Y — Projected Core Nose

Fine Wire Barrel Style Heat Rating Position

None — Unshielded Low Number — Cold
E —Shielded 5/8" - 24 Thread High Number — Hot
H — Shielded 3/4" - 20 Thread
(All-weather Plug)

Mounting Thread Reach Hex Size

Projected Core Nose B - 18mm 13/16" (2.06cm) 7/8" (2.22cm)
M - 18mm 1/2" (I.27cm) 7/8" (2.22cm)
J - 14mm 3/8" (.095cm) 13/16" (2.06cm)
L - 14mm 1/2" (I.27cm) 13/16" (2.06cm)
U - 18mm 1-1/8" (2.85cm) 7/8" (2.22cm)
N - 14mm 3/4” (1.90cm) 13/16” (2.06cm)

Two-Prong B Tangent Operating Period Checking spark plug gaps and deposits at
to Center The useful operating life of a spark plug appropriate regular intervals is crucial to
varies greatly with operating conditions, preventing engine misfires. Since plug
engine models, ignition systems and deterioration can vary with operating
spark plug types. Scheduled service conditions, the operating period could
intervals should be established by the increase somewhat or be sharply
individual operator. reduced, depending on manufacturer
gap width recommendations, increased
It is normally recommended that spark
voltage needed to fire the gap or deterio-
plug gaps and deposit conditions be
ration of magneto components and
Single-Ground checked at 50-hour intervals. In addition,
ignition harness.
Electrode Automotive removal time specifications are usually
Gap Configuration available from the engine manufacturer
and may be supplemented by past expe-
rience with a particular engine model.
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 S P A R K P L U G S

Selection Criteria

Champion Aerospace spark plugs are manu- Heat Rating Shielded Terminal Designs
factured within all military and commercial
The heat rating of a spark plug is the Shielded terminal connections are used
standards established for aviation spark
measure of its ability to transfer heat re- on aviation spark plugs to prevent radio
plugs. All plug types are designed to meet
ceived from the combustion chamber to interference by the engine ignition system.
specific engine and aircraft requirements for
the cylinder and engine cooling system. The current industry standard is the all-
thread size, reach , heat rating, shielding
The correct heat rating for the engine weather 3/4"-20 spark plug, although
and terminal connectors.
design ensures that the plug operates some engine models are still equipped
The following Champion application
cool enough to prevent preignition but with 5/8"-24 spark plug connectors. We
catalog and charts display in red print
warm enough to resist accumulation of strongly recommend that these ignition
the recommended spark plugs by aircraft
conductive, plug-fouling deposits. harnesses be modified and updated dur-
and engine model for the most
Champion aviation spark plugs are ing engine overhaul to accept the im-
satisfactory service.
available in a wide range of heat ratings proved all-weather spark plug.
• Champion aviation catalog AV-12 to meet all engine and operational
requirements.
• Champion pocket size catalog AV-14
• Champion wall chart AV-33 A hot-type spark plug has a longer core The all-weather design uses an improved
nose and transfers heat more slowly than terminal seal with greater terminal well
Reach a cold-type plug. insulation that prevents entry of moisture.

The reach of a spark plug is the distance

from the shell gasket seat to the end of
the shell threads. A proper-reach plug
ensures that the electrodes are appropri-
ately positioned in the combustion cham-
ber to ignite the fuel-air mixture, based
on requirements of the cylinder head
design.

3/4"-20 All-weather Shielding Barrel

Hot Type with Connector
➤

Reach
➤

Shell threads are furnished in 14mm- and

18mm-diameter, long reach and short reach.
Thread Diameter Long Reach Short Reach
Cold Type 5/8"-24 Shielding Barrel
14mm 1/2" 3/8" with Connector
18mm 13/16" 1/2"

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 S P A R K P L U G S

Electrode
Conditions

Normal erosion of spark plug electrodes high temperatures in the combustion to determine if proper heat-rated plugs are
can be expected because of the constant chamber. However, excessive center elec- being used. Also check whether engine
blasting effect of the high-voltage current trode erosion is not normal, and should timing and operating procedures conform
jumping the gaps and corrosive gases and you observe such erosion, check carefully to manufacturer’s recommendations.
Electrode Wear Patterns
Fine Wire Electrode Massive Electrode

Normal Electrode Condition.

• Insulator tip gray, tan or light brown.
• Few combustion deposits.
• Electrodes not burned or eroded.
• Proper type and heat range plug for
engine and service.
• Spark plug should be cleaned,
regapped and tested before
reinstallation.

Normal Worn-Out Condition.

• Electrodes eroded by high-voltage
sparking and by corrosive gases
formed during combustion to less than
1
/2 original thickness.
• More voltage needed to fire spark
plugs - often more than ignition
system can produce.
• Replace with new Champion aviation
spark plugs.

Severe Worn-Out Condition.

• Excessively eroded center and ground
electrodes plus extensive necking of
fine wire ground electrodes indicate
abnormal engine power or plugs long
overdue for replacement.
• Check fuel metering and magneto
timing.
• Discard spark plugs and check heat
range before installing new ones.
• Replace with new Champion aviation
spark plugs in appropriate heat range.

Other conditions that cause excessive electrode erosion are constant magneto-polarity firing and capacitance after-firing.

Electrode Wear Patterns Spark Plug Fired Positive Spark Plug Fired Negative
Adverse Ground-Electrode Wear Adverse Center-Electrode Wear
Constant polarity occurs with even-num-
bered cylinder magnetos. One plug fires
with positive polarity, causing excessive
ground-electrode wear, while the next
plug fires negatively, causing excessive
center-electrode wear. Capacitance after-
firing wear is caused by the stored en-
ergy in the ignition-shielded lead unload-
ing after normal-timed ignition.
To equalize this wear, keep spark plugs in engine sets, placing them in trays identified by cylin-
der locations. After servicing the plugs, rotate as indicated in the following illustrations.

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 S P A R K P L U G S
Electrode Conditions

REM37BY Electrode Wear

Spark plug caddy layouts for four-, NOTE: Four cylinder engines equipped
While providing excellent protection
and six-cylinder opposed engines. Swap with single drive dual magneto fire with
against lead fouling, the projected core
the long-lead spark plugs with the constant polarity, therefore, it is not
nose design on the REM37BY lends itself
short-lead plugs, as shown, at each re- necessary to rotate plugs to maintain
to an unusual wear pattern. This wear
condition overhaul to equalize wear even electrode wear. You may wish to
condition shown below constitute
caused by constant polarity and high rotate top to bottom to minimize
criteria for spark plug replacement.
capacitance. deposit build up.

New REM37BY

Worn REM37BY

Compare typical wear patterns to

new REM37BY.
Center-electrode bottlenecking. Erosion
adjacent to the ground electrode is the result
of electrical erosion and chemical corrosion.
Replace with new Champion aviation spark
plugs.
Ground-electrode erosion. Ground
electrodes eroded to knife-edge pointed
condition. Replace with new Champion
aviation spark plugs.

