Security System for farmland based on CCTV

Chapter 1
PREAMBLE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In India, agriculture is the main occupation; more than 50% of the population is
dependent on agriculture. It is the backbone of our economy. Despite the focus on
industrialization, agriculture remains a dominant sector of the Indian economy both in
terms of contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) as well as a source of employment
to millions across the country. So the development in agriculture will boost economy in
industry, trade and transport. To boost the economy there is a need to increase the
productivity of crops. The volume of production depends not only on the capital
investments and marketing strategies but also on the technology used during the
production and processing stage. Despite the use of modern technologies, a major threat
faced by farmlands is its security.

Nowadays, security is becoming an significant matter for farmers, despite that the threat
of a violence on farm is marginal, we must consider our liability to criminal deeds such as
robbery of farm equipment or chemicals, criminal disruption involving unsecured
equipment and machinery, destruction of bioengineered plants, common vandalism.
Unauthorized access to farm chemicals and application equipment are greatest security
danger to farms, nurseries and green houses where plants are developed. And as an adult
we know that insecticides should be stored away from children. In addition, insecticides
should be protected from intruders and thieves who may accidentally, or intentionally,
use these chemicals to damage other individuals, crop or non-crop lands, the environment
or even themselves. Be responsible for the safety of yourself, your family,
representatives, and your group. Set up your farm to endure the pressure of unauthorized
activity. Thus this study aims for the solution for the problem. This system will help to
secure and monitor the particular area to lessen the time and effort of farmers. In due
course, the proponents designed and implemented a system that utilizing a sensor and
CCTV which the advocate will use to identify the trespasser inside the secured area and
produce a yield. This yield is a security system that has an alarm which will trigger when
a movement of intruder recognized.

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

Security and safety are key issues which have high priority in the concerns of society
today. These concerns paved the way for the rise and the usage of CCTV networks, which
most institutions use today for monitoring purposes. Unfortunately, statistics show that
normal-sized buildings have around 50-100 cameras, all of which require constant and
simultaneous monitoring. This is no easy task, considering that control rooms usually host
only one or two security personnel. If a surveillance operator were tasked to monitor the
camera feeds for several hours, his attention would decrease over time. The probability of
missing alarm situations would increase accordingly. Instead of adding alarms, which can
be very expensive, this paper suggests to automate the monitoring process using a
computer to analyze the live feed via digital signal processing techniques.

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of “Security System for Farmland Based on CCTV” is as shown
in figure1.

Fig 1.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM

The basic operation of the block diagram is, all of the components used will be interfaced
to the arduino microcontroller. Whenever the PIR sensor detects the motion, the system
immediately triggers an alarm detecting the presence of unauthorized person and sends
SMS through GSM modem and the CCTV will be activated. Upon this, the video will be
monitored in the owner’s phone and hence necessary controlled action will be taken,
which is the buzz ring of siren.
The GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. In this technology is
used to the communication purpose; it operates at a baud rate of 9600bps in standard
UART model through AT Commands. This GSM Modem can accept any of the 2G or 3G
network operator SIM card and act like as mobile phone with its unique phone number.
Advantage of using this GSM modem will be that it can use RS232 port to communicate
and develop embedded security applications or any other applications. This modem used
to SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily. The
modem can either be connected to PC serial port directly or microcontroller. It can be

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
mainly used to send and receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. This GSM modem is a
highly flexible for plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct and easy integration
to RS232 applications. GSM module consist of one notch in that we can insert the SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module). It is used to store the confidential and personal information
about the subscriber. This information stored on SIM is protected by the unique number
called as PIN.

Motion sensors use infrared sound and vibration to detect moving objects or people. The
sensors gather data as regards the acceleration, velocity, and position of the object. When
motion sensors are attached to a home security system, they can detect motion alerting the
homeowner of any breach of security. Motion sensors use one or several technologies to
sense movement in an area. The use of multiple technologies, microwave technology and
passive infrared sensor (PIR) technology, helps to reduce the possibility of false alarms
and increase the efficiency of the surveillance security system. The sensors are sensitive
to an individual’s skin temperature and are designed to use mid-infrared wavelengths in
the detection of movements.

The PIR sensor is the core part of the system. The system basically function based on
infrared radiation, which is emitted from human body . PIR sensor is widely used in
security system to detect the motion of human. Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic
radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 and 300 micrometers. Human beings are the
source of infrared radiation. It was found that the normal human body temperature radiate
IR at wavelengths of 10 micrometer to 12 micrometer. PIR sensors are passive electronic
devices which detect motion by sensing infrared fluctuations. It has three pins (gate, drain
and source). After it has detected IR radiation difference, a high is sent to the signal pin.
PIR sensor is made up of crystalline material that generates a surface electric charge when
exposed to heat in the form of IR. This change in radiation striking the crystalline surface
gives to change in charge. The sensor elements are sensitive to radiation of wide range
but due to the use of filter window that limits the sensitiveness to the range 8 to 14
micrometer which is most suitable to human body radiation.

