SOCIAL SCIENCES/STUDIES REVIEW MATERIAL

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

I. PRE- COLONIAL
How Islam got here:
14th century: Mudum introduced Islam to Malaysia
1380: Mudum preached Islam in Sulu
1390: Raja Baginda arrived and converted some Sulu natives
1450: Abu Bakr arrived in Sulu then married Baginda’s daughter, paramisuli.
Abu Bakr established Sulu Sultanate, patterned after Sultanate of Arabia.
Shariff Kabungsuwan traded in Lanao, then became the First Sultan of Maguindanao.

Influences of other countries

CHINA
- Ancient Filipinos traded with the Chinese during the Sung dynasty.
- Influences were mainly economic
- Use of umbrellas, gongs, lead, porcelain
- Manufacturing of gunpowder; metallurgy
- Arranging the marriages of children by parents
- Wearing white shirts or dresses as a sign of mourning

INDIA
- Influences were mainly reflected in the local languages
- Waist looms, textiles, modern Barong Tagalog, and veils are similar to their counterparts in India

Customs and practices

Education
-Baybayin: 17 letters (3 vowels, 14 consonants)

Artifacts depicting other writing systems:

1. Calatagan earthenware pot (Batangas)
2. Butuan silver paleograph
3. Laguna copperplate (is about a clearance of debt)

Ornaments
-Visayans were the most tattoed among ancient Filipinos. When the Spaniards came, they called the former as pintados.

Arts
Bul-ol: (Mountain Province) represents a spirit which people revere

Social classes
Tagalogs:
1. Maginoo: top of tagalog society. Panginoon- especially wealthy Maginoo. Datu- had followers who rule beyond his
immediate households.
2.Timawa- free commoners who could have their own land and did not have to pay tribute to Maginoo
3. Maharlika- members of the Tagalog warrior class; had the same rights as the Timawa
4. Aliping namamahay: has a family and house of his own
5. Aliping sagigilid: has no property at all, and has to seek permission to his/her master if he/she wants to marry
Visayans
1. Tumataban: worked for his master when summoned to do so.
2. Tumarampuk: worked one day for his master
3. Ayuey: worked three days for his master

Marriage customs
Pamumulungan/Pamamalae- a courtship right before marriage
*Of Muslims
- Panalanguni (betrothal)
- Pedsungud (settlement of dowry)
- Pegkawing (wedding festival)
*Bigay-kaya/dowry: consists of land, gold, or dependents

Government
The chieftain exercised all the functions of government
- Barangay: consisted of 30-100 families

Burial
-Morotal: mourning of a woman
-Maglahi: mourning of a man
-Laraw: mourning of a chieftain
-Pasiyam: ninth day of death was celebrated

Religious beliefs
-Katalona(tagalog/Kapampangan) and babaylan (Visayas) were the spiritual leaders
- Pangunahing mga diyos: Bathala (tagalog); Abba (Cebuano) Laon (bisaya)

Economic life
Piloncitos- considered as first monetary system of the country

Languages
-Eight maybe considered as major: Hiligaynon, Magindanao, Ilokano, Sugbuhanon, Kapampangan, Samarmon,
Tagalog, Pangasinense
-Languages came from the Austronesian or Malayo- Polynesian language
- “ I found in this language (Tagalog) four qualities of the four greatest languages of the world- Hebrew, Greek,
Latin, Spanish. It has the mysticism and difficulties of the Hebrew; the distinctive terms of the Greek…; the fulness
and elegance of Latin; and the civility and courtesy of Spanish.” (Chirino, P. Relacion de las Islas Filipinas,p.52)

II- SPANISH PERIOD

Europe’s interest to ‘new lands’

-Marco Polo, a venetian traveler, who reached China and even became a government official during the Yuan
Dynasty. In his stay, he was able to write, ‘The travels of Marco Polo’, which sparked the European interest to see
the wealth of Asia.

-New technologies: Caravel (sailing vessel), compass, astrolabe (used to determine distance from equator)

-Fall of Constantinople: Asia Minor (Turkey) was an important route for trade between Europe and Asia. In 1453,
Turkish Muslims conquered this area and imposed high taxes for anyone who passes through.

-Portugal: spearheaded maritime discovery of new lands

 -Treaty of Tordesillas: authored by Pope Alexander VI to settle conflicts on new lands discovered by explorers.

-Age of discovery and Exploration: period of history wherein European countries secure colonies overseas for
themselves

Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition

Quick facts:
- Has 250-270 men
- Five ships: Trinidad (main ship), San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago (smallest), Victoria (only one to return to
Spain)
- Marianas Islands are called Ladrones or ‘land of thieves’
- Homonhon: place where Magellan first landed
- Enrique: Malay slave who interpreted the languages for Magellan
- Limasawa- where the first mass was held
- Antonio Pigafetta- recorded the travels

Other Spanish expeditions

1. Loaisa (1525)
Goal: make Moluccas a colony of Spain
Result: Loaisa died in pacific. Del Cano died later during voyage. Andres de Urdaneta returned with only one ship (
Santa Maria de la Victoria) left, out of seven.

2. Cabot (1526)
Goal: establish trade between Spain and East
Result: instead, he went to Rio de Plata, which was rumored to be a wealthier piece of land.

3. Saavedra(1527)
Goal: Find survivors from Magellan’s voyage; find out what happened to Loaisa’s and Cabot’s
Result: Was able to rescue survivors from Magellan’s and Loaisa’s expedition. Saavedra died during voyage. His crew
were captured by Portugal.

4.Villalobos (1542)
Goal: establish a permanent port in the Philippines.
Result: Villalobos gave the name Las Islas Filipinas to the Philippines. He and his crew were captured by Portugal
Villalobos died in prison because of fever

5. Legazpi (1564)
Goal: still establish a permanent Spanish port in the Philippines
Result:
- Had blood compact with Sikatuna and Sigala (Bohol)
- Ciudad del Satisimo Nombre de Jesus- first Spanish town established in the country; now known as Cebu city
- Urdaneta passage: Urdaneta, Legazpi’s chief pilot discovered a route via the Pacific to Navidad, Mexico. This sea
lane is later to be used in the Manila- Acapulco galleon trade.
- June 3, 1571-Lagazpi became first governor-general of the country
- June 24, 1571- Manila became the capital city of the Spanish East Indies, and the second city to be established
by Spain.
- Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espana- title given to Manila

Political Structure
National level
- Governor- general: president of Real Audiencia; has power on ecclesiastical appointments
Provincial Level
- Some corregimientos: Mariveles, Mindoro, Panay
- Indulto de commercio: special privilege by the alcalde mayor to engage in trade( but abolished by reform decree
of 1986 turning the alcalde mayor from a businessman into a judge.)
- Alcalde mayor has the executive, judicial, and military functions.
- The eight ayuntumientos (by 1894): Manila, Iloilo, Jaro, Vigan, Albay, Cebu, Batangas, and Nueva Caceras.