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 S P A R K P L U G S

Electrode Conditions

An engine’s spark plugs can reveal a lot also reveal the cause of adverse cylinder- Champion CT-446 pre-numbered spark
of information about how the engine is piston conditions. plug tray, placing each plug in the correct
running. Many times, examining the position in the tray.
When removing spark plugs from an
used spark plugs can be useful in diag-
aircraft engine, it is necessary to keep Some typical adverse conditions that
nosing the cause of engine roughness or
track of each spark plug’s corresponding cause spark plug malfunctions are shown
other erratic engine operating conditions.
cylinder number, so you’ll be able to here. For more detailed illustrations, refer
In some cases, it may be that it is simply
relate any diagnosed problems back to to the Champion check-a-plug card, Form
time to change the spark plugs, but the
the appropriate cylinder. Mark the AV-27.
type of wear the plugs experience could
cylinder number on each plug or use

Carbon Fouling
power slowly to normal magneto-check satisfactory magneto check, idle the
Carbon fouling can be identified by
power and hold for one minute before engine and check idle mixture for proper
sooty, black deposits indicating that the
making the magneto check. With a adjustment.
spark plug is operating too cold. Com-
mon causes of carbon fouling can be
Fine Wire Electrode Massive Electrode
both fuel- and ignition-related.
Typical fuel-related causes to look for are
over-rich fuel mixture, excessive idle or
excessive operation at closed-throttle idle.
Other causes might be improper idle
mixture setting or improper (too cold)
spark plug application. Ignition-related
causes of carbon fouling include im-
proper magneto timing, a failing lead or
failed spark plug.
After replacing the faulty spark plugs, and
as an additional aid in cleaning up any
partially fouled plugs, increase engine

Oil Fouling
If the oil fouling condition is persistently engine condition of faulty rings, dam-
Oil fouling deposits appear as wet, black
repetitious and is found on both spark aged piston or worn valve guides, may
carbon deposits on the firing end. Oil
plugs of a cylinder, a possible adverse be present, requiring corrective action.
fouling deposits are conductive at all tem-
peratures and will cause plug misfiring Massive Electrode
Fine Wire Electrode
under all power conditions.
It is not uncommon to find this condition
in mild form on lower plugs of some
horizontal opposed engine models or in
lower cylinders of radial engines. It may
be caused by oil draining by the piston
rings and collecting in the combustion
chamber during extended engine shut-
down periods. Such mild conditions can
usually be cleared up by cycling the en-
gine with slow increases of power until
misfiring stops.

Lead Fouling
Under normal conditions, the lead light tan to light brown in color. A causes severe lead fouling, which
oxybromide deposits from the tetraethyl- darkening of these colors near the core appears as hard cinder-like globules of
lead (TEL) of high-octane aviation fuels tip indicates adverse temperature lead on the firing end, and in time will
form an even, fluffy coating ranging from conditions. Mal-distribution of the TEL gradually fill the firing end cavity.

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 S P A R K P L U G S

Electrode Conditions

Severely fouled spark plugs, like those Replace the malfunctioning spark plug use, but if severely fouled like these
shown here, will operate colder, causing with a serviceable unit. shown, they should be scrapped.
misfires, and will also misfire at higher
If not too severely fouled, removed spark
power because of the conductive nature
plugs can be reconditioned for further
of the deposits at elevated temperatures.

Fine Wire -Electrode Massive Electrode

The REM37BY Extended Core Nose spark plug

does not prevent the accumulation of lead
deposits, but its design makes it capable of
firing with severe lead deposit buildup.

Bridged Electrode Gaps

In rare circumstances, free combustion corrected only by replacing the malfunc- Normally, the removed plug can be
chamber deposits will lodge in, or bridge tioning spark plug with a serviceable unit. reconditioned for further use.
the gap, as a fused deposit, shorting out
the spark plug. Such a malfunctioned Fine Wire Electrode Massive Electrode
plug will misfire at all powers in a manner
similar to an oil-fouled plug.
To clear out small carbon particles lodged
in the gap, cycle the engine with slow
increases in power until the misfiring
stops, as for mild oil fouling.
The bridged gap condition shown
represents a gap bridged by a beaded
lead globule. Such a condition will not
clear up by engine operation and can be

Cracked Core Nose

Normal engine operation cycles thermal Fine Wire Electrode Massive Electrode
shock to the core nose, and insulator
materials and designs are chosen to
avoid core nose cracks from such thermal
shock. However, occasional abnormal
engine operation will exceed even the
built-in safety factors, resulting in
infrequent core nose cracking.
The typical cracked core nose condition
shown may be caused by improper
cleaning or gapping procedures and by
detonation. These conditions are
discussed in detail elsewhere in this
manual.

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 S P A R K P L U G S

Operating Data

Preignition

Preignition occurs when the combustion The cylinder-head temperature gauge will damaged when an engine has been
charge is ignited ahead of the normal, show a rapid rise in temperature if subjected to preignition. If damage has
timed ignition spark. Effectively, it preignition occurs in the thermocouple- resulted, follow the engine
produces a condition of extremely connected cylinder. If it occurs in other manufacturer’s recommendations for
advanced ignition timing. The hot spot cylinders, the only indication is engine inspection, damage correction and
causing this advanced timing or roughness. operational protective procedures.
preignition, may be an overheated spark
If you suspect that an engine has
plug, valve head or glowing combustion
operated in preignition, remove all spark
chamber deposits. Preignition can cause
plugs and inspect for possible damage.
serious damage to the engine because of
Often, combustion chamber parts such as
the extreme increase in cylinder combus-
pistons, rings, valves and guides are
tion pressures and temperatures.

Detonation

Detonation occurs during normal burning short duration, which do not cause an you suspect that an engine has been
of the combustion charge with an abrupt, extensive rise in cylinder temperature. experiencing detonation, remove the
spontaneous burning or explosion of the The effect of this mechanical shock will spark plugs for inspection as soon as
balance of the unburned charge ahead sometimes damage spark plug electrodes possible and follow the engine
of the normal flame front. Detonation or crack the insulator core nose. manufacturer’s recommendations for
subjects the combustion chamber to A mildly rough engine with audible knock cause and correction.
adverse mechanical shock pressures of indicates the presence of detonation. If

Connector Well Flashover

The connector terminal transmits the the engine may be difficult to start, but
high-voltage ignition system current to the misfiring may fully or partially cease as
the spark plug by providing a means of the engine warms up. Spark plugs with
disconnecting, and reconnecting, the dirty connector wells are likely candidates
shielded spark plug from the ignition for flashover and should be replaced with
harness. serviceable units. Fully recondition and
As the electrode gaps increase from test the removed plug before reuse.
normal wear, the ignition system voltages Good, preventive maintenance is the best
increase, placing more stress on the way to guard against flashover. Clean
insulation in the connector terminal well. and inspect ignition harness connector To help avoid flashover problems, all-
As the terminal well becomes dirty with terminals and seal grommets, making weather connector plugs with their
moisture or other foreign matter, the certain that no moisture enters the superior-sealing grommet are recom-
insulation value of the connector connector well through the seal grom- mended. however, they will not
continues to decrease. Eventually, met. Any possibility of moisture is cause eliminate the need for inspection and
flashover of the ignition current will occur for inspection to isolate the source for preventive maintenance.
when the current tracks across the potential failure of the shielding lead. Some 5/8”-24 ignition systems have 1”
widened gap, through the dirty terminal Even touching the terminals with your terminal sleeves and no seal grommets.
well, to ground on the shell. fingers after cleaning could leave enough To improve flashover protection, modify
In turn, flashover can cause the spark salt deposits from perspiration to attract such ignition systems with the 9/16”
plug to misfire in an erratic manner that is moisture and lose insulation value in terminal sleeve and silicone rubber
difficult to isolate. If caused by moisture. service. terminal sleeve grommet.

