UNIT 2

PART A
1. What is CSMA/CD? .(Nov Dec 2011)
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a Media
Access Control method,a carrier sensing scheme is used. a transmitting data station that
detects another signal while transmitting a frame, stops transmitting that frame, transmits a
jam signal, and then waits for a random time interval before trying to resend the frame.
2. Define CSMA/CA.
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) is a protocol for
carrier transmission in 802.11 networks. Unlike CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Detect) which deals with transmissions after a collision has occurred,
CSMA/CA acts to prevent collisions before they happen.
In CSMA/CA, as soon as a node receives a packet that is to be sent, it checks to be
sure the channel is clear (no other node is transmitting at the time). If the channel is clear,
then the packet is sent. If the channel is not clear, the node waits for a randomly chosen
period of time, and then checks again to see if the channel is clear. This period of time is
called the backoff factor, and is counted down by a backoff counter. If the channel is clear
when the backoff counter reaches zero, the node transmits the packet. If the channel is not
clear when the backoff counter reaches zero, the backoff factor is set again, and the process is
repeated.
3. Define IP Protocol.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer
to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP
address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
4. What is an IP Address?
An IP address (abbreviation of Internet Protocol address) is an identifier assigned to each
computer and other device (e.g., printer, router, mobile device, etc.) connected to a
TCP/IP network that is used to locate and identify the node in communications with other
nodes on the network
IP Address - numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in
a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol
Eg. (a) 157.143.252.207 (b) 93.31.1.245
5. List the Classes in IP Address?
6. Draw IPv4 header?

7. What is meant by bridge? (Nov Dec 2011)

A network bridge connects multiple network segments (network domains) along the data link
layer. It is sometimes called a network switch, and it works by using bridging. Traffic from
one network is forwarded through it to another network. The bridge simply does what its
name entails, by connecting two sides from adjacent networks
8. Differentiate fast ethernet and gigabit ethernet. .(Nov Dec 2012)
The 'Ether' part of Ethernet denotes that the system is not meant to be restricted for use on
only one medium type, copper cables, fibre cables and even radio waves can be used.
Fast Ethernet Network was developed as an upgrade to traditional Ethernet Networking. Fast
Ethernet improved traditional Ethernet by increasing transfer rates 10 times, from 10 Megabit
to 100 Megabit speed.
Gigabit Ethernet Network is an upgrade on Fast Ethernet Network equivalent to Fast
Ethernet Networks improvement over Fast Ethernet Network, offering speeds of 1000
Megabits (1 Gigabit)
9. What are the differences between switch and bridge? .(Nov Dec 2012)
The difference between switch and bridge are,
1. Bridge is device which divides a network into two. Switch connects multiple networks.
2. Bridges are software based and switch is a hardware based.
3. Bridge can have upto 16 ports while switch can handle many ports.
4. Bridge is rarely used. Switches are frequently used.
10. Compare a piconet and a scatter net. .(Nov Dec 2008)
A Piconet is the type of connection that is formed between two or more Bluetooth-enabled
devices, one device takes the role of 'master', and all other devices assume a 'slave' role for
synchronization reasons.
A Scatternet is a number of interconnected piconets that supports communication between
more than 8 devices. Scatternets can be formed when a member of one piconet elects to
participate as a slave in a second, separate piconet.
11. Define IP Protocol.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to
another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP
address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
12. What is an IP Address?
An IP address (abbreviation of Internet Protocol address) is an identifier assigned to each
computer and other device (e.g., printer, router, mobile device, etc.) connected to a
TCP/IP network that is used to locate and identify the node in communications with other nodes
on the network
IP Address - numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol
Eg. (a) 157.143.252.207 (b) 93.31.1.245
13. List the Classes in IP Address?
14. Draw IPv4 header?

