Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Unit 7 STOICHIOMETRY 1. Introduction to Stoichiometry
1. Introduction to Stoichiometry
2. MoleMole Stoichiometry Stoichiometry:
3. MassMole Stoichiometry
4. MassMass Stoichiometry
5. MassVolume & VolumeVolume
Stoichiometry
6. Excess & Limiting Reactants The chemical 'recipe' necessary to
combine substances to make new
substances
Stoichiometry is the relationship
between the amount of reactants used
and the amount of products produced
in a chemical reaction.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
1 methane molecule reacts with two oxygen molecules to
produce 1 carbon dioxide molecule and two water molecules
The balanced reaction is the ratio or 'recipe' we
need for the reaction to occur.
An analogy: But what if I wanted to make 5
Consider making sandwiches. In each sandwiches for some friends? How much
sandwich I’d like to have: of each component would I need?
• 2 pieces of bread (Br)
• 4 tomato slices (To) 2Br + 4To + 2Ch + 1Le ‐> 1Br2To4Ch2Le
• 2 pieces of chicken (Ch)
• 1 piece of lettuce (Le)
• Sandwich equation:
2Br + 4To + 2Ch + 1Le ‐> 1Br2To4Ch2Le
1 sandwich
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Stoichiometry Notes
2Br + 4To + 2Ch + 1Le ‐> 1Br2To4Ch2Le recipe for 1 sandwich:
= 1 sandwich
2Br + 4To + 2Ch + 1Le ‐> 1Br2To4Ch2Le
5 sandwiches 2Br
1 sandwich
= 10 Bread Slices
x 5
5 sandwiches
= Tomatoes recipe for 5 sandwiches
10Br + 20To + 10Ch + 5Le ‐> 5Br2To4Ch2Le
= Chicken Slices
= Lettuce pieces
When hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas,
And now for some chemicals! water is formed. What is the chemical recipe
Determining the amount of each (the stoichiometry) for this reaction?
component of a sandwich is like using H2 + O2 H2O
moles in a chemical equation.
BALANCE: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
In chemistry, you can only use moles
to compare one chemical to another
2 hydrogen molecules react with one oxygen molecule to make
within a reaction. two water molecules. OR
2 dozen hydrogen molecules react with one dozen oxygen
molecules to make two dozen water molecules. OR
2 MOLES of hydrogen react with one MOLE of oxygen to
make two MOLES of water
The coefficients refer to the amount of So how many moles of oxygen are needed
molecules which are involved in a reaction. to react with 6 moles of hydrogen?
6 mol H2 1 mol O2
= 3 mol O2
2 mol H2
The amount of molecules can also be How many moles of water are produced if
termed as the amount in moles. you react 2.5 moles of oxygen?
2.5 mol O2 2 mol H2O
= 5 mol H2O
= 0.25 mol O2
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Stoichiometry Notes
2. Mole ‐ Mole Stoichiometry Can ask how much reactant is needed:
Eg. 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
• How many moles of O2 react with 6
moles of C2H6?
Example:
How many moles of H2O are produced
when 12 moles of C2H6 react? • How many moles of F2(g) are required to produce
4.50 mol of IF5(g)?
HOMEWORK: 3. Mass ‐ Mole Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry Worksheet 1
MoleMole Conversions
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Stoichiometry Notes
What if a quantity other than moles is used? Mole Unit:
Commonly, in the laboratory, quantities
are measured in grams using the balance.
x 6.02 x 1023
Example: / 6.02 x 1023
How many moles of silver metal are
produced if 85.0g of copper metal react? x molar mass
/ molar mass
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
x 22.4
/ 22.4
Example: From mass of chemical #1 to moles of chemical #2,
How many moles of silver metal are there are two steps:
produced if 85.0g of copper metal react? • Convert mass of chemical #1 to moles of chemical
#1 by dividing by the molar mass:
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
85.0g Cu 1 mol Cu
= 1.3386 mol Cu
63.5g Cu
• Convert moles of chemical #1 to moles of
chemical #2 using the mole ratio (coefficient ratio).
Step 1: mass of chemical #1 (Cu) to moles of chemical #1 (Cu) 1.3386 mol Cu 2 mol Ag = 2.68 mol Ag
Step 2: moles of chemical #1 (Cu) to moles of chemical #2 (Ag) 1 mol Cu
This entire calculation can be done in one table:
mass chemical #1 1 mol chemical #1 Moles chemical #2
molar mass chemical #1 Moles chemical #1 • In the reaction 2Na2CO3 → 4Na + 2CO2 + O2, there are
0.50g of sodium carbonate reacting. How many moles of Na
does it produce?
