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Conformal Mapping 2

This document is from an NPTEL web course on complex analysis taught by A. Swaminathan and V.K. Katiyar from IIT Roorkee. The specific module discusses conformal mapping and analyzes the behavior of analytic functions at critical points where the derivative vanishes. It presents a theorem stating that if two curves intersect at an angle θ in the domain, their images will intersect at an angle of kθ in the range, where k is the order of the critical point. The lecture also describes elementary transformations like translation, rotation, magnification, and inversion. It provides an example of a linear transformation mapping a rectangle to another.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
116 views15 pages

Conformal Mapping 2

This document is from an NPTEL web course on complex analysis taught by A. Swaminathan and V.K. Katiyar from IIT Roorkee. The specific module discusses conformal mapping and analyzes the behavior of analytic functions at critical points where the derivative vanishes. It presents a theorem stating that if two curves intersect at an angle θ in the domain, their images will intersect at an angle of kθ in the range, where k is the order of the critical point. The lecture also describes elementary transformations like translation, rotation, magnification, and inversion. It provides an example of a linear transformation mapping a rectangle to another.

Uploaded by

AKHILA PEESARA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

NPTEL web course

on
Complex Analysis

A. Swaminathan
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

and

V.K. Katiyar
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 1 / 15


Complex Analysis

Module: 7: Conformal Mapping


Lecture: 2: Special transformations

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 2 / 15


Conformal Mapping

Conformality at a critical point

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 3 / 15


Conformality at a critical point

The basic assumption for conformality is that the derivative is


non-zero.
However all is not lost if the derivative vanishes at some point z0 .
We now examine the behavior of an analytic function in a
neighborhood of a critical point that is at the point where the
derivative vanishes.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 4 / 15


Conformality at a critical point

Suppose the derivative of an analytic function f (z) has a zero of


order k − 1 at z = z0 .
We can write
f k (z0 ) f k +1 (z0 )
f (z) = f (z0 ) + (z − z0 )k + (z − z0 )k +1 + · · · .
k! (k + 1)!

This gives

f k (z0 ) f k +1 (z0 )

arg[f (z)−f (z0 )] = k arg(z−z0 )+arg + (z − z0 ) + · · ·
k! (k + 1)!

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 5 / 15


Conformality at a critical point

Suppose θ is the angle that the tangent to a smooth curve at z0


makes with the positive x-axis and φ is the angle the tangent to
the image of the curve at f (z0 ) makes with the positive u-axis.
Then as z → z0 , the above equation gives

f k (z0 )
φ = k θ + arg .
k!

Theorem
Suppose f (z) is analytic at z0 and that f 0 (z) has a zero of order k − 1
at z0 . If two smooth curves intersect at an angle θ in the z-plane, their
images intersect at an angle k θ in the w-plane.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 6 / 15


Conformal mapping and Analytic functions

Theorem
An analytic function is conformal at a point if and only if it has a
non-zero derivative at the point

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 7 / 15


Some elementary transformations

Translation: w = z + α
This transformation transforms every point in the z plane as z + α
in the direction of the vector α.
By this transformation the point P is translated along the vector α
through a distance |α|.
As it transforms every point of the plane, the image of the region is
simply a translation of that region.
The image have the same shape, size and orientation.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 8 / 15


Some elementary transformations

Rotation: w = eiγ z
This transformation transforms the image at a point P in the z
plane by rotating through the angle γ.
This rotation is anti-clockwise if γ > 0 and clockwise if γ < 0.
This can be shown analytically as if z = reiθ and w = ρeiφ , then
ρeiφ = eiγ .reiθ = rei(θ+γ)

∴ ρ = r and φ = θ + γ

The modulus of w is the same as that of z but the argument of w


is increased or decreased by an amount γ according as γ > 0 or
γ < 0.
But Geometrically, the two regions are congruent.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 9 / 15


Some elementary transformations

Magnification: w = cz(c > 0)


By means of this transformation, the figure in the z plane are
magnified or contracted according as c > 1 or 0 < c < 1.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 10 / 15


Some elementary transformations

Rotation and Magnification: w = αz


If
w = ρeiφ , α = beiδ , z = reiθ
Then the transformation can be written as

ρeiφ = beiδ .reiθ = brei(θ+δ).

Hence ρ = br ,φ = θ + δ.
Thus the given transformation transforms the point P in the z
plane into the point Q in the w plane whose polar co-ordinates are
(br , θ + δ).

Note that the transformation w = bz will be only a magnification if b is


real, only a rotation if |b| = 1 and both magnification and rotation for
other cases of b.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 11 / 15
Some elementary transformations

1
Inversion: w =
z
1 1 1
If w = ρeiφ and z = reiθ ,we get ρ eiφ = iθ
= e−iθ ∴ ρ = or
re r r
1
|w| = and φ = −θ.
|z|
Thus points inside the unit circle are mapped into point outside the
circle and vice-versa. The points on the circle are reflected in the
real axis.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 12 / 15


Some elementary transformations

Example
Consider the linear transformation

w = (1 + i)z + 2 − i

and determine the region in the w plane into which the rectangular
region bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 2 in the z plane is
mapped under this transformation.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 13 / 15


Some elementary transformations

Example
Solution: As z = x + iy and w = u + iv , we get u = x − y + 2 and
v = x + y − 1.
The line x = 0 is mapped into u = −y + 2, v = y − 1 or into
u + v = 1.
The line y = 0 is mapped into u = x + 2, v = x − 1 or into
u − v = 3.
The line x = 1 is mapped into u = −y + 3, v = y or into u + v = 3.
The line y = 2 is mapped into u = x, v = x + 1 or into v − u = 1.
Hence the given rectangular region in the z plane is mapped into the
rectangular region bounded by the lines
u + v = 1, u − v = 3, u + v = 3 and v − u = 1 in the w plane.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 14 / 15


Some elementary transformations

Example
From the image in the w plane it is evident that the rectangle√in the z
plane has gone through magnification by the factor |1 + i| = 2,
π
rotation by an angle arg(1 + i) = and finally translated through a
√ 4
distance |2 − i| = 5 in the direction 2 − i. We have to also note that
the origin in the z plane is transformed into the point 2 − i.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 15 / 15

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