Residencia and Visita

1. Residencia- judicially reviews an official at the end of his term
2. Visita- visits an individual official or as a general at any given time within the official’s term

KING OF SPAIN

VISITA AND RESIDENCIA

MINISTRY OF COLONIES
To check the abuse of power and royal officials
(formerly Council of the Indies)
-overseer of Spanish colonies

GOVERNOR- GENERAL REAL AUDENCIA

Commander-in-chief of Army & Navy Supreme court
-President of Real Audiencia

ALCALDE MAYOR GOBERNADORCILLO

CABEZA DE BARANGAY
Head of alcaldia/provincial or Head of municipio/Pueblo
Head of barrio government
the pacified places Highest office that a Filipino or Chinese can hold

CORREGIDORIES AYUNTAMENTO AYUNTAMENTO

Head of unpacified ZONES City government City government

Changes under Spanish rule

ECONOMIC
-Tributo/buwis: direct tax
-Bandala: indirect tax; an enforced sale of goods
-Samboangan: tax to crush Moro raids
-Cedula personal: replaced tribute; paid by anyone who is over eighteen years old

-Polo y servicio personal

* 16-60 years old males
* this is work without compensation
* Falla (money paid to be exempted from polo
* worked for 40 days; then in 1884, was reduced to 15 days
* male population declined

-Encomienda: a grant of Spanish authority to a Spaniard, who proved his loyalty to and efforts for the glory of Spain, to
exercise control over a piece of land, and even its inhabitants.
*Two kinds:
- encomienda de la real corona: lands reserved for the Spanish Monarchs
-encomienda de particulares: lands for the King’s loyal men
-Manila- Acapulco trade:
* was the only regular fleet service in the Pacific Ocean for 250 years; had two vessels
* only Filipino involvement was the construction of the vessels/galleons
*positive results: intercultural exchanges between Philippines and Mexico

-Royal Economic Society of Friends of Country

*established by Gov-Gen Basco; through this, the monopoly of tobacco arises

-Royal Philippine Company

*effort in uniting American and Asian commerce, and having direct trade between Spain and Philippines

-Ferrocaril de Manila
*only railway line in the country; connects Manila to Dagupan

-Puente Colgante (Quezon Bridge)

*first suspension bridge in the Far East
*lamps were powered first by coconut oil

EDUCATIONAL
For boys:
1. Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio- first college for boys
2. Colegio de Ildefonso- sole secondary school outside Manila
3.Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santisimo Rosario- present day UST
4.Escuela Pia- present day ADMU
5. Colegio de San Juan de Letran- oldest college in Philippines, and oldest secondary in Asia

For girls:
1. Colegios of Santa Potenciana- first school for girls
2. Colegio de San Isabel- oldest college for girls which operates up to the present

Educational decree of 1863

- Free compulsory, public primary schools
- At least two schools; one for boys, one for girls
- Learners: 6-14 yrs old
- Required to teach Christian doctrine, Spanish history, reading and writing. Girls were taught

SOCIO- CULTURAL
1. Gov-Gen Narciso Claveria made the Filipinos adopt Spanish surnames in his catalogo alfabetico de apellidos.
2. Males are wearing barong Tagalog or camisa de chino, and trousers. Females have retained their baro and saya.
3.Fiestas, which is a celebration of a saint, is introduced.
4. Dominican priests, headed by Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose introduced movable block printing
5.Doctrina Christiana (1903) was the first published book in the country
6. Tomas Pinpin was known as “ Prince of Filipino publishers”.
7. Fr. Diego Cerra made the Las Pinas Bamboo organ in 1818, which up to the present the only one of its kind in the
world
8. The first museum, Mueso-Biblioteca de Filipinas, was completed in 1892
9.Damian Domingo- father of Filipino painters
10. Rise of social classes:
-Peninsulares: Spanish who was born in Spain and lived in the Phils
-Insulares: Spanish who was born and lived in the Phils
-Mestizos: mix of both Spanish and indio; they were regarded inferior people both Spanish and Filipinos
-Indio: native Filipinos
-Chinese merchants
Reactions and Uprisings of the Filipinos to the Spaniards
*First Filipinos to revolt were lapu-lapu of Mactan(1521), and Dagami of Cebu (1567)

LEADER PLACE REASON

Lakan Dula Manila Resisted Spanish- imposed taxes
Magalat Cagayan Resisted Spanish- imposed tax
Diego & Gabriela Silang Vigan, Ilocos Sur Resisted Spanish- imposed taxes
Palaris Pangasinan Resisted Spanish- imposed taxes
Bankaw Leyte Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Tamblot Bohol Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Tapar Panay Wanted to revert back to former beliefs
Juan Ponce Sumuroy Samar Resisted order of Gov. Fajardo to send Samarnons to Cavite
Francisco Maniago Pampanga Unjust and delayed compensation
Francisco Dagohoy Bohol Fr. Gaspar Morales refused to give his brother a Christian burial
Apolinario de la Cruz Quezon Spanish friars didn’t recognize his Cofriada de San Jose
Magat Salamat Manila Tried to get rid of Spaniards

Reasons for the failure of revolts:

- Lack of and weak weaponry: their captors have guns and cannons while our ancestors only have spears and
bolos.
- Lack of strategy and some Filipinos worked for and with the Spanish for benefits
- Lack of an excellent leader
- Geographical setting: Early Filipinos were conditioned to live separately from each other, making uprisings small-
scale and easy to repress. This caused a communication gap.
- No lingua France- There was not even a national language for the early Filipinos to unite and to have a discourse
to each other smoothly.

Rise of Nationalism
1. Philippines opened to world commerce- Mail services, banking, facilities, and newspapers begin to surface and to
spread. The Suez Canal was opened, making the time traveled from Europe to Asia much shorter.

2. The rise of middle class or ilustrado preceded a development in agriculture and entrepreneurship.

3. European liberalism came to the Philippines:

 John Locke- in his Two treatises on Government(1869), if a king did not exercise justly his powers, his subjects
had the right to throw him out of position.
 Jean Jacques Rosseau- in his The social Contract (1762), if a government does not satisfy the needs of its people,
then the people can alter the government to the type of government they deemed to be rightly established.
- This was during the Age of Enlightenment, when French revolution happened in Europe.

4. Racial discrimination- “The Spaniards will always be Spaniards, and the Indio will always be Indio… The monkey will
always be a monkey however you dress him with shirts and trousers, it will be a monkey and not human.” – Fr. Miguel
Lucio y Bustamante, Si Tandang Basio Macunat (Manila,1885)

5. Secularization movement- a transfer of ministries established by the regular clergy to the seculars, became a political
and separatist movement; this paved the way for the Filipinization of the church. The Spanish never trusted the Filipino
friars to head their own ministries.

6. Carlos Maria de la Torre’s administration- he worked for changing the punishment of flogging Filipino prisoners to a
month in jail, proclaimed freedom of speech, and even attending a meeting of a rebel leader, Casimiro Camerino

7. Cavite Mutiny- Gov.Gen Rafael de Izquierdo, who followed after dela torre, aboilished his predecessor’s changes. Sgt.
Lamadrid led this conquest and eventually killed the governor-general. The uprising was blamed to three priests.
8. Execution of GomBurZa- Francisco Zaldua witnessed against the three martyrs- Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto
Zamora. Their execution was the Spaniard’s answer to the secularization protest. Filipinos did not receive this very well.