Arduino is an open source electronic platform based on easy to use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs- light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
a twitter message and turn it into an output- activating a motor, turning ON a LED,
publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so, we use the arduino
programming language(based on wiring) and the arduino software(IDE) based on
processing.
The simple methodology is: Whenever the PIR sensor detects the motion; the system
triggers an alarm detecting the presence of unauthorized person and sends SMS through
GSM modem. Upon this, the CCTV will be monitored in the owner’s phone or any other
monitor and hence necessary controlled action is taken, which is the buzz ring of siren.

1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The objectives of our project are:

 To set up the farm in such a way to reduce the pressure of unauthorized activities.

 To secure and monitor the particular area of farmland to lessen the time and effort
of farmers.

 To have an alert mechanism which includes recognition of undesirable

individuals, creature or an item in an ensured range so that at whatever point there
is a suspicious intruders, it will be identified and sets off the caution and to notify
the owner about the intruder via an SMS.

 To enable the owner in viewing the live recording of the farmland in the android
mobile.
It is helpful to the society as it ensures a strong security for the farmland and also reduces
the suicide rate of farmers, due to the losses incurred.
As it is a security system which involves real time monitoring of the area in which it is
installed, it is useful and can be adopted in industries as well with no or little changes.
.

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] “Smart farmland using raspberry PI crop vandalization prevention and

intrusion detection system” by Pooja G, Mohmad Umair Bagali, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology,
Jain University, Bangalore., IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396, Vol-1 Issue-5 2016: Crop
vandalization by wild animals is a major threat to the farmers. In this paper, the main aim
is to prevent the loss of crops and to protect the area from intruders and wild animals.
Hence, it describes the system based on surveillance with animal ward off system. It
distinguishes between intruders and authorized persons using RFID. Various PIR sensors
are deployed in the area to detect any motion and hence turns ON a camera whenever
movement is detected, providing real time monitoring.

[2] “Passive Infrared(PIR) based security system”, by Pema Chodon, Devi Maya
Adhikari, Gopal Chandra Nepal, Rajen Biswa, Sangay Gyeltshen and Chenchoa,
Department of ECE, College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan,
Phuentsholing, Bhutan., IJEECS- Vol:14 Issue:2, June 2013: The aim of this paper is to
develop PIR based security system which saves the power consumption and the memory
space of the recording system. Hence, in this paper, a PIR sensor based security system is
proposed, which saves the memory space of recording system as it starts recording when
the webcam is turned ON. Also, power consumed by lighting system at night was reduced
as it turns ON only when PIR gets activated. Both webcam and lighting system gets ON
when there is an intruder in the detection range of PIR sensors.

[3] “GSM Based Security System Using Microcontroller”, by Nale Divakar, Dipak
Pawar Sadashiv Nivrutti, Gajare Ganesh shivaji and Prof. Shivpuje D.B, Department of
E&TC, Karamayogi Engineering College Shelave, Pandharpur., Journal of Electronic and
Communication Engineering Volume 1 Issue 2: The aim of this paper is to develop a
GSM based security system which is fully atomized and efficient system, designed with
the help of Microcontroller. In this, various types of alert signals are generated, given to
the owner as well as another person or system like police, on their cell phones. Hence, it

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
reduces the effort to carry any another object for getting alert signals. With the help of
CCTV camera system, this avoids extra use of energy using atomization.

[4] “Design and Implementation Of Farm Monitoring And Security System”, by

Ibam Emmanuel Onwuka, Mark O. Afolabi and Idowu O. John, Idowu A. Olalekan,
International Journal of Computer Applications(0975-8887) Volume 181- No.9, August
2018: The main aim of this paper is to have a system that is wireless and can be
controlled through mobile devices even in remote areas. By creating wireless sensor
nodes (WSN) to large scale farming, access to farm lands can be monitored and security
enforced, thereby contributing to precision agriculture. A base station is developed which
is connected to a system using USB connection. For security of the farm, intrusion
detection system is deployed on each node. The FMSS monitors the environment and
generates an alarm that scares intruders away, but at the longer stay of the intruders, it
generates an alert notification that is sent to the farmers’ smart phone app. It is a
microcontroller-based circuit to monitor and control intrusion by alerting the farm owner
after the use of alarm on the farmland in order to scare aware intruders.

