Lecture

The Quark model

WS2018/19: ‚Physics of Strongly Interacting Matter‘ 1

 Quark model
The quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in
terms of their valence quarks — the quarks and antiquarks
which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons.

The quark model in its modern form was developed by

Murray Gell-Mann - american physicist who received the
1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of
elementary particles.
* QM - independently proposed by George Zweig
1929

Hadrons are not ‚fundamental‘, but they are built from ‚valence quarks‘, i.e.
quarks and antiquarks, which give the quantum numbers of the hadrons

| Baryon   | qqq  | Meson   | qq 

q= quarks, q – antiquarks

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 Quark quantum numbers
The quark quantum numbers:

 flavor (6): u (up-), d (down-), s (strange-), c (charm-), t (top-), b(bottom-) quarks

anti-flavor for anti-quarks q: u , d , s , c , t, b

 charge: Q = -1/3, +2/3 (u: 2/3, d: -1/3, s: -1/3, c: 2/3, t: 2/3, b: -1/3 )
 baryon number: B=1/3 - as baryons are made out of three quarks
 spin: s=1/2 - quarks are the fermions!
 strangeness: S  1, S  1, S  0 for q  u, d, c, t, b (and q)
s s q

 charm: C  1, C  1, C  0 for q  u, d, s, t, b (and q)

c c q

 bottomness: Β  1, B  1, B  0 for q  u, d, s, c, t (and q)

b b q

 topness: T  1, T  1, T  0 for q  u, d, s, c, b (and q)

t t q

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 Quark quantum numbers
The quark quantum numbers:

hypercharge: Y=B+S+C+B+T (1)

(= baryon charge + strangeness + charm + bottomness +topness)

I 3 (or Iz or T3) - 3‘d component of isospin

charge (Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula):

Q = I3 + Y/2 (2)

(= 3‘d component of isospin + hypercharge/2)

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Quark quantum numbers

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 Quark quantum numbers

The quark model is the follow-up to the Eightfold Way classification scheme
(proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne'eman )

The Eightfold Way may be understood as a consequence

of flavor symmetries between various kinds of quarks.
Since the strong nuclear force affects quarks the same
way regardless of their flavor, replacing one flavor
of a quark with another in a hadron should not change
its mass very much. Mathematically, this replacement
may be described by elements of the SU(3) group.

Consider u, d, s quarks :
 then the quarks lie in the fundamental representation, 3
(called the triplet) of the flavour group SU(3) : [3]

The antiquarks lie in the complex conjugate representation 3 : [ 3 ]

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 Quark quantum numbers
triplet in SU(3)flavor group: [3] anti-triplet in SU(3)flavor group: [ 3 ]

Y=2(Q-T3)

E.g. u-quark: Q=+2/3, T3=+1/2, Y=1/3 7

 Quark quantum numbers
The quark quantum numbers:

 Collor 3: red, green and blue  triplet in SU(3) collor group: [3]
Anticollor 3: antired, antigreen and antiblue  anti-triplet in SU(3)collor group [ 3 ]

• The quark colors (red, green, blue) combine to be colorless

•The quark anticolors (antired, antigreen, antiblue) also combine to be colorless
All hadrons  color neutral = color singlet in the SU(3)collor group

History: The quantum number ‚color‘ has been introduced (idea from
Greenberg, 1964) to describe the state D++(uuu) (Q=+2, J=3/2) , discovered by
Fermi in 1951 as p+p resonance: D  ( uuu)  p( uud )  p  (d u)
The state D  ( u  u  u  ) with all parallel spins (to achieve J=3/2) is forbidden
according to the Fermi statistics (without color) !
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 Quark quantum numbers
The current quark masses:

 masses of the quarks

mu = 1.7 - 3.3 MeV/c2

md = 4.1 – 5.8 MeV/c2

ms = 70 – 130 MeV/c2

mc = 1.1 –1.5 GeV/c2

mb = 4.1 - 4.4 GeV/c2

mt ~ 180 GeV/c2

The current quark mass is also called the mass of the 'naked‘ (‚bare‘) quark.
Note: the constituent quark mass is the mass of a 'dressed' current quark, i.e. for
quarks surrounded by a cloud of virtual quarks and gluons:
Mu(d)* ~ 350 MeV/c2
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Building Blocks of Matter
mq,L Periodensystem
[MeV]
10
6 Leptonen Quarks
t
5
10

10
4
b
 c
3
10

2
 s
10

10
1
d u
10
0
e

-1
10

-2
10

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 Hadrons in the Quark model
Gell-Mann (1964): Hadrons are not ‚fundamental‘, but they are built from
‚valence quarks‘,
| Baryon   | qqq  | Meson   | qq  (3)

