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Sub. Name & Code: Mathematics-II/ MA8251 Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2017- 18

UNIT I – MATRICES
PART – A
8 6 2
1. Find the sum and product of all the eigen values of  6 7 4  (APR/MAY 2015)

 2 4 3 
Solution : Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 8+7+3 = 18
Product of the eigen values = A = 8(5)+6(-10)+2(10) = 0

2 0 1
2. If 1 and 2 are the two eigen values of A  0 2 0  , find A without expanding the determinant.
 
1 0 2 
Solution : Let λ be the third eigen value of the given matrix.

ww
We know that, sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements.
i.e. 1 + 2 + λ = 2+2+2  λ = 3
w.E
Now, A = product of all eigen values = (1)(2)(3) = 6

3. asy  6 2 2 
The product of two eigen values of the matrix  2 3  1 is 16. Find the third eigen value.

En
 2  1 3 

gin
Solution : Let 1 , 2 , 3 be the eigen values of the given matrix.
(DEC/JAN 2011, APR/MAY 2012)

We know that, product of the eigen values = A

i.e. 1 2 3 = A
eer
(16) 3 = 6(9–1) + 2(–6 +2) + 2 (2–6) ing
[ since the product of two eigen values is 16]
(16) 3 = 32  3 = 2
7 4 4 .ne
4. One of the eigen values of 4  8  1 is –9, find the other two eigen values.

4  1  8 t
Solution : Let 1, 2 be the other two eigen values.
We know that, sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
i.e. 1 + 2 – 9 = 7 – 8 – 8 = – 9
1 + 2 = 0  1 = – 2 …(1)
We know that, product of the eigen values = A

–91 2 = |A| = 441

1 2 = – 49  49 … (2)
1 
2
substitute in (1) we get, 2  49
2
2 2  49  2   7
(1)  1   7 . Hence the other two eigen values are 7 and -7.
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Sub. Name & Code: Mathematics-II/ MA8251 Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2017- 18
2 1 0
5. Find the eigen values of the inverse of the matrix A =  0 3 4  (APR/MAY 2014)
 0 0 4 
Solution : In a triangular matrix, the main diagonal values are the eigen values of the matrix.
1 1 1
 2, 3, 4 are the eigen values of A. Hence the eigen values of A1 = , , .
2 3 4
6. If the eigen values of the matrix A of order 3 × 3 matrix are 2,3 and 1, then find the eigen values of
adjoint of A. (NOV/DEC 2014)
1
Solution : We know that, adjoint of A = A A .
A = product of the eigen values = (2)(3)(1) = 6.
1 1
Eigen values of A 1 = , ,1.
2 3
1 1
 Eigen values of adjA = (6), (6),(1)(6)  3, 2,6

7. ww
State Cayley Hamilton theorem.
2 3
(NOV/DEC 2014)

8. w.E
Statement : Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
1 2
Given A   
4 3 
, Find A1 using Cayley – Hamilton theorem.

asy
Solution : The characteristic equation is  2 - S1   S2 = 0 ,

En
Here, S1 = 4 and S2 = - 5  2 - 4  - 5 = 0 .
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem A2 – 4 A – 5I = 0.

1
Multiply by A , we get A – 4 I – 5 A = 0 1

gin
A 1
1
 3
5
 [ A  4I ]  
2
5

5
eer 4
 5
1 
5 

9.
 1 
 
If  2  is an eigen vector of
  2 2  3
 2 ing
1  6 , find the corresponding eigen value.
  1
 

  1  2 0 
.ne
 2  

Solution : (A - I)X = 0   2
 1

2  3   x1   0 
   
1   6   x 2   0 
 2     x 3   0 
 2  

 2
 1

2  3   1   0
   
1   6   2    0
 2      1  0 
t
 (–2–)(1)+2(2)+(-3)(-1) = 0   = 5.
2 1 0
10. Find the eigen vector of A   0 2 1  corresponding to the eigen value 2.
 
 0 0 2
 
 x1 
 
Solution : Let X =  x2  be the eigen vector of the matrix corresponding to the eigen value.
x 
 3
The eigen vectors are obtained from the equation (A - I)X = 0
2 1 0  x1   0 
    
  0 2 1  x2    0 
 0 2      
 0  x3   0 

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 0 1 0  x1   0 
    
When  = 2,  0 0 1  x2    0   x2 = 0, x3 = 0 and x1 takes any value, say k  0.
 0 0 0  x   0 
  3   
 k  1
   
Therefore the eigenvector is  0    0 
 0 0
   
a 4
11. Find the constants ‘a’ & ‘c’ such that the matrix   has 3 & –2 as its eigen values.
1 c
Solution : (APR/MAY 2011, 2017)
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonals  a + c = 3–2 = 1-----(1)
product of the eigen values = A  (3)(-2) = ac – 4
i.e. –6 = ac – 4  ac = -2
 c = -2/a

ww
sub c in (1) a + c = 1  a + (-2/a) =1  a2-2 = a i.e. a2-a-2 =0
solving a = -1, 2  c = 2,-1

w.E
12. Determine  so that  (x2 + y2 +z2) + 2xy – 2xz + 2zy is positive definite.
  1  1
 

asy
Solution : The matrix of the given quadratic form is A   1  1 
 1 1  
 

En
The principal sub determinants are given by
 1
D1 = , D2 =
1  gin
 2  1  (  1)(  1) & D3 = |A| = (+1)2( -2)

eer
The Quadratic form is +ve definite if D1, D2 & D3 > 0   > 2
13. If  is the eigen value of the matrix A, then prove that 2 is the eigen value of A2.
Solution :
ing
Let X be the eigen vector of the matrix A corresponding to the eigen value , then AX =  X.
(JAN 2014)

Multiply by A  A2 X = A (X)
=  (AX)
.ne
=  ( X)
=  2X
t
Hence, 2 is the eigen value of A2.
14. What is the nature of the quadratic form x2 + y2 + z2 in four variables? (JAN 2016)
1 0 0 0
 
 0 1 0 0
Solution : The matrix of the given quadratic form is A  .
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 0
Since the matrix is the diagonal matrix, its main diagonal elements are its eigen values.
The eigen values are 1,1,1,0. Hence the nature is positive semi definite.
15. If 2,-1,-3 are the eigen values of the matrix A, find the eigen values of the matrix A2  2I .
Solution : (A/M 2014)
2 2 2 2
The eigen values of A are 2 , (-1) ,(-3) = 4, 1, 9.
The eigen values of A2-2I are 4 – 2,1–2,9 –2 = 2,–1,7

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2 0 1
16. If 2,3 are the two eigen values of  0 2 0  ,then find the value of b. (NOV/DEC 2014)
 
b 0 2
 
Solution: Let  be the third eigen value of the given matrix.
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonals
i.e. 2+3+ = 6   = 1.
product of the eigen values = A
(1)(2)(3) = 2(4) +1(-2b)  6 = 8-2b  b=1
17. Find the rank, index and signature of the Quadratic form whose Canonical form is
x12  2x 22  3x 32 . (APR/MAY 2011)
Solution :
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3 ,
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 2

wwSignature (s) = 2p – r =1
18. Identify the nature, index and signature of the quadratic form 2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3  2 x3 x1 .

w.E
Solution:
0 1 1
(NOV/DEC 2015)

asy 
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A  1
1
0 1 
0 
En
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
1

S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 0

gin
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element  (0 1)  (0 1)  (0 1)  3 ;
S3 = A = -1(0-1)+1(1-0)=2 eer
The characteristics equation is λ3 –3λ – 2 = 0.
(λ +1)2( λ–2)=0  The eigen values are λ = –1,–1,2 ing
Nature: indefinite
Rank (r) = Number of eigen values. .ne
Index (p) = Number of Positive eigen values.
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(1) – 3 = –1.
19. Write down the matrix of the quadratic form 2 x2  8z 2  4 xy  10 xz  2 yz .
t
(APR/MAY 2013)
Solution :
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by
a11 = coeff of x 2 = 2 , a 22 = coeff of y 2 = 0 , a 33 = coeff of z 2 = 8
1 4 1 10
a12 =a 21 = (coeff of xy) = =2, a13 = a 31 = (coeff of xz) = =5
2 2 2 2
1 -2
a 23 =a 32 = (coeff of yz) = =-1
2 2
2 2 5
  1
 A  2 0
5 1 8 

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 0 5  1
 6  .
20. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A   5 1
(APR/MAY 2012)
 1 6 2 

Solution :
 0 5  1  x1 
 5 6 x 
T
Quadratic form of A is given by X AX =  x1 x2 x3   1  2
 1 6 2  x3 
= 0x12  x 22 +2x32  10 x1 x2  12 x2 x3  2 x3 x1
PART-B
2 0 1
 
1(a) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A   0 2 0  (JAN 2016)
1 0 2
 
ww
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

w.E
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2+2+2 = 6;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element

=
2 0
0 2

2 1
1 2

2 0
0 2 asy
 (4  0)  (4  1)  (4  0)  11 ;

S3 = A = 2
2 0
0
0 0
1
0 2
En
 2(4  0)  1(0  2)  8  2  6.
0 2 1 2 1 0
The characteristics equation is λ3 – 6 λ2 + 11λ – 6 = 0. gin
(λ –1)( λ–2) (λ–3) =0 
The eigen values are λ = 1,2,3 eer
We know that, (A-I)X=0   0
2

0 1   x1 
 
2- 0   x 2  = 0
ing
1
 0 2    
 x 3  .ne
(2   ) x1  0 x2  x3  0
0 x1  (2   ) x2  0 x3  0


    (1)

t
 x1  0 x2  (2   ) x3  0 
Case (1) :  = 1
Substituting =1 in (1) we get
x1 +x 3  0,
x 2  0,
x1  x 3  0
Solving x1  x3 , x 2  0.
Take x1 1  x 3   1.
1 
 
The eigen vectors is X 1   0 
 -1
 

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Case (2) :  = 2
Substituting =2 in (1) we get
x 3  0,
x1  0
x1  x 3  0 and x2 takes any value . Take x 2  1
0
 
The eigen vector is X 2  1 
0
 
Case (3) :  = 3
Substituting =3 in (1) we get
-x1 + x 3  0,
x 2  0,
x1  x 3  0

ww
Solving x1  x 3 , x 2  0.
Take x1 1  x 3 1.
w.E 1 
 
The eigen vector is X 3   0 
1 
  asy
1   0  1 
      En
The eigen vectors are  0  , 1  ,  0 
 -1   0   1 
      gin
(b) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A   2
eer
 2 2 3 
 
1 6 
 1 2 0 
 ing (APR/MAY 2014)

Solution:
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0. .ne
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = –1;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = -21;
S3 = A = 45.
t
The characteristic equation is λ3 + λ2 –21λ –45 = 0.
(λ +3)( λ+3) (λ–5) =0
The eigen values are λ = – 3,– 3, 5
 2   2  3   x1 
  
Consider  2 1   6   x2  = 0
 1 2 0    
  x 3 
(2   ) x1  2 x2  3x3  0 

2 x1  (1   ) x2  6 x3  0     (1)
 x1  2 x2   x3  0 

Case (1) :  = 5
Substituting =5 in (1) we get

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7x1  2x 2  3x 3  0,
2x1  4x 2  6x 3  0,
 x1  2x 2  5x 3  0
Solving the above equation we get x 1  1, x 2  2, x 3  1
 -1 
 
Eigen vectors is X 1   -2 
 1
 
Case (2) :  = –3
Substituting  = – 3 in (1) we get
x1  2x 2  3x 3  0,
2x1  4x 2  6x 3  0,
x1  2x 2  3x 3  0,

ww
The above three equations are reduced to single equation x1  2x 2  3x3  0,
3

w.E
Put x 2  0 we get the value , x 1  3 x 3  1
 
 X 2   0
1 
 

asy - 2
 
En
Put x 3  0 we get the value , x 1  -2 x 2  1  X 3   1 
 0

gin  
Therefore the Eigen values λ = 5,– 3,– 3 with corresponding Eigen vector are
 -1  3 - 2
     