[5] “Smart Surveillance System Using PIR Sensor Network and GSM”, by M
Sathishkumar, S Rajini, IJARCET Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015: This paper describes
the security system based on embedded system along with GSM and sensor networks.
The human movement is detected using PIR sensors. The alarm gets triggered detecting
presence of person and SMS sent through GSM modem. Only when security system is
activated, the CCTV camera gets activated. It is implemented using PIC microcontroller,
camera, GSM and sensors.

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

1.5 REPORT ORGANISATION

Chapter 1: Gives the introduction, block diagram, scope and literature survey of the
project.
Chapter 2: Gives the complete detail of all the hardware components used along with the
specifications.
Chapter 3: Gives the description of software requirements, which includes the software
used, that is Arduino IDE and the programming language, Embedded C.
Chapter 4: Gives the implementation of hardware and software.
Chapter 5: Gives the obtained result of the project, conclusion and future scope of the
project.

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

CHAPTER 2
HARDWARE COMPONENTS

2.1 OUTDOOR BOX CAMERA/CCTV

CCTV Box Cameras are professional quality CCTV security cameras that allow the user
flexibility in designing a CCTV camera best suited for their needs. You can choose the
type of weather protection, camera resolution, video signal type, and the type of lens that
best suits your needs. Box cameras also allow easy replacement or upgrading of the
camera/enclosure/lens combination. By simply changing the box camera body, the video
pickup portion can be replaced. Replacing or upgrading the lens allows the user to change
the angle of view, without having to replace the entire camera. Box cameras are also dual
voltage cameras for the most part, meaning either 24VAC or 12VDC power can be used.
In the long run box cameras also outlast bullet and dome cameras, which makes them an
ideal choice for large scale installations.

Fig 2.1: Outdoor box cameras/CCTV

Features

• 1/3.2” Progressive Scan CMOS

• 4 megapixel resolution
• Day and night function with mechanical IR cut filter

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

• Minimum illumination 0.05 lux at F1.4

• 18x Zoom • Built-in f4.7-84.6 mm / f1.6 megapixel iris zoom lens
• 8 FPS at 2032 x 1920 resolutions
• Selectable H.264, MPEG -4 SP, MJPEG compressions with dual streaming
• Serial port for external pan & tilt scanner
• 2D+3D Digital noise reduction
• Weatherproof IP66 rated casing
• Powered by POE Class 3 / DC 12V
• Video Insight VMS license included

2.2 PIR SENSORS

 A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures

infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view.PIR devices do not
radiate energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared
radiation emitted by or reflected from objects.
 PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect motion.
 They are small, inexpensive, low power, easy to use and don't wear out
 PIRs are basically made of a pyro-electric sensor which can detect levels of
infrared radiation.
 PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and automatic lighting
applications.
 They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors. It is as shown in fig 2.2.

Fig 2.2: PIR Sensor

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

Construction

 Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the 'sensor
face'.At the core of a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor made from pyroelectric
materials.
 Pyroelectric generate energy when exposed to heat. Typically, the sensors are
approximately 1/4 inch square and take the form of a thin film.
 Materials commonly used in PIR sensors include gallium nitride, cesium nitrate
and polyvinyl fluorides.

Specifications

 IP66 Weatherproof for Indoor/Outdoor Surveillance

 700 Lines of Resolution / 960H CCTV
 Built-in PIR Motion Sensor
 Motion Activated Security Light
 Infrared Camera Alternative
 Alarm Relay In / Out
 Digital Alarm Output
 30 White LEDs
 1/3" Sony CCD (Super HAD Day/Night)
 2.8-12mm Varifocal Lens
 Captures Color Video in Low Light
 Sense-Up Image Intensifier Technology
 3-Axis Cable Through Body Mount
 Dual Voltage 12V DC / 24VAC
 Power supply included
 Single bit output.
 Compatible with all microcontrollers.
 Dual element sensor with low noise and highsensitivity.
 Supply v/g- 5V DC
 Range of operation- 20feet
 3pins- GND,OUT & VCC

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
 Module dimensions- 25mm length, 32mm width, 25mm height

Features

 Wide range on input voltage varying from 4.V to 12V (+5V recommended)
 Output voltage is High/Low (3.3V TTL)
 Can distinguish between object movement and human movement
 Has to operating modes - Repeatable(H) and Non- Repeatable(H)
 Cover distance of about 120° and 7 meters
 Low power consumption of 65mA
 Operating temperature from -20° to +80° Celsius

The PIR sensor stands for Passive Infrared sensor. It is a low cost sensor which can
detect the presence of Human beings or animals. This sensor has three output pins Vcc,
Output and Ground as shown in the pin diagram above. Since the output pin is 3.3V TTL
logic it can be used with any platforms like Arduino, Raspberry, PIC, ARM, 8051 etc..