Propaganda Movement
Objectives of the propagandists:
1. Exercise equality for both Spanish and Filipinos.
2. Recognize freedom of speech, press, and association
3. Annex Philippines as a province of Spain
4. Provide representation of the Philippines to the Spanish Court.
5. Allow secularization

Great Reformists

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

Born: December 17, 1856; Jaro, Iloilo
Known as: Great Orator
Penname: Diego Laura
Work:
-Fray Botod: deals with the abuses and crimes committed by friar named Botod.
-he became the first editor of La Solidaridad, which is the mouthpiece of the Filipino propagandists in Spain.
Died: January 20, 1896; Barcelona, Spain; died of tuberculosis; only 39 yrs old
*his remains is still in Barcelona.

JOSE RIZAL
Born: June 19, 1861; Calamba, Laguna
Known as: greatest man that the Malay race produced
Penname: Laong Laan, Dimasalang
Work:
-Noli me Tangere: a socio-historical novel on the situation of the Philippines under friar’s greed
-El filibusterismo: a political novel predicting the coming of a revolution; in this work, he implied that a peaceful
revolution will work rather than an armed one.
-Makamisa: the third but unfinished novel; written in Tagalog; has only one chapter and ten pages in it.
Died: December 30, 1896;Bagumbayan, Manila; died by execution of firing squad; only 35 y/o

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Born: August 30, 1860; Bulacan, Bulacan
Known as: Father of Philippine Journalism, Father of Philippine Masonry, political analyst
Penname: Plaridel, Dolores Mandapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo, Kupang
Work:
-Diariong Tagalog: a nationalistic newspaper
-Dasalan at Tocsohan: Parody of the prayer book
- Ten commandments of the friars: his comedic version of 10 commandments
* he became the second editor of La Solidaridad
Died: July 4, 1896; Barcelona, Spain; died of Tuberculosis; only 45 y/o

Failure of Reform Movement

- Philippines is preoccupied in dealing with its own internal problems
- There was a lack of and difficulty in collecting monetary contributions
- Propagandists were having issues with other propagandists
La Liga Filipina
- Civic organization created by Rizal in Tondo, Manila
Objectives:
- To uphold unity and cooperation amongst members
- To develop the agriculture, commerce, and education sectors
- To administer reforms within the government and the society
*La Liga didn’t last long as the organization was perceived as a threat by the Spaniards; Rizal was captured and exiled in
Dapitan, Zamboanga. This marked the end of the propaganda movement.

KATIPUNAN (KATAASTAASAN KAGALANG-GALANG NA KAITPINAN NANG MGA ANAK NG BYAN)

Objectives:
- Political: separation of Philippines from Spain
- Moral: teaching of good manners and morals
- Civic: develop a sense of self- help and defense of the oppressed
Structure:
- Kataas-taasang Sangunian: highest governing body
- Sanguniang Bayan: provincial body
- Sanguniang Panghukuman: serves as the judicial body
Membership:
- Katipon: password: anak ng bayan; Marker: black hood
- Kawal: password: gomburza; Marker: green hood
- Bayani: password: rizal; Marker: red mask
*Kartilla: the bible of the Katipunan
*1893: year when KKK started accepting women applicants
*Teodoro Patino-through him, the secret society was revealed to Mariano Gil
* Cry of Pugad Lawin: the beginning of Philippine revolution against the Spanish; august 23, 1896

ANDRES BONIFACIO
Born: November 30, 1863
Known as: Supremo, The great plebeian
Penname: Agapito Bagumbayan, May Pag- asa
Work:
- Translated mi ultimo adios in tagalog
- Dekalogo ng Katipunan
*Monica- first wife of Bonifacio
*Gregoria de Jesus- second wife
*Bonifacio sought the advice of Rizal towards the former revolution through Dr. Pio Valenzuela, but Rizal opposed this as
he viewed that the country was not yet ready for it.

EMILIO JACINTO
Born: December 15, 1875
Known as: Brains of the Katipunan
Penname: Pingkian, Dimas- Ilaw
Contributions:
- Served as the editor of Kalayaan, the official newspaper of KKK

1896 REVOLUTION AND THE FOLLOWING YEARS

 Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite: patriots who were executed by musketry on September 12, 1896, for cooperating
with the Katipunan during the Philippine revolution against Spain.
 Camilo de Polavieja: the governor general in office during Rizal’s execution
 Tejeros Convention: the meeting held by the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San
Francisco de Malabon
  Daniel Tirona: questioned the credibility of Bonifacio as the Director of the Interior
 Agapito Bonzon: led the arrest of Bonifacio
 Primo de Rivera: the governor- general in office when the Spanish searched for Aguinaldo
 Biak-na-Bato Republic: disestablished the government; signed by Aguinaldo and de Rivera which included
provision for exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong
 Malolos Congress: was the consistent assembly of the first Philippine Republic
 Pedro Paterno: President of the Congress
 Malolos Constitution: the basic law of the First Philippine Republic; written by Felipe Caldreron and Felipe
Buencamino
 Gregorio Del Pilar: Hero of Tirad Pass
 Januario Galot: led US troops to the location where the forces of Gregorio del Pilar were defeated
 Frederick Funston: leader of the American forces who arrested Aguinaldo
 Gregorio Aglipay: founded the Iglesia Filipina Independiente

AMERICAN PERIOD
 Wesley Merritt- the first American governor of the country
 William McKinley- US president who recommended a Benevolent Assimilation
 Benevolent Assimilation- “future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands were ceded to
the United States
 Elwell Otis- the governor who received the orders for a Benevolent Assimilation
 Schurman Commission- to study the situation in the Philippines and make recommendations on how the US
should proceed
 Cooper Act of 1902- provided a bill of rights for the Filipinos; created a lower legislative branch with elected
Filipino representatives as legislators
 Payne- Aldrich Tariff Act- US imported goods have no quota of PH exported goods
 Simmons-Underwood Tariff Act- lifted the quota of PH exported goods
 Francis Burton Harrison- the American governor in office when the Philippinization movement started
 Jones Law/Philippine Autonomy Act- changed the Philippine Legislature into the Philippines first fully elected
body
 Wood-Forbes Mission- fact finding commission sent to the Philippines by US president Warren Harding, which
concluded that Filipinos were not yet ready for independence from the United States.
 Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act- the first US law passed setting a process and a date for the Philippines to gain
independence
 Tydings-McDuffie Law- under the act, the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines was written; established the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, with the first directly elected President of the Philippines
 1937- year when Filipinas are allowed to exercise their right to suffrage
 Carmen Planas- first elected woman to the Manila City Council
 Elisa R. Ochoa- first elected woman to the congress