- 2 ,0 , 1  eer
 1  1   0 
      ing
 8 6 2 
 
2(a) Diagonalize the matrix A=   6 7  4  by means of an orthogonal transformation. .ne
Solution:
 2 4 3 
 
t
 8 6 2 
 
The symmetric matrix A=   6 7  4 
 2 4 3 
 
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 18;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 45;
S3 = A = 0.
The characteristic equation is λ3 – 18 λ2 + 45λ = 0.
(λ )( λ–3) (λ–15) =0  The eigen values are λ = 0,3,15
 8 6 2  x1 
  
Consider   6 7    4  x 2   0 -----(1)
 2  
 4 3    x 3 


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Case (1) :  = 0
Substituting =0 in (1) we get
8x1  6x 2  2x 3  0,
6x1  7x 2  4x 3  0,
2x1  4x 2  3x 3  0
1 
 
Solving x1  1, x 3  2, x 2  2 ,  Eigen vectors is X1   2 
 2
 
Case (2) :  = 3
Substituting =3 in the (1) and solving we get
5x1  6x 2  2x 3  0,6x1  4x 2  4x 3  0, 2x1  4x 2  0
 2
 

ww
solving x1  2, x 3  2, x 2  1,  Eigen vector is X 2   1 
- 2
 

w.E
Case (3) :  = 15
Substituting =15 in the (1) and solving we get
-7x1  6x 2  2x 3  0,
6x1  8x 2  4x 3  0, asy
2x1  4x 2  12x 3  0
En
gin
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  2, x 3  1, x 2  2 .
 2
 
Eigen vector is X 3    2  eer
 1
 
ing
It is clear that X1T X 2 = X1T X3 = X 2 T X 3  0
1   2   2 .ne
   
3  3 
2  1 
Normalized Eigen vectors are   ,   ,

 3
2




t
3  3   3 
2 -2  1 
     
3  3   3 
1 2 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
   
Normalized matrix N=  2 1 2
 and NT= 2 1  2
3 3 3 3 3 3
   
2  2 1 2  2 1
 3 3 3   3 3 3 

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1 2 2 1 2 2
3 
3 3  8 6 2  3  3 3
   
 2 1 2    2 1 2
T
N AN=   6 7  4 
3 3 3  3 3 3
   2  4 3   
2  2 1 2  2 1
 3 3 3   3 3 3 
0 0 0 
 0 3 0   D ( 0, 3,15 )
0 0 15
(b) The Eigen vectors of a 33 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 2,3,6 are
(1,0,-1)T, (1,1,1)T and (1,-2,1)T respectively. Find the matrix A. (APR/MAY 2011)
Solution:
We know that under orthogonal transformation real symmetric matrix A can be diagonalized in to a
2 0 0

ww
diagonal matrix D =  0 3 0  .
 0 0 6 

w.E
i.e. NTAN = D, where N is an orthogonal matrix.
Pre multiply by N and post multiply by NT, we get
N(NTAN)NT = N(D)NT
(NNT)A(NNT ) = NDNT asy
I( A) I = NDNT
 A = NDNT En
 1

1 1 

 1
 gin 0 -1 

 2
 0
Normalized matrix N  
1
3

6
2 
 2
 1
 and N  
T eer1
2
1
2 


 2
 1 1
3 6
1 
 3
 1 ing
3
2 1
3 


 1
 2

1 
3 
6 

 6
 6

6 

.ne

 2
 0
A  NDN T  
1

1
3

6
2 



2 0 0
0 3 0
 




1

1
2
1
0
2
-1

1
2




t
 2 3 6
 0 0 6   3 3 3 
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 2 6   
 3  6 6 6 
 2 3 6   1 0 -1 
   
 2 3 6   2 2 2   3 1 1
 3 2   1 1 1   
 0     =  1 5 1
 3 6  3 3 3   1 1 3 
 2 3 6   1 2 1 
 2 6   
 3  6 6 6 
 3 1 1 
 A   1 5 1
 1 1 3 

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3 Reduce the quadratic form x  5x2  x3  2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3  6 x3 x1 into a canonical form by using
1
2 2 2

orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature. (APR/MAY 2014, 2015)
Solution:
1 1 3
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A  1 5 1 
3 1 1 
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =1+5+1 = 7;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = (5-1)+(1-9)+(5-1) = 4–8+4 = 0;
S3 = A = –36.
The characteristic equation is λ3 –7λ2 +36 = 0.
(λ +2)( λ–3) (λ–6) = 0
The eigen values are λ = – 2, 3, 6
1   3   x1 
ww
Consider 
 1
 3
1
5
 
1   x 2  = 0
1     x 3 
w.E 1
(1   ) x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  (5   ) x2  x3  0


    (1)
3x1  x2  (1   ) x3  0 
 asy
Case (1) :  = –2
Substituting = –2 in (1) we get En
3x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  7 x2  x3  0
gin
3x1  x2  3x3  0 eer
ing
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  0, x3  1
 -1
 
Eigen vectors is X 1   0  .ne
Case (2) :  = 3
 1
 

Substituting = 3 in (1) we get

t
2 x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0
3x1  x2  2 x3  0
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  1, x3  1
 1
 
Eigen vectors is X 2   1
 1
 
Case (3) :  = 6
Substituting = 6 in (1) we get

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5 x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  x2  x3  0
3x1  x2  5 x3  0
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  2, x3  1
1 
 
Eigen vectors is X 3   2 
 1
 
 -1  1 1 
     
The eigen vectors are X 1   0  , X 2   1 , X 3  2
 1  1  1
     
It is clear that X1T X 2 = X1T X3 = X 2T X 3  0.  allthe eigen vectors are pairwiseorthogonal .
 -1 1 1   -1 0 1 
   
ww 

Normalized modal matrix N= 
0
2
-1
3 6 
2  T
 and N =



1
2
-1
2 2 
1 


w.E 



1
2 3
1
6
1 
6 




1
3 3
2
3 
1 
6 
 -1

0 1 

asy 2
 -1

3
1 1 

6 6

 2
 1 -1
2 2  1 1 3  2
1  
 
 En
 0 -1
3 6 
2  
0 0 0 

  0 3 0   D (  2,3, 6 )
gin
T
N AN=   1 5 1  
 3 3 3 
3 1 1  
2 3 6
0 0 15
 1 2 1   1 1 1  
 6
 6 6   2
 3 6 
eer
ing
Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is an orthogonal matrix.
Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)
= (YT NT )A(NY)
= YT (NTAN)Y .ne
= YT (D)Y = Canonical form
Under orthogonal transformation X = NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form provided
NTAN = D.
t
Reduced canonical form is 2 y12  3 y22  6 y32 .
Nature: indefinite
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 2.
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(2) – 3 = 1.
4(a) Reduce the quadratic form 6 x2  3 y 2  3z 2  4 xy  2 yz  4 xz into a canonical form by using
orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature. (NOV/DEC 2015, JAN 2014)
Solution:
 6 2 2 
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A   2 3 1
 2 1 3 
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

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S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =6+3+3 = 12;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = (9-1)+(18-4)+(18-4) = 8+14+14 = 36;
S3 = A = 32.
The characteristic equation is λ3 –12λ2 +36-32 = 0.
(λ -2)( λ–2) (λ–8) = 0
The eigen values are λ = 8,2,2
6   2 2   x1 
   = 0
 2 3   1   x2 
Consider
 2 1 3     x3 
(6   ) x1  2 x2  2 x3  0 

2 x1  (3   ) x2  x3  0     (1)
2 x1  x2  (3   ) x3  0 

Case (1) :  = 8

ww
Substituting = 8 in (1) we get
2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0

w.E
2 x1  5 x2  x3  0
2 x1  x2  5 x3  0

asy
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  2, x2  1, x3  1
 2
 
Eigen vectors is X 1    1
 1 En
Case (2) :  = 2
 
gin
Substituting = 2 in (1) we get
4 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0 eer
2 x1  x2  x3  0
ing
2 x1  x2  x3  0
All the above equations are reduced to single equation 2 x1  x2  x3  0 . .ne
Assume x1  0, x2  1. Substitute in 2 x1  x2  x3  0 we get, x3  1.
 0
t
 
Eigen vectors is X 2   1 
 1
 
Case (3) :  = 2
In order to get the pairwise orthogonal eigen vectors we assume the third eigen vector as
 a
 
X3   b .
 c
 
Since X 3 X1  0 we get 2a  b  c  0
T

Since X 2 T X 3  0 we get 0a  b  c  0
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get a  1, b  1, c  1

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 1
 
Eigen vectors is X 3   1 
 1
 
 2  0  1
     
The eigen vectors are X 1    1 , X 2  1 , X3  1
 1  1  1
     
 2 0 1   2 1 1 
   
 6 2 3   6 6 6 
 1 1 1  T  0 1 1 
Normalized modal matrix N=   and N = 
 6 2 3  2 2 2 
 1 1 -1   1 1 -1 
 6 3   3 
 2  3 3
 2 1 1   2 0 1 

T
ww 
 6
 0 1
6
1  

6  6 2 2  6

2 3 1 



 1 1
2 3 
1  

8 0 0 

  0 2 0   D
w.E
N AN=   
 2 2 2 6 2 3
 2 1 3   0 0 2 
 1 1 -1   1 1 -1  
 3 3   6 3 
 3
asy  2
Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is a orthogonal matrix.
Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)
En
= (YT NT )A(NY)
= YT (NTAN)Y
gin
= YT (D)Y = Canonical form

eer
Under orthogonal transformation X = NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form
provided NTAN = D. Reduced canonical form is 8 y12  2 y22  2 y32 .
Nature: Positive definite ing
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 3. .ne
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(3) – 3 = 3.
 2 1 2 
 
5(a) Verify Cayley- Hamilton theorem for the matrix A=   1 2  1 and hence find A4 and A–1.
t
 1 1 2 
 
(NOV/DEC 2014, APR/MAY 2017)
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 6;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 8;
S3 = A = 3.
The characteristic equation is λ3 – 6 λ2 + 8λ – 3 = 0.
To verify Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have to show that A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I = 0
 2  1 2  2  1 2   7  6 9 
    
A    1 2  1  1 2  1    5 6  6 
2

 1  1 2  1  1 2   5  5 7 
    
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 7  6 9  2  1 2   29  28 38 
    
A    5 6  6   1 2  1    22 23  28 
3

 5  5 7  1  1 2   22  22 29 
    

 29  28 38   7  6 9   2 1 2  1 0 0
3 2
       
A - 6A + 8A - 3I =   22 23  28   6   5 6  6   8   1 2  1  3 0 1 0 
 22  22 29   5  5 7   1 1 2  0 0 1
       

0 0 0
 
 0 0 0
0 0 0
 

 Cayley Hamilton Theorem is verified.

ww
Find A 4

w.E
Pre multiply (1) by A

(A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I )A = 0  A 4 - 6A 3 + 8A 2 - 3A  0

 A 4  6A 3 - 8A 2  3A
asy
En
4
    
gin
 29  28 38   7  6 9   2  1 2   124 123 162 
  
A = 6  22 23  28   8   5 6  6   3   1 2  1    95 96  123 
 22  22 29   5  5 7   1  1 2   95  95 124 
      
eer 

Find A -1
ing
Pre multiply (1) by A–1
.ne
A -1 (A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I ) = 0  A 2 - 6A + 8I - 3A -1  0
t
 A -1  A 2 - 6A  8I
 7 6 9   2 1 2  1 0 0  3 0  3
      1 
A =   5 6  6   6   1 2  1  8 0 1 0    1 2 0 
-1

 5 5 7   1 1 2  0 0 1 3  1 1 3 
       
(b) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the matrix represented by
2 1 1
 
A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I when A   0 1 0  . (NOV/DEC 2015)
1 1 2
 
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 5;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 7;

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S3 = A = 3.
Characteristic equation : λ3 – 5λ2 + 7λ – 3 = 0
Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that, every Square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
 A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I = 0.
Let P(A) = A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A  2 A  I
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

D(A) = A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I
By long division method we get ,
A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I
 
 A3 – 5 A2  7 A – 3I (A5  A)  A2  A + I
= (0) (A5  A)  A2  A + I = A2  A + I
8 5 5
 
A2  A + I =  0 3 0 
5 5 8

ww  
8 5 5
 A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A  2 A  I =  0 3 0 
w.E
8 7 6 5 4 3

5 5 8

2

asy UNIT II - VECTOR CALCULUS

1. Find  if   2 xz  x y at (2, -2, -1).

4 2
En PART A

Solution: The gradient of  is   i

x
jgin
     
y
k
z

x
 2 z 4  2 xy,

y
  x2 ,

z
 8 xz 3 eer
 4


   
  i 2 z  2 xy  j  x 2  k 8xz 3

 ing

  
 
 
  2, 2, 1  i 2  14  2  2 2  j   2 2  k 8  2  13  .ne
 
  2, 2, 1  10i  4 j  16k


Magnitude of   102   4    16 

2 2
t
  100  16  256  372.
  