Step 1 – divide Step 2 – multiply
Mass given
by molar mass by mole ratio
(mole bridge OR
coefficient ratio)
= moles of chemical #2
Step 1 Step 2
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Stoichiometry Notes
If the amount of moles is given, and the mass needs
to be found, reverse the order of operations: Try these two questions with the person sitting next
to you. Write your answer in the next square using a
calculation table:
• CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
• In the reaction 2Na2CO3 → 4Na + 2CO2 + O2, there are • In this reaction, there were 3.00x10‐3 mol of carbon
4.50 mol of oxygen produced. How many grams of CO2 does dioxide produced. How many grams of CH4 were used?
it produce?
• 1 Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3CO2
• In this reaction, 5.00g of iron (III) oxide were reacted.
How many moles of CO react?
HOMEWORK:
Stoichiometry Worksheet #2
4. Mass ‐ Mass Stoichiometry Stoichiometry Map
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Stoichiometry Notes
From mass of chemical #1 to mass of chemical #2,
there are three steps:
• Convert chemical #1 from mass to moles by
dividing by the molar mass
• Convert moles of chemical #1 to moles of
chemical #2 using the mole ratio (coefficients).
• Convert chemical #2 from moles to mass by
multiplying by the molar mass
This is usually shown in one step: An example:
An example:
HOMEWORK:
• 2Al + 3 CuO → Al2O3 + 3Cu Stoichiometry Worksheet #3
• What mass of Aluminum would react with 120g of CuO?
• What mass of Copper would be produced from 15.5g of
Aluminum?
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Stoichiometry Notes
5. Mass–Volume and Volume‐Volume
Stoichiometry
• If you start and end with a quantity other than An example:
• 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
moles, there are three steps:
• At STP, what mass of water is needed to react with 15.5L of
• Convert quantity given to moles for chemical #1
nitrogen dioxide?
(using its molar mass, Avogadro's number, or molar
volume of 22.4L/mol of gas)
• Use the mole ratio (from coefficients) to convert
from moles of chemical #1 to moles of chemical #2. • At STP, what volume of nitrogen monoxide would be
produced from 100.0g of water?
• Change moles of chemical #2 to the quantity
required by using molar mass, Avogadro's number,
or molar volume of 22.4L/mol of gas.
An example:
• 2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)
At STP, what volume of H2 is produced when 20.0L of NH3 Stoichiometry Map
react?
Notice that when volume‐volume calculations are done, the
molar volume cancels out. The above calculations could be
written like a mole‐mole problem:
= 30.0 mol H2
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Stoichiometry Notes
An example:
3. 2C6H14(s) + 19O2(g) → 12CO2(g) + 14H2O(l)
a) At STP, what volume of CO2 is produced when 2.45x1023
molecules of C6H14 react?
HOMEWORK:
Stoichiometry Worksheet #4
b) What volume of oxygen is required to produce 18.93L of
liquid H2O (density of 0.97g/cm3) at 60 degrees C?
*** Note that 1L = 1000cm3
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
18.93L H2O
=
Excess and Limiting Reactant Definitions
Limiting reactant:
6. Excess and Limiting Reactants
Excess reactant:
Since the limiting reactant is what determines when
the reaction is over, it is this quantity that we use for
stoichiometric calculation.
But what if I had 10 bread, 26 tomatoes, and
An analogy: 12 chicken slices?
Consider making a sandwich. In each 10 Br 1 sandwich
sandwich I’d like to have: = sandwiches
2 Br
• 2 pieces of bread (Br)
26 To 1 sandwich
• 4 tomato slices (To) = sandwiches
4 To
• 2 pieces of chicken (Ch)
12 Ch 1 sandwich
= sandwiches
2 Ch
2Br + 4To + 2Ch ‐> 1Br2To4Ch2
is the limiting reactant, as we can only
1 sandwich
make sandwiches, and then we are
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Stoichiometry Notes
Excess tomatoes and cheese: Example
2Al + 3 CuO → Al2O3 + 3Cu
5 sandwiches 4 To Calculate the grams of Al2O3 produced when 54.0g Al
= tomatoes
1 sandwich reacts with 124g of CuO?
1. Calculate moles of both potential product amounts.
There will be tomatoes in excess
54.0g Al
5 sandwiches 2 Ch
= cheese
1 sandwich
There will be pieces of cheese in excess
is the limiting reactant. Therefore,
Al2O3 are produced. is in excess.
2Al + 3 CuO → Al2O3 + 3Cu
Calculate the grams of Al2O3 produced when 54.0g Al Example:
reacts with 124g of CuO?
4. To find the mass of excess reactant left over, use 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C ⇒ P4 + 6CaSiO3 + 10CO
moles of product formed to determine mass of
A) What mass of P4 is produced when 41.5g of Ca3(PO4)2,
reactant. Then subtract from the original amount.
26.5g of SiO2, and 7.80g of C are reacted?
B) How many grams of each excess reactant will remain
unreacted?
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Stoichiometry Notes
1. Potential moles of product:
3. Mass of P4 produced: 4. Mass of in excess:
4. Mass of in excess:
HOMEWORK:
Limiting Reactant Worksheet
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