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The C Preprocessor
Recall that preprocessing is the first step in the C program compilation stage -- this
feature is unique to C compilers.
The preprocessor more or less provides its own language which can be a very
powerful tool to the programmer. Recall that all preprocessor directives or commands
begin with a #.
Use of the preprocessor is advantageous since it makes:
 programs easier to develop,

 easier to read,
 easier to modify
 C code more transportable between different machine architectures.
The preprocessor also lets us customise the language. For example to replace { ... }
block statements delimiters by PASCAL like begin ... end we can do:
#define begin {
#define end }
During compilation all occurrences of begin

and end get replaced by corresponding
{ or } and so the subsequent C compilation stage does not know any
difference!!!.
Lets look at #define in more detail
#define
Use this to define constants or any macro substitution. Use as follows:
#define <macro> <replacement name>
For Example
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE !FALSE
We can also define small ``functions'' using #define. For example max. of two
variables:
#define max(A,B) ( (A) > (B) ? (A):(B))
? is the ternary operator in C.
Note: that this does not define a proper function max.
All it means that wherever we place max(C ,D ) the text gets replaced by the
appropriate definition. [ = any variable names - not necessarily C and D]
So if in our C code we typed something like:
x = max(q+r,s+t);
after preprocessing, if we were able to look at the code it would appear like
this:
x = ( (q+r) > (r+s) ? (q+r) : (s+t));
Other examples of #define could be:
#define Deg_to_Rad(X) (X*M_PI/180.0)

/* converts degrees to radians, M_PI is the value
of pi and is defined in math.h library */
#define LEFT_SHIFT_8 <<8
NOTE: The last macro LEFT_SHIFT_8 is only

valid so long as replacement context is valid i.e.
x = y LEFT_SHIFT_8.
#undef
This commands undefined a macro. A macro must be undefined before being
redefined to a different value.
#include
This directive includes a file into code.
It has two possible forms:
#include <file>
or
#include ``file''
<file> tells the compiler to look where system include files are held.
Usually UNIX systems store files in usr include directory.
``file'' looks for a file in the current directory (where program was run
from)
Included files usually contain C prototypes and declarations from header

files and not (algorithmic) C code (SEE next Chapter for reasons)
#if -- Conditional inclusion

#if evaluates a constant integer expression. You always need a #endif to delimit end
of statement.
We can have else etc. as well by using #else and #elif -- else if.
Another common use of #if is with:

#ifdef
-- if defined and
#ifndef
-- if not defined
These are useful for checking if macros are set -- perhaps from different program
modules and header files.
For example, to set integer size for a portable C program between TurboC (on
MSDOS) and Unix (or other) Operating systems. Recall that TurboC uses 16
bits/integer and UNIX 32 bits/integer.
Assume that if TurboC is running a macro TURBOC will be defined. So we just need to
check for this:
#ifdef TURBOC
#define INT_SIZE 16
#else
#define INT_SIZE 32
#endif
As another example if running program on MSDOS machine we want to include file

msdos.h otherwise a default.h file. A macro SYSTEM is set (by OS) to type of
system so check for this:
#if SYSTEM == MSDOS

#include <msdos.h>
#else
#include ``default.h''
#endif
Preprocessor Compiler Control

You can use the cc compiler to control what values are set or defined from the
command line. This gives some flexibility in setting customised values and has some
other useful functions. The -D compiler option is used. For example:
cc -DLINELENGTH=80 prog.c -o prog
has the same effect as:
#define LINELENGTH 80
Note that any #define or #undef within the program

(prog.c above) override command line settings.
You can also set a symbol without a value, for example:
cc -DDEBUG prog.c -o prog
Here the value is assumed to be 1.
The setting of such flags is useful, especially for debugging. You can put commands
like:
#ifdef DEBUG
print("Debugging: Program Version 1\");
#else
print("Program Version 1 (Production)\");
#endif
Also since preprocessor command can be written anywhere in a C program you can
filter out variables etc for printing etc. when debugging:
x = y *3;
#ifdef DEBUG
print("Debugging: Variables (x,y) = \",x,y);
#endif
The -E command line is worth mentioning just for academic reasons. It is not that
practical a command. The -E command will force the compiler to stop after the
preprocessing stage and output the current state of your program. Apart from being
debugging aid for preprocessor commands and also as a useful initial learning tool
(try this option out with some of the examples above) it is not that commonly used.
Other Preprocessor Commands

There are few other preprocessor directives available:
#error
text of error message -- generates an appropriate compiler error message. e.g
#ifdef OS_MSDOS
#include <msdos.h>
#elifdef OS_UNIX
#include ``default.h''
#else
#error Wrong OS!!
#endif
# line
number "string" -- informs the preprocessor that the number is the next
number of line of input. "string"is optional and names the next line of
input. This is most often used with programs that translate other
languages to C. For example, error messages produced by the C compiler
can reference the file name and line numbers of the original source
files instead of the intermediate C (translated) source files.

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The C Preprocessor

Use of the preprocessor is advantageous since it makes:

 programs easier to develop,

During compilation all occurrences of begin

Lets look at #define in more detail

#define <macro> <replacement name>

#define max(A,B) ( (A) > (B) ? (A):(B))

? is the ternary operator in C.

Note: that this does not define a proper function max.

appropriate definition. [ = any variable names - not necessarily C and D]

So if in our C code we typed something like:

x = ( (q+r) > (r+s) ? (q+r) : (s+t));

Other examples of #define could be:

#define Deg_to_Rad(X) (X*M_PI/180.0)

#define LEFT_SHIFT_8 <<8

NOTE: The last macro LEFT_SHIFT_8 is only

Usually UNIX systems store files in usr include directory.

Included files usually contain C prototypes and declarations from header

#if -- Conditional inclusion

Another common use of #if is with:

As another example if running program on MSDOS machine we want to include file

#if SYSTEM == MSDOS

Preprocessor Compiler Control

cc -DLINELENGTH=80 prog.c -o prog

has the same effect as:

Note that any #define or #undef within the program

You can also set a symbol without a value, for example:

cc -DDEBUG prog.c -o prog

Here the value is assumed to be 1.

Other Preprocessor Commands

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