2. Find the Directional derivative of  = 3x2+2y–3z at (1, 1, 1) in the direction 2i  2 j  k .
     
Solution: The gradient of  is   i j k
x y z
    
 2i  2 j  k  where n̂ is the unit normal vector.
nˆ 
 
  2 2   2 2   12 
 
Directional derivative of  is
  
      2i  2 j  k   19
  n  (6 xi  2 j  3k )      n = .
  3   (1,1,1) 3
3. Find the Unit normal vector to the surface x 2  y 2  z  1 at the point (1,1 ,1). (APRIL /MAY 2017)
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Solution:
Let  = x 2  y 2  z  1
     
Now, The gradient of  is   i j k
x y z
  
 2 x,  2 y,  1
x y z

  
   
 (1,1,1) = (2 x)i  (2 y) j  k (1,1,1) =2 i  2 j  k
The unit normal vector is
     
 2i  2 j  k 2i  2 j  k
 nˆ   
 9 3
4. Find the angle between the surfaces x logz = y – 1 and x2y = 2 –z at the point (1, 1, 1)
2

Solution: Let 1 = y2 –x logz -1

  x  
ww
 1 = - log z i  2 yj  k , (  1) (1,1,1) = 2 j  k and |  1| = 5
Let 2 = x y – 2+z
2
z

w.E   
     
 2 = i (2 xy )  j x 2  k (1) , (  2)(1,1,1) = 2i  j  k and |  2| = 6
    
2 j  k . 2i  j  k
a s y
cos 
1.2
1 2

5 6
=
0  2 1
30
   cos 
1  1 
.
 30 
5.
E
In what direction from (3, 1, -2) is the directional derivative of  = x2y2z4 a maximum? Find the
magnitude of this maximum.
Solution: Given  = x2y2z4 ngi (APR /MAY 2015)

 
nee
  (2 x y2z 4 )i  (2yx 2z 4 ) j  (4z3 x 2 y2 )k
 3, 1, 2
  
= 96i  288 j  288k

 The maximum directional derivative occurs in the direction of rin   

 = 96(i  3 j  3k )

The magnitude of this maximum directional derivative is   96 19.


 1   r 
g .ne
6. Prove that Grad   =  3 

Solution:
r  r 
t
(JAN 2016)

   
Let r  x i  yj  zk

r  r  x 2  y2  z2
 r 2  x 2  y2  z2
diff w.r.t x, we get
r r x
2r  2x  
x x r
r y r z
similarly  ; 
y r z r

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 1          1 
grad     i  j  k  
 r   x y z   r 
r x
0
 1 x  r   x
 
x  r  r 2
r2 r3
r  y
0
 1 y y
   r2  3
y  r  r 2
r r
r z
0
 1 z  r  z
 
z  r  r 2
r2 r3
1 x y z 
 grad     3 i  3 j  3 k
r r r r
1   
  3  xi  yj  zk 

ww  3
r

r

 w
r
  
 
Evaluate  yzi  xzj  xyk . dr where C is the boundary of a closed surface S.
7.
.Ea c
(JAN 2016)

sy  
Solution: curl F    F 
i

 
j


k
 
En   
 i  x  x  j  y  y  k  z  z   0
x y z

 
yz xz xy

g
 ine
 
F is irrotational  F is conservative force   yzi  xzj  xyk . dr  0


Evaluate   log r 
c
eri
ng
2
8. (MAY 2016)
Solution :
2  log r   
2
2 
  
log r     log r  .ne
x

  1 r 
  
x  x

 1 x 
  

t
x  r x  x  r r 
 2    2 r 
 r (1)  x (r 2 )   r  x(2r) 
 x x x
   2     
x  r   r 4
  r 4

   
 2 x x y z
 r  x(2r) r  3r (1)  x2r r  y2r r  z2r r
2

  4 
 r  r4
 
3r  2x  2y  2z 2 3r 2  2r 2 1
2 2 2
   2
r4 r4 r
   
9. Find ‘a’, such that F  (3 x  2 y  z )i  (4 x  ay  z ) j  ( x  y  2z )k is solenoidal. (MAY 2015)

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  
Solution: We know that is F Solenoidal if div F  0 or . F  0
          
div F =  i  j k  .[(3x-2y +z ) i  ( 4 x  ay  z ) j  ( x  y  2 z ) k ]=0
 x y z 
  
  3x  2 y  z    4 x  ay  z    x  y  2 z   0
x y z
 3 + a + 2 = 5 + a = 0  a = –5.
   
10. If A and B are irrotational vectors, prove that A  B is solenoidal.
   
Solution: To prove A  B is solenoidal, we have to show that   ( A  B)  0
   
A is irrotational  curl A = 0 and B is irrotational  curl B = 0
       
  ( A  B)  B  (curl A ) – A  (curl B )= B  0 – A  0 = 0
 
 A  B is solenoidal.
     
   
11. Show that the vector F  6 xy  z 3 i  3 x 2  z j  3 xz 2  y k is irrotational.

ww
Solution:
i
 
j k


w.E
 
curlF    F 

x

y

z
  
 i(1  1)  j (3z 2  3z 2 )  k (6 x  6 x)  0

 asy
6 xy  z 3 3x 2  z 3xz 2  y
 F is irrotational.
    
En
If F  5 xyi  2 yj , evaluate  F .dr where C is the part of the curve y = x3 between x =1 and x =2.

gin
12.
C

Solution: y = x  dy = 3x dx
 
3 2

2
 
e
  er

c
F  dr = 
c
(5 xydx  2 ydy ) =  5x x dx  2 x 3x dx
3

1
3 2

ing
2
=  (5 x 4  6 x5 )dx   x5  x6 

2
1 .ne
13. If
  2

1
= 31 + 63 = 94.

F = x i  xy j , evaluate the line integral  F  dr
2
from (0,0) to (1,1) along the path y = x.
t
c
Solution:
 
c  dr  c x dx  xy dy
F 2 2
 y  x 
1
1  x3 x 4  7
=  ( x  x )dx =    
2 3
.
0  3 4  0 12
    
14. If F  (4 xy  3 x 2 z 2 )i  2 x 2 j  2 x 3 z k .Check whether the integral  F  dr is independent of the
C
path C.
Solution:

This integral is independent of the path of integration if  F  0

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  
i j k
      
 F   i(0  0)  j (6 x2 z  6 x2 z )  k (4 x  4 x)  0
x y z
4 xy  3x 2 z 2 2x2 2 x3 z

Hence the line integral is independent of path.

15. State Stoke’s theorem. (MAY 2016)

Statement: If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector function F is
  
continuous and has continuous partial derivatives in S and on C, then  curlF  ˆ
n ds =   dr
F
S C
where n̂ is the outward unit normal vector to the surface.
16. State Green’s Theorem.
Statement: If M(x ,y) and N(x ,y) are continuous function with continuous partial derivatives in a

ww
region R of the xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then
R
 N
 Mdx  Ndy    x 
M 
 dxdy
y 

w.E
C

where C is the curve described in positive direction.

17. State Gauss Divergence Theorem.
asy 
Statement: If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector function
 

F is continuous

En
partial derivative in V and on S , then F  nˆ ds  divF dV

gin S
where n̂ is the outward unit normal vector to the surface.
V

18.

x2 + y2 + z2 = a2
e
Using Divergence theorem, evaluate  xdydz  ydzdx  zdxdy over the surface of the sphere
S
eri
Solution: By Divergence theorem, 
 
F  nˆ ds   divF dV
ng.

S

xdydz  ydzdx  zdxdy   .F dv   3 dv
V
S

V
V
net
4 3
= 3   a  = 4 a3.
3 
19. Find the area of the circle of radius ‘a’ using Green’s theorem.
 N M 
Solution: Green’s theorem is  Mdx  Ndy      dxdy
C R 
x y 
1
 dxdy  2   xdy  ydx 
,
By Greens theorem, we have, Area =
R C
In a circle x  y  a , x = a cos  y = a sin , : 02
2 2 2

1 2 2 2 2
 Area = 2
= a  d = a2
2 2
 ( a cos   a sin  ) d
2 0 2 0
   
20. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and F  axi  byj  czk , Prove

that  F  nˆ ds  (a  b  c )V
S

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 
Solution: Gauss Divergence theorem is  F  nˆ ds   divF dv where div F = a+b+c
S V
  

S
F  n ds    dV = (a+b+c) dV  (a+b+c)V
V
divF
V

PART B
Given : div( gradr )  (r )   r
n n 2 n
1.(a)
  n   n   n
( r n )  i (r )  j (r )  k (r )
x y z

 x  y  z
 inr n 1  jnr n 1  knr n 1
r r r
n2
  
 nr ( xi  yj  zk )

(r n )  nr n  2 r .

ww Now,
2 (r n )   (nr n2 r )



w.E  n  (r n  2 r )
 n   r n  2   r  r n  2  r  
 

asy  
 n  n  2  r n  4 r  r  3r n  2 
 n  n  2  r n  4 r 2  3r n  2 
 n  n  1 r n  2 En
Put,
gin
n  1
1 
eer
2    0
r
ing
(b) Pr ove that curl  grad   0,u sin gStoke' sthoerem (APR/MAY 2017) .ne
 
Solution :  curl F .ds   F .dr
s

c
t
Let , F = grad

 curl ( grad ).ds   grad.dr

s c


  ( ).d r
c
        
  (i j  k ).(dxi  dy j  dzk )
c
x y z
  
 .dx  .dy  .dz
c
x y z
  d  0
c

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Since , for any open 2 sided surface S , provided it is bounded by the same simple closed curve C.
Hence , R.H.S :

 curl ( grad )  0
  
(for any S, hence for any d s ).
2.(a) If   2xyz 3 i  x 2 z 3 j  3x 2 yz 2 k find  ( x, y,z ) given that  ( 1, 2,2 )  4. (MAY/JUN 2016)

Solution :
     
  i j k  1
x y z
  
Given :   2 xyz 3i  x 2 z 3 j  3x 2 yz 2 k   2 
 comparing 1 and  2 

 2 xyz 3   3
x

 x2 z3   4

ww y

 3x 2 yz 2   5 

w.E z

asy
Integrating (3) w.r.t “x” (keeping y and z as constant)

  x2 yz 3  f1  y, z 

En
Integrating (4) w.r.t “y” (keeping x and z as constant)

  x2 yz 3  f 2  x, z  gin
Integrating (5) w.r.t “z” (keeping x and y as constant) eer
  x2 yz 3  f3  x, y 
ing
   x 2 yz 3  c ,where c is constant.
.ne
Given :  1, 2, 2   4
16  c  4
t
 c  20

(b) Find ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surfaces ax3  by 2 z  (a  3)x2 and 4x2 y  z 3  11 cut orthogonally
at (2, -1, -3) (MAY / JUN 2016)

Solution :

Let1  ax 3  by 2 z   a  3 x 2
2  4 x 2 y  z 3  11
  
1  3ax 2   a  3 2 x  i  2byzj  by 2 k
  
2  8 xyi  4 x 2 j  3z 2 k

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  
at  2, 1, 3 1  8a  12  i  6bj  bk
  
2  16i  16 j  27k

Since the surfaces cut orthogonally at (2,-1,-3), 1 2  0

 16  8a  12   16  6b   27b  0
 128a  192  69b  0
 128a  69b  192  1

Since the points (2,-1,-3) lies on the surface   x, y, z   0 ,we have

8a  3b  4a  12
 4a  3b  12

ww
Solving equations (1) & (2) we get;
a  2.333
b  7.111

w.E
curve defined by x 2  4 y , 3x 2  8z from x  0 to x  2 .
   