15. Write the functions of Bridges.

A bridge device filters data traffic at a network boundary. Bridges reduce the amount of traffic
on a LAN by dividing it into two segments.
Bridges operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges inspect incoming
traffic and decide whether to forward or discard it. An Ethernet bridge, for example, inspects
each incoming Ethernet frame - including the source and destination MAC addresses, and
sometimes the frame size - in making individual forwarding decisions.
16.(i) Which class does the following IP address belong to? (Nov Dec 2006)
(a) 157.143.252.207 (b) 93.31.1.245
1. This IP address comes under Class B.
2. This IP address comes under Class A.
(ii)Identify the class/speaciality of the following IP addresses: (May 2009)
a)110.34.56.45 b)127.1.1.1 c)212.208.63.23 d)255.255.255.255
a)110.34.56.45 - Class A
b)127.1.1.1 - Class A
c)212.208.63.23 - Class C
d)255.255.255.255 – Broadcast address
17. Find netid and hosted.
(a) 157.143.252.207 (b) 93.31.1.245
a) ClassB
netid:157.143 hostid: 252.207
b) ClassA
netid: 93 hostid: 31.1.245
18. What is DHCP? (Nov Dec 2012)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically
provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration
information such as the subnet mask and default gateway.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses
to devices on a network. With dynamic addressing, a device can have a different IP address every
time it connects to the network. In some systems, the device's IP address can even change while it
is still connected. DHCP also supports a mix of static and dynamic
19. What is meant by circuit switching? (Nov Dec 2010)
Circuit switching is a methodology of implementing a telecommunications network in which two
network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network
before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and
remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the
nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit.
20. List the two forms in which virtual circuit packet switching is
implemented.(Nov Dec 2006)
Two forms of virtual circuit packet switching implementations are,
 Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
 Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
*PVC makes permanent virtual connection between two specific nodes.
21. List any four IEEE Ethernet 802standards with its name.
802.3 - CSMA/CD (Wired Ethernet)
802.4 -Token BUS)
802.5 - (Token ring)
802.11 - (CSMA/CA) /(Wireless LAN)
22. What is the access method used by wireless LAN(IEEE 802.11)?
The access method used by wireless LAN(IEEE 802.11) is CSMA / CA (Carrier Sense
Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance). A LAN based on IEEE 802.11 is often called
a wireless Ethernet. Similarly the procedure used at Ethernet's MAC layer is CSMA / CD.
23. Draw frame format of 802.3(CSMA/CD/Wired Ethernet)

24. What is the minimum and maximum size of Ethernet determined?

The original Ethernet IEEE 802.3 standard defined the minimum Ethernet frame size as 64
bytes and the maximum as 1518 bytes.
25. What is meant by bridge?(Dec 11)
 Connected two similar and dissimilar networks.
 It filters the traffic based on destination address of the frame.
 A bridge is a type of computer network device that provides interconnection with other
bridge networks that use the same protocol(for example, Ethernet or token ring). Bridge devices
work at the data link layer of the Open System Interconnect (OSI) model, connecting two
different networks together and providing communication between them.
A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is a
computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network by using
packet switching to receive, process, and forward data to the destination device.
26. Define Multicast.
To transmit a single message to a selected group of recipients. A simple example of multicasting
is sending an e-mail message to a mailing list. Teleconferencing and videoconferencing also use
multicasting, but require more robust protocols and networks.
Note that multicasting refers to sending a message to a select group whereas broadcasting refers to
sending a message to everyone connected to a network.
27. Why do we use a subnet mask?
It is called a subnet mask because it is used to identify network address of an IP address by
performing a bitwise AND operation on the netmask. A Subnet mask is a 32-bit number that
masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network address and host address.
28. What is the subnet/Subnetting?
A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of
dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. Computers that belong to a
subnet are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant bit-group in their IP address.
Subnetting divides a network into several subnetworks (or subnets). All systems (for
example, workstations, printers, server, and routers) that exist in the subnet have common
network and subnet values, but each must have a unique interface portion of their logical or IP
address.
29. Differentiate ARP and RARP.
ARP is a dynamic mapping method that finds a physical address for a given logical address. i.e.
mapping IP address(Logical address)to physical address(MAC address).
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP
address) to a MAC address (physical machine address)that is recognized in the local network. A
table, usually called the ARP cache, is used to maintain a correlation between each MAC address
and its corresponding IP address.
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol by which a physical machine in a
local area network can request to learn its IP address from a gateway server's Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) table or cache. i.e.mapping physical address(MAC address)to IP
address(Logical address).
30. Define ICMP.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol
suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational
information indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or
router could not be reached.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is an error reporting protocol and is an extension of
IP Protocol