The module can be powered from voltage 4.5V to 20V but, typically 5V is used. Once the
module is powered allow the module to calibrate itself for few minutes, 2 minutes is a
well settled time. Then observe the output on the output pin. Before we analyse the output
we need to know that there are two operating modes in this sensor such as Repeatable(H)
and Non- Repeatable(L) and mode. The Repeatable mode is the default mode.

Repeatable (H) mode

In Repeatable(H) mode the output pin Dout will go high (3.3V) when a person is detected
within range and goes low after a particular time (time is set by “Off time control”
potentiometer). In this mode the output pin will go high irrespective of whether the
person is still present inside the range or has left the area. The sensitivity can be set using
the “sensitivity control” potentiometer

Non- Repeatable (L) mode

In “I” mode the output pin Dout will go high (3.3V) when a person is detected within
range and will stay high as long as he/she stays within the limit of the Sensors range.
Once the person has left the area the pin will go low after the particular time which can be

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
set using the potentiometer. The sensitivity can be set using the “sensitivity control”
potentiometer. There are two important materials present in the sensor one is the
pyroelectric crystal which can detect the heat signatures from a living organism
(humans/animals) and the other is a Fresnel lenses which can widen the range of the
sensor. Yes the white colour things is just a lense that is used to widen the range of the
sensor, if you remove the lense you can find the Pyroelectric sensor inside it covered
inside a protective metal casing as shown in fig 2.3.

Fig 2.3: PIR components

PIR Sensor Applications

 Automatic Street/Garage/Warehouse or Garden Lights
 Burglar Alarms
 Security cams as motion detectors
 Industrial Automation Control

2.3. ARDUINO UNO ATMEGA 328:

The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and
a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it
easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other
new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt
to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both
with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino
Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is
reserved for future purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.
 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0.
The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The
Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino
boards.

Summary

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended)7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

Fig 2.4: Arduino UNO Atmega328

Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers
of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library).

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 k-Ohms.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
the analogReference() function.

Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears
as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is
required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will
flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to
the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details.
For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

2.4. SIM800 GSM MODULES

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a standard developed by the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for
second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as tablets. It was
first deployed in Finland in December 1991. As of 2014, it has become the global

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
standard for mobile communications – with over 90% market share, operating in over 193
countries and territories. It is as shown in fig 2.5.
GSM is used to establish the connection between mobile to the system.

Fig 2.5: GSM Module

The SIM900A is a readily available GSM/GPRS module, used in many mobile phones
and PDA. The module can also be used for developing IOT (Internet of Things) and
Embedded Applications. SIM900A is a dual-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on
frequencies EGSM 900MHz and DCS 1800MHz. SIM900A features GPRS multi-slot
class 10/ class 8 (optional) and supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and
CS-4.

SIM900A GSM MODULE Features

 Single supply voltage: 3.4V – 4.5V
 Power saving mode: Typical power consumption in SLEEP mode is 1.5mA
 Frequency bands:SIM900A Dual-band: EGSM900, DCS1800. The SIM900A can
search the two frequency bands automatically. The frequency bands also can be set by
AT command.
 GSM class: Small MS
 GPRS connectivity:GPRS multi-slot class 10 (default) , GPRS multi-slot class 8
(option)
 Transmitting power: Class 4 (2W) at EGSM 900, Class 1 (1W) at DCS 1800
 Operating Temperature: -30ºC to +80ºC

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
 Storage Temperature: -5ºC to +90ºC
 DATA GPRS: download transfer max is 85.6KBps, Upload transfer max 42.8KBps
 Supports CSD, USSD, SMS, FAX
 Supports MIC and Audio Input
 Speaker Input
 Features keypad interface
 Features display interface
 Features Real Time Clock
 Supports UART interface
 Supports single SIM card
 Firmware upgrade by debug port
 Communication by using AT commands

Fig 2.6 Top view of Sim900A

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV

As Shown in fig 2.6, the communication with this module is done through UART or
RS232 Interface. The data is sent to the module or received from the module though
UART interface.

The module is typically connected to +4.0V standard power supply. It can work on +4.5V
regulated power and any higher voltage may damage the module. And the power source
should be able to deliver a peak current of 2A. The UART interface is established as
shown in figure. All you need to do is connect RXD of module to TXD of Arduino and
TXD is connected to RXD of ARDUINO. The ground of controller and module must be
connected for voltage reference. Here AUDIO IN is connected to MIC and AUDIO OUT
is connected to a speaker or headset. And at last we need to connect a working GSM SIM
card to the module. On powering the module the NETLIGHT LED will blink periodically
to state successful connection.