3. (a) Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field F  3x 2 i   2 xz  y  j  zk along the

(APR/MAY 2017)
Given :
x2  4 y
asy
x2 2x x En
 y   dy 
4

4 2 gin
Also,3 x 2  8 z
eer
z
3x 2 ing
8
6 x 3x .ne
 dz 
8

4
t
 
Work done =  F .d r
c
     
  (3x 2 i  (2 xz  y ) j  zk ).(dxi  dy j  dzk )
c

  3x 2 dx  (2 xz  y )dy  zdz
c
2
3x 2 x 2 x 3x 2 3x
  3x dx  (2 x.
2
 ). .dx  . dx
x 0
8 4 2 8 4
2
3x 4 x3 9 x3
  (3x   
2
)dx
x 0
8 8 32

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2
 3x3 3x5 x 4 9 x 4 
   
 3 40 32 128  0
12 1 9
 8  
5 2 8
320  96  20  45 441
 
40 40

  x (1  y)dx  (x3  y 3 )dy  where C is the boundary of the region

2
Verify Green’s theorem for

c
defined by the lines x = 1 and y = 1 . (MAY / JUN 2016)
Solution :
Given :  x 2 1  y dx   y 3  x3  dy
(b)
c

ww M  x 1  y 
M
2

 x2

w.E y
Also, N  y 3  x 3
N
y
 3x 2
asy
By Green’s theorem , En
 Mdx  Ndy    y 
 N
gin
M 
dxdy
y 
c

Consider ,
R

eer
 N M  1 1

R  y  y dxdy  1 1  3x  x 

2 2

ing
1 1

   2 x  dydx
.ne

t
2

1 1
1
1
x  3
  2   dy
1 
3  1
4
1
   dy
1  
3
4 1 8
  y 1   1
3 3
consider

 Mdx  Ndy        
c AB BC CD DA

AlongAB, y  1, dy  0andx var iesfrom  1to1

1
  Mdx  Ndy   x 2 1  1 dx  0
c 1

AlongBC , x  1, dx  0

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And y varies from -1 to 1,
1
  Mdx  Ndy  y  1dy
3

BC 1

1
 y4 
   1
4  1
2
Along CD y=1,dy=0 and x varies from 1 to -1 ,

1 1
 2 x3  4
  Mdx  Ndy   2x dx   2
 
CD 1  3 1 3

Along DA , x = -1,dx =1 and y varies from 1 to -1 ,

ww 1 1
 y4 
  Mdx  Ndy    y  1dy    y   2
3

DA 1 4 1

w.E 4 8
c Mdx  Ndy 0  2  3  2  3   2 

asy  1   2 

Hence the theorem is verified .

  
En 
Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  4xzi  y 2 j  yzk taken over the cube bounded by the
4.
planes x = 0, x =1, y = 0, y =1, z = 0 and z = 1.
gin (APR / MAY
2015)



ˆ   dv

 eer
Solution :G.D.T is
S
F .n ds
V
.F
ing
   
F  4 xzi  y 2 j  yzk
.ne

.F  4 z  2 y  y  4 z  y

Now
t
 1 1 1


V
.F dv =   (4 z  y)dxdydz  dv  dxdydz 
0 0 0

1 1 1

=   4 zx  yx  dydz
0 0 0

1
1 1
 1
y2 
=  4 z  y dydz    4 zy   dz
0 0 0
2  0

1
1
 1  z2 1 
=   4 z  dz  4  z
0
2  2 2 0

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 1 3
=2    0 
 2 2

Now  .nˆds            
F
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6
Z


(i)   F .nˆds
S1
D C G F

A B Y

X E

 4 xzi  y 
   

ww j  yzk .i dydz
2
=
AEGD

=
w.E
 4 xzdydz
AEGD

=
1 1

  4zdydz  x  1 on S1 asy

0 0

En
gin
1 1 1
=  4 yz  dz   4 zdz

eer
0 0 0

1
 z2  4
= 4  = =2
 2 0 2
ing
(ii)

  .nˆds
F
.ne
t
S2

 4 xzi  y 
  
= 2
j  yzk .. i dydz
OBFC

1 1
=    4xzdydz
0 0

= 0  x  0 on S 2 

(iii)   .nˆds
F
S3

 4 xzi  y 
  
= 2
j  yzk .. jdxdz
EBFG

1 1

   y dxdz  y  1 
2
= on S 3
0 0

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1 1 1 1

=   dxdz   x  dz
0 0 0 0

1 1

=  1dz  z   1

0 0

  F .nˆds =  4 xzi  y 
   
(iv) 2
j  yzk . J dxdz
S4 OADC

 y
2
= dxdz
OADC

= 0  y  0 on this surface 

(v)   .nˆds
F

ww  =
S5

 4 xzi  y
 2
  
j  yzk .k dxdy

w.E DEFC

1 1

  yzdxdy  z  1 
asy =
0 0
on S 5

=
1 1

  ydxdy   yx  dy
1 1

En
0 0 0 0
gin
1


= ydy  
y  2

 
 2 0 2
1
1

eer
0


  F .nˆds
ing
(vi)
S6
.ne
=  
OAEB
   
4 xzi  y 2 j  yzk ..  k dxdy  
t
1 1
=    yzdxdy  z  0
0 0
on this surface 

=0

 F.nˆds            
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6

1 3
= 2  0 1  0  0
2 2
 
  F .nˆds   .Fdv
S V

Hence G.D.T is verified

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   
5 Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector F  xyi  2yz j  xzk , where S is the open surface of the
rectangular parallelopiped formed by the planes x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3 above the XOY
plane.
Solution :

Stoke’s theorem states that :

   
 .dr 
C
F 
S
  F .ds

 
F .dr  xydx  2 yzdy  xzdz
         

C
F .dr   F
OA
.dr   .dr 
F
AB
 .dr 
F
BC
 .dr
CD
F

ww
Along OA y=0,dy=0,z=0,dz=0
 
 .dr  0
F
OA

w.E
Along AB ,x=1,dx=0,z=0,dz=0
 
 .dr  0
F asy
AB

En
Along BC,y=2,dy=0,z=0,dz=0
gin
  0
 F .dr   2 xdx  1 eer Z
BC 1
ing
Along CO x=0,dx=0,z=0,dz=0
 
 .dr  0
.ne F

CO
F

 
G
t E

 .dr  1
C
F A 0 C

B Y

X
  
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
xy  2 yz  xz

2 y   ˆj j   kˆ x
= iˆ

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= 2 yi
ˆ  zˆj  xkˆ


S
  F  nˆds      ....  
S1 S2 S5

ˆ  iˆ
x  0, n
2

 
3 2 3

   F .nˆds    2 ydydz   y dz
2

S 0 0 0 0

=  4  3  12

ˆ  iˆ
x  1, n

w 
 w
 3 2
  F  nˆdS   2 ydydz  12
S2
w.E
y  0, nˆ   ˆj
0 0

asy
 3 1 3

   F  nˆdS    zdxdz   zdz En

S3 0 0 0
gin

9
2 eer
ˆ  ˆj
y  2, n ing
 3 1 .ne
S 4   F  ˆ
n dS  0 0 zdxdz 
9
2 t
ˆ  kˆ
z  3n
 2 1 2
1

S5
  F  nˆ dS     xdxdy    dy
0 0 0
2

= -1

 9 9
S   F .nˆ ds  12  12   1
2 2

= -1

L.H.S = R.H.S

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     
   
6. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  x2  yz i  y 2  zx j  z 2  xy k taken over the
rectangular parallelopiped bounded by the planes x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, and z = c.
(MAY / JUN 2014)

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
UNIT-III ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
PART-A
1. Define an Analytic function (or) Holomorphic function (or) Regular function.
Solution: A function is said to be analytic at a point if its derivative exists not only at that point but also
in some neighbourhood of that point.
2. Define an Entire (or) an Integral function.
Solution: A function which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane except at z =  is called an entire
function.
Example: ez, sinz, coshz.
3. State the necessary conditions for f(z) to be analytic.

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Solution: The necessary conditions for a complex function f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) to be analytic in a
region R are
u v v u
 and  (i.e) C – R equations.
x y x y
4. State the Sufficient conditions for f (z) to be analytic.
Solution:
u v v u
If the partial derivatives , , , exist and continuous in D and satisfies the
x y x y
u v v u
conditions  and   . Then the function f(z) is analytic in a domain D.
x y x y
5. Give an example of a function where u and v are harmonic but u + iv is not analytic. (MAY/JUNE 2016)

Solution:
Let u  x and v   y
u x  1, u y  0, u xx  0, u yy  0 ;

ww v x  0, v y  1

w.E v xx  0, v yy  0
u xx  u yy  0  u is harmonic.

asy
and v xx  v yy  0  v is harmonic.
But u x  v y and u y  v x  u and v are not analytic.

6. En
Find the critical points of the transformation w 2  ( z   )( z   )

gin
(MAY/JUNE 2016)
Solution: Given: w2  ( z   )( z   )        ( 1 )

Critical points : If w = f (z) then

dw
dz
0 and
dz
dw
0
eer
Differentiate with respect to z, we get
dw ing
2w
dz
 ( z   )  ( z   )  2 z  (    )        ( 2 )

dw 2 z  (    )
.ne


dw
dz


 0  z 
2w
 
               (3)

and
dz
 0 
2w
0
t
dz 2 dw 2z  (    )
 w  0  ( z   )( z   )  0  z   ,
 
The critical points are , and 
2
7. Define Harmonic function.
Solution:
Any function which possess continuous second order partial derivatives and which satisfies Laplace
2 f 2 f
equation is called a harmonic function. (i.e) If 
 0 , then f is harmonic then
x 2 y 2
8. The real part of an analytic function f(z) is constant, prove that f(z) is a constant function.
( MAY 2017)
Solution:
Let f(z) = u + iv

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Given u = constant.  ux = 0 and uy= 0
by C-R equations, ux = 0  vy = 0 and uy= 0  vx = 0
f '(z) = ux + ivx = 0 + i0 = 0
Integrating, f (z) = c (where c is a constant)
9. Define Conformal transformation.
Solution: A mapping or transformation which preserves angles in magnitude and in direction between
every pair of curves through a point is said to be conformal transformation.