Improper Gaskets
Aviation spark plug gaskets are manufac- cylinder bushing exposed to combustion ing to preignition. Use of new gaskets
tured to precise dimensions and material gases. Exposed threads can become hot ensures a tight, gas-sealed plug. A gas
standards, based on the effective reach of spots for initiating preignition. leak at the installation gasket can cause
a spark plug as determined by its installed Use and installation of proper gaskets are higher-than-normal operating tempera-
thickness. An ideal installation has the essential to reliable engine operation. tures, also contributing to the possibility
firing end flush with the combustion Two gaskets or a non-standard thin of preignition.
chamber wall, with no plug threads or gasket will expose the threads, contribut-
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 S P A R K P L U G S

Installation Procedures

Preinstallation

Even though electrode gaps are preset to Gaskets running onto the electrodes. Anti-seize
manufacturer’s specifications, it is good M-674 compound can cause the spark plug to
practice to spot-check gap settings to 18mm Solid Copper misfire if it contacts the electrodes.
ensure that they have not changed M-677
during shipment or handling. 18mm Folded Steel
N-673
Gaskets 14mm Solid Copper

Always install both new and recon- CAUTION: Thermocouple gaskets, when used,
ditioned Champion aviation spark plugs should be carefully removed from the spark plugs
without damaging or breaking the thermocouple
with a new copper gasket. Champion
wire leads. Usually only one thermocouple gasket is
gaskets are manufactured to prevailing used on an engine, and no regular gasket is required
military and commercial aircraft standards on this particular spark plug.
to ensure proper seal and heat transfer.
New spark plugs are packaged with a Anti-Seize Compound
Applying anti-seize compound.
new gasket. The new gasket numbers Apply anti-seize compound sparingly to
shown are available for reconditioned the firing end threads but never to the CAUTION: Never apply anti-seize compound to the
spark plugs. first thread, to prevent the material from terminal threads of the shielding barrel.

Installation
Install only one new gasket on the spark CAUTION: To prevent possible internal cracks to the
Correct Socket Tools insulator, always support socket and wrench to
plug before inserting it into the cylinder
ensure against putting side loads on the spark plug
Use the correct tools for installing aviation head. When a thermocouple gasket is shielding barrel.
spark plugs to prevent spark plug dam- used, no other gasket is required.
age during installation and to ensure Engine Manufacturer Ft.-lb. In.-lb.
proper operation. Always use a six-point Teledyne Continental 25-30 300-360
socket such as the Champion CT-907 to
Textron Lycoming 35 420
avoid damage to spark plugs. As shown,
12-point sockets can contact the terminal Pratt & Whitney Aircraft 25-30 300-360
thread area and damage the threads. Wright Aeronautical 35-40 420-480
Enough side pressure exerted on the
shielding barrel can crack the insulator,
causing the plug to misfire. Spark Plug
Connector Installation

The key to successful installation of the

Tightening spark plugs with torque handle.
connector onto the spark plug is keeping
Turn the spark plug by hand into the everything clean and dry.
cylinder head to within one or two
threads of the gasket. If this is not pos- • Handle terminal sleeves only with clean,
sible, the cylinder head threads need dry hands.
cleaning. Remove deposits from the • Before installing the connector, wipe it
cylinder head threads with a thread with a clean, lint-free cloth moistened in
clean-out tool until hand tightening to methylethylketone, acetone, wood
one or two threads of the gasket is pos- alcohol or naphtha.
sible. Using the proper-size deep-socket
Correct Incorrect wrench with a torque-indicating handle, • Inspect all terminal assemblies and
CT-907 Socket Socket Type tighten the spark plugs to the torque replace those showing evidence of
limits specified by the engine manufac- mechanical or electrical failure. (If Dow
Spark Plug Installation turer. Corning Compound is to be used, see
next section now.)
Always visually check the spark plugs Avoid over-tightening to prevent damage
before installing them. Check the firing to the spark plug and bushing. If a • Make certain that the inside of the spark
end for ceramic cracks or foreign matter, torque-indicating handle is not available, shielding barrel is clean and dry.
and inspect the condition of the threads. use a handle no more than 10 in. long. • Without touching the connector or
Never install a spark plug that has
NOTE: 14mm spark plugs should be spring with the fingers, insert the assem-
been dropped. Throw it out
torqued at 20-25 ft.-lb. (240-300 in.-lb.). bly in a straight line with the spark plug.
immediately.
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 S P A R K P L U G S

Installation Procedures

• Screw the connector nut into place A clean dry connection is strongly
until finger-tight. recommended. For the technician who
• Tighten an additional 1/8 turn with the insists on using a lube, we have found
proper wrench, as shown. Damaged that Dow Corning DC 3452 Compound
threads or cracked shielding only can be used with 5/8”-24 spark
barrels may result if the connector plugs. Apply a thin coating with a clean
nuts are over-tightened. brush or cloth to the clean connector.
Remove any compound from the
• If an open-end wrench is used, avoid
shielding barrel threads to ensure an
excessive side load while tightening.
adequate electrical bond between the
• Where an unshielded ignition system is spark plug and the shielded lead.
used, inspect the cable connector for
cleanliness and good mechanical
condition. Then wipe the exposed Do not apply DC3452Com-
Using Leadmaster T-Handle wrench.
insulator with a clean, dry cloth before pound with the fingers and do
attaching the terminal to the spark not place any quantity of
plug. compound in the spark plug
• Check the security of the connector barrel.
with a light pull; use safety wire if
required.

Using Leadmaster straight-handle wrench.

CAUTION: DC 3452 Compound may be
used on silicone connector materials as well
Proper application is essential to as on neoprene.
Connectors and spark plugs can be damaged normal spark plug life. It is unlikely
by careless installation. that a Champion Aviation harness will
ever require a lubricant for installation.