JAPANESE OCCUPATION
 December 07, 1941- Japanese bombed clark air base field
 December 09, 1941- Japanese bombed Manila
 December 10, 1941- Japanese soldiers arrived in Batanes and Northern Luzon
 December 26, 1941- Douglas Mac Arthur made Manila an Open City
 Gen. Edward P. King- surrendered in behalf of US forces to Colonel Nakayama- the fall of Battan
 April 09, 1942- start of Death March
 US forces surrendered to General Masaharu Homma- the fall of Corregidor
 KALIBAPI- the only political party allowed
 Preparatory commission for Philippine Independence- it’s President is Jose P. Laurel, whose task is to draft a
new constitution
 1943 constitution
  No vice President
 The President is more powerful than the court and the unicameral legislative body
 Bill of rights is set aside
 HUKBALAHAP- founded by Luis Taruc, Jesus Lava, and Jose Banal
 MAKAPILI- a military group to give aid to the imperial Japanese Army; organised by Benigno Ramos and Artemio
Ricarte

ASIAN HISTORY
I.ASIA: its geography and civilization
Notable landforms:
 Pamir( South Asia)- known as Roof of the World
 Himalaya- longest mountain range in Asia
 Mt Everest (Nepal, Tibet)- world’s highest mountain; also known as house of snow
 Tibet- world’s highest plateau
 Indonesia- world’s largest archipelago

Notable Waterforms:
 Huang He river-known as China’s sorrow
 Caspian sea- world’s largest lake/ inland sea
 Lake Baikal- world’s deepest lake
 Dead sea- body of water with lowest elevation from sea level and with highest level of salinity
 Yangtze river- longest river in asia

West Asia:
 Saudi Arabia has the world’s largest oil reserves, and is the world’s largest oil producer
 Oman is known as the Guardian of the Persian Gulf
 Turkey is a transcontinental country, the bridge between Europe and Asia
 Lebanon is referred to as the Land of the Cedars
 Bahrain in arabic means two seas
 UAE is the result of the united seven crucial states in the area

East Asia:
 China is also known as Zhongguo, meaning middle kingdom
 Hong Kong means fragrant harbor
 Macau is the first European colony in East Asia; only established in 1987
 Taiwan is formerly known as formosa
 The Japanese call their country nippon, which means sun origin
 Gobi desert, which is situated in Mongolia, is the world’s coldest desert
 Mongolia serves as a buffer state between Russia and China

South Asia:
 The Indian subcontinent has three major rivers: Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra
 Punjab(Pakistan) means five rivers
 Sri Lanka is formerly known as Ceylon

Central Asia:
 Mr. Ararat (Armenia)- where Noah’s ark came to rest after the flood
 Kazakhstan- world’s largest landlocked country
 Kyrgyzstan means land of the forty tribes
South East Asia:
 Java is the most populous island in Indonesia
 Brunei ranked third in world’s countries with biggest oil reserves
 Thailand means land of the free
 Timor, in Timor- Leste, means east
 Coral Triangle is considered as the riches part of the seas
 Singapore is known as the computer country of asia
 Myanmar is known as the Land of the Golden Pagodas
 Cambodia is formerly known as Kampuchea

Some environmental concepts

 Desertification- degradation of the soil of its nutrients to support plant and animal life
 Ecological footprint- simply put, the amount of nature needed to support human life

II.Asian Identity
Evolution of Man
1. Dryopithecus- a possible ape from ancestors of the present humans because of the resemblance of its teeth and
ours
2. Ramapithecus- a more developed ape form ancestor found in Siwalik Hills, India; approved appeared around 14
million years ago
3. Austrolopithecus africanus- first of the ape form acestors to be considered a hominid; size of brain is same with
modern humans
4. Homo habilis- called as “man of skill” since they used stones for activities, like to cu t meat
5. Homo erectus- called as “upright man” appeared around 500,000 years ago
6. Homo Sapiens- size of the skull is same to modern humans; appeared around 250,000 years ago
7. Neanderthal man- probably appeared during the ice age in europe around 70,000 years ago
8. Homo sapiens sapiens- the fully developed homo sapiens who appeared around 35,000 years ago

PALEOLITHIC NEOLITIHIC
-humans lived a nomadic life; living off hunting and -humans lived in permanent constructions and in
gathering food such as fruits groups, and learned to sharpen and to make use of
tools
-Differences of paleolithic men with other animals: -animism and handicraft developed
1.having upright posture that enables him to use -domestication of animals started
his hands to create and utilize tools
2.having an ability to speak and receive -homo sapiens sapiens is the only human species
information from the message that lived with the start of this period
3.having significantly bigger brain size -most important discovery- agriculture
4.-most important discovery- controlled use of fire

Philosophies, beliefs, concepts

Hinduism:
-caste system: four classes Brahmin, Kshatria-ya, Vaishya, Sudra
-Karma and reincarnation

Buddhism:
-gives importance to brotherhood, purity, and humility
-founded by Ashoka
Sinocentrism:
-states that China is in and is the center of the world

Propriety:
-focuses on the good behavior or morality of man

Judaism:
-introduced monotheism

Divine origin:
-recognizes the emperor as a descendant of the Sun Goddess, making the former the most powerful leader; ordinary
citizens, then, view themselves as the superior race.

Characteristics of all civilizations:

1. Systems for administering territories
2. Notable architecture and unique art styles
3. Written language
4. Division of people into social classes
5. Large population centers
6. Complex division of labor

The tigris- Euphrates Civilization- lies on the Fertile Crescent, the strip of land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates;
the whole area of the river valley is now a part of Iraq.

Akkadian:
-Sargon I- first great leader of Semites. He founded the first empire

Babylonian:
-became known under the rule of Hammurabi.
-Hammurabi’s Code: a set of political,civil, and economic laws.
-Marduk is their chief god

Hittites:
-the first to use iron to their weapons in warfare; also used horses and chariots

Assyrian:
-Tiglath- Pileser I- first great Assyrian ruler
-Assur: Assyrian’s center
-Ashurnasirpal II- next great Assyrian ruler; under his rule, Assyria reached its peak
-Captial: Nineveh
Chief god: Ashur
*known for the most brute and ferocious rule enforcement

Sumerian
-Ur: oldest city state
-practices polytheism
-cuneiform: first writing system
Ziggurat: pyramid like temple
-theocracy form of government
-the first state to use bronze and wheels
-used lunar calendar
-developed sexagesimal system (base 60)
Chaldean
-Nebuchadnezzar: their greatest ruler
-Babylonian Captivity: under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldeans invaded Jerusalem, and brought thousands of Jews
to Babylon as slaves
-Hanging gardens: one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
-they are very interested in astronomy; they were nicknamed as “stargazers of Babylon”
-the zodiac came from them, as they believed that the stars and constellations have an effect on man’s fate.