10. Define Isogonal transformation.

Solution: A transformation under which angles between every pair of curves through a point are
preserved in magnitude but altered in sense is said to be isogonal at that point.
11. Define Bilinear transformation (or) Mobius transformation (or) linear fractional transformation.

az  b
Solution: The transformation w  , ad – bc  0 where a, b,c,d are complex numbers is called a
cz  d

ww
bilinear transformation. This is also called as Mobius or linear fractional transformation.
12. Define Cross Ratio.

w.E z  z z  z 
Solution: The cross ratio of four points z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 is given by 1 2 3 4 .
z1  z 4 z3  z 2 

asy
2
13. Show that f (z) = z is differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic at z = 0. (APR / MAY 2015)

Let z = x + iy and z  x  iy
Solution:

z  zz  x 2  y 2
2 En
f (z)  z  (x 2  y 2 )  i0
2
gin
u  x 2  y2 , v0 eer
u x  2x

u y  2y
, vx  0

, vy  0
ing
.ne
So the C-R equations ux = vy and uy= - vx are not satisfied everywhere except at z = 0.
So f (z) may be differentiable only at z = 0. Now ux = 2x, vy = 0 and uy= 2y, vx = 0 are continuous
everywhere and in particular at (0, 0). So f (z) is differentiable at z = 0 only and not analytic.
t
14. Determine whether the function z is analytic or not. ( MAY / JUN 2014)
Solution: Let z = x + iy
z  x  iy
u=x,v=-y
ux  1 vx  0
uy  0 v y  1
ux  vy vx  u y
C-R equations are not satisfied. Therefore f (z) is not analytic.
15. Find the map of the circle z  3 under the transformation w = 2z (NOV / DEC 2012)

Solution: Given w = 2z , z  3

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w 2 z
w  2 (3)  6
Hence the image of the circle z  3 in the z-plane maps to the circle w  6 in the w-plane.
16. Show that the function u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2 is harmonic.

Solution: Given u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2

u x  2 – 3x 2  3 y 2    u y  6 xy
u xx  6 x u yy  6 x
u xx  u yy  6 x  6 x  0
Hence u is harmonic
17. Find a function w such that w = u + iv is analytic, if u = ex siny

Solution: Given u = ex siny

ww u x  e x sin y

u x ( z,0 )  e z ( 0 )  0
u y  e x cos y

u y ( z,0 )  e z ( 1 )  e z

w.EBy Milne Thomson's method

f ( z )   u x ( z,0 )dz  i  u y ( z,0 )dz  0  i  e z dz  ie z  C
asy
18. Find the image of the hyperbola x2 – y2 = 10 under the transformation w = z2

En
w = z2  u  iv  x  iy   x 2  y 2  i 2 xy
2
Solution:

u = x2 – y2 and v = 2xy ; x2 – y2 = 10 (i.e) u = 10 gin

eer
Hence the image of the hyperbola x2 – y2 = 10 under the transformation w = z2 is u = 10 which is a
straight line in w plane.

z 1 ing
19. Obtain the invariant points of the transformation w 

z 1
z 1
.ne
(APR / MAY 2015)

Solution: Given: w 
z 1
The invariant points are obtained by replacing w by z. t
z 1
i.e, z 
 z 2  1  0  z  i
z 1
20. Find the image of the circle z  1 by the transformation w = z + 2 + 4i

Solution:
Given: w = z + 2 + 4i
u + iv = x + iy + 2 + 4i = ( x + 2 ) + i ( y + 4 )
u = x + 2, v=y+4
 x = u – 2, y=v–4

 z 1

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2 2 2 2
x + y = 1 Hence ( u – 2 ) + ( v – 4 ) = 1.
 The circle in the z-plane is mapped into the circle in the w -plane with centre (2, 4) and radius 1.
PART B

 2 2 
1. If f (z ) is a regular function of z, prove that    log f ( z )  0 (APR / MAY 2017)
 x
2
y 2 

Solution :
Given
f ( z )  u  iv
f ( z)  u  v 2 2

1
log f ( z )  log(u  v ) 2 2

ww 1
 log f ( z )   log(u  v )
2

2
2 2 2

w.E 1 
  
 
2  x y 
log(u  v )
2

2
2

2
2 2

asy 
1  2

[log(u  v )] 
1 
[log(u  v )] 2 2
2

2 2
    (1)
2 x 2
2 y
En 2

gin
consider ,
1  2

[log(u  v )] 
1   1  u v  
 2u  2v  
eer
ing
2 2

2 x 2 
2 x  u  v  x x   2 2

(u  v )[uu  vv  u  v ]  [uu  vv ] 2 2 2 2 2


u  v 
x x

2
x

2
2
y y y

.ne
similarly
1 
2 y
2

[log(u  v )] 
(u  v )[uu  vv  u  v ]  [uu  vv ]
2
u  v 
2 2
2 2

y y

2
y
2

2
2
x
2

y y
2

t
 2 2 
 2  2  log f ( z )  0
Substitute in equation (1), we get  x y 

y
2. Prove that u  x 2  y 2 & v  are harmonic functions but not harmonic conjugate. (NOV 2014)
x  y2
2

Solution :
u  2x ;
x
u  2 yy

u 2
xx
; u  2 yy

u  u 0
xx yy

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similarly
2 xy (y  x ) 2 2

v  and v
(x  y ) (x  y )
x 2 2 2 y 2 2 2

v  v 0
xx yy

Hence u and v are harmonic.

But C-R Equations are not satisfied
Hence u+iv is not an analytic function
z
3. Prove that w  maps the upper half of the z-plane into the upper half of the w-plane. What is
1 z
the image of the circle z  1 under this transformation? (NOV / DEC 2012)

Solution :
w
ww z
1 z
 w(1  z )  z

w  wz  z w   w  1 z w  (w  1) z
w.E
z
w
w 1
Put z  x  iy, w  u  iv
u  iv
asy
 u  iv  u  1  iv
x  iy 
u  iv  1

 u  iv  1 u  1  iv En

u  u  1  iuv  iv  u  1  v 2
 u  1  v 2
2

 u 2  v 2  u   iv
 u  1  v 2
2 gin
Equating real and imaginary parts eer
x
u 2  v2  u
 u  1
2
 v2
, y
 u  1
v
2
 v2 ing
y 0
 u  1
v
2
 v2
0 .ne
y 0
 u  1
v
2
v 2
0 v0 t
Thus the upper half of the z plane is mapped onto the upper half of the w plane.
4. Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic function. (MAY 2014)

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ww
w.E
asy
Show that the transformation w 
1 En
gin
5. transforms in general, circles and straight lines into circles and
z
straight lines. (APR / MAY 2017)
Solution :
1 1 eer
w
z
z
w
ing
 x  iy 
1 u  iv
 2 2
u  iv u  v .ne
x
u
u v
2 2
v
and y  2 2
u v
t
Consider the equation a(x2+y2)+bx+cy+d=0 ------------(1)

This equation represents a circle if a  0 and a straight line if a = 0

1
Under the transformation w  equation (1) becomes
z

d(u2+v2)+bu – cv + a = 0---------------(2)

This equation represents a circle if d  0 and a straight line if d = 0

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Value of a and d Equation (1) and (2) Conclusion

a  0, d 0 Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps a circle not
circle, not passing through the origin, passing through the origin in z–plane into a
in the z–plane and w–plane circle not passing through the origin in w–
plane

a  0, d = 0 Equation (1) represents a circle The transformation maps a circle passing

passing through the origin in the z– through the origin in z–plane into a straight
plane and equation (2) represents a line not passing through the origin in w–
straight line not passing through the plane
origin in w–plane

a = 0, d 0 Equation (1) represents a straight line The transformation maps a straight line not
not passing through the origin in the passing through the origin in the z–plane
z–plane and equation (2) represents a into a circle passing through the origin in
circle passing through the origin in w– w–plane

ww
a = 0, d = 0
plane

Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps represents a

w.E straight line passing through the origin straight line passing through the origin in z–
in the z–plane and w–plane plane into a straight line passing through
the origin in w–plane

Thus the transformation w 

1 asy
En
maps the totality of circles and straight lines as circles and straight lines.
z
6.
gin
Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points of z-plane -1, 0, 1 into the points -1, -i, 1 of

w-plane respectively. (APR / MAY 2017)

Solution : eer
Cross-ratio
 w  w1  w2  w3   z  z1  z2  z3 
ing

 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1  .ne
 w  (1)  i  1  z   1 0   1
 w  1 i  (1) 

 z  10  (1)
t
w 1 1 z  i 1
   
w 1 1 z  i 1
z i
w
1  iz
y
7. Can v  tan 1   be the imaginary part of an analytic function? If so construct an analytic
x
function f(z) = u + iv, taking v as the imaginary part and hence find u. (MAY / JUNE 2016)

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Solution :

y
Given v  tan 1  
x

y x
v  and v 
x y x y
x 2 2 y 2 2

By Milne Thomson Rule

f ( z )   v ( z ,0)dz  i  v ( z ,0)dz  C
y x
, C  complex const.
f ( z )  log z  C
To find u :
f ( z )  log(re ) [ z  re ]
 i

u  iv  log r  i
ww 1
u  log r  log( x  y ) 2 2

w.E
Prove that w 
z
2

wherea  0is analytic whereas w 

z
isnot analytic. (MAY/ JUNE 2016)

asy
8.
za za

En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ww
w.E
asy
En
9.
gin
Find the bilinear transformation that transforms the points z = 1, i, -1 of the z-plane into the points
w = 2, i, -2 of the w-plane. (MAY/ JUNE 2016)

Solution :
eer
 w  w1  w2  w3   z  z1  z2  z3 

 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
ing
.ne
( w  2)(i  2) ( z  1)(i  1)

( w  2)(i  2) ( z  1)(i  1) t
z (6  18i )  2i  6
w
z (i  3)  3  9i
z (6  18i )  (6  2i )
w
z (i  3)  (3  9i )
10. Determine the analytic function f(z) = u + iv, given that 2u+3v = ex (cos y – sin y).

(APR / MAY 2017)

Solution:

Given 2u  3v  e x cos y  sin y 

f  z   u  iv ...............1
3if  z   3iu  3v ............... 2

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1  2  2 f  z   2u  i2v .......(3)
3   2  (2  3i) f  z    2u  3v   i  2v  3u  .....(4)
F  z   U  iV
 2u  3v  U  e x cos y  sin y 
U
1  x, y    e x cos y  e x sin y
x
1  z, o   e z
u
2  x, y    e x sin y  e x cos y
x
2  z, o   e z
By Milne Thomson method
F   z   1  z, o   i2  z, o 

 F   z  dz   e dz  i  e dz
z z

ww F  z   1  i  e z  C      (5)
From (4) & (5)

w.E 1  i  ez  C   2  3i  f  z 
f  z 
1 i z
e 
C

f  z 
2  3i
1  5i z
e 
2  3i
C asy
2  3i
13
En
UNIT – IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION
gin
1. State Cauchy’s Integral Theorem.
PART – A
eer (APR / MAY 2015)

ing
Solution: If f (z ) is analytic at every point of the region R bounded by a simple closed curve C and if

f ' ( z ) is continuous at all points inside and on C, then  f ( z) dz  0

C .ne
2. What is the value of the integral
3z 2  7 z  1 1
C z  1 dz, where C is | z | = 2 ? t
(NOV / DEC 2014)

3z 2  7 z  1
Solution: Let f (z) =  z  1 dz
C

Singular point is given by z + 1 = 0  z = –1

1
Put z = –1  | z | = | –1 | = 1 >
2
z = –1 lies outside C.  f (z ) is analytic inside and on C, f '(z) is continuous inside C
3z 2  7 z  1
Hence by Cauchy’s integral theorem 
C
f ( z )dz  0  
C
z 1
dz = 0

