For Retirement seminar of Professor Papanikolaou in September-30 , 2016

Added Resistance , Unsteady Wave Field

and
My Memories

Shigeru NAITO
E. Professor of Osaka University
（１）
Contents
• Part 1 (20min.)

Today’s main talk

Today’s main talk

（２）
 Unsteady wave field consists of two wave systems
One is k2 wave system, the other is k1 wave system.
1: k2 wave system
Ring wave ： Waves generated by oscillation of ships
without forward velocity
This system is the deformed Ring wave by forward velocity of ships.
2: k1 wave system
Kelvin wave ： Waves generated by forward velocity of ships
without oscillation.
This system is the deformed Kelvin wave by oscillation of ships.

Today, consider only added resistance

due to k2(θ) wave system （3）
 Unsteady wave field
k1 wave system k2 wave system
Deformed Kelvin wave Deformed Ring wave
Wave number

Hanaoka Parameter
(Index of Unsteadiness)

Conservation of wave number

･

Based on those knowledge of unsteady wave field, let discuss on the Maruo’s formula

（４）
 Maruo’s Formula k2 wave

k1 wave

 This formula has two equations.

k2 wave term and k1 wave term
 Each equation is divided into three parts
(1) Integral range (2)Kochin function (3) Weighting function
 In the weighting function, the effect of the oblique waves Coordinate system
appear only in the term of the black arrows. （５）
Three parts of the formula
(1) Integral range
• Existing region of an elementary wave
(2) Kochin function (Amplitude function)
function) H(Θ
H(Θ)
• Amplitude and period of an elementary wave which propagate a certain
direction Θ from ships to a far field . Presenting ship form and ship motions.
• Various calculation methods exist.
(3) Weighting function
• Mutual relation between the propagating direction of elementary waves and the
effect of the direction on ΔR

（６）
K1,2 -Wave pattern
Generated by
a point periodical singularity
Y

B-Wave
X

Red line : k2: B-wave

Blue line : k2: A-wave
A-Wave Green line : k1 wave

Symmetric with respect to Y-axis

Those figures was calculated by

Prof Iwasita (Hiroshima Univ.) （７）
K2(θ) Wave number

（８）
 Weighting Function (Head wave) 50
Condition
L=4m, Fn=0.2, λ/L=0.5
Ω=1.212,
θ0=78.09deg=1.363rad

Wt(  )

Wt1(θ) Wt1(  ) Weighting Function

Wt2(θ)
Wt2(  )

One index
 θ0
2
0
 5 1.363
 Wt ( ) d 

0
Index  =0.772 0 0.785 1.571 2.356 3.142


 Wt ( ) d  0  

0

Notice θ Sharp monotone decreasing function

 Weighting function has Strong Directional Characteristics
 Propagating waves angle 3π/2～(3π/2+θ0) and
（θ0～π/2), namely B-Wave : Most effective on ΔR （９）
Weighting Function and Ω
Ω=0.274 Ω=0.48
0.04 1.5 3 10

0.03
k2 (θ) 8
1 2
k2( θ) 0.02 k2( θ) k2( θ) 6
k2( θ)
0.5 1 4
0.01
2
0 0 0 0
0 1.571 3.142 0 1.571 3.142 0 1.571 3.142 0 1.571 3.142
θ θ θ θ
0.005 5 50
30
4 40
3 20 30
Wt ( θ) 0.0025 Wt ( θ) Wt ( θ)
2 Wt ( θ)
20
1 10
10
0 0
0 1.571 3.142 0 1.571 3.142 0
0 0 1.571 3.142
θ 0 1.571 3.142
θ θ
θ

Pay attention to Vertical axes value

Reforming bow form based on this fact,

we could have one way to deduce ΔR （１０）
 振幅関数（Kochin function） Ohkusu,Kobayashi (1984:
First Marine Dynamics Symposium)

Complicated behavior of elementary waves

in the direction to θ0～π/2 is worthy of note. （１１）
 Before Osaka university’s experiments :

LWL  Restrained condition:

This bow’s ΔR is smaller than it of
ＬＬＷＬ
conventional ships.
When λ/L <0.8, ΔR is small.

 Motion free condition

FP This bow’s ΔR is larger than it of
conventional ships, because the whale
However, those results gave us many hints on bow scoop up wave.
bow design in waves. When λ/L >0.9, ΔR become large.
This bow also had some problems on
 The bow form below the load water line is same. a regulation.
 Only that above the load water line can be reformed .

Remodeling the bow into sharp Performance in the still water does not change.
（１２）
 Measurement set up:
Diffraction force acting on Bow
(1983 Osaka University)

Three bow forms

Wire were tested

Bow part Load Cell

Ｓｈｉｐ ｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ：Ｒｅｓｔｒａｉｎｅｄ
Ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｔｏ Ａｉｒ ｆｏｒｃｅ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ
（１３）
Measurement of diffraction force acting on bow part Wave ray tracing
(Calculation)
Wave breaking point

Blunt Bow
The wave ray from this area can
not propagate to the far field

1988(KSAJ) . 1990（Eng. Science, F. Dynamics) Sharp Bow

Extensive difference

By making only the form of bow

above the load water line sharp,
we can changed the propagating
direction of reflected and
radiated waves.

