Threats and Attacks

CSE 4471: Information Security

Instructor: Adam C. Champion, Ph.D.
CSE 4471: Information Security
Prof. Dong Xuan and Adam C. Champion
 Terminology (1)
• Vulnerability: Weakness or fault that can lead to an exposure
• Threat: Generic term for objects, people who pose potential
danger to assets (via attacks)
• Threat agent: Specific object, person who poses such a danger
(by carrying out an attack)
– DDoS attacks are a threat
– If a hacker carries out a DDoS attack, he’s a threat agent
• Risk: Probability that “something bad” happens times
expected damage to the organization
– Unlike vulnerabilities/exploits; e.g., a web service running on a
server may have a vulnerability, but if it’s not connected to the
network, risk is 0.0
• Exposure: a successful attack
• Vector: how the attack was carried out, e.g., malicious email
attachment
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 Terminology (2)
• Malware: malicious code such as viruses, worms, Trojan
horses, bots, backdoors, spyware, adware, etc.
• Disclosure: responsible, full, partial, none, delayed, etc.
• Authentication: determining the identity of a person,
computer, or service on a computer
• Authorization: determining whether an entity (person,
program, computer) has access to object
– Can be implicit (email account access) or explicit (attributes
specifying users/groups who can read/write/execute file)
• Incident: definitions vary
– Any attack, all attacks using vulnerability X, etc.
– Anything resulting in service degradation other than problem
mgmt., service request fulfillment

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 Threats (1)
• Threat: an object, person, or other entity that
represents a constant danger to an asset

• Management must be informed of the

different threats facing the organization

• By examining each threat category,

management effectively protects information
through policy, education, training, and
technology controls
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 Threats (2)
• 2004 Computer Security Institute (CSI) / Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) survey found:
– 79% of organizations reported cyber security
breaches within the last 12 months
– 54% of those orgs. reported financial losses over
$141 million
• Take the survey with a grain of salt
– Underreporting, fear of bad publicity
– Cybercrime: easy $$ at perceived low risk to attacker

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 Table 2.1: Threats to Info. Security
Threat Category Examples
Acts of human error or failure Accidents, employee mistakes
Intellectual property compromise Piracy, copyright infringement
Deliberate espionage or trespass Unauthorized access, data collection
Deliberate information extortion Blackmail of info. disclosure
Deliberate sabotage or vandalism Destruction of systems or info.
Deliberate theft Illegally taking equipment or info.
Deliberate software attacks Viruses, worms, denial of service
Forces of nature Fires, floods, earthquakes
Deviations in service from providers Power and Internet provider issues
Technological hardware failures Equipment failure
Technological software failures Bugs, code problems, unknown loopholes
Technological obsolescence Antiquated or outdated technologies 6
Acts of Human Error or Failure (1)
• Includes actions without malicious intent
• Causes include:
– Inexperience
– Improper training
– Incorrect assumptions
• Employees: among the greatest threats to
organization’s data

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Acts of Human Error or Failure (2)
• Employee mistakes can easily lead to:
– Revelation of classified data
– Entry of erroneous data
– Accidental data deletion or modification
– Data storage in unprotected areas
– Failure to protect information

• Many of these threats can be prevented with controls

• Then there’s the insider threat…

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 Questions
• Who poses the biggest threat to your company?
– “Script kiddie” software hacker?
– Convicted burglar in area?
– Employee who accidentally deletes sole copy of
project source code?
• How can we guard against these threats?

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 Deliberate Acts of Espionage/Trespass
• Unauthorized people access protected information
• Competitive intelligence (legal) vs. industrial
espionage (illegal)
• Shoulder surfing occurs anywhere a person accesses
confidential information
• Controls let trespassers know they are encroaching on
organization’s cyberspace
• Hackers uses skill, guile, or fraud to bypass controls
protecting others’ information
• European Network and Info. Sec. Agency video
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 Deliberate Acts of Theft
• Illegal taking of
another’s physical,
electronic, or
intellectual property
• Physical theft can be
easily controlled
• Electronic theft is more
complex: evidence of
crime not obvious