3. State Cauchy’s integral formula for nth derivative.

Solution: If f (z) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C and z = a is any interior point of the
region R enclosed by C, then f n ( a )  n!  f ( z ) dz
2 i C  z  a n 1

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dz
4. Evaluate  2z  3 if C is | z | = 2.
C
3 dz
Solution: The pole z  lies inside the circle | z | = 2    2 i  R .
2 C 2 z  3
 f ( z)  1 
 3 
   3 
dz 1 dz 1 dz 1
Hence  2 z  3  2  3  2   3   2  2if  2   f     1
C C z C z     2  
2  2
 i

cos z
5. Evaluate C z  1 dz if C is | z | = 2.
cos z
Solution: Let I =
C
 z 1
dz . Singular point is given by z – 1 = 0  z = 1

ww
Let f(z) = cos πz which is analytic inside and on C.


cos z
dz  I =
f ( z)
 z  1 dz = 2πi f(1) = 2πi cos π = –2πi.
 I=
w.E 1
C
z 1 C

6. Expand
z2
at z = 2 as a Taylor’s series.
asy (MAY / JUNE 2016)

1
En
Solution: Let f (z ) = 2 . z = 2 is a regular point so, we can find Taylor’s series about z = 2.
z

f ( z )  f (a) 
f ' (a)
( z  a) 
f ' ' (a)
( z  a) 2  ...
gin
1! 2!
eer
f (z ) =
1
z2
f (2) 
1
4 ing
f ' ( z) = 
2
f '(2)  
1
.ne
f ' ' ( z) = 6
z3

z4
3
f ''(2)  3
2
22
t
f '(2) f ''(2)
f ( z )  f (2)  ( z  2)  ( z  2) 2  ...
1! 2!
1 1 31 1 3( z  2) 2 
  ( z  2)  ( z  2)  ....  3  z 
2
 ...
4 4 8 2! 4 2 
7. Obtain the Taylor’s series expansion of log 1  z  when z = 0.
Solution: Let f  z   log 1  z  f  0   log1  0
1 1
f ( z )  f (0)  1
1 z 1 0
1
f ( z )  f (0)  1
1  z  2

2
f ( z )  f (0)  2
1  z 3

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6
f iv ( z )  f iv (0)  6
1  z  4

f (0) f (0) 2 z2 z3 z4
log(1  z )  f (0)  z z  ...  z     ....
1! 2! 2 3 4
8. ez
Obtain the Laurent expansion of the function in the neighbourhood of its singular point.
 z  1
2

Hence find the residue at that point.

Solution: z  1 is a pole of order 2. Put
ez e.e u e  u2 u3  e e e u 2 u 3 
z 1  u  f ( z)     1  u    ...       ...
z  12 u 2 u 2  2! 3!  u
2
u u 2  2! 3! 

Residue of f(z) = coefficient of 1  e

u

9. State Laurent’s series.

ww
Solution: If C1 , C2 are two concentric circles with centre at z = a and radii r1 and r2 (r1 < r2) and if f(z)
is analytic inside and on the circles and within the annular region between C1 and C2, then for any z in

w.E  
the annular region, we have f ( z )   an ( z  a)n   bn ( z  a) n ,where
n 0 n 1

an 
1
 asy
f ( z)
2 i C ( z  a)n 1
dz and bn 
1

f ( z)
2 i C ( z  a)n 1
dz

En
1 2

10. State Cauchy’s Residue theorem. (MAY / JUN 2014)

gin
Statement: If f(z) is analytic inside a closed curve C except at a finite number of isolated singular points
a1,a2,…an inside C, then  f ( z )dz = 2 i  (sum of the residues of f(z) at the singular points lying inside C).
C
eer
11. Determine the poles and residues at each pole of the function f(z) = cot z

cos z ing
Solution: Given f(z) = cot z =
sin z
The poles of f(z) are given by sin z = 0  z = nπ when n = 0,  1,  2,... .ne
Residue of f(z) at z = nπ is P(n )  

 cos z


 
cos n
1
t
Q ' (n )  d  cos n
 sin z  
 dz  z n
1
12. Find the residue of f(z) = z sin   at z = 0
2

z

 1  1 3 
   
1 2 z  z
 ... =   ...
z 1
Solution: Given f(z) = z sin   = z
2

z  1! 3!  1 6z
 
 
1 1 1
Residue of f(z) = z 2 sin   at z = 0 is the coefficient of =
z z 6

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sin z  z
13. Discuss the nature of singularities of at z  0
z3
sin z  z
Solution: Let f  z   .The function f (z) is not defined at z  0 . But by L’Hospital’s rule we have,
z3
sin z  z cos z  1  sin z  cos z 1
lim 3
 lim 2
 lim  lim 
z 0 z z 0 3z z 0 6z z 0 6 6
Since the limit exists and is finite, the singularity at z  0 is a removable singularity.
e 2z
14. Evaluate  dz where C is z  1 using Cauchy’s integral formula.
C  z  2 4
Solution: :
n! f(z)
By Cauchy Residue Theorem, f n ( a )  
2 i C  z  a n 1
dz

ww
Z  2 lies out of the given circle z  1 , hence e2z

w.E C
 z  24 dz  0


15. If f (z) = 
1
z 1 asy 
 2 1  ( z  1)  ( z  1) 2  ... , find the residue of f (z) at z = 1. (NOV/DEC 2012)

En
Solution: Given the series expansion of f(z) about z = 1 is = 
1
 
 2 1  ( z  1)  ( z  1) 2  ...

Residue at z = 1 is the coefficient of (z – 1)–1 gin z 1

 Residue of f(z) at z = 1 is –1
eer
16. Find the value of 
C ( z  4)
4
3
( z  2)
dz where C is | z | < 3
ing
Solution: Given f ( z ) 
4 .ne
( z  4) 3 ( z  2)
The poles are given by( z – 4)3(z – 2) = 0  z  2 & z = 4 (thrice)
,

t
z  2 is a simple pole and lies inside C. But z = 4 is a pole of order 3 and lies outside C.
4 4 4 1
[Res of f(z)]z=2 = lim ( z  2) f ( z )  lim ( z  2)  lim  
z 2 z 2 ( z  4) 3 ( z  2) z 2 ( z  4) 3 (2) 3 2
4  1
By Cauchy Residue theorem,  dz = 2 i    i
C ( z  4) ( z  2)
3
 2
z
17. Find the poles and residues of f ( z )  .
z  3z  2 2

Solution: The poles of f (z) are obtained by

z 2  3z  2  0  ( z  1)( z  2)  0
The poles are z  1, 2 are simple poles

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Res of f(z)z1 = Lt ( z  1) z
 1
z 1 ( z  1)( z  2)
Res of f(z)z2 = Lt ( z  2) z
2
z 2 ( z  1)( z  2)
1  e2z
18. Calculate the residue of f ( z )  at the poles. (NOV / DEC 2014)
z4
1  e2z
Solution: Given, f ( z )  . Here z  0 is a pole of order 4
z4
1 d3  4 1 e
2z

[Res of f ( z )] z 0  lt ( z  0) 
z 0 3! dz 3 4
 z 
1 d3 1 d2
 lt 1  e 2z
  lt  2e 2 z 
z 0 3! dz 3   z 0 3! dz 2 

1 d 1 4
 lt  4e 2 z   lt  8e 2 z  
z 0 6 dz  6  3

ww
z 0

Express

d
 2cos  sin  as complex integration. (DEC/JAN 2016)
19.
w.E 0

1 z2 1 z 2 1
asy
Solution: Here z  ei , dz  iei d  d 

dz
iz
dz cos 
dz
2z
and sin  
2iz

1 2

d 1
  En
iz 1
  iz
2 0 2cos   sin  2 C  z 2  1   z 2  1  2 C  2iz 2  2i  z 2  1 
, C :| z | 1
2 
 2 z   2iz 

gin

 2iz 

 2
dz
C 2iz  2i  z  1
2
 2
dz
C z  2iz  (2i  1)
2
eer
20. Define Essential singularity with an example.
ing (DEC/JAN 2016)
Solution: If the principal part of Laurents series contains an infinite number of non - zero terms, then
z = z0 is known as essential singularity.
1 1 .ne
1
2
Example: f ( z )  e  1  z  z  ... has z = 0 as an essential singularity. Since f(z) is an infinite series of
z
1! 2!
negative powers of z.
t
PART – B
z 1
1. Evaluate  ( z  1) ( z  3)dz, where C is | z | = 2 by Cauchy Integral Formula.
C
(MAY / JUN 2016)

Solution :
z 1
z 1 z 3
C ( z  1) ( z  3)dz  C ( z  1)dz
 2 i f (1)
Since z=1 lies inside the circle | z | = 2
z=3 lies outside the circle | z | = 2
z 1
f ( z) 
Here z 3
f (1)  1
Hence by Cauchy integral formula
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f  z 2 i n
  z  a n 1
dz  f a
C
n!

 2 i f (1)

 2 i
2
z
2. Evaluate  ( z  1)
c
2
( z  2)
dz where C is z  3 . (APR / MAY 2015)

Solution :
Here z  1 is a pole lies inside the circle
z  2 is a pole lies inside the circle
z2
 dz
c
( z  1)2 ( z  2)
1 d
Re s f ( z )  lt ( z  1) 2 . f ( z ) 
(2  1)! z 1 dz
ww
z 1

 lt
d 
 ( z  1) 2
.
z2 
( z  1) ( z  2) 
w.E
2
z 1 dz 

d  z2   z2  4z 
= lt 
z 1 dz  ( z  2)

asy
 lt  ( z  2)2 
 z 1  

=
5
9 En
Re s f ( z )  lt  ( z  1). f ( z )  gin
eer
z 2
z 1

 z2 
 lt ( z  1).
( z  1) ( z  2) 
z 1 
2

ing

4
9 .ne
By Cauchy Residue theorem,

z 2
t
 ( z  1) ( z  2)dz  2  i (sum of residues)
c
2

5 4
 2 i     2 i
9 9

( z  1) dz 1
3. Evaluate  ( z  1) ( z  2)
C
2
, where C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
by Cauchy Residue Theorem.

(APR / MAY 2017)

Solution :
The poles are obtained by (z – 1) (z – 2)2 = 0
 z = 1 is a simple pole and z = 2 is a double pole.