After all connections are done,we need to write a program for the microcontroller to
exchange data with module. Since data exchange sequence between controller and
module is really complex we will use libraries prewritten for the module. You can
download libraries for controller or module through their websites. Using these libraries
makes the communication easy. All you need to do is download these libraries and call
them in programs. Once the header file is included, you can use simple commands in the
program to tell the controller to send or receive data. The controller sendsthe data to the
module through UART Interface based on protocol setup in libraries. The module sends
this data to another GSM user using cellular network. If the module receives any data
from the cellular network (or another GSM user) it will transmit it to controller through
UART serial communication. This way we can use GSM900A module to establish
cellular connection.

Applications

 Cellular Communication
 Robotics
 Mobile Phone Accessories
 Servers

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
 Computer Peripherals
 Automobile
 USB Dongles

2.5. ANDROID MOBILE

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google. It is used by

several smartphones and tablets. Examples include the Sony Xperia, the Samsung Galaxy,
and the Google Nexus One.The Android operating system (OS) is based on the
Linux kernel. Unlike Apple's iOS, Android is open source, meaning developers can
modify and customize the OS for each phone. Therefore, different Android-based phones
often have different graphical user interfaces GUIs even though they use the same OS. It
is as shown in fig 2.7.

Fig 2.7: Android Mobile

2.6. BUZZERS

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device it may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric . Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
Buzzer consists of piezo crystals in between two conductors. When a potential difference
is applied across these crystals, they push one conductor and pull the other conductor by
their internal property. The continuous pull and push action generates a sharp sound
wave.

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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
Piezo buzzers generate a loud & sharp sound. So, they are typically used as an alarm
circuits. Also they are used to make an alert of an event, signal or sensor input.
This product is made of plastic, fit the product in outer part for safety assistances and
keep away from children's reach. Warranty does not cover the outer finish of the product

Technical Details
Brand - Super
Item Weight - 14 g
Product Dimensions - 4.2 x 2.4 x 4.2 cm
Item model number - 1003
Manufacturer Part Number - 1003
Colour - Black
Included - 1 Buzzer
Item Weight - 14 Grams
Voltage - 12 Volts

Fig 2.8: Buzzer

Specifications

 Operating v/g- 4 to 8V
 Weight- 14g
 Dimensions- 4.2*2.4*4.2cm
 Current: <30mA

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 Sound type- continuous beep
 Resonant frequency- ~2300MHz
 Pins- VDD, GND

2.7. LCD Module

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven
segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical;
easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
.
Specifications
 Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
 Current consumption is 1mA.
 Alphanumeric LCD display module.
 Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
 Each character is built by a 5×8 pixel box
 Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
 easily programmable
 They have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in
seven segments)

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Fig 2.9: 16X2 LCD Display

2.8. CONNECTING CABLES AND ADAPTERS

Connecting cables can assembly of one or more wires which may be insulated, used for
transmission of electrical power or signals.
An adapter(12V, 2A) is a device that converts attributes of one device or system to those
of an otherwise incompatible device or system. Some modify power or signal attributes,
while others merely adapt the physical form of one connector to another.

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CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
3.1. ARDUINO IDE
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides
comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE
normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger. Most
modern IDEs have intelligent code completion. The software requirements of the project
make uses of Arduino IDE 1.8.2 version. Arduino is an open source, computer hardware
and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and
control objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-
source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU lesser general public
license (LGPL) or the GNU general public license (GPL), permitting the manufacture of
Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. It is shown in fig 3.1.

FIG 3.1: ARDUINO IDE 1.8.5 SOFTWARE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment or Arduino software contains a text

editor for writing code. A message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for
common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and genuine
hardware to upload programs and communicate with them. The Arduino IDE toolbar is as
shown below:

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TABLE 3.1 ARDUINO IDE TOOLBAR

Verify
Checks your code for errors compiling it.

Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board. See uploading
below for details.
New

Creates a new sketch

Open

Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will open it
within the current window overwriting its content.

Save

Saves your sketch

Serial Monitor

Opens the serial monitor.

Writing sketches

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are
written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has a
feature of cutting/passing and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives
feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. Figure 3.2 shows the
window when we open the Arduino IDE software. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The
bottom right hand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port.
The toolbar buttons allow verifying and uploading programs, creating, opening, and
saving sketches, and open the serial monitor. The toolbar buttons allow verifying and
uploading programs, creating, opening and saving the sketches and open the serial
monitor. Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools
and Help. The menus are context sensitive, which means only those items relevant to the
work currently being carried out are available.

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FIG 3.2: ARDUINO IDE SCREEN

The sketch involves following options:

[1]Verify/Compile

This step checks the sketch for errors compiling it. It will report memory usage for code
and variables in the console area.

[2] Upload

Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board through the configured Port.

[3] Libraries

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We can add library to the sketch by inserting #include statements at the start of the code.
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or
manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import Library
menu. This will insert one or more #includes statements at the top of the sketch
andcompiles the library with your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board
with your sketch, they increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer
needs a library, simply delete its #include statements from the top of the code. There is a
list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the Arduino software.
Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through the Library Manager.