Persian
-Cyprus the Great: the first leader; allowed different religions to exist under his rule
-Darius the Great: annexed Iran, Indus valley, and more; this made Persia the most powerful empire in the ancient world
-Satrapy: the term for Persia’s provinces; for a higher government’s efficiency. Its governors are called satrap
-Zoroastrianism- Persia’s official religion; founded by Zoroaster
-Ahura Mazda-chief god/god of truth

Phoenician
-known as “The great Merchants of the Ancient World”
Main product: purple textile, came from murex, a shellfish. Only the wealthiest can buy this product due to the time and
effort it takes to get the purple liquid
-the first to make glass bottles
-Phoenician alphabet: most important contribution which was later borrowed by the Greeks
-Ba’al worshipper
-Ba’alat: goddess of Byblos

Hebrew
-Abraham- led the Jewish people
-Exodus: how they were delivered from slavery and left Egypt.
-introduced Monotheism
-Torah: the first five books of the Hebrew bible, Pentateuch

The Indus civilization- unlike other civilizations, this one is noted by archeologists to have a concept of urban planning,
like construction of floodways. Archeologists also found out that Indians had traded with their Sumerian counterparts
due to the discovery of artifacts (especially, the use of seal/marking in trade)

Aryans- the first nomads t o occupy Indus

Veda- consists of four collections of prayers, oration, and ritual guidelines
Rig Veda- is a collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns counted among the four Hindu religious texts

Caste System
-known as Varna in Rig Veda
Untouchables: also known as Dalit- the beggars or anyone who belongs in the lowest class and outside of society

Kinds of Jobs
Brahmins- the priests and scholars
Kshatriya- the warrior/ army
Vaishya- the merchants and farmers
Sudra- the artisans/craftsmen/craftswomen

Mauryan Empire
After the death of Alexander the Great (where India was a part of his Empire) Chandragupta Maurya swiftly grabbed the
power of governing the easternmost part of Alexander’s terrritory from Seleucus I, its governor.
Chandragupta was advised by Chanakya, author of Arthasastra, a book on statecraft, economic policy and military
strategy.

Ashoka- Under his rule, Maurya was on its peak

After reflecting on the casualties brought by the Kalinga war,Ashoka turned to Buddhism for self renewal.
Buddhism was his personal religion, and it was spread throughout the empire. After he died, the empire collapsed.

Gupta Empire (the golden age of Hinduism)

Founded by Sri Gupta
Aryabhata- discovered that planets rotate on their axis
Any religion was allowed. Sanskrit and Hinduism began to develop and spread. The courts started to have legal texts and
observed formal practices
Kalidasa the greatest poet and daramtist in the Sanskrit language of India

CHINA
The Huang He- Yangtze river- valley civilization- Huang is the chinese word for yellow and it refers to the fine, yellow
sediments that river carries into the floodplains and the sea.

Shang Dynasty
The first to provide a written history of China
Oracle bones- proof that they had a writing system
Practiced animism

Zhou (Chou) Dynasty

Has the longest reign of any dynasty
Exercised feudalism
Built roads and made coins
Made use of iron and bronze for weapons and farming tools
Confucius was born

Qin(Ch’In) Dynasty
Shi Huangti was 13 years old when he became the emperor
He exercised autocracy
He ordered for a Great Wall to be built for defense against invaders

Han Dynasty
Founded by Liu Pang; he exercised a centralised government
Under Wu Ti’s rule, civil service examination started
Paper was discovered. Silk Road became known
Ssuma Chien- the first great historian of China

Sui Dynasty
A short lived dynasty, but laid the foundations for the Golden Age of China
Under Yang Ti’s rule, the Grand Canal was build. It connected the Yangtze and Huang He rivers

Tang Dynasty
Founded by Li Yuan
Tang Taitsung- known as Tang’s greatest emperor
Li Po, Tu Fu- great writers
Buddhism spreads
Golden Age of China
Sung Dynasty
Founded by Sung Taitsu
Discovery of magnetic compass, paper printing and gun powder

Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan successfully invaded China in 1729.
Marco Polo- became a court official under Khan

Mughal Empire
Tamerlane- known as the greatest leader during the Muslim invasion of India
Akbar- during his rule, it was the Golden Age of Mughal Empire
Jahangir- His name means “Grasper of the World”
Shah Jahan- His name means “ King of the World”; he ordered for Taj Mahal to be built as a tomb for his wife
Aurangzeb- last ruler of Mughal Empire

Japanese Civilization
Ainu- first settlers in Japan
Yamato empire- founded by Jimmu; became Japan’s first emperor

Nara Period
Nara- first capital of Japan
Seventeen articles- written by prince Shotuko, it is the first set of written laws of Japan

Heian Period
Heian- second capital of Japan
The tale of Genji- the world’s first full length novel, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu
Shogun- a hereditary military dictator; the ceremonial representative of the emperor
Shogunate- founded by Yoritomo Kamakura; means tent government

Feudal System
Daimyo- military governors
Samurai- the military officials tasked to serve their lords
Bushido- code of ethics that is followed by samurais

Kamakura Shogunate
Defeated the mongols invasion twice
Sengoku (14671568)- warring states
Odu Nobunaga(introduced firearms in Japan), Toyomi Hideyoshi became known

Ashikaga Shogunate
Founded by Tokugawa leyasu
Moved the capital to Edo ( present day Tokyo)
Alternate attendance policy- forced vacation of daimyos with their family

Southeast Asian Civilizations- A powerful empire is considered to be powerful when it has a control over a large area of
sea routes and ports

Khmer Empire (Cambodia)

Founded by Jayavarman II
Angkor- its capital
Anmam Empire( Vietnam)
Was part of China until 939; then governed by Ly Dynasty
Buddhism- most important contribution by the Chinese to them

Siam Empire (Thailand)

Muang Thai means land of the free
Sukhothai Kingdom- founded by Rama Kanken

Burmese Empire
Anawrata- first king of Burma; after his death, the nation was divided.
Buyin Naung successfully reunited the nation again
Pegu- the capital until 1851

Malay Asia
Composed of Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines
Malay Archipelago- composed of Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, Timor Leste, and Singapore

Srivijaya Empire
Controlled and taxed over sea routed of Malacca Straut, Kendah Strait, and Sunda Strait in exchange of protection from
piratess annexed by madjapahit empire around 1350 AD

Sailendra Empire
Began around 8th century AD in Java
Had favorable agreements with Srivijaya
Disappeared around 1025

Madjapahit Empire
Last Hindu empire that reigned in Malay archipelago
Founded by Raden Widjaya around 1293
Hayam Wuruk- greatest leader of Madjapahit; under his reign, Srivijaya was annexed

Korean Civilization- Korea is also known as the ‘Hermit Kingdom’

Gojoseon Kingdom
First kingdom in Korea; founded by Dangun Wanggeom
Eventually collapsed; divided into Koguryo, Paekche, Shilla

Goguryeo Kingdom
Dongmyeong- chieftain; developed the military
Territory is from northern part of Korean peninsula to Manchuria

Baekje Kingdom
Territory is found in south part of Korean peninsula
Was more peace loving than goguryeo

Silla Kingdom
Territory is fond in southern part of Korean peninsula

Goryeo Kingdom
Wang Geon unified the three kingdoms
Yi I, a Korean confucian, defeated Goryeo
Sejong the great, fourth ruler
Used a centralized form of government
Founded Yi Dynasty
Hangul- Korea’s alphabet
Later conquered by Mongols
Ruled with a centralized confucian government
After which, the kingdom collapsed
The golden age of Korea

III Transformation of Asia

Factors leading to the start of Age of Discovery and Exploration
- Marco Polo’s expedition - Glory
- God - Development of technology
- Gold