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1
C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2

For z = 1, | z – 2 | = | 1 – 2 | = | –1 | = 1 > 1/2

For z = 2, | z – 2 | = | 2 – 2 | = 0 < ½

z = 1 lies outside C and z = 2 lies inside C.

d z z 1 z
Re s f ( z )  lt ( z  2) 2  lt  1
z 2
z 2 dz z  1z  2 z2 z  12
2

By Cauchy Residue theorem,

z dz
 ( z  1) ( z  2)
C
2
 2  i (1)  2  i

z 2 1
4. Obtain Laurent’s Series to represent the function in the region | z | < 2 and

ww
2 z 3
( z  2)( z  3)

w.E
Solution :
Let f ( z ) 
z 2 1
( z  2)( z  3)
 1
3

8
z 2 z 3

z asy
z
(i) Given | z | < 2 
2
 1 and
3
1
En
f ( z)  1 

3
z


8
z gin
21  
 2
31  
 3
eer
ing
1 1
3 z 8 z
 1  1     1  
2 2 3 3
3 z  z  z
2

2  2  2   2 
3
 8  z  z 2  z 3 
 1  1         ...   1         ... 
 3 3  3  3  .ne
(ii) Given 2 < | z | < 3
  
t
This region is annular about z = 0 and f (z) is analytic in this region.

z 2
|z|<3   1 and 2 < | z |   1
3 z

3 8
f ( z)  1  
 2  z
z 1   31  
 z  3
1 1
3 2 8 z 
 1  1    1  
z z 3 3

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3 2 2 2  8  z  z  2  z 3 
2 3

 1  1         ...  1         ... 
z  z z z  3 3  3  3
 


8  z  z   z  
 
2 3

 1  3 z  2 z  4 z  8 z  ...  1         ... 
1 2 3 4

3  3  3   3  

1
5. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of valid in the regions z  2 and 0  z  1  1
 z  2 z  1
(APR / MAY 2017)
Solution :
z
(i). Let f  z  
 z  1 z  2 
z A B
Now  
 z  1 z  2  z 1 z  2

ww
z  A  z  2   B  z  1
Put z  1

w.E
A  1
Put z  2
B 1
 f  z 
1

2
z 1 z  2 asy
Given z  2, 2  z i.e.,
2
z
1
1 1
z En
 f  z 
1

2
z 1 z  2
gin

1
 1

2
 2
eer
z 1   z 1  
 z  z
ing
.ne
1 1
1  1  2 2
 1    1  
z  z z z
(ii). z  1  1
Let u  z  1
i.e., u  1
t
1 2
f  z  
z 1 z  2
1 2
 
u 1 u
1
 2 1  u 
1

u
1
  2(1  u  u 2  ...)
u
1
  2 1  (1  z )  (1  z )2  ...
1 z

z2  4z  2
6. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f(z) = 3 in 3 < | z + 2 | < 5 (JAN 2016)
z  2 z 2  5z  6

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Solution :

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

2
d
7. Evaluate  13  12 cos 
0
by using Contour integration. (MAY / JUN 2016)

Solution :
Consider the unit circle | z | = 1 as contour C.

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1
Put z  e i  , then  e i 
z
1
z
z  z 1
2
dz
 d  , sin  
iz 2i 2i z

dz dz
dz
I   iz  iz  2 2
C
13  5
2

z  1 C 26iz  5 z  5
2
 C 5 z  26iz  5
2iz 2iz
1
Let f ( z )  2  I  2 f ( z )dz
5 z  26iz  5 C

The poles of f(z) are given by 5z2 + 26iz – 5 = 0

26i 2 4 . 5(5)
z
ww
 26i 
10

 26i   676  100  26i   576  26i  24i
10

10

10
i
  ,  5i
5

w.E
which are simple poles.

 i
Now 5 z 2  26iz  5  5 z   z  5i 
 5
asy
Since
i 1
  1, the pole z 
i
lies inside C En
5 5 5
and  5i  5  1,  the pole z  5i lies outside C. gin
 i  i  i
Now R    lim  z   f ( z )  lim  z  
1
 lim
1
5z  5i 
eer
 5  z 5  i 5 z 

5
i 5 

i
5

5 z  z  5i  z  5
i

ing
 lim
z
i
5 5 
 i
1

1
 24i
 5i 
.ne
 5

By Cauchy’s residue theorem,


t
 1  
 f ( z )dz  2  i  24i   12
C

 
 I  2. 
12 6

dx
8. Evaluate  (x
0
2
 a2 )2
, (a  0) using contour integration (APR / MAY 2017)

Solution :
dz
Let    z  dz  
z  1
2 2
C C

1
Where   z  
z  1
2 2

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Here C is the semicircle  bounded by the diameter   R, R 

Y
‫ח‬

By Cauchy residue theorem,

R

   z  dz     x  dx     z  dz......(1)
-R O R X
C R 

To evaluate of    z  dz
C

is the solution of  z 2  1  0
1
The poles of   z  
2

z  1
2 2

i.e.,  z  i   z  i   0
2 2

i.e., the poles are z  i, z  i

ww
z  i lies with inside the semi circle
z  i lies outside the semi circle

w.E
Now  Res  ( z )z i 
Lt 1 d
z  i 1! dz
 z  i   z
2


Lt 1 

z  i 1! 
2


1
 z  i 2 2  
 
 Lt 1 d  1 
asy
 z  i 1! dz  ( z  i)2 
 z 2  1   z  i  z  i 

Lt

2
z 1 
En

z  i  z  i 3
2 2
gin
 
i  i  2i  3

1
4i eer
    z  dz  2 i  Sum of residues of   z  at its poles which lies inC 
C ing
1 
 2 i    ..........(2)
 4i  2 .ne
Let R  , then z   so that   z   0
Lt
  z dz  0.........(3)
t
z   


Sub (2) and (3) in (1)



   z  dz     x  dx
C 

dx 
  
x  1
2

2 2

dx 
 2 
x  1
2
0
2 2

dx 
  .
x  1
2
0
2 4

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2
d
9. Evaluate  1  2 x sin   x
0
2
,|x|<1 (APR / MAY 2017)

Solution :
dz z2 1
Let z  e i, dz  i e i  d  , sin  
iz 2iz
2
d
dz
iz  
 1  2p sin   p2    z 1  2
2
, Cis | z |  1
0 C
1  2p  a
 2iz 
dz dz 1 dz
   2  
C iz  p(z  1)  iza
2 2
C pz  iz(p  1)  p
2
pC  1
z 2  iz  p    1
 p
2
d dz 1
 1  2p sin   p2 
 p C
i
........(1)
0

ww (z  ip)  z  
 p

w.E
i
The poles are given by z  ip & z 
p
i


asy
| z | = | i p | = p < 1.  z= ip lies inside C and z 


p
lies outside C.

  Re s of f (z)  z ip  Lt (z  ip)


 1
En 

z ip   i 
 (z  ip)  z   
  p  gin

 1 

eer
 Lt 
z ip 
 z 
 
i 
p 

1

ip
1  1  p2
ip   ing
By Cauchy Residue Theorem 
 
dz
p
 ip  2  p .ne
2

C (z  ip) z 


i
p


 2i 
 1  p 2 

 1 p
2
t
d 1  2p  2
From (1)       
0 1  2psin   p
2
p  1  p2  1  p2


x sin x dx
10. Evaluate  (x  a )
0
2 2
, where a > 0 (MAY / JUN 2016)

Solution:
 
x sin x x sin x
2 2 dx   2 dx
0
x a 2

x  a2
 
x sin x 1 x sin x
0 x2  a 2 dx  2  x2  a 2 dx

1 z sin z
  z 2  a 2 dz
2 

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1
 I ........(1)
2
Now z sin z is the imaginary part of zeiz

z sin z
   2 dz

z  a2

zeiz
 ..  dz

z 2  a2
z eiz zeiz
Let   z   
z 2  a 2  z  ia  z  ia 
The poles are z  ia , z  ia
Now the poles z  ia lies in the upper half – plane
But z  ia lies in the lower half – plane.
Hence
Lt zeiz
 Res  z   z ia   z  ia 
z  ia  z  ia  z  ia 
ww 
Lt zeiz
z  ia  z  ia 
w.E 
iae a e a




zeiz
z 2  a2
2ia 2
asy
dz  2 i Sum of the residues at each poles in the upper half plane 


 e a 
 2 i   En
  ie
 2 
a gin

I=I.P. of  2
zeiz
dz eer

z  a2
= I.P. of  ie a  ing
   e a ...........(2)
Sub (2) in (1) .ne

x sin x 1 1 a
0 x2  a2 dx  2 x  2  e t
UNIT- V LAPLACE TRANFORM
PART A
1. State the sufficient condition for the existence of Laplace transforms. (APR / MAY 2015, 2017)

Solution: The Laplace transform of f(t) exists if

(i) f(t) is piecewise continuous in [a, b] where a > 0 .

(ii) f(t) is of exponential order.

1
2. Find the Laplace transform of e 2t t 2 .

Solution: L e2t t 2  = L t 2 
1 1

    s s  2

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 If L  f (t )  F (s), then L e  at

f (t )   F (s) ss  a

  1   1  1 
   2  1   2  2 
=      
 3
2   s 3 
 s   2 
 ss  2
ss  2

1
  1 
= 2    2    ,n  1  n n 
3    
( s  2) 2

  t 
3. If L[f(t)] = F(s), Prove that L  f     5F  5 s  .
  5 

Solution: L  f  t     e st f (t ) dt

ww
  t  
L  f   =  e st f  t dt
0

tw.E
  5  0
put  u  5du = dt
5

5
  t   5 su
 L  f   =  e f u 5du
asy
  5  0
En
gin

 5 e  (5 s ) u
f  u  du
0

4.
= 5 F(5s)
Find the Laplace transform of unit step function. eer
0 , t  a
Solution: The Unit step function is ua ( t )  
1, t  a, a  0
ing
The Laplace transform L  f  t    e

 st

 st  e st 
f (t ) dt   e (1) dt     

1   as
 e  e   .ne
e as
.

5.
0

Prove that L   f  t  dt   F  s  , where L  f  t    F  s 

0
t

 s
a  s  a s  s

(DEC-2016)
t
t
Solution: Let F  t    f  t  dt
0

 F ' t   f t 
 L  F '  t   sL  F  t   F  0   sL  F  t   0
t 
L  f  t   sL  F  t   sL   f  t  dt 
   
0 
t  F s
 L   f  t  dt  
0  s
 cos at 
6. Does L   exist?
 t 

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f (t ) cos at 1
Solution: Lt  Lt  
t 0 t t 0 t 0
 cos at 
L does not exist.
 t 
7. Obtain the Laplace transform of sin 2t  2t cos 2t .
 d 
Solution: L[sin 2t  2t cos 2t ] = L[sin 2t ]  2 L[t cos 2t ]  Lsin 2t   2  Lcos 2t 
 ds 
2
2  2
d  s  2
 2

 s 2  4 (1)  s(2s) 
 
= 2  = 2
s 4 ds  s  4  s 4  
 
2

 s 4
2


=
  
2 s2  4  2 4  s2 
 s  4
2
2

16
 L[sin 2t  2t cos 2t ] =
s 
ww
2
2
4

8.
w.E s2 
Find L1  2

 s2 

 s  2s  2 
 ( s  1)  1 
Solution: L1  2 
 s  2s  2 
= L1 
asy
 ( s  1)  1
2   L1 F s  a   e  at L1 F s 

 ( s  1) 
= L1  2
1 
L 
 ( s  1)  1 En 1 

 ( s  1)  1
2

  s 
=e–t  L1  2
  s  1

 1 
 L1  2  
 s  1 
gin
 s  2  –t
 L1  2 = e (cos t + sin t) eer
 s  2s  2 
ing
9. What is the Laplace transform of f (t ) , 0  t  10 with f (t )  f (t  10) ?
Solution: Given f(t) is a periodic function with period p .ne
L[f(t)] =
1
 ps 
1 e 0
p
e st f (t )dt t
1 10 st
Put p =10, L[f(t)] =
1  e 10s 0
 e f (t )dt

2 t
10. Using Laplace transform, Evaluate  te sin t dt (APR / MAY 2015)
0
   st 
2t  d 
Solution:  e f (t ) dt =   e f (t ) dt  =  L[t sin t ]s  2 =   L sin t 
0  0  s  2  ds s 2
 

d  1 
   2s  4
 2 
ds  s  1   s2  1
   25
2

 
11.  s 
Find L1   (MAY-JUNE 2016)
 s2  4s  5 

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Solution:
 s    s  2   2  2 t 1  s  2 
L1  2   L    e L  2
1

 s  4s  5    s  2  1   s 1
2

  s  1  1 
 e2 t  L1  2   2L  2 
  s 1  s  1 
 e2t cos t  2sin t 
12. Find the Laplace transform sin3  2t 

 1 
 sin t  3sin t  sin 3t  
1 3 1
Solution: L  sin3  2t   = L[3sin2t – sin6t] = L[sin2t] – L[sin6t] 3
  4 4 4  4 
3 2  1 6 
=  2 –  2 
4  s  4  4  s  36 
6 1 1 
=  2  .
4  s  4 s 2  36 

ww 1 
13. Find L  tan
1  1  
 
w.E
Solution:
  s 
1
Let F(s) = tan 1  

F'  s 
=
1   1
2 2 
s

= 2
asy
1
1  (1/ s)  s  s 1
 1  En
By property L1  F'  s     L1 
    sint
 s 2  1 gin
 L F ' (s)   sin t ;
1 1
L  F ( s)   L1  F '  s  
1
t eer
  1   sin t
 L1  tan 1    
  s  t ing
.ne
14. Solve using Laplace transform
dy
dt
 y  e  t given that y(0) = 0.