HELP

Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the Arduino
Software (IDE). You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this guide to the IDE and
other documents locally, without an internet connection. The documents are a local copy
of the online ones and may link back to our online website.

UPLOADING
Before uploading sketch, we need to select the correct items from the Tools like Board
and Port. The boards are described as COM1 or COM2 for a serial board and COM4,
COM5 and COM or higher for a USB board. To find out this, we have to look for USB
serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager. Once selected the
correct serial port and board, press the upload button in the toolbar or select the Upload
item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin
the upload. On most boards, contains the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is
uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the upload is
complete, or show an error. When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino boot
loader, a small program that has been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It
allows you to upload code without using any additional hardware. The boot loader is
active for a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most
recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The boot loader will blink the on-board (pin 13)
LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).

Embedded C

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Looking around, we find ourselves to be surrounded by various types of embedded
systems. Be it a digital camera or a mobile phone or a washing machine, all of them as
some kind of processor functioning inside it. Associated with each processor is the
embedded software. It is the embedded software which primarily governs the functioning
of embedded systems. As time progressed, use of microprocessors-specific assembly only
as the programming language reduced and embedded systems moved onto C. As the
embedded programming language of choice. C is the most widely used programming
language for embedded processors/controllers. Assembly is also used but mainly to
implement those portions of the code were very high timing accuracy, code size
efficiency, etc. are prime requirements.
As it was intended for operating system development, it can manipulate memory
addresses.
Also, it allowed programmers to write very compact code. This has given it to the
reputation as the language of choice for hackers too.
As assembly language programs are specific to processors, assembly language didn’t
offer portability across a system. To overcome this disadvantage, several high level
languages, including C, came up. C got wide acceptance for not only embedded systems
but also for desktop applications. C is having a strong- hold in embedded programming.
Due to the wide acceptance of C in embedded systems, various kinds of support tools like
compilers and cross compilers, ICE, etc. Came up and all this facilitated development of
system using C.

Embedded system programming:

Embedded system programming is different from developing applications on desktop
computers.
Key characteristics of an embedded system, when compared to PC’s are as follows:
 Embedded devices have resources constants (limited ROM, limited RAM and
limited stack space, less processing power)
 Components used in embedded systems and PCs are different; embedded systems
typically uses smaller, less power consumption components, embedded systems
are more tied to the hardware.

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3.2. V380S ANDRIOD APP

Security cams are now commonly used things. These are used for security purpose and to
access the things. In a large organization, there is cam ever were to have an eye on the
employees. Even a small business wants to access their things. So in all these cases, this
security cam is the best answer.
Today in this guide we have an app which helps you to manage the videos of the security
cam through Android device. V380s allows you to get the live footage of the cam. In this
way, you can easily manage the videos of IPC and DVR. To get the view of the cam on
the Android device you need to enter some details to configure it. Details like Device
Name, Port Name, and IP address of the security cam. Once done you can now have the
live view of the cam on the device.

Fig 3.3: V380S Android APP

1. By this software, one can view the process of real-time video anytime and anywhere.

2. Support remote PTZ control, camera direction of rotation performed by touching the
screen.

3. Support network live audio monitoring.

4. Support network remote video playback and image capture.

5. Support site motion detection alarm, and save the server to view

6. Support voice intercom and video calls

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7. Intelligent cloud streaming transmission technology, 720P million high-definition
public network real-time transport.

8. Increased Digital zoom function, Preset function and WIFI Smart link configuration
function. Support quick AP configuration as shown in the below figures; allows two-
dimensional code scanning device ID and so on.

9. Live Preview increase recording function, you can view the recorded video in an album

10. Video files increase download function, one can examine the downloaded video in an
album.

11. Increases cloud storage services, cloud services bind devices and video can be
uploaded to the server, enhanced data security.

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Fig 3.4: V380S APP Configuration

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Chapter 4

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

IMPLEMENTATIONS

4.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

The interfacing of hardware components is done by connecting its following pins
as mentioned below.

Fig 4.1: Circuit Diagram

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 The PIR Sensor, Buzzer, GSM module and LCD display are interfaced to the
Arduino UNO ATmega 328 microcontroller on the respective pins as shown in the
circuit diagram above.
Arduino UNO PIN Details:

Fig 4.2: Pin Details

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.