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Source: Pixabay/OpenClipArt
 Deliberate Software Attacks
• Malicious software (malware) damages,
destroys, or denies service to target systems
• Includes:
– Viruses: Malware propagating with human help
– Worms: Self-propagating malware over networks
– Trojan horses: Malware claiming benign purpose
– Logic bombs: Malicious code placed in software,
triggered by attacker
– Backdoors: Hidden bypass of system authentication
– Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks: Attackers’ traffic
floods take down Internet services (one type)
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 Forces of Nature
• Forces of nature: among
most dangerous threats
• Disrupt individual lives
plus information
storage, transfer, use
• Organizations must
implement controls to
limit damage, prepare
for worst-case scenarios

Sources: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, NASA

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 Deviations in Quality of Service
• Situations where
products, services not
delivered as expected
• Info. system depends on
many support systems
• Internet service,
communications, and
power outages affect
systems availability

U.S. states and provinces affected (2003 Northeast blackout)

Source: Wikipedia 14
 Internet Service Issues
• Internet service provider (ISP) failures can
undermine information availability …

• Company’s outsourced Web hosting provider

responsible for all company Internet services
plus hardware, OS, and software

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 Attacks (1)
• Act or action that exploits vulnerability (i.e.,
an identified weakness) in controlled system
• Accomplished by threat agent which damages
or steals organization’s information

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 Attacks (2)
• Malicious code: launching viruses, worms,
Trojan horses, and active Web scripts aiming to
steal or destroy info.
• Backdoor: accessing system or network using
known or previously unknown mechanism
• Password crack: attempting to reverse calculate
a password
• Brute force: trying every possible combination
of options of a password
• Dictionary: selects specific accounts to attack
and uses commonly used passwords (i.e., the
dictionary) to guide guesses
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 Attacks (3)
§ Denial-of-service (DoS): attacker sends large
number of connection or information requests to
a target
§ Target system cannot handle successfully along with
other, legitimate service requests
§ May result in system crash or inability to perform
ordinary functions
§ Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS):
coordinated stream of requests is launched
against target from many locations
simultaneously
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 Attacks (4)
• Spoofing: technique used to gain unauthorized
access; intruder assumes a trusted IP address

• Man-in-the-middle: attacker monitors network

packets, modifies them, and inserts them back
into network

• Spam: unsolicited commercial e-mail; more a

nuisance than an attack, though is emerging as a
vector for some attacks
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 Attacks (5)
• Mail bombing: also a DoS; attacker routes
large quantities of e-mail to target

• Sniffers: program or device that monitors

data traveling over network; can be used both
for legitimate purposes and for stealing
information from a network

• Social engineering: using social skills to

convince people to reveal access credentials
or other valuable information to attacker
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 Attacks (6)
• Buffer overflow: application error where more
data sent to a buffer than can be handled

• Timing attack: explores contents of a Web

browser’s cache to create malicious cookie

• Side-channel attacks: secretly observes

computer screen contents/electromagnetic
radiation, keystroke sounds, etc.

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 Table 2.2: Attack Replication Vectors
Attack Vector Description
IP Scan and Attack Malware-infected system scans for target IP addresses, then
probes for vulnerable system components (e.g., Conficker).
Web Browsing Malware-infected systems with webpage write privileges
infects Web content (e.g., HTML files).
Viruses Malware-infected system infects other systems to which it
has access via executable scripts (human activity required).
Unprotected Shares Malware-infected system uses file system vulnerabilities to
spread malware to all writable locations.
Mass Email Malware-infected system spams all contacts found in users’
address books.
Simple Network Malware-infected systems use SNMP to guess common or
Management Protocol weak passwords on other network-connected systems, then
(SNMP) spread. (Vendors have fixed many of these bugs.)
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IP Spoofing Attack

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Source: Wikipedia
Denial-of-Service Attack

Source: Wikipedia 24
 Man-in-the-Middle Attack

Source: Neil Smithline, Stack Overflow, https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/183723/

i-started-to-learn-about-mitm-attacks-and-i-cant-figure-out-few-things 25
 Summary
• Threat: object, person, or other entity
representing constant danger to an asset

• Attack: deliberate action exploiting a

vulnerability

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