Baryon charge: BB = 1 Bm = 0

Constraints to build hadrons from quarks:

• strong color interaction (red, green, blue)
• confinement
• quarks must form color-neutral hadrons

 State function for baryons – antisymmetric under interchange of two quarks

A | qqq  A  [| color  | space | spin  | flavor  ]A (4)

Since all baryons are color neutral, the color part of A must be antisymmetric,
i.e. a SU(3)color singlet
A | qqq  A | color  A  [| space | spin  | flavor  ]S (5)
symmetric
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 Hadrons in Quark model
 Possible states A:
Ψ A | color  A  [| space S  | spin  A  | flavor  A ]S (6)

[| space S  | spin  S  | flavor  S ]S (7)

or a linear conbination of (6) and (7):

Ψ A   | color  A  [| space S  | spin  A  | flavor  A ]S

(8)
  | color  A  [| space S  | spin  S  | flavor  S ]S

where 2   2 1

 Consider flavor space (u,d,s quarks)  SU(3)flavor group

Possible states: |flavor> : (6) – antisymmetric

for baryons (7) – symmetric
(8) – mixed symmetry

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 Mesons in the Quark model
| Meson   | qq 

Quark Anti-quark
triplet in SU(3)flavor group: [3] anti-triplet in SU(3)flavor group: [ 3 ]

From group theory: the nine states (nonet) made out of a pair can be
decomposed into the trivial representation, 1 (called the singlet), and the
adjoint representation, 8 (called the octet).

[3]  [ 3]  [8]  [1]

octet + singlet

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 Mesons in the Quark model

[3]

π (d u )

electric charge Q=+1

Q= -1 Q=0
3 states: Y=0, I3=0
linear combination of uu , dd , ss
1 1
A ( uu  dd )  p 0 , B (uu  dd  2ss )  
2 6
1 14
A,B,C: in octet: A,B singlet state C C (uu  dd  ss )   
3
 Mesons in the Quark model
Classification of mesons:

Quantum numbers:
• spin S
• orbital angular momentumL  
• total angular momentum J  L  S
 Properties with respect to Poincare transformation:
1) continuos transformation  Lorentz boost (3 parameters: )

i 
UB ~ e Casimir operator (invariant under transformation): M 2  p p 

2) rotations (3 parameters: Euler angle j) :


ij J
UR ~ e Casimir operator: J2

3) space-time shifts (4 parameters: a)

10 parameters
i  x  x   x   a 
U st ~ e of Poincare group
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 Mesons in the Quark model
Classification of mesons:

 Discrete operators:  
4) parity transformation: flip in sign of the spacial coordinate r  r
eigenvalue P = +1
P = (−1)L + 1

5) time reversal: t  -t
eigenvalue T = +1
6) charge conjugation: C = -C
C = (−1)L + S C - parity: eigenvalue C = +1

General PCT –theorem: P  C T  1

due to the fact that discrete transformations correspond to the
U(1) group they are multiplicative

Properties of the distinguishable (not continuum!) particles are defined by

M 2 (or M ), J 2 (or J ), P, C
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 Mesons in the Quark model
Classification of mesons:

the mesons are classified in JPC multiplets

1) L=0 states: J=0 or 1, i.e. J=S

+1 for S=0
P = (−1)L + 1 = -1 C= (−1)L + S = (−1)S =
-1 for S=1
0-+ - pseudoscalar states
JPC = 1-- - vector states

2) L=1 states - orbital exitations; P = (−1)L + 1 = +1

S= -1 J=0 JPC= 0++ - scalar states
   S= 0 J=1 1++ - axial vectors
J  L S 1+- - axial vectors
S= 1 J=2 2++ - tensor

|L − S| ≤ J ≤ L + S 17
 Mesons in the Quark model
isospin

L S J PC I  1 I  1/ 2 I  0 m [ MeV ]
L  0 S  0 0 p K  , ' 140 ( mp )  500
 
S 1 1  K *
 ,j ~ 800

L1 S 0 1 B Q2 H 1250

S 1 2 A2 K' *
f, f' 1400

1 A1 Q1 D 1300
0++ d k e,S* 1150

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 Mesons in the Quark model
JPC = 0-+ - pseudoscalar nonet (L=0, S=0) Strangeness

JPC = 1-- - vector nonet (L=0, S=1)