Portugal’s exploration to the East

Prince Henry- built a navigation school
Bartolomeu Dias- reached the tip of southern Africa; called it Cape of Storm, then Cape of Good Hope
Vasco De Gama- reached Calicut, India in 1497; opened a direct sea route from Europe to Asia
Francisco Albuquerque- first victory of Portugal to the East
Alfonso de Albuquerque- viceroy of east Indies; conquered Goa, made it capital of Portugal in the East

Spain’s exploration to the East

Ferdinand Magellan discovered the strait ( now Magellan Strait) to reach Pacific ocean

Colonization of Asia
Portugal
Went to China as Ming Dynasty is implementing a policy of isolation
Ocean Devils- term by the Chinese to any foreigner who arrives in their country
Rafael Perestrello- first Portuguese to visit China
Macau- served as the trading center between the two countries until 1999- it’s the last colony in Asia to be independent
Francis Xavier- spread christianity in Japan in1549; became known as the ‘apostle of the Indies’

Spain
All of its colonies are in the northern hemisphere, except for the Philippines
Cebu- first colony in the country
Manila- second colony in the country
Philippines became the foundation for the spread of Christianity in Asia

Dutch
Dutch East India Company- has authority over its trade in Asia
Batavia- first dutch colony in Indonesia
Dutch built a trading port in Nagasaki, after helping Japanese to get rid of Protuguese

British
The largest empire in world’s history
Battle of Plassey- after Mughal empire collapsed, British won (under the leadership of Robert Clive) over the French
control of India
British East India Company

French
Has a port inn Pondicherry, its first for French East India Company until Battle of Plassey
Moved east, then conquered Vietnam
Russia
Cossack- nomadic tribe in search of new territory in central asia, led by Yermak Timopeyavich
Treaty of Nerchinsk- set the boundaries and trades between Russia and China

Tension between China and Europe

Cathay- name of China given by Kublai Khan

Ming Dynasty
Ming defeated the Mongols in 1368
Admiral Zheng He- led the army for China’s maritime goal
Chu Yuan Chang- founded the dynasty
Emperor Yunglo changed the capital to Peking, where it was renamed to Ming Tai Tsu; set the capital in Nanking
Forbidden city

Qing Dynasty
Was able to annex Taiwan, central asia, Mongolia, Tibet
Queue- a hairstyle often worn by men
Rule of Kangxi
Francis Verbist- jesuit priest who became Kang’s teacher
Sixteen Maxim on the art of government- his book emphasizes the need to listen to people for a good statesmanship

Rule of Chien Lung

His rule is known as ‘ The Enduring Kingdom’
The Dutch did not kowtow for trading purposes only

First Opium War (1839-1842)

Cohong was a guild for Chinese merchants or hongs who operated the import- export monopoly in Canton
Cause: addiction of the Chinese to illegally imported opium by the British.
Comissioner Li Zexu helped to halt the opium trade and to send a letter to Britain regarding this matter; Britain refused.
Li ordered to stop all opium trades and put sanctions; British still refused. British was stripped off privilege; they had to
leave Canton and head to Macau and Hong Kong.

First imperial war in the East; China lost.

Treaty of Nanking
1. New trading ports in China are opened
2. Hong Kong was given to Britain
3. British exerted extraterritorial rights, meaning the British were not under the laws of China
4. Cohongs was closed

Taiping Rebellion
Led by Hung Hsiu- Chuan; he wanted to establish a new dynasty: Taiping Tienkuo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace)
Controlled southeastern part of China; set the capital in Nanking; rebellion was ended by Frederick Townsend
Manchu government called Townsend and his army as ‘The Ever Victorious Army’

Second Opium War (1856- 1860)

Cause: a group of Chinese attacked a British vessel containing Opium; the French teamed up with the British

Russians occupied Ussuri and established Vladivostok, a military base in Pacific. Japanese occupied Rukyu Island, off
Formosa(Taiwan)

Tientsin Convention- Opium trade is made legal; Christian missionaries and foreigners are allowed to have residence in
China.
Boxer Rebellion- The US was last of the imperialist countries to grab a piece of land in China; they recommended an
open door policy for China. Empress Dowager secretly talked with rebel groups to fight off Europeans. The righteous and
Harmonious Fists sparked a rebellion, but didn’t make a big success.

Boxer Protocol (most notable result)- Europeans are allowed to house military forces to their respective spheres of
influence.

British Imperialism in India

After the Mughal empire collapsed, there was a power vacuum( the political condition when someone has lost control of
something and no one has replaced them) in India. Sepoy, in Persian, means soldier

Charles Cornwallis- first British governor in India

British Reforms:
1. Introduced an educational system in India, based on Britain’s English as the medium of instruction
2. Sanctioned slavery and female infacticide
3. Tried to eradicate thuggi ( an organized gang of professional robbers and murderers) and suttee ( funeral
custom where a widow sets herself on fire on her husband’s death
4. Stopped locals to be in control of economic decisions, of crops to produce, of purchasing goods by fellow Indians

Sepoy Mutiny- cause: a spread of rumor that rifles are sealed with oil from pigs or cows fat

The first war for Independence by the Indians- swaraj- means ‘self-rule’

Act for the better government India- Britain now has a direct control over India, following the mutiny

Effects: unified India and developed its economy. Constructed facilities, roads, dams, bridges, dikesf

Indians were not able to produce crops for food, and they became second class citizens in their own country

Modernization and Westernization of Japan

Commodore Matthew Perry- forced Japan with their show of big military force to enter into trade with the United States

Kanagawa Convention- USA was able to have an embassy in Japan; this was the start of Imperialism in Japan

Emperor Mutsuhito- founded the government of Meiji Japan or the ‘enlightened rule’

Sent scholars overseas to study other countries’ practices

e.g.: Germany’s centralized government and weaponry

Japan’s economy was already highly developed in early 20th century

Japan won the first Sino- Japanese War (1894-1895) and resulted in Treaty of Shimonoseki. They also won the Russo-
Japanese War (1904-1905) and resulted in Treaty of Portsmouth.

Japan annxed Korea as a protectorate (a state that is controlled and protected by another); imposed the Japanese ways

Rise of Nationalism in India

Indian National Congress was founded in 1885; Muslim League in 1906.

Indians fought side by side with Britain, in hopes that the latter will give their independence. Britain didn’t fulfill the
agreement.

Indians rejected the Government of the Indian Act of 1919, since it only recognized a small number of Indians rights.

Under the Rowlatt Act, it allowed the British to jail Indians for two years without due process

Indians went to Punjab for a prayer brigade, without knowing that public gatherings are not allowed. Reginald Dyer
ordered to shoot the people. This is the Amritsar Massacre.