Removal Procedures
Shielded Terminal Connectors See the chart on page 11 for wrench
sizes required to remove Champion
To remove shielded terminal connectors,
aviation spark plugs. Always use a six-
loosen the elbow nut with the appropri-
point socket, such as Champion CT-907
ate size crow foot or open-end wrench.
aviation spark plug socket, to avoid
Pull out terminal sleeve assemblies in a
damage to spark plug.
straight line to avoid damaging either the
wire, terminal sleeve or barrel insulator. Place removed spark plugs in spark plug Removing Terminal in a Straight Line
trays to make handling easier and to
Unshielded Terminal Connectors
minimize danger of damaging electrodes,
To remove unshielded terminal connec- threads and insulators. Be sure to
tors, carefully pull them off the spark plug remove the gasket with each spark plug.
terminal. If the ignition cable connectors It is good practice to remove spark plugs
are safety-wired to the plug terminal, cut in pairs from each cylinder and to place
the safety wire before removal. them in the tray by cylinder number. This Removing Spark Plug
Spark Plug Handling pre-numbering system will simplify
trouble-shooting should one or more
Loosen spark plugs with the proper size spark plugs in a set be noticeably
deep-socket wrench by seating the socket different in firing end appearance.
securely on the spark plug hex. Do not
cock the wrench, because damage to the
insulator or connector threads could
Champion CT-446 spark plug tray.
result. Do not use an impact wrench.
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 S P A R K P L U G S

Reconditioning
Service

Successful reconditioning service of additional service period. Discard any Tools

aviation spark plugs results in a spark plug with electrodes worn beyond
plug possessing the following characteris- half their original thickness. Satisfactory reconditioning of spark plugs
tics. can be accomplished only with proper
• Satisfactory electrode contours.
and adequate tools. Champion offers a
• Firing and terminal barrel ends with • Properly gapped electrodes. complete line of required equipment for
the cleanliness equivalent of a new this work. See the Champion aviation
• Electrically sound, based on passing
spark plug. products catalog for details.
prescribed tests.
• Mechanically sound. • Properly stored and handled.
• Sufficient electrode material for an

Preliminary Visual Inspection

Preliminary inspection of all spark plugs Electrodes too
Connector seat and/or threads badly worn to
should be made before servicing to
at top of shielding barrel badly permit satisfac-
eliminate those obviously unfit for further nicked or corroded. Terminal tory regapping.
service. Discard all spark plugs with any barrel sleeve cracked.
of the following defects.

Shell hex mutilated.

Terminals on unshielded spark

plugs badly worn., burred or
Ceramic in the firing end or damaged.
shielding barrel chipped or Threads on shell badly nicked,
cracked. damaged or corroded

Degreasing
The recommended method of degreas- CAUTION: After degreasing, dry all plugs with an air
ing spark plugs is the solvent method, blast. Any oil or solvent present in the firing end or
connector well of the spark plug will cause packing
using synthetic or petroleum solvents of abrasive between the shell and the insulator
such as Stoddard Solvent or Varsol. Do during abrasive blasting.
not use carbon tetrachloride. Do not
soak spark plugs in solvent and keep
solvent out of the shielding barrel.

Cleaning the Firing End

Model 2600A Vibrator/Cleaner Operating Instructions • Lightly work the plug against the cutter
The Champion Model 2600A vibrator/ • Install proper cutter head and align blade with a right-left rotating motion.
cleaner for aviation spark plugs is specifi- firing end of plug. Move the cutter The vibrating action will release the
cally designed to remove heavy lead blades past the ground electrodes into loosened lead deposits through the
deposits which are difficult or impossible the firing end cavity. To allow the firing end of the plug. Do not force
to remove from the firing end of the fine wire cutter blades to pass freely between the plug against the cutter – fastest
and massive electrode plugs with stan- the ground electrodes, one or more cleaning is accomplished with the
dard abrasive blast cleaning. may require finger-bending adjust- blades picking at the deposit surface.
Each Model 2600A vibrator/cleaner ment. • After the deposits are removed, use an
comes equipped with accessories for • With moderate pressure, hold the plug abrasive cleaner to complete the clean-
cleaning fine-wire and two-electrode in line with the cutter blades. Firmly ing process and ensure that all conduc-
plugs. depress the cleaner switch with the tive material has been removed from
other hand. the ceramic insulator.

13
 S P A R K P L U G S

Reconditioning
Service

CT-435A CT-435F
CT-435A Assembly
Fine-Wire and Two-Electrode
CT-435F
Replacement Cutter Blades. Fine quality, steel cutter
blades are available for Model 2600A under
Champion Part No. CT-435F.
CAUTION: If you are cleaning a large number of
spark plugs in a small restricted area, wear a mask to
prevent inhaling abrasive dust.

Cleaning the Firing End (cont’d)

Model CT-475AV Cleaner/Tester
The CT-475AV requires P/N 91893 • Continue wobbling action and press
Abrasive Compound, 15-ounce size. black button labeled Air Blast to
• Select the proper size rubber adapter remove abrasive particles from the
and secure in place with the hold- spark plug firing end.
down cap. • Remove and inspect the spark plug. If
• Insert spark plug into the rubber cleaning is incomplete, repeat the
adapter and press red button labeled cleaning cycle.
Abrasive Blast. Wobble the top of the
plug in a complete circle for three to
Cleaning firing end with model CT-475AV five seconds.
Cleaner/Tester.

Cleaning the Barrel End

Model CT-475AV Cleaner/Tester
• Insert the barrel end approximately half • Remove and inspect the spark plug. If
the length into the rubber adapter and cleaning is incomplete, repeat the
press red button labeled Abrasive Blast. cleaning cycle.
Rotate the plug for three to five seconds.
• Pull the spark plug up until barrel threads • Do not attempt to remove
rest against the rubber adapter. Con- terminal contact screws.
tinue rotating action and press the black
button labeled Air Blast to remove abra-
sive particles from the barrel end.
Cleaning barrel end with Model CT-475AV
Cleaner/Tester

Cleaning Terminal Well

Solvent Method Other Methods • Wet a second swab with solvent only
Clean shielding barrel insulators with a If solvent alone does not remove stains and clean out all residue. Then blow
cotton or felt swab saturated with Stod- from the barrel insulator, you may use out the shielding barrel.
dard Solvent, wood alcohol or methyleth- abrasives such as Kennecott Corporation’s
ylketone. Do not use carbon tetrachlo- Aloxite (325 mesh sieve fineness), Bon
ride. Swabs should be approximately Ami or finely powdered flint.
5/8” x 1” x 3/16” in size and should proj- • Dip the swab in the solvent and then
ect slightly beyond the end of a slotted in the abrasive. Scrub the barrel insula-
holder to safely clean the terminal contact. tor with a twisting motion long
Do not use a metal brush for cleaning. enough to remove the stains.

14
 S P A R K P L U G S

Reconditioning
Service

Cleaning Connector Seats

Clean the connector seat located at the • After cleaning, thoroughly blow out
top of the shielding barrel to ensure a the shielding barrel with an air blast.
satisfactory seal and shield bond when Examine the shielding barrel for cracks
the ignition lead is installed. and discard those plugs showing
• If solvent alone does not remove dirt evidence of damage.
and rust from this chamfered surface,
use fine-grained garnet or sand paper.
Do not use emery paper.
• Hold the spark plug in a partially
inverted position to prevent abrasive
Connector seats may be cleaned with fine- particles from entering the shielding
grained garnet or sand paper. well.

Firing End Inspection

Use a suitable inspection light. A lighted
magnifier is an excellent aid in making
these examinations.
• The firing-end insulator must be
thoroughly clean.
• Shielded spark plugs must also have
thoroughly clean terminal wells.
• Spark plugs must be thoroughly dry to
eliminate all traces of solvent.

Inspecting firing end.

Cleaning the Threads

Cleaning threads with a rotary brush. With a wire hand brush. Do not wire brush firing end.