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 Baryons in the Quark model
| Baryon   | qqq 
Quark
triplet in SU(3)flavor group: [3]
Eqs. (4-8): state function for baryons – antisymmetric under interchange
of two quarks:  | qqq   [| color  | space | spin  | flavor
A A  ]A
where |flavor> state can be symmetric (S), antisymmetric (A) or mixed symmetry (M)

From group theory: with three flavours, the decomposition in flavour is

[3]  [3]  [3]  ([6]S  [3 ]A )  [3] 

 ([6]S  [3])  ([ 3 ]  [3]) 
 [10]S  [8]M  [8]M  [1]A
The decuplet is symmetric in flavour, the singlet antisymmetric and the two octets
have mixed symmetry (they are connected by a unitary transformation and thus
describe the same states).
The space and spin parts of the states are then fixed once the orbital angular
momentum is given. 20
 Baryons in the Quark model
1) Combine first 2 quark triplets:

[3]  [3]  [6]S  [3 ]A

2) Add a 3‘d quark:

[3]  [3]  [3]  ([6]S  [3 ]A )  [3] 

 [10]S  [8]M  [8]M  [1]A
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 Baryons in the Quark model
Octet [8] Decuplet [10]


Spin: 1 J=S+L 3


J=S J 
P
JP 
2 L=1 2
L=0
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 Structure of known baryons
Ground states of Baryons + exitation spectra

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 Mesons in the SU(4) flavor Quark model
Now consider the basis states of meons in 4 flavour SU(4)flavor: u, d, s, c quarks

[4]  [ 4 ]  [15]  [1]

SU(4) weight diagram showing the 16-plets for the pseudoscalar and
vector mesons as a function of isospin I, charm C and hypercharge Y. The
nonets of light mesons occupy the central planes to which the ccbar states
have been added. 24
 Baryons in the SU(4) flavor Quark model
Now consider the basis states of baryons in 4 flavour SU(4)flavor: u, d, s, c quarks

SU(4) multiplets of baryons made of u, d, s, and c quarks:

the 20-plet with an SU(3) octet and the 20-plet with an SU(3) decuplet.

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Exotic states

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 Exotic states

Experimental evidence:
| Hybrid   | qqg   ... p(1400)
s(600)
| Baryonium   | qqqq   ... fo(1500)
||
| Glueball   | gg   ... very broad width
(200-300 MeV) => short
lifetime < 1 fm/c
u d

u
s d
| Pentaquark   | qqqq q   ...
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 Pentaquarks

„Flavour“-exotic state, e.g.


| Θ   | uudd s

Decay: | uudd s  | udd  | us

| Θ    | n | K  
u
s
u d

u
s d | uudd s  | uud  | ds u
| Θ    | p | K 0  d d

Very small life time (big width)?

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 (Quark)-Soliton-Model
Chiral Lagrangean: Diakonov, Petrov, Polyakov ('97)

invariant under SU(3)-flavor Rotation

  q
q

L eff  q i  M exp iγ 5 π a λ a /f π pa
Pseudoscalar fields: π a  π, K, η q q

Chiral Quark-Soliton Model:

•solution of the Euler-Lagrange equation-
of-motion => Solitons
• quantization of the soliton solutions
under SU(3)f

Predictions for the pentaquark state:

• Spin J=1/2, Parity P=positive: JP = 1/2+
• Width G < 30 MeV
• SU(3)f - Antidecuplet 29
 Quark-Correlations (diquark) Model
Jaffe, Wilczek, Karliner, Lipkin ('03)

• [qq] correlations: antisymmetric in Color, J 1 2

Flavor und Spin state = diquark
• Pentaquark:  q q 
1 2
3C
 q 1q 2 
3C
 3C
q
3C 1 2

L 1

Predictions for the pentaquarks:

• Spin J=1/2, Parity P=positiv: JP = 1/2+
• Width G < 15 MeV
• SU(3)f - Antidecuplet + Oktet
Oktet: Partner with JP = 3/2+

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 Other models of pentaquarks

A five-quark "bag" A "meson-baryon molecule"

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 Positive experimental signals of Θ+(1540)

Spring8 DIANA JLab ELSA

ITEP SVD/IHEP
JLab

HERMES

COSY-TOF
ZEUS
NOMAD

pp  ++.

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 … but not seen by other experiments

BABAR Delphi/LEP ALEPH/LEP

E690/FermiLab
CDF

HyperCP

STAR/RHIC HERA-B

PHENIX/RHIC

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2004: PDG entry for pentaquark – NOT any more in 2016!

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 2015 LHCb results

In July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN identified

pentaquarks in the Λ0b→J/ψK−p channel

 Two states, named P+c(4380) and P+c(4450)

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