Mohandas Gandhi and the independence movement

- Satyagraha: active non- violence/civil disobedience
- Also known as Mahatma, which means ‘great soul’

Campaign:
1. Do not buy products from Britain
2. Do not enter the British-held public school
3. Do not pay taxes
4. Do not participate in the elections
5. Do not wear clothes worn by the British

Salt Act- The Indians should buy their salt only from the British government, and there is an additional tax in buying it.
- As a response, Gandhi led the Indians for the Salt March

Government of India Act of 1935

- partial independence of India
- it can now elect fellow Indians in higher positions
- It allows direct election
- Burma was separated from India

Rise of Nationalism in China

Sun Yat Sen: Father of modern China
- Founded Revive China Society; to grab the power from Qing but was not successful
- Later, founded Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), which believed the progress of China will come from its
modernization
- Double Ten- National Day of the Republic of China; Kuomintang overthrew the Qing Dynasty. Sun became the
first President of China.
- Yuan Shikai- replaced Sun Yat Sen as the President
- Three Principles of the People: Nationalism, Democracy, People’s welfare

May Fourth Movement (1919)

- Initiated by university students as a response to the verdict of the Treaty of Versailles over China ( especially of
the transfer of Germany’s occupied territories in China to Japan)

Mao Tse Tsung

A teacher of University of Beijing; later known as a great revolutionary leader
He founded the Communist Party in Shanghai; aimed to unite with the Nationalist Party and to accept Soviet Union’s
offer
Nationalist Party became stronger after Michael Borodin, a political adviser from Soviet Union, offered aid

Nationalist Party
Led by Chiang Kai Shek
Shanghai Massacre- many members of the Communist Party were killed by the forces of Kai Shek
1928- Chiang became the President of Nationalist Republic of China
His promises of progress weren’t fulfilled due to corrupt officials under his authority; many transferred their support to
the Communist Party.

Communist Party
Led by Mao Tse Tsong- he believed that the farmers of the rural areas can be the manpower needs for revolution.
A civil war happened between the two parties (1930)
Mao led the Red Army
Long March- military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China to evade the pursuit of the
Kuomintang; about 12500 km long march from Jiangxi to Shaanxi

Sun Yat Sen- Three Principles of the people

Mao Tse Tsong- the New Democracy

1949- Chiang retreated in Formosa( Taiwan), creating the republic of China

Mao created the People’s Republic of China in Mainland China

Rise of Nationalism in Southeast Asia

Philippines
Colonized by Spain, British ( Manila only), American, Japanese
Forefront nationalistic groups: Propagandistas, Katipunan
1896 Revolution: first nationalistic revolution in Asia
Spark of nationalism against Spanish forces: execution of GomBUrZa, then Rizal
Date of full independence ( from all other countries) July 04, 1946

Burma
Colonized by Britain; became a porvince of India
Doboma Asiayone ( We Burmese Association, 1937)- Aung San became its leader, then became a prime minister
Aung San, known as ‘bogyoke’; founder of Communist Party of Burma, Tatmadaw (Armed forces), Union of Burma

Indonesia (east indies)

Colonized by Netherlands
Budi Utomo (Glorious Endeavor)- founded by Wahidin Sudirobusodo in 1908: improved the lives of farmers; first
nationalistic organization in Indonesia
Sarekat Islam (Islamic Association)- founded by Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto in 1912: for peace and economic reforms
Volksraa (People’s Council)- for expression of grievances
Partai Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian Communist Party)- was easily defeated by government
General Study Club- became the Nationalist Party of Indonesia, where Sukarno was its leader
Sukarno became the first president of Indonesia

Vietnam
Nguyen Ai Quoc- communist leader; changed his name to Ho Chi Minh; founded the Indochinese Communist Party
Also founded viet Minh (League for the independence of Vietnam)

Rise of Nationalism in West Asia

Turkey
Kemalism (Six Arrows)- contains the founding ideology of the Republic of Turkey
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk- Turkey’s first president; Father of Turks
Arab World and Saudi Arabia
Pan- Arabism- the unification of the Arab world
Sykes-Picot Agreement- secret 1916 agreement between the United Kingdom and France defining their respective
spheres of influence and control in West Asia after the collapse of Ottoman Empire
Mcmahon-Hussein Correspondence- Britain agreed to recognize Arab independence after World War I
Balfour Declaration- promised a national home for the Jews in Palestine
Abdul Aziz (Sheik Ibn- Saud)- most powerful of the Arab clans; was able to unite all kingdoms, then formed Saudi Arabia

Persia (Iran)
Reza Shah Pahlavi- build the Trans- Iranian Railway (1927- 28); emancipated women, 1935

Israel and Zionism

Zionism- belief that Judaism is a nationality and a religion at the same time, and that its goal is to create and to develop
their own state in their ancestral homeland, which is Israel; founded by Theodore Herzl

World War II in Asia in the Pacific

Kamikaze- Japanese pilots who initiated suicide attacks to deliberately targeted enemy ships
Manhattan Project- the code name of a research and development undertaking that produced the first nuclear weapons
- Harry Truman was the US President in this certain period in history
- Little Boy- the codename of the atomic bomb that was dropped in Hiroshima on August 6 1945 by Boeing B-29
- Fat Man- bombed dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945
Potsdam Declaration- called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces; Japan did so on August 10, 1945
V-J Day- victory over Japan Day- the day when Japan surrendered ending the war.

Cold War in Asia

Cold war- state of tension between superpowers USA (led the Western or Democratic Bloc) and Soviet Union ( led the
Eastern or Communist Bloc)
There was a tension between mainland China(supported by Soviet Union) and Taiwan (led by Chaing Kai Shek; suported
by USA)
China invaded Mongolia and Tibet, both of which are autonomous already

Korean War of 1950-1953

38th parallel- the dividing line between the Korean peninsula, creating the North and South
North of 38th parallel occupied by the Soviet Union
South of 38th parallel occupied by the USA

1950- North Korea invaded the South. Douglas MacArthur led the opposing forces for three years.
Demilitarized zone- an area in which treatise or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups
forbid military installations, activities or personnel

Vietnam Wars
Battle of Dien Bien Phu- 1954; the nationalist and communist forces joined to heavily defeat the French
17th parallel- the dividing line, established by the 1954 Geneva Accord, between Vietnam, creating the communist North
and democratic South; Ho Chi Minh led the North; Ngo Dinh Diem led the South.

Second Vietnam War- 1959- 1975; communist forces defeated its opponents.

Cambodia
Became the military base of North Vietnam
Khmer Rouge- the Cambodian communists led by Pol Pot
Tensions in West Asia

First Arab- Israeli War- Israel won.

Second Arab- Israeli War- Cause: Gamar Abdel Nasser (The president of Egypt during the time) decided to occupy Suez
Canal.