Clean the threads on the shell and • Plugs with badly nicked threads should CAUTION: If using power-driven brush, do not use
shielding barrel with either a wire hand be discarded to avoid damaging the wire size exceeding 0.005” diameter. NEVER BRUSH
brush or a power-driven brush. THE INSULATOR OR THE ELECTRODES. Wire
cylinder-head bushing. brushing the electrodes will cause the metal to flow.
• Inspect the threads for condition and Wire brushing will cause side pressure on the nose
size with a suitable ring gauge. Slightly insulator tip. This may result in hairline cracks that
damaged threads may be restored to a could develop into insulator tip fractures. A fractured
suitable condition by using a #2 three- insulator can cause preignition and piston burning.
cornered file.

15
 S P A R K P L U G S

Gap-Setting Tools
and Procedures

Gap Setting

All spark plugs should be cleaned cause this will fracture the ceramic
thoroughly before setting the gaps. material. Always use round wire feeler
Tools and methods used to set spark plug gauges of the GO and NO-GO type for Correct
gaps will vary with electrode configura- measuring gap spacing.
tion. Champion recommends the same spark plug
In all gap-setting procedures, never gap settings as new plugs, specified in the
bend the center electrode and never Champion Aviation Products Catalog.
apply pressure to the ground elec- Incorrect
trode with feeler wire gauge, be-

CT-482 Erosion Gauge

This gauge eliminates the guesswork in
identifying a spark plug that should be
replaced. It has been calibrated to allow
insertion of properly gapped worn plug
(see pg. 6).

Gap the spark plug to 0.016. If electrode

enters the center hole from the cham-
fered side, remove the spark plug from
service.

Operating and Maintenance

Procedures
Model 2500 A Tool
Operating Instructions Maintenance Procedures
• With the stationary finger retracted and The Champion Model 2500A gap-setting
the adjusting lever reversed, insert the tool requires minimum shop mainte-
spark plug into the upper collet bush- nance. However, like all shop tools, it
ing. Align the centering bushing over should be kept clean and be lubricated
the spark plug installation threads. periodically for most efficient operation.
• Rotate the lower collet, adjusting bush- • Lubricate the adjusting levers and
ing clockwise or counter-clockwise until fingers with light machine oil.
the firing end of plug is flush with • Clean and lubricate the upper collet
centering bushing. bushing and frame collet bearing sur-
• Swing the stationary finger onto the face with a light grease or Champion
spark plug and turn the plug until the thread lubricant, part no. 2612, as
finger aligns with the electrode. required. It is important that the collet
• Insert the proper spacing gauge verti- float freely in the frame at all times.
cally between the electrode gap open- • Cover the gap-setting tool when not
ings. Holding the gauge in position, in use.
move the adjusting lever forward until
the toggle arm meets the electrode.
Since the Champion Model 2500A gap- Exert moderate pressure on lever, mov-
setting tool adjusts two electrodes simul- ing electrodes to the prescribed gap.
taneously, it is particularly useful for high- • Reverse the adjusting lever. Withdraw
volume gap-setting requirements. This the spacing gauge and remove plug.
tool easily adjusts four-electrode N Type
For N Type, rotate spark plug 90 degrees
and two-electrode E Type aviation
and repeat above procedure.
spark plugs.

16
 S P A R K P L U G S

Gap-Setting Tools
and Procedures

Gap Setting with Model

CT-415 Tool
The Champion CT-415 gap-setting tool NOTE: Use GT-204 Adapter (cadmium plated) for gap-
adjusts two-electrode E Type and four- ping 18mm spark plugs. Use GT-208 Adapter (gun met-
al blue) to gap REM37BY spark plug.
electrode N Type, both short- and long-
reach spark plugs.
• Adjust gaps by applying pressure on
the ground electrode only.
• To avoid the possibility of fracturing the
insulator ceramic, always remove the
wire feeler gauge while actually
adjusting the gap.
Do not attempt to open gaps that are too
close. Spark plugs with gaps accidentally
set too closely over 0.004” less than rec-
ommended) require special attention and
work. Request instructions for this special
work from Champion aviation service Setting one gap at a time with Model CT-415.
department.

Gap Setting with Model

CT-457 Tool
To gap fine-wire (platinum or iridium) CAUTION: Do not bend iridium electrodes excessively.
Iridium is a very brittle material and fractures easily. It
spark plugs, use the Champion CT-457
isn’t necessary to regap iridium plugs unless gap ex-
gap-setting tool. The spark plug can be ceeds .019.
supported in a vise-mounted socket
wrench as shown, or hand held in place.
• Place gap-setting tool slot on the
ground electrode and carefully adjust
the gap, making sure not to disturb the
center electrode.
• Check gap clearance with the Cham-
pion CT-450 gauge. Setting should be
0.015 GO and 0.019 NO-GO. Setting gap on fine-wire spark plug.

17
 S P A R K P L U G S

Testing Tools
and Procedures

Testing Spark Plugs

with Model CT-475AV
Cleaner/Tester
• Select the proper size steel adapter and Tester Calibration bottom of the electronic control
install in test chamber. Finger tighten module just until the arc is extin-
the serviced plug into the compression • Set a new RJ12YC to 0.035” guished.
chamber. (0.9mm) gap. The unit is now properly calibrated for
NOTE: Air leakage at the adapter or spark plug • Install plug in the pressure chamber, all plug testing.
threads helps facilitate steady control of air pressure
increase the pressure until indicator NOTE: Champion recommends this
and permits the exhaust of ionized air.
needle reaches 125 psi. calibration procedure at least once a year.
• Connect the high-voltage lead to the
• Adjust the voltage control on the
shielding barrel contactor. Insert in
barrel end.
ABRASIVE SHIELD 14MM
• Press tester switch button and observe 94486 RUBBER ADAPTER ADAPTER
spark jumping gaps satisfactorily. Open 9157 HOLD-DOWN CAP
18 MM 92463
tester air valve until gauge indicates the RUBBER ADAPTER
proper pressure for the gap setting on 92203 COMPRESSION
ABRASIVE GAUGE 94523
the plug being tested. Observe satisfac-
tory spark. BUTTON AIR CONTROL
(RED) VALVE KNOB
Voltage required to spark the plug gap varies SET COMPRESSION
directly with the electrode gap opening and 92401 AIR-BLAST CHAMBER
bomb test pressure. To ensure satisfactory plug BUTTON 93330
(BLACK)
operation in the engine, the plug being tested ADAPTER 14 mm
should spark steadily at the following gap 18 mm 91299
settings and their corresponding test pressures. ADAPTER
91096 VIEWING PORT
Electrode Gap Test Pressure (psi) IGNITION LEAD
SHIELDING BARREL
0.016 135 CONTACTOR SWITCH BUTTON
94783 92487
0.019 115

Preservation and
Storage
To preserve reconditioned spark plugs, equipped with new gaskets. If tubular ordinary light bulb for storing spark plugs
use a rust-proofing compound meeting cartons are not available, install new over long periods of time. This storage
the requirements of Specification MIL-C- gaskets and thread protectors, wrap method is particularly recommended for
6529A Type III. Brush the compound plug in waxed paper and place in any damp, humid climates or near salt water.
lightly on the shielding barrel and shell suitable carton.
threads of the serviced spark plugs. If you are storing large quantities of
Do not dip spark plugs in corrosion- spark plugs, place plugs in wooden
preventive compound. boxes having suitable drilled partitions.
Package spark plugs carefully for lengthy Label all storage containers with the
storage or shipping to another location. plug type and gap setting.
You may use individual tubular cartons Champion recommends using venti-
for packaging reconditioned spark plugs lated storage cabinets heated with an

“ALOXITE” is the registered trademark of Kennecott Corporation. “LYCOMING” is the registered trademark of Textron Inc. “PRATT & WHITNEY” is the registered trademark of United
“BON AMI” is the registered trademark of Faultless Starch/Bon “ROLLS ROYCE” and “AVON” are the registered trademarks of Technologies Corporation.
Ami Company. Rolls-Royce PLC. “VARSOL” is the registered trademark of Exxon Corporation.
“CONTINENTAL” is the registered trademark of Teledyne “GENERAL ELECTRIC” and “GE” are the registered trademarks of
Industries, Inc. General Electric Company.