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 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of
the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See
the attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

PIR Sensor

Table 4.1 Pin Details of PIR SENSOR

Pin Pin Name Description

Number

1 Vcc Input voltage is +5V for typical applications. Can

range from 4.5V- 12V

2 High/Low Digital pulse high (3.3V) when triggered (motion

Ouput (Dout) detected) digital low(0V) when idle(no motion
detected

3 Ground Connected to ground of circuit

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SIM900A GSM Module

SIM900A is a 68 terminal device as shown in pin diagram. We will describe the function
of each pin below in table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Sim900A GSM Module PIN Details

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 PWRKEY Voltage input for PWRKEY. PWRKEY

should be pulled low to power on or power
off the system.
The user should keep pressing the key for a
short time when power on or power off the
system because the system need margin time
in order to assert the software.

2 PWRKEY_OUT Connecting PWRKEY and PWRKEY_OUT

for a short time then release also can power
on or power off the module.

3 DTR Data terminal Ready [Serial port ]

4 RI Ring indicator [Serial port ]

5 DCD Data carry detect [Serial port ]

6 DSR Data Set Ready [Serial port ]

7 CTS Clear to send [Serial port ]

8 RTS Request to send [Serial port ]

9 TXD Transmit data [Serial port ]

10 RXD Receive data [Serial port ]

11 DISP _CLK Clock for display [Display interface]

12 DISP_DATA Display data output [Display interface]

13 DISP _D/C Display data or command select [Display

interface]

14 DISP _CS Display Enable [Display interface]

15 VDD_EXT 2.8V output power supply

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16 NRESET External reset input

17,18,29,39,45, GND Ground

46,53,54,58,59,
61,62,63,64,65

19 MIC_P Microphone Positive

20 MIC_N Microphone Negative

21 SPK_P Speaker Positive

22 SPK_N Speaker Negative

23 LINEIN_R Right Channel input [External line inputs are

available to directly mix or multiplex
externally generated analog signals such as
polyphonic tones from an external melody IC
or music generated by an FM tuner IC or
module.]

24 LINEIN_L Left Channel Input

25 ADC General purpose analog to digital converter.

26 VRTC Current input for RTC when the battery is not

supplied for the system.
Current output for backup battery when the
main battery is present and the backup
battery is in low voltage state.

27 DBG_TXD Transmit pin [Serial interface for debugging

and firmware upgrade ]

28 DBG_RXD Receive pin [Serial interface for debugging

and firmware upgrade ]

30 SIM_VDD Voltage supply for SIM card

31 SIM_DATA SIM data output

32 SIM_CLK SIM clock

33 SIM_RST SIM reset

34 SIM_PRESENCE SIM detect

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35 PWM1 PWM Output

36 PWM2 PWM Output

37 SDA Serial Data [I2C]

38 SCL Serial Clock [I2C]

40,41,42,43,44 KBR0 to KBR4 Keypad interface [ROWS & COLUMNS]

& &
47,48,49,50,51 KBC4 to KBC0

52 NETLIGHT Indicate net status

55,56,57 VBAT Three VBAT pins are dedicated to connect

the supply voltage. The power supply of
SIM900A has to be a single voltage source of
VBAT= 3.4V to 4.5V. It must be able to
provide sufficient current in a transmit burst
which typically rises to 2A.

60 RF_ANT Antenna connection

66 STATUS Indicate working status

67 GPIO 11 General Purpose Input/output

68 GPIO 12 General Purpose Input/output

LCD Module

Fig4.3. LCD Module Pin Details

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Table 4.3 Pin details of LCD Module

Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; and data Register
4
register when high Select
Low to write to the register; High to read from the
5 Read/write
register
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is
6 Enable
given
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

4.2 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS

The implementations of the software involve writing code for proposed system using
Arduino MEGA. We need to install the software package on our PC.
The requirements for installations are as follows:

 A computer.
 An Arduino compatible microcontroller.
 A USB A-to-B cable or another appropriate way to connect your Arduino
compatible microcontroller to your computer.
4.2.1 ALGORITHM
Step1: LCD and GSM will be initialized. Data will be displayed on the LCD
Step2: Area will be continuous monitoring by the PIR sensors.
Step3: If the output of the PIR sensor goes ‘HIGH’, the microcontroller is
activated. Else the system goes to initial step.
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Security System for farmland based on CCTV
Step4: Microcontroller helps to triggers the alarm as well helps to LCD for the
display purpose. If the PIR output is ‘HIGH’ system goes to step 5 else system
goes to step 2.
Step5: Buzzer gets activated and after that alert SMS will be sent through GSM to
the registered number.
Step6: The farmland will be continuously monitored and live screening will be
seen in the android mobile by using Wi-Fi camera following the below steps;
 Open the Wi-Fi Connection in the android mobile and connect to the
hotspot created by the wireless Wi-Fi Camera as shown in the below figure
4.4.

Fig 4.4: Wifi Connection

 Open the V380S application and enter the device ID, username and password in
order to access the live information. This is shown in figure 4.5.