（１４）
 Ordinary Bow
Bow
Beak-Bow and Ax-Bow :
Ordinary
 The bow shape above the load waterline :
Osaka university Sharp
JMU  The hull form below the load waterline :
Same as the hull of ordinary ship

Ordinary Bow
Ordinary Bow Beak-Bow

Ship motion : Free

Ordinary Bow

Ordinary Bow （１５）

 Ordinary Bow
Measurement of Speed Loss in Actual Seas （ＪＭＵ）
Comparison between Ax-Bow and Ordinary Bow

On board data
Wave height(m)

Ordinary Bow

Ｈ＞４ｍ
Probable Density Function of Speed

Ordinary Bow
Speed drop

In high wave sea, the speed loss of Ax-Bow Ship is small.

 Already a lot of this ship have been built. （１６）

 Ordinary Bow Leadge Bow Upright stem line
In old time, a ship with similar bow shape existed.

Ax-Bow

 The bulbous bow affects wave making resistance characteristics.

Slow speed ship → wave making resistance is small.
 The ballast condition
sea surface → below the load waterline → sharpened bow part below the load
waterline. → reduce the added resistance
not only in full load condition but also in ballast condition
（１７）
 My home town
Mt.Fuji

Sea trial of Ax-Bow ship in Suruga bay

Recently, the stem line of bow is standing upright
have been developed by some corporations. Company name has changed as follows.
 OSB (Onomiti CO.) NKK+HZ→Universal Ship Ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ+IHI
 SEAWORTHY (Tuneisi CO., Hiroshima Univ.) → Japan Marine United(JMU)
 Seaworthy Bow (Ooshima CO.)
（１８）
ＣＯＶＥ Ｂｏｗ Fｏｒｍ : Developed by NMI group
upper deck original shape

COVE

still water static swell up+1.5m

static swell up

COVE :
Concave Shape center line
Optimized in Waves
about S.S.9
These concept on improvement bow form
1. Change the propagate direction of elementary
Water line
waterline at at
waves generated by forward ships in waves.
design
design draught
draught 2. Consider the static swell up
wateratline
Water line at 1.5m
1.5m
above the static
above the static swell up line （１９）
swell up line
Other examples
 SK-BOW: Knuckled- shape Bow
(Shin-kurushima CO., Hiroshima Univ.)
Appendage
STEP : NMI

 Osaka Prefecture Univ.(Ikeda) :

By putting on the bow front above the
load water line a small appendage, they
could reduce ΔR. （２０）
 Sea condition

Moderate seas Heavy seas

Propulsive performance Concern Safety

Power, Fuel oil consumption Racing, Deck wetness
Speed loss Capsizing

Recently ship length becomes longer and her Fn number lower, then
relatively wave length becomes short, weather becomes moderate.
Then the study of the bow form in small λ／L has to be continued.
For each ship type there will be an optimum bow form.

（２１）
 Trivial comments
1. I talked on mutual relation between the bow form and the added
resistance in short head waves.
2. It is important for bow form development to focus on the
propagating direction of elementary waves generated by ships
in waves. Attention to the weighting function Wt(θ）
3. Even a small change of the propagating direction, it’s effect on ΔR
can not ignore, and in some cases it exhibit a large effect.

It would also need to be considered the following problems.

・In quartering waves including rudder-ship interaction, steady turning
Mt., ・Viscosity, ・Utilization of a bow fin with housing device etc.
（２２）
Part2 Our Memories

Murooji in Nara prefecture

1985? Beginning April in 2008 :
In front of the building Papa stayed several weeks in
of NAOE, Osaka Univ. Osaka. （２３）
 1991 4th IMDC Kobe
At one session Papa was the
chairman and I co-chairman.
Together E. Prof. Takarada

New year’s greetings

at the home of the late
E. Prof.Nakamura
(1993/12～1994/2)

Himeji Castle with students

and department staff
2002

Papa with his wife

and daughter in 1994
at Temple of Poseidon,
Sounion, Athens
（２４）
2008 My retirement party at Osaka Kyoto Arashiyama with Profs. Francescutto and Vassalos( 1996)

The lakeside Syojiko at the foot of Mt. Fuji

(201?)

Trio of Borsalino in Osaka

With E. Professor Y.Himeno 2013/2/4
（２５）
 Although the old noble horse live
a quiet life in a barn,
his soul is in the wider world.
Although the noble person becomes
old, his vigorous spirit
continues to have
high- ambitions,
and
will fly freely into the sky!
Near the Ness lake : Scotland(2004)

（２７）
Your new voyage to future has just started.

Good Voyage !

Thank you very much

for your kind attention.
（２８）