Solution: Taking L.T. on both sides, we get L  y '  t   L  y  t   L et 

   
t
sL  y  t   y  0   L  y  t   L et 
 
1
sL  y  t    0  L  y  t  
s 1
1
(s+1) L[y(t)] =
s 1
1
L[y(t)] =
( s  1) 2
 y(t)
 1 
= L1 
 ( s  1) 
 1
  e t L 2   e-t t
2 
s    
 L eat f  t   F  s  a  
15. Give an example for a function that do not have Laplace transform.
2  st t 2
Solution: Consider f  t   et , since Lt e e   , hence e is not exponential order.
2
t
t 

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2
Hence f  t   et does not have Laplace transform.
s3
16. Can F(s) = be the Laplace transform of some f(t)?
 s  1 2

s3
Solution: Lt F  s   Lt 0
s  s   s  12

Hence F(s) cannot be Laplace transform of f(t).

t
17. Evaluate  sin u cos( t  u) du using Laplace Transform.
0
t 
Solution: Let L  sin u cos(t  u )du   Lsin t  cost 
0 
= L[sin t] L[cos t] (by Convolution theorem)
1 s s
 
s  s  s 
ww 1 1
2 2 2
2
1

      
t  1   

w.E  
0
1 
 1 1  2s
 sin u cos(t  u)du  L  2 2   2 L  2
 s  1 
s
 s  1  
 t
2

 sin t
2
 L 

  
2s
2
 s2  a2 
  t sin at 





asy
18. Give an example for a function having Laplace transform but not satisfying the continuity condition.
1
Solution: f  t   t 2 has Laplace transform even though it does not satisfy the continuity condition. (i.e.) It
is not piecewise continuous in (0,) as Lt f  t    En
19. Define a Periodic function with example.
t 0
gin
eer
Definition: A function f (t) is said to be periodic function if f(t + p) = f(t) for all t. The least value of p > 0 is
called the period of f(t). For example, sin t and cos t are periodic functions with period 2 .
20. State Convolution theorem on Laplace Transform. (MAY-JUNE 2017)
Statement: The Laplace transform of convolution of two functions is equal to the product of their Laplace
transforms. ing
(i.e) L  f  t   g  t   L  f  t  L  g  t  .
.ne
1.
PART B
2t
(a) (i) Find the Laplace transform of f (t )  te cos 3t t
(APR/MAY 2017)


  s2  4 
(ii) Find L1 log 

  s  2
 
2


Solution:
d
(a) (i) L[tf (t )]   F ( s)
ds
L[te 2t cos 3t ]   L[e 2t cos 3t ] =  L[cos 3t ]ss 2 
d d
ds ds
d  s   d  s2 
=   =
 
ds   s  9  ss 2 
2
ds  ( s  2)2  9 
 
 s  2 2  9 1  ( s  2)2( s  2)   s  2 2  9 
= - =
 
2
 ( s  2) 2  92   ( s  2)  9  
2

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  s  4 
2
(ii) L1 log   f (t )
2 
  s  2   
 s2  4 
F(s)= log  = logs 2  4  log( s  2) 2
2 
 s  2  
d
L[tf (t )]   F ( s )  L[tf (t )]  
ds
d
ds
  
log s 2  4  2 log( s  2) 
 2s 2 
= 2
2s

2
 tf (t )  L1  2  
2
 f (t ) = e2t  cos 2t  
s  4 ( s  2)  s  4 ( s  2)  t
d2y dy
(b) Using Laplace transform, solve the differential equation 2
 3  2 y  e t , y(0)  1, y ' (0)  0
dt dt
Solution :
d2y dy
2
 3  2 y  e t , y (0)  1, y ' (0)  0
dt dt

ww
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides, we have
d 2 y dy 
L  2  3  2 y   L[e t ]
 dt
w.Edt 
s 2 L( y (t ))  sy(0)  y ' (0)  3sL( y (t ))  y (0)   2 L( y (t ) 
1
s 1
asy
s 2 L( y (t ))  s  0  3sL( y (t ))  3  2 L( y (t ) 
1

En s 1

L( y (t ))( s 2  3s  2) 
1
s 1
s3
gin
L( y (t )) =
s  4s  4
2

( s  1) 2 ( s  2) eer
 s 2  4s  4 
y (t )  L1  
ing
 ( s  1) ( s  2) 
2

.ne
By partial fraction method:

 s 2  4s  4 
  =
A

B
 ( s  1) ( s  2)  ( s  1) ( s  1)
2 2

C
s2
t
By solving we get A=1, B=1, C=0

 s 2  4s  4   1 1 
 L1    L1     e t  te t .
2 
 ( s  1) ( s  2)   ( s  1) ( s  1) 
2

(or)

 s 2  4 s  4  1  ( s  2) 2  1  ( s  2)  1  ( s  1  1)  1  1  1  1 
1
y (t )  L   = L   = L   = L   = L 
2 
 + L  
 ( s  1) 2
( s  2 )   ( s  1) 2
( s  2)   ( s  1)
2
  ( s  1)   ( s  1)   ( s  1)
2

= e t  te t

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
 cos 2t  cos 3t 
2. (a) Evaluate  e t  dt
0  t 
Solution :

t  cos 2t  cos 3t   cos 2t  cos 3t 
0 e  t
dt  L
  t

 s 1
   s s  1  10 
=  Lcos 2t  cos 3t ds
s s 1
= s
 2  2 ds = log   log 2
 s  4 s  9  s 1 2  5 

 s2 
(b) Apply convolution theorem to evaluate L1  2  (APR/MAY 2017)
 ( s  4)(s  9) 
2

Solution :
(a) = *

= =

ww =
1

w.E =
1
2

 cos(3t  u)  cos(5u  3t )du

t

2
a sy
0


1 sin(3t  u ) sin(5u  3t ) t 1   sin 2t sin 2t   sin 3t sin 3t  
=
2 1

5
En
= 
0 2   1
 
5   1

5  


=
4
10
6
sin 2t  sin 3t
10 gin
3
= sin 3t  sin 2t
2
eer
5 5
ing
3. (a) Verify initial and final value theorems for the function f(t) = 1 + e–t (sin t + cos t)
.ne
Solution :
(a) Initial value theorem states lim f (t )  lim sF ( s)
1
t 0

1 s 1
s

1 s2
t
F ( s)  L(1 + e-t (sin t + cos t)) =   = 
s s  1  1 s  1  1 s s  12  1
2 2

L.H.S: lim f (t ) = lim 1 + e -t (sin t + cos t)  2

t0 t 0

1 s2   ss  2 
R.H.S: lim sF ( s) = lim s    lim 1  
 s s  1  1  s s  1  1 
s  s  2 2

  2 
 s 2 1   
lim 1   s 
=2.
s   2 2 
2
 s 1   2  
  s s 
Final Value theorem states lim f (t )  lim sF ( s)
t  s0

L.H.S: lim f (t ) = lim 1 + e (sin t + cos t)  1

-t
t  t 

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 ss  2  
R.H.S: lim sF ( s ) =  lim 1    1
s0 s 0
 s  12
 1 
Hence Initial and Final Value theorems are verified.

 5s 2  15s  11 
1
(b) Find L  
  s  1 s  2 3 
Solution :
 5s 2  15s  11 
L1  
  s  1 s  2 3 
By the method of partial fraction method:
5s 2  15s  11 A B C D
=   
s  1s  2 ( s  2) ( s  2) ( s  2) ( s  1)
3 2 3

5s 2  15s  11  A( s  2) 3  B( s  1)( s  2) 2  C( s  1)( s  2)  D( s  1)

ww Equating the co- efficient on both sides we have

A=1/3, B=4, C = -7, D = -1/3

w.E  5s 2  15s  11 
L1  3
 ( s  1)( s  2) 
 1/ 3
 L1  
4
 ( s  2) ( s  2)
2

7
( s  2) 3

1/ 3 
( s  1) 
1
asy 7 1
= e 2 t  4e 2 t t  e 2 t t 2  e  t
3 2
En 3

4. (a) Find the Laplace transform of f(t) = 

 a
 E if 0  t  2
gin where f(t+a)=f(t) for all t
 E if a  t  a
 2 eer
Solution :

L f (t ) 
1
p

1  e  ps 0
e  st f (t )dt
ing
1  2  st
a
 .ne
t
a a
L f (t ) 
1
1  e as 0 1  e as  0
 st
e f (t )dt  e Edt   e Edt   st


 a
2 
E  2  st
a
  e  st  a 2  e  st  a 
 
a
E
 e dt   e dt  =
 st
=  as  as      
1 e  0  1  e   s  0   s a 
 a
2   2

  as
   as

E 1  e as  2e 2 
 as
E  e 2 1   e as e 2  
=      =  
1  e as   s s    s s  1  e as  s 
     
 
  as  
2
 1  e  2  
as
 1  e 2

E  =E  
=     as 
  as
  as
 s  s 
 1  e  1  e 

2

2
    1  e 2  
      

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1  e 2 
 as  e 4  e 4 
as  as
E  = 
E  = E tanh as 
=  
s   as
 s  as
 as
 s 4
1  e 2  e 4  e 4 
   
   
t

 t sin 3tdt
 4t
(b) Find the Laplace transform of e
0
Solution :
  4t t  t 
L e  t sin 3tdt   L   t sin 3tdt 
 0  0  ss 4

1  1  d   1  d  3  
=  L(t sin 3t ) =    L(sin 3t )  =    2  
s  ss 4  s  ds  s  s  4  s  ds  s  9   ss 4

ww  1  6 s 
=  
 
s  s 2  9  
2

 ss 4
=
s
1  6s  4  
 4    2

2 
 s  4   9 
=



6

 s  4 2  9 

2




w.E
5. (a)Find the Laplace transformof
asy 1 cos t
t2
Solution :
 1  cos t 
L

1
     2
s 
ds ds En
 t
2
 s s  s s  1

  logs   log s 2  1 ds
 
 gin
s 
1
2 s eer

   logs 2   log s 2  1 ds
1
s 
2
1
2

s


ing
1

 s2 
  log 2

1

 s2  1
 ds   log 2 ds .ne
2s  s  1s
s
 cot 1 s  log 
2
2s
 s2  1 
 s 

 s 
t
(b) Using Laplace transforms technique solve y '' y '  t 2  2t , given y  4, y '  2 when t  0
(MAY/JUNE 2016)
Solution :
y '' y '  t 2  2t , given y  4, y '  2 when t  0

Taking Laplace transform on both sides

L( y ''  y ' )  L(t 2  2t )

s 2 L( y (t ))  sy(0)  y ' (0)  sL( y (t ))  y (0)  

2 2

s3 s2

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s 2 L( y (t ))  4s  2  sL( y (t ))  4 
2 2

s3 s2
2 2
( s 2  s ) L( y (t ))  4s  2  
s3 s2
2 2
( s 2  s ) L( y (t ))    4s  2
s3 s2
2 2
s( s  1) L( y (t ))  3  2  4s  2
s s
1 2  4s  2s  2s  2
4 3
2
L( y (t ))    4 s  2 =
s( s  1)  s 3 s 2  s 4 ( s  1)

2 2 2  t3
y (t )  L1   4    2   2e  t
s s ( s  1)  3

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

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