Third Arab- Israeli War or Six Day War- Jews won the war; occupied Judea and Samaria (of Jordan), Golan Heights )of
Syria), Sinai, Gaza Strip, and West Band

Fourth Arab- Israeli War or Yom Kippur War- Yom Kippur is most important holiday of the Jews
*Yom Kippur- the most solemn religious fast of the Jewsih year, the last of the ten days of Penitence that begin with
Rosh Hashanah (The Jewish New Year)
-During this time, Israel was under its first female Prime Minister- Golda Meir

Anwar Sadat, then president of Egypt, went to Israel and offered peace

Camp David Accords of 1978- first mutual peace agreement between Israel and Arab countries.
Palestinian Liberation Front- formed by Yasser Arafat; they refused to be governed by the Jews

Intifada- series of Palestinian demonstrations, non violent actions like mass boycotts

Religions in Asia

Hinduism
World’s oldest religion
Pantheism- the belief that God is equal to the universe, its physical matter, and the forces that govern it. i.e.: worship
that admits or tolerate all gods
Moksha- liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara)
Believes in reincarnation and karma
Brahma, who creates the universe; Vishnu, who preserves the universe; Shiva, who destroys the universe

Buddhism
Siddharta Gautama- left the royal life; prayed under a Bodhi tree; known as ‘the enlightened one’
Four Noble Truths- the essence of Buddha’s teachings; the truth of suffering, the truth of the origin of suffering, the
truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering.
Eight fold path- a guide to the right thoughts and actions of a man
Nirvana- state of ultimate happiness
Wheel of drama- its eight spokes are the eightfold path

Islam
Muhammad founded Islam in Medina. Allah is the supreme god. Quran is the holy book
Hegira- Muhammad’s departure from Mecca to Medina
Five Pillars:
1. Shahadah- reciting the Moslem profession of faith
2. Salat- performing prayers five times each day
3. Zakat- paying alms for the poor and the needy
4. Sawm- fasting during Ramadan
5. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca
Jihad- holy war
Symbol: crescent moon
Christianity
Christ means anointed one
World’s largest religion
Three main groups:
1. Roman Catholicism- Pope
2. Eastern Orthodoxy- Patriarch
3. Protestantism- no recognized main leader

Judaism
Abraham is considered as the father of Judaism
Exodus- journey out from Egypt to the Promised Land- Canaan
Wailing Wall-based on the practice of mourning the remnant of Temple Mount and praying for its reconstruction
Kosher- food that adhere to the dietary law
Symbol- star of David

Sikhism
Founded b y Guru Nanak in Punjab, India
5K’s of Sikhism
1. Kesh (uncut hair)- hair is symbol of strength and holiness
2. Kara (steel bracelet)- symbol of connection with Guru
3. Kanga (wooden comb)- symbol of a clean mind and body
4. Kaccha- cotton underwear
5. Kirpan (steel sword)- symbol for God, a defense for the poor

Shintoism
The ethnic religion of the Japanese; for establishing a link between present day Japan and its ancient past
Kami- the spirits or phenomena that are worshipped

Jainism
Three principles:
1. Ahimsa- non violence
2. Anekantavada- non- absolutism
3. Aparigraha- non- attachment

Some Regional Organizations

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)\
Founded in 1967
Number of current members: 10
Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
An intergovernmental cooperation and facilities, educational, and cultural among its members

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Founded 1989
Number of current members:21
Headquarters: Singapore
A response to the growing interdepence of Asia and the Pacific

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Founded 1960
Number of current members:14
Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
Coordination and unification of the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure stabilization of oil markets
WORLD HISTORY

The Egyptian Civilization

god of the Sun: Ra; god of the sky: Horus
Egypt was divided into two kingdoms: Lower Egypt- where its ruler wore a red crown; Upper Egypt- where its ruler wore
white

King Menes united the two kingdoms- established Memphis as its capital.
Observed theocracy- priests rule in the name of their god/s

Old Kingdom 2660- 2180 BC- age of Pyramids

Middle Kingdom, 2040-1640 BC

Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II- first ruler of the middle kingdom
Amenemhet II- started coregency or a joint ruling, with his son Senusret I
Hyksos successfully invaded Egypt. Ahmose was able to defeat the invaders later

New Kingdom
Ahmose inroduced a centralized government
Amenhotep IV introduced monotheism; their god was Aton.
Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton
Sphynx- a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human

The Greek Civilization

Minoan Civilization
Hellas- how the Greeks call themselves; from their mythological leader Hellenes
Four races of Greeks- Acheans, Ionians, Dorians, Aetolians
Minoans- lived in the island of Crete. Ruler: King Minos

Mycenaean Civilization
Tholos- a circular structure, often a temple, of ancient Greece
Megaron- was the great hall in ancient Greek palace complexes
Polis- the term for their city states
Acropolis- a polis built upon an area of elevated ground
Phratry- a clan group consisting of a number of families
Mt. Olympus- highest mountain in Greece; believed to be the home of the gods

The city state of Athens

Attica- main site of Athenian civilization
Practiced aristocracy( power is held by nobility) and direct democracy
Draco- best known for his Draconian code- response to the unjust interpretation of oral law by Athenian democrats
Solon- best known for his Council of the Four Hundred which led the foundations of democracy

The city state of Sparta

Known for their great military force
Helots- the slave warriors of Sparta
Delian League- was an association of Greek city states whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire

Peloponnesian War- was fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta
Famous Greek Philosophers
Hippocrates- regarded as Father of Medicine
- Physicians today swear by the Hippocratic Oath
DEMOsthenes- the greatest orator
AriSTARchus- presented the first known model of Solar system placing the Sun at the center of the universe
Thucydides- historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian War
Phidias- sculptor of the Statue of Zeus in Olympia
Socrataes- Socratic method
Plato- student of Socrates; wrote The Republic, about a just society and a just man
Aristotle- wrote ‘Politics’, an explanation of the strengths an weaknesses of monarchy, aristocracy, democracy
Zeno- founded the Stoic school of philosophy
Epicurus- introduced the concept of Epicureanism- the importance of disciplining one’s desires

The Roman Civilization

Etruscans- the first known people in the Italic Peninsula
Law of the Twelve Tables- Italy’s first code of law- binding both patricians (aristocrat/noble man)
and plebeians (commoner)
Punic Wars- a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage (Tunisia)
Hannibal- known for leading the Carthagian army and a team of elephants across the Alps in the Second Punic War
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus- brothers who sought to introduce land reforms
Sulla- revived the dictatorship rule in Rome

First Triumvirate (a group of three men holding power)- transformation of the Roman Republic into Roman Empire
1. Crassus ( belonged to the wealthy class)- often called “ The Richest Man in Rome”
2. Gnaues Pompeius Magnus- Pompey the Great was a military and political leader- from a wealthy class
3. Julius Caesar- was a Roman politician, military general, and historian. Veni, vidi, vici
Julius Caesar Crossing the Rubicon- event that started the Roman Civil War, between Pompey and Senate
Ides of March- the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar

Second Triumvirate- with the enactment of Lex Titia, the adoption of which some view as the marking the end of the
Roman Republic, while other argue the battle of Actium or Octavian becoming Caesar Augustus in 27 BC
1. Octavian
2. Mark Antony
3. Marcus Lepidus
Pax Romana- long period of relative peacefulness after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic

Some Famous Romans

Caligula- emperor known as the most tyrannical and infamous of all; designated his horse named Incitatus as part of a
council
Tiberius Claudius- annexed Britain in the empire
Nero- the last Roman emperor of the Julio- Claudian dynasty

Five Good Emperors:

Nerva Trajan- given the title Optimus
Hadrian- built the Hadrian Wall
Antonius Pius and Marcus Aurelius- used the merit system in determining government officials

Virgil- wrote the ‘Aenid’, the national epic of ancient Rome

Horace- the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus Caesar
Ovid- best known for the ‘Metamorphoses’, a 15 book continuous mythological narrative
Byzantine Empire
Diocletian- revived old Rome and became Byzantine Empire, the New Rome