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Fig 4.5: Connection to hotspot

 Once the access to the application is enabled, we can view , record and save the
live videos of the area as shown in the figure 4.6;

Fig 4.3: Live View in the mobile

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FLOW CHART

FLOW CHA
START

LCD AND GSM INITIALIZATION

LCD INITIAL DATA DISPLAY

NO
PIR SENSOR O/P
HIGH?? OBJECT
DETECTED?

YES

BUZZER ON

SEND ALERT SMS

MONITOR THE FARMLAND

IN ANDROID MOBILE PHONE
VIA WIFI/ETHERNET

Fig 4.5: Flow Chart

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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 RESULT
The designed prototype is capable of:
 Detecting the motion in the desired area of the farmland using PIR Sensors
 Sending an alert SMS to notify the owner about the movement occurred and
simultaneously generating the alarm sound; the interface snapshot is as shown
below.

Fig 5.1: Interfaced Circuit

 Viewing the area from any location with the help of CCTV via Android Mobile as
shown below;

Fig 5.2: Live Recording via V380s app

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5.2 CONCLUSION

The problem of vandalization by wild animals has become a major social problem in the
current time. It requires urgent attention and an effective solution. Thus this project
carries a great social relevance as it aims to address this problem. Hence we have
designed a smart farmland protection and surveillance based system which is low cost
and also consumes more energy. The main aim is to prevent the loss of crops and to
protect the area from intruders and wild animals which pose a major threat to agricultural
areas. Such a system will be helpful o the farmers in protecting their orchards and fields
and save them from significant financial losses and also saves them from unproductive
efforts that they endure for the protection of their fields. This system will also help them
in achieving better crop yields thus leading to their economic wellbeing. We have
presented our smart farmland idea for the security and surveillance purposes. Also, the
techniques used will differentiate regular farmland entries from the intruders. The system
is simple and computationally less intensive as it avoids the use of expensive filters while
achieving better detection results.

5.3 FUTURE SCOPE

 For the system installation purpose, this prototype can be further implemented by
using larger range PIR sensors to cover large areas of the land.
 By using Image processing techniques, it can distinguish between intruders and
non-intruders, thereby alerting the owner and generating the alarm only when
undesired individual enters the land.
 Future projects may incorporate other means of background updating, in order to
compensate possible weaknesses of the algorithm used. In the same light, more
complex tracking algorithms may also be used to address some issues, like fully
handling occlusion and splitting or compensating for the innate weaknesses of
using single-static cameras. These improvements are means towards building a
complete and robust intelligent surveillance system.

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References
[1]“Smart farmland using raspberry PI crop vandalization prevention and intrusion
detection system” by Pooja G, Mohmad Umair Bagali, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Jain University,
Bangalore., IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396, Vol-1 Issue-5 2016

[2]“Passive Infrared(PIR) based security system” by Pema Chodon, Devi Maya

Adhikari, Gopal Chandra Nepal, Rajen Biswa, Sangay Gyeltshen and Chencho,
Department of ECE, College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan,
Phuentsholing, Bhutan., IJEECS- Vol:14 Issue:2, June 2013

[3] “GSM Based Security System Using Microcontroller” by Nale Divakar, Dipak Pawar
Sadashiv Nivrutti, Gajare Ganesh shivaji and Prof. Shivpuje D.B, Department of E&TC,
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Communication Engineering Volume 1 Issue 2.

[4]“Design and Implementation Of Farm Monitoring And Security System” by Ibam

Emmanuel Onwuka, Mark O. Afolabi and Idowu O. John, Idowu A. Olalekan.,
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2018.

[5] “Smart Surveillance System Using PIR Sensor Network and GSM” by M
Sathishkumar, S Rajini., IJARCET Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015.

[6] Abhinav, V. D. 2016. Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Security System

for Farm Protection from Wild Animals. International Journal of Science and Research
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[7] Willig, A. and Karl, H. 2005. Protocols and the Architectures for Wireless Sensor
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[8] Maheswari R. 2016. Development of Embedded Based System to Monitor Elephant
Intrusion in Forest Border Areas Using Internet Of Things. International Journal of
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[9] Blackmore S. 1994. Precision Farming: An Introduction. Outlook on Agriculture

Journal, Vol. 23, No.4, 275- 280.

[10] Anjum A. and Reddy S. 2013. Monitoring for Precision Agriculture using Wireless
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[11] Akyildiz I. F. and Kasimoglu I. H. 2004. Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks:
Research Challenges. Ad Hoc Networks. 2 (4): 351–367.

[12] Aquino-Santos R., González-Potes A., Edwards-Block A. and Virgen-Ortiz R. A.

2011. Developing a New Wireless Sensor Network Platform and Its Application in
Precision Agriculture. Sensors, 11(1), 1192-1211.

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