Evaluating The Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings: Standard Test Method For

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A247 − 19
Standard Test Method for

Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A247; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers the classification of graphite in 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
cast irons in terms of type, distribution, and size by visual E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
comparison to reference photomicrographs. This test method is
intended to be applicable for all iron-carbon alloys containing 3. Summary of Test Method
graphite particles, and may be applied to gray irons, malleable 3.1 The reference micrographs included in this standard
irons, compacted graphite irons, and the ductile (nodular) form the basis for classification. Characteristic features of
irons. graphite particle shape and distribution are designated by
numerals and letters. Type, distribution, and size of observed
1.2 The reference photomicrographs included in this test
graphite are compared with the idealized microstructures in the
method are in no way to be construed as specifications. In an
standard charts and rated accordingly as closely as possible to
appropriate specification for a specific material where graphite
the equal or similar microstructures in the charts.
microstructure is an important consideration, this test method
may be used as a reference to concisely define the graphite 4. Significance and Use
microstructure required.
4.1 The comparison of observed graphite particles with the
1.3 These reference photomicrographs are offered primarily structures shown in the charts give only purely descriptive
to permit accurate reporting of microstructures of cast irons information on the type, distribution, and size of the graphite in
and to facilitate the comparison of reports by different labora- the sample being evaluated. It does not indicate, except in a
tories or investigators. very broad way, the origin of the graphite or the suitability of
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the iron-carbon alloy for a particular service.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 5. Test Specimens or Samples
standard.
5.1 The preferred sample is a section cut from an actual
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the casting that is being evaluated at a location agreed upon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the between the manufacturer and purchaser. When this is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- impractical, a test lug or projection often can be appended to
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- the casting and sawed or broken off to be used as the test
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. sample. If neither of these methods is convenient, microstruc-
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- tural test coupons, such as those recommended by the Cast Iron
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Research Committee (5R) of the American Foundry Society3
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the shall be cast from metal representative of the castings poured.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 6. Polishing
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 6.1 Grinding and polishing may follow the usual accepted
metallographic procedures as covered in Guide E3, except that
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.21 on Testing. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved March 1, 2019. Published March 2019. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as A247 – 17. DOI: the ASTM website.
3
10.1520/A0247-19. Transactions, American Foundrymen’s Society, 1960, p. 655.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun May 19 22:59:25 EDT 2019
1
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad De Santiago (Universidad De Santiago) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
A247 − 19
care must be taken that the graphite is retained at the polished 8. Classification of Graphite Distribution Using Chart
surface and not torn or dragged out. Use of diamond powder 8.1 The graphite distribution chart (Fig. 2) is useful princi-
polishing compound in one of the final stages of polishing is pally in rating flake graphite, Type VII, distributions in gray
very effective in retaining the graphite at the polished surface. cast iron. Graphite in malleable iron may occur in a nonrandom
7. Classification of Graphite Form Using Chart distribution pattern which the distributions B to E may be used
to describe.
7.1 The graphite form type chart (Fig. 1) is used as a
reference standard by scanning the polished specimen under 9. Classification of Graphite Size by Chart
the microscope and noting the graphite forms in the micro-
structure that more nearly correspond to type designations on 9.1 This method categorizes the graphite particles by size
the chart. The percentages of each graphite type are estimated into eight classes. Figs. 3-5 show size classes for flake graphite
by observation, or better, by counting the particles of each type. and nodular graphite to facilitate comparisons. The maximum
Types present in a sample are to be reported in percentages to dimension of the graphite particles for the various size classes
total 100. Any convenient magnification that clearly reveals the are listed in Table 1.
graphite form may be used. 9.2 For direct comparison with the size classes in Figs. 3-5,
7.2 Type I graphite is nodular in shape and is the normal and the specimen to be evaluated shall be captured at the magni-
usually desirable graphite form in ductile iron. fication of exactly 100×. Usually visual comparison with the
chart is adequate to define the size class. Where a mixture of
7.3 Type II graphite consists of slightly irregular nodules one or more sizes occurs in the same sample, the sizes may be
and has little or no adverse effect on properties of ductile iron. reported as percentages of the total graphite area represented
7.4 Type III is the graphite form most often seen in by the sizes involved. It is a common practice in malleable