18
 S P A R K P L U G S

Oil Filters
➤ ➤

Shorter Installed Height New Improved Wrench

Shortened can height by ➤ Flats
approximately 1/2", with Provides: secure fit, proper
no impact to the filter torque, and easier removal.
media’s performance.

Improved Spring
Replaced old “leaf” spring
with an improved coil
spring design.

Thicker-Walled Can ➤
Increased wall thickness for
improved structural
integrity.
Increased Lid Thickness
Increased thickness of
Stronger Center Tube ➤ seaming lid by approxi-
Redesigned center tube for mately 35%, which subse-
added strength, with quently provided for higher
collapse pressures more burst and impulse testing.
than double the current
design.
Improved Baseplate
New Inlet Design ➤ Thread
Changed four-hole design Replaced cut thread with an
to an eight-hole design for ➤ ➤ improved rolled thread,
approximately 30% greater without affecting tolerances
inlet flow area. on the thread dimensions.

Design Features
Champion Aerospace’s full-pleat, resin- wear. Because the oil flows through According to industry-approved tests, the
impregnated micronic filter media traps many layers of locked-in fibers, there is no Champion oil filter traps more dirt and
all harmful particles, including metallic migration of fiber material to clog engine harmful particles during its operating
chips which result from abnormal engine oil passages or affect bearing surfaces. time than any other similar filter.

19
 O I L F I L T E R S

Aircraft Engine
Oil Filters

Champion oil filter elements and spin-on Champion has been chosen as original We highly recommend their use to obtain
filters are manufactured to meet or equipment supplier to both Teledyne specific details that apply to the require-
exceed the specifications in ARP 1400 B. Continental Motors and Textron Lycom- ments of any given model engine or air-
These specifications define uniform ing for all their reciprocating oil filter craft. However, this service manual
parameters for the design, manufacture requirements. includes some cautionary notes and
and testing of filters for general aviation Specific operational, maintenance and guidelines which should be taken into
lubricating oil systems for aircraft-type inspection procedures for oil filters are account when servicing reciprocating
reciprocating engines. In addition, contained in aircraft and engine manuals. engines.
Champion Full Flow Spin-On Oil Filters

CH48111-1
CH48109-1
CH48110-1
CH48104-1 CH48108-1
CH48103-1

Lycoming Continental Lycoming and Continental

CH48103-1 CH48104-1 CH48108-1 CH48109-1 CH48110-1 CH48111-1
TCM No. 649922 TCM No. 649923

Benefits of Efficient Engine Oil

Filtration
For all general aviation piston engines, the of these functions best with full-flow, filter- • Cooling. Internal engine parts (pistons,
basic purpose of an engine lube oil filter is cleaned oil. rings, bearing surfaces) operating at
to help supply a continuous flow of filter- • Lubricating. By maintaining a protec- high temperatures are an essential
clean oil to vital engine parts. Clean lube tive film of lubrication between all fric- function of engine lube oil. Rapid
oil of a type approved by the engine tional surfaces of vital engine parts transfer of heat away from these inter-
manufacturer provides the best possible under all operating conditions. nal parts is increased by the aid of an
protection for engine parts during the externally mounted oil cooler.
• Sealing. By providing a film of heat-
service life of the engine.
resistant lubricant between piston rings, • Cleaning. A major function of lube oil is
For maximum engine protection, the best pistons and cylinder walls necessary to to keep engine parts such as oil lines,
working companion to engine lube oil is maintain proper compression and galleys, squirt jets, piston ring lands and
an efficient oil filter, free of harmful combustion pressures, as well as protec- oil holes clean and open. Some ap-
contaminants and performing its multipur- tion against harmful blow-by into crank- proved engine lube oils even contain
pose job of lubricating, sealing, cooling case sections. special ashless dispersants to aid in
and cleaning. Engine lube oil performs all internal engine cleaning.

Oil Filter and Replacement

Element Design
Champion offers two types of oil filter
cartridges to cover all existing aircraft
piston engine lube oil system applica-
tions. Replacement elements service
engine-mounted or line-installed filter
systems incorporating a permanent
housing assembly. And a modern spin-
on oil filter contains the element incorpo-
CH48103-1
rating the valve mechanisms of anti-drain
back valves and the pressure relief valve,
sealed in a disposable housing.
Champion replacement elements are
manufactured to exact specifications
required by the housing assembly system.
Important design features of Champion
aviation oil filters are described here.
20
 O I L F I L T E R S

Filter Media Dirt-Holding Capability Resistance to Collapse

The filter media is a Champion exclusive Advancements in design and materials The Champion Aerospace design, with a
high performance resin-impregnated in aviation oil filter manufacturing have corrugated, steel center tube supporting
cellulosic/glass fiber composite paper produced a superior filter element at each convoluted pleat of the filter media,
manufactured to rigid specifications to Champion Aerospace. Our own labora- results in a collapse-pressure rating
assure uniform density and porosity. tory-controlled comparative tests, approximately twice that of other similar
Preforming, convoluting and high- conducted in accordance with estab- filters. Substantially higher, this rating
temperature curing transform the basic lished filter industry test procedures, offers a significant extra margin of
structure into a durable filter medium that have shown that the Champion oil filter protection from failure under cold-start
resists heat, shock and oil chemicals. The traps and holds more contaminants conditions.
filter medium provides both surface and during its normal operating life than
scientific depth filtration, because the oil other similar filters.
flows through many layers of locked-in
fibers. No migration of filter material is
possible, so engine oil passages remain
clear, and bearing surfaces are not
affected.

