PREPARED BY

NOOR AZILA BINTI JAMARI

LECTURER
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 Most large multistory buildings use highly
centralized air conditioning equipment. The
roof and basement are the usual choice for
these central station systems.
 The basement has the advantage of easy
utility connections, noise isolation, not being
valuable rental area and the fact that
structural loads are not a problem.
 The roof is the ideal
location for fresh air
intakes and heat rejection
to the atmosphere.
 Cooling tower are noisy,
produce very hot and
humid exhaust air, so the
best location for cooling
rower is placed on the roof. SECTION OF A TYPICAL
MULTISTORY BUILDING WITH
A ROOFTOP CENTRAL
STATION MECHANICAL
SYSTEM
 In most buildings, the
mechanical equipment is
shown to be on the roof. This
section shows an all-air
system served by a single
central air handling unit on
the roof.
 To avoid the large vertical
ducts, separate air handling
units can be placed on each
floor and only water circulates MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT IS
STILL ON THE ROOF, EACH
vertically. This saves much FLOOR HAS A SEPARATE AHU

energy because moving air

great distances requires much
power.
 The advantage of all-air system is complete
control over air quality is possible. The
disadvantage is that all-air systems are very
bulky and a significant part of the building
volume must be devoted to them.
 There are 5 system in all-air system categories.
i. Central Plants
ii. Variable Air Volume (V.A.V)
iii. Terminal Reheat System
iv. Multizone System
v. Double Duct System
 The central air conditioning system has the
limitation of the same air quality being delivered
throughout the building.
 If the structure is zoned or divided and
compartmented into several different functions
such as offices, workshops, canteen.
 The temperature of each element can be
controlled with zoned thermostats.
 The fan precedes the chiller and reheater coils
and blow air through the air-handling unit.
 Several ducts radiate from the unit to designated
zones within the building.
 This is a single duct system that can easily
have many zones. A variable air volume
control box is located wherever a duct enters
a separate zone.
 A thermostat in each zone controls the air
flow by operating a damper in the V.A.V
control box. More cooling is required, more
cool air is allowed to enter the zone.
 VAV system.
Floor plan of a VAV system.

VAV control box.

 At the first the terminal reheat system looks just like
the V.A.V system but in fact it is very different.
 This system has terminal reheat boxes in which
electric strip heaters or hot water coils reheat air
previously cooled.
 All others zones will reheat the cold air to the desired
temperature.

Terminal reheat system.

 In this system, every zone receives air at the
required temperature through a separate
duct.
 These ducts are supplied by a special
multizone air handling unit that custom
mixes hot and cold air for each zone.
 This is accomplished by motorized dampers
located in the air handling unit but controlled
by thermostats in each zone. Depending on
the temperature, the ratio of hot and cold air
varies but the total amount of air is constant.
 The multizone unit is supplied with hot water,
chilled water and a small amount of fresh air.
 Each multizone unit can handle about 8
zones.
 Because moderate air temperatures are
created by mixing hot and cold air, this
system also wasteful of energy.
 Disadvantage this system are costs relatively
high while the thermal control is relatively
poor.
 Like the multizone system, the double duct system mixes
hot and cold air to achieve the required air temperature.
 Instead of mixing the air at a central air handling unit,
mixing boxes are dispersed throughout the building.
 The double duct system creates a high level of thermal
comfort and allows for great zoning flexibility, it is very
expensive, requires much building space and its wasteful
of energy.

Double duct system.

 To reduce the size of the ducts, a high-
velocity version of this system
 High-velocity air systems (6000 feet/minute)
consume more fan power than normal
velocity systems(2000 feet/minute).
 Because of these problem and because V.A.V
system are a good alternative, dual duct
systems are not used much anymore.
 These system supply both airand water to each
zone of a building.
 It greatly decreases the size of the equipment
because of the immense heart-carrying capacity
of water as opposed to air.
 Air is supplied mainly because of the need for
ventilation.
 There are 2 system in air-water system
categories.
i. Induction System
ii. Fan- coil with supplementary air
But in this topic is cover induction system only
 A small quantity of high-velocity air is
supplied to each zone to supply the required
fresh air and to induce room air to circulate.
 Most induction terminal units are found
under windows where they can effectively
neutralize the heat gain.
 As the high-velocity air shoots into the room
it induces a large amount of room air to
circulates.
 This combination of room air and fresh air,
then passes over heating or cooling coils.
 Local thermostats regulate the temperature by
controlling the flow of either hot or cold water
through the coils.
 It takes a lot of fan power to circulate air at high
velocity throughout a building.
 Because of the high cost of energy and the
expense of high-velocity ductwork, the use of
induction systems is limited.

Induction system.
Induction system.

Induction unit with cooling

or heating coils
 These systems supply no air.
 There are 2 system in all-water system
categories.
i. Fan-coil System
ii. Water Loop Heat Pump System
But in this topic is cover Fan-coil system only.
 The fan-coil unit basically consists of a fan
and a coil within water circulates.
 The units are in the form of cabinets for
placement under windows.
 The fan blows room air across coils
containing either hot or cold water.
 Thermostatically controlled valves regulate
the flow of water through the coils.
 A 4 pipe system, which is has 2 pipes for hot
water supply and return and another 2 pipes
for cold water supply and return.
 Condensation on the cooling coils must be
collected in a pan and drained away.
 When the fan-coil unit is on an outside wall, it is
possible to have an outdoor air intake connected
to the unit.
 A three-speed fan switch allows occupants of the
zone to have some control over the temperature.
 Fan-coil units are most appropriate for air
conditioning buildings with small zones (eg.
Apartments, condominiums, motels, hotels,
hospitals and schools).
 Fan coil units also located above windows, in
small closets or in the dropped ceiling above a
bathroom.
 Fan Coil System.

Schematic diagram of an under window FCU ( 4 pipe

system).
FCU placed in a small closet.

FCU placed above a dropped ceiling.