malleable iron castings after annealing. Some malleable irons irons to use nodule count per unit area instead of a comparison
may also contain Type I or II graphite particles. chart as given here. Nodule count, with known free carbon
7.5 Type IV is the predominant graphite form in compacted content, is a measure of calculated average nodule area.
(vermicular) graphite iron. However, the microstructure is
10. Nodularity
typically evaluated by the percentage of Types I and II that are
commonly observed. 10.1 Nodularity (Figs. 6 and 7) is expressed by counting the
nodular particles and reporting the results as a percentage of
7.6 Type V is the spiky graphite form occasionally seen in
the total amount of graphite present in the microstructure.
ductile iron in conjunction with Types I and II.
Ductile irons typically exhibit a nodularity between 80 to
7.7 Type VI is the exploded nodule graphite form occasion- 100 %, gray irons a nodularity of 0 %, and compacted graphite
ally seen in ductile iron in conjunction with Types I and II. irons a nodularity of 0 to 20 %. Nodularity should be assessed
7.8 Type VII is the flake graphite form usually seen in gray by evaluating more than one field of view. The final report
iron. should state the number of fields of view or area of the sample
evaluated. The location of the measurement should be agreed
TABLE 1 Graphite Size upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
Size Class Actual Dimension (µm)A
1 $640
11. Nodule Count
2 320 to <640 11.1 Nodule count is expressed as the number of graphite
3 160 to <320
4 80 to <160 nodules/mm2 and is performed at a magnification of 100×.
5 40 to <80 Generally, high nodule count indicates good metallurgical
6 20 to <40 quality, but there is an optimum range of nodule count for each
7 10 to <20
8 <10 section size of casting, and nodule counts in excess of this
A
The gradation of sizes shown in each size class from the maximum dimension
range may result in a degradation of properties. Nodule count
were computer calculated at the National Bureau of Standards using data obtained should be established between the manufacturer and the
from actual micrographs (Wyman, L. L., and Moore, G. A., “Quantitative Metallo- purchaser. Figs. 8-10 compare the nodule counts of ductile iron
graphic Evaluations of Graphite Microstructures,” Modern Castings, Vol 43, No. 1,
Jan. 1963, p. 7). at 100 % nodularity, 90 % nodularity, and 80 % nodularity,
respectively.
2
A247 − 19
FIG. 1 Graphite Types Found in Iron Castings
3
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FIG. 2 Graphite Distribution Typically Used to Rate Type VII Flake Graphite in Gray Iron (100×)
4
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FIG. 3 Size Class 1 Through 4 Flake Graphite (100×)
12. Report of Graphite Microstructure 12.3 Graphite distribution is always designated for flake
12.1 To report the microstructure of graphite in cast iron, the graphite irons, but may be omitted for malleable and ductile
headings to be used are as follows: sample identification; iron.
graphite form type or types; graphite distribution; graphite size 12.3.1 For example, a typical gray iron of normal graphite
class. structure might be designated VII A4. If eutectiform graphite is
12.2 Graphite type, or types, is designated by a Roman present, the rating might be VII D7. Mixtures of these two may
numeral I through VII. Graphite distribution is designated by a be described by giving both ratings with appropriate
capital letter A through E. Graphite size is designated by an percentages, 70 % VII A4, 30 % VII D7.
Arabic numeral 1 through 8.
5
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FIG. 4 Size Class 5 Through 8 Flake Graphite (100×)
12.3.2 A high-quality ductile iron could be designated I6. A 12.4 Nodularity should be reported as a percentage of the
slightly inferior ductile iron, with somewhat insufficient nodu- total amount of graphite present in the microstructure. The
lizing alloy, might be 70 % I6, 30 % IV5. magnification and number of fields of view shall be reported.
12.3.3 Graphite in malleable irons may be similarly desig-
nated as Type III, II, or I and the size from the nodular size 12.5 Nodule count shall be reported as the number of
chart. graphite nodules/mm2.
6
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FIG. 5 Size Class 4 Through 7 Nodular Graphite (100×)
7
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NOTE 1—Compacted Graphite Iron Nodularity Rating Chart (Wall Chart). Available from SinterCast, www.sintercast.com.
FIG. 6 Nodularity Examples (100×)
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NOTE 1—Compacted Graphite Iron Nodularity Rating Chart (Wall Chart). Available from SinterCast, www.sintercast.com.
FIG. 7 Nodularity Examples (100×)
9
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NOTE 1—Graphite Rating in Ductile Iron (Wall Chart). Available from the Ductile Iron Society, www.ductile.org.
FIG. 8 Nodule Count of 100 % Nodularity Ductile Iron (100×)
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11
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APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. ADDITIONAL MICROSTRUCTURES
FIG. X1.1 Widmanstätten Graphite is Shown Magnified at 400× on the Left and 1000× on the Right
X1.1 Fig. X1.1 is a microstructure that may be observed in

cast irons and is shown for informational purposes only.
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13

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Standard Test Method for

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

FIG. 1 Graphite Types Found in Iron Castings

FIG. 3 Size Class 1 Through 4 Flake Graphite (100×)

FIG. 4 Size Class 5 Through 8 Flake Graphite (100×)

FIG. 5 Size Class 4 Through 7 Nodular Graphite (100×)

FIG. 6 Nodularity Examples (100×)

FIG. 7 Nodularity Examples (100×)

FIG. 8 Nodule Count of 100 % Nodularity Ductile Iron (100×)

FIG. 9 Nodule Count of 90 % Nodularity Ductile Iron (100×)

FIG. 10 Nodule Count of 80 % Nodularity Ductile Iron (100×)

X1. ADDITIONAL MICROSTRUCTURES

X1.1 Fig. X1.1 is a microstructure that may be observed in

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