Champion Spin-On Oil Filters

Champion spin-on oil filters contain the • Heavy, corrugated steel center tube • Heavy-duty steel mounting plate is
same high-quality high-performance supports each convoluted pleat of the cemented, spot-welded and crimped
element, without perforated wrapper, as filter element and produces a substan- to case. Even under abnormal oil
our other oil filters – plus these design and tially higher collapse-pressure rating, temperatures and pressures, this
performance features. twice that of other similar filters. primary, standard part of the filter
• Wrench pad with 1’ hex, spot-welded • Maximum full-flow design, without assembly ensures freedom from
to case, handles torque pressures far interference from center-bolt oil filter troublesome oil leakage when the filter
beyond normal removal or installaton assemblies, provides increased oil is installed according to the instructions
requirements. filtration each engine operating hour. printed on the case.
• Tough steel case provides exceptional
strength to resist the high oil pressures
Shorter Installed Height ➤ ➤ New Improved Wrench Flats
Shortened can height by approxi- Provides: secure fit, proper torque, and
which occur during cold engine starts. mately 1/2", with no impact to easier removal.
Meets or exceeds engine manufacturer the filter media’s performance. ➤
specifications.
• High performance resin-impregnated Improved Spring
Replaced old “leaf” spring with
cellulosic paper is manufactured to an improved coil spring design.
rigid specifications, assuring uniform
density and porosity. The high quality Thicker-Walled Can ➤
media is preformed, convoluted and Increased wall thickness for
cured at a controlled temperature to improved structural integrity. Increased Lid Thickness
Increased thickness of
form a durable, heat shock- and Stronger Center Tube seaming lid by approximately
chemical-resistant filter medium. It Redesigned center tube for ➤ 35%, which subsequently
provides both surface and scientific added strength, with collapse provided for higher burst and
depth filtration because the oil flows pressures more than double impulse testing.
through many layers of locked-in fibers. the current design.
Improved Baseplate
Filter material cannot migrate to clog New Inlet Design Thread
engine oil passages or affect bearing Changed four-hole design Replaced cut thread with an
➤

surfaces. to an eight-hole design for improved rolled thread,

approximately 30% greater ➤ ➤
without affecting tolerances
inlet flow area. on the thread dimensions.

21
 O I L F I L T E R S

Aviation Engine Oil

Filters

Lycoming Replacement Filters

Champion spin-on oil filters, CH48103-1 Lycoming engine models TIO-541, TIGO- drive dual magneto. One exception is
and CH48104-1, are designed to replace 541 and direct-drive engines that have the 0-320-H2AD engine which uses
oil filter element housing assemblies in the die-cast accessory case with single- Lycoming Filter Kit #LW-14969.

Models TIO-541 and TIGO-541. Models with Single-Drive, Dual Magnetos.

CH48103-1

CH48104-1

NOTE: Do not use flat gasket which accompanies element kit.

CH48212
Converter Stud

CH48210
Converter Plate NOTE: Replace gasket anytime converter plate
is removed. Textron Lycoming now supplies the
converter kit, formerly sold under Champion
part no. CH48922. This kit is now available from
CH48922 (54E23093) Spin-On CH48211
your Lycoming distributor under part no.
Oil Filter Converter Kit. Converter Gasket 54E23093.

22
 O I L F I L T E R S

Aviation Engine Oil

Filters
Semi-Depth Type Filters The filter media is usually resin-coated to
All Champion Aerospace oil filters are impart special characteristics such as
classified as semi-depth types. They strength and resistance to water and
incorporate exclusive construction design temperature. Strength is especially
features to provide the advantages of a important during cold engine starts. The
full-flow engine oil filtration system under filter element experiences literally
all engine operating conditions. thousands of pressure differential cycles
A semi-depth type oil filter combines the during its life. During pressure pulsations
filtration functions of surface- and depth- of the lubrication system resin impregnat-
type filters. The most popular semi-depth ion provides desirable pore structure
type oil filter incorporates convoluted or rigidity to retain media pore size and
pleated paper filter media. This filter maintain filtering efficiency through flow-
media is manufactured within closely fatigue resistance.
controlled specifications to ensure
efficient performance and uniform
product quality.

Oil Filters Element Removal

and Installation Instructions
Housing Removal Cleaning and Lubrication
• To remove filter housing from adapter, • Wipe clean all remaining filter housing
cut and remove safety wires, loosen parts and the aircraft adapter.
the hex head screw (1) and turn the • Lightly oil rubber grommets in the new
entire housing counterclockwise. filter element (4), new copper gasket (2)
• Remove nylon nut (8) which secures and new rubber gaskets (5,7) with
coverplate (6). clean oil.
• Remove coverplate (6) from case (3).
Assembly
• Remove hex head screw (1) from
case (3). Push on threaded end of • Place new rubber gaskets (5,7) in the
screw and pull out on screwhead side. cover (6) and seat properly.
CAUTION: Do not mar or damage • Insert screw (1) through new copper
threaded end of screw. gasket (2) into filter case (3) and stand
upon screw head.
• Remove and discard used filter
element (4). • Carefully push element (4) over
screw (1) into case (3) until bottomed.
NOTE: Old filter element may be in-
spected at this time by removing the • Place cover (6) over case (3) and
outer body wrapper and observing the thread on the nylon nut (8) by hand.
type of contaminant in the paper pleats NOTE: When the nylon nut is properly
like wear particles or metal chips. Such threaded onto the screw, it will not
inspection may help define potential protrude above the metal surfaces of the
operating problems. cover. Do not use pliers or wrench.
• Discard used rubber gaskets (5,7) and
copper gasket (2).
NOTE: Do not reuse old gaskets.
Replacement kit contains new gaskets.

CT-921 Torque Wrench

Oil Filter Installation and Removal

The one-inch ratchet can be used for

installation of Spin On Champion Oil
Filters. The CT-921 is also a torque wrench
calibrated to the recommended installa-
tion torque of 17 foot-pounds. The torque
wrench can be easily recalibrated.
23
 O I L F I L T E R S

Aviation Oil Filters

Assembly (con’t) Filter Torque

Housing Manufacturer Ft./Lb. In./L.b
• Install housing on engine adapter by
turning the entire housing clockwise OF-71-A AC 20 to 25 240 to 300
until the gasket (7) seats against the
adapter. OF-7-A AC 15 to 18 180 to 216

• Torque the screw (1) according to 1250406-1 Cessna 15 to 18 180 to 216

applicable values provided at right. OF-81-A AC 20 to 25 240 to 300
Always use a torque wrench and OF-8-A AC 15 to 18 180 to 216
tighten the screw to the specified OF-9-A AC 15 to 18 180 to 216
torque.
C-294505 Cessna 20 to 25 240 to 300
• Check the gasket (7) for circular
distribution around the edge of the
NOTE: # of Turns Approximately = # of Ft./Lb. of Screw
adapter. If not properly distributed, the
gasket may have become unseated 1-5/8 to 1-3/4 15 to 18
during assembly and must be replaced. 1-3/4 to 1-7/8 20 to 25
NOTE: Do not use a gasket which has
been unseated, since it is damaged and value as shown previously. The filter
cannot be reused. A close check of the housing holds about one quart of oil. Description Part No.
adaptor for warpage due to overtighten- Check oil level.
Copper Gasket (2) CFO-240
ing is a must. • Complete assembly by safety-wiring the
screw (1) to the case (3) and the Flat Rubber Gasket (5) CFO-203
• Check for leakage by starting and
warming up the engine. Observe the case (3) to the adapter or engine. Square Rubber CFO-202
areas around the gasket seal to the NOTE: If spare copper gaskets or rubber Gasket (70
adapter and the screw seal to the gaskets are required, they may be
housing. Turn off the engine and obtained by ordering Gasket Replace-
recheck the screw torque for required ment Kit PN CFO-205, which includes:

Bypass Filter System

Most new aircraft engines are equipped bypass system sometimes known as a element, returning the filtered oil directly
with, or have provisions to accept, a full- partial-flow system. to the sump. Therefore, as shown here,
flow type oil filter system. However, The partial-flow bypass system filters only the oil passing through the engine
some older model engines do not have about 10% of the oil through the filtering bearing is not filtered oil.
these provisions. Instead, they have a

24
 O I L F I L T E R S

Aviation Engine
Oil Filters

Full-Flow Filter System

Champion oil filters are designed for a

full-flow oil system. This system positions
the filter between the oil pump and the
engine bearings, thereby filtering the
contaminants from the circulated oil
before it passes through the bearing
surfaces.
All full-flow systems incorporate a
pressure-relief valve, which opens at a
predetermined differential oil pressure
Therefore, should the filter become
clogged, the relief valve will open,
allowing the oil to bypass and prevent
engine oil starvation.

Oil Filter Sludge Inspection

Inspection of engine sludge trapped in

spin-on oil filters has been recommended
practice for many years. Service engi-
neers of engine manufacturers, oil com-
panies and licensed aircraft mechanics
recognize the valve of visual inspection to
help determine if internal engine wear or
malfunction has occurred through in-
spection for metal or other contaminants
within the engine oil system. Slightly tighten cutter blade Lift mounting plate to expose
against filter and rotate 360°. complete filter media for
CT-923 Oil Filter Can Cutter Repeat operation until inspection.
mounting plate section
The Champion CT-923 Oil Filter Can Cut- separates.
ter is a useful tool for opening spin-on
filters without introducing foreign mate-
rial into the filter. Use the following rec- • After all ferrous metal particles have been
ommended procedures to inspect full- retrieved with the magnet, pour the
flow oil filters. remaining Varsol through another clean
• Remove the filter from the engine and shop rag, and any nonferrous metals
place it on a drain tray. Allow oil to should be detectable in bright light.
drain through a clean cloth to deter-
mine if foreign material drains from the
filter.
• Using the Champion CT-923 Can Cut-
ter, open the filter as shown here.
• Using a clean plastic bucket containing
approximately one pint of clean Varsol,
swish the filter element around in the
Varsol to loosen entrapped metal or
other contaminants.
• Using a clean magnet, work the mag-
net around in the Varsol. Ferrous
metal particles in the solution should
adhere to the magnet for inspection.
25
 O I L F I L T E R S

Over Pressurized Lube Oil Filters

Have you ever had a filter that appears to be “BLOWN UP”? Looks like a balloon or the gasket is protruding from the
base of the filter? Often the deformed filter is the only sign that a problem existed in the lube oil system.

The first thing you want to blame is the filter. However, if the pressure was sufficient to blow out the gasket or unroll
the lockseam, the pilot may have experienced immediate and costly problems. This should be considered a non-
airworthy condition.

A look at how a lube oil system functions will show that the oil pump creates oil pressure. A pressure-regulating valve
controls the upper limit of this pressure, which is usually an integral part of the pump.

Figure 1 is a simplified diagram of the lube oil system showing the pump, regulating valve, filter and bearings.

Bearings The oil pump supplies sufficient flow to lubricate the bear-
ings and other moving parts of the engine. This oil must be
under pressure if it is to properly separate the highly loaded
Spin-On Filter parts of an engine and prevent excessive wear. The purpose
of the regulating valve is to provide a constant pressure for
the system.

The regulating valve consists of a ball or plunger, which

regulates pressure with the aid of a spring. The spring is
calibrated so that the plunger will lift off its seat when the
oil pressure reaches the desired setting. Once the valve is
open, the pressure remains fairly constant with only small
changes occurring as the engine rpm varies.

Pressure Regulating The filter and all other components in the oil system are
Valve subjected to the pressure established by the regulating valve.
in Open Position If this pressure is excessive, filter damage may occur. This is

Pump Bearings
Excess Oil
Spin-On Filter

NORMAL PRESSURE
FIG. 1
the point that many mechanics that are not familiar with lube
systems fail to realize. Just remember any blockage in the
system can also send the pressure beyond what the filter can
stand which is rated at 400 psi. Burst.
Pressure Regulating
Figure 2 shows the system operating with the regulating valve Valve Stuck
stuck in the shut position. Under this condition the pressure in Closed Position
will build up in seconds and unless something happens to
relieve the pressure the filter will become the victim and not Pump EXCESSIVE PRESSURE
the cause. With a high spike of pressure the gasket will blow
FIG. 2
out or the lockseam will unwind as the pressure increases.

In conclusion, if a filter distorts due to over

pressure in the system, the fault might be the
regulating valve Not the filter

Courtesy of Filter Manufacturers Council

26
 S P A R K P L U G S

Current/Discontinued Aviation Spark Plugs

CURRENT PLUG TYPES DISCONTINUED PLUG TYPES

18mm 1/2” Reach: M40J* AY4

M40E M42E, M41N, D41N, C27, C26
REM40E EM41E, EM42E, ED41N, C27S, C26S,
REM39N, RED39N, RC26S
REM38E REM37N, RED37N, R25S
REM38S REM38P, REM38W

RMH40E HM41E
RHM40E RHM39N, RHD39N
RHM38E RHM37N, RHD37N
RHM38S RHM38P, RHM38W

18mm 13/16” Reach: REB37E REB37N, REA37N, R37S-1, RC35S, C35S

REB36S REB87N, REA87N, REB36W, R819, H014S
REB32E REB32N, REA32N, R56S, RC34S, C34S
- REB29N, REA29N, R33S
RHB37E RHB38E, RHB37N, RHA37E, RHA37N,
RHB87N, RHA87N, R119, R115
RHB32E RHB32N, RHB33E, RHA32E, RHA32N, R111
RHB29E RHB29N, RHA29E, RHA29N, R103
RHB36S R214D, RHB36P, RHB36W
RHB32S RHB32P, RHB32W
- RHB27P
- RHB27W

18MM 1 1/8” Reach: RHU32E RHU37E

RHU27E RHU30P, RHU30W

14MM 3/8” Reach: REJ38 C10S4, 78S

NON-SHIELDED
UNAVAILABLE J43, AJ66

14MM 1/2” Reach: RHL27SA* HL26P/HL601P*

RHL28SA* HL31P/HL602P*
REL37B REL37W, REL38B
NON-SHIELDED
UNAVAILABLE L34R, AJ10
EL602YC EL601Y *Racing Spark Plug Only

14MM 3/4” Reach: REN30S

Supplemental Information
Whenever possible, Champion Aerospace Champion Aerospace You are also encouraged to contact this
issues technical bulletins, providing more Products Support Department department for assistance on any
information on changing conditions P.O. Box 686 technical problem that may arise.
within the aviation industry as they relate Liberty, SC 29657
to reciprocating engines. Copies of these 864-843-5400
bulletins are available upon request from; www.championaerospace.com FAA-Repair Station
(IZMR441L) 27
 R E C I P R O C A T I N G E N G I N E S

Aviation
Service
Manual
AV6-R
Spark Plugs
Oil Filters

Distributed by:

28 Printed in U.S.A. AV6R110420