Notes For The Beginning Ukulele Player

Notes for the beginning
ukulele player
An introduction to basic music theory for
the ukulele
www.lakesidepress.com/UkeSyllabus.pdf
By Larry Martin
[email protected]
Notes for the beginning
ukulele player
An introduction to basic music theory for the
ukulele
By Larry Martin
[email protected]
First placed online June 27, 2016

Last revision February 7, 2019
http://www.lakesidepress.com/UkeSyllabus.pdf
Lakeside Press
The Villages, FL 32163
First, Take the Uke Quiz
 If you score 16 or better in this 20-question quiz (without looking up the
answers), you are fairly knowledgeable about uke music theory. You can use
the Syllabus as a refresher, and perhaps pick up a few new things.
 If the information asked in these questions simply doesn’t hold any interest,
then this Syllabus is not for you.
 If, however, you have a moderate to low score and you find the questions
interesting, then you should benefit from the Syllabus.
 Finally, if you don’t like quizzes, or find them intimidating, but want to learn
basic music theory, then skip to the Preface. (And if Prefaces bore you, skip
that and go right to the Table of Contents, page 9).
1. The notes of the F chord, as shown below on the fret board (reading left to right), are:
a) G-C-F-A
b) A-C-F-A
c) G-C-F#-A
d) G#-C-F-A
2. The notes of the G chord as shown below on the fret board (reading left to right), are:
a) G-D-G-B
b) G-D-F#-Bb
c) G-D-G-Bb
d) G-D#-G-Bb
1
3. The IV-V-I chord progression in the key of A is:
a) A-D-G
b) D-E-A
c) D-F-A
d) A-D-A
4. The fret board is standard-tuned to G-C-E-A. What note would be played by pressing
the first red dot (closest to nut) and picking that string higher up the fret board?
A
E
C
G
a) Ab
b) G
c) G#
d) A
5. The notes played picking each string (starting with the G string) when the first fret is
barred (shown by blue line) are:
A
E
C
G
a) G–C–E–A
b) A – D – F – A#
c) G# - C# - F – A#
d) G# - D – F - B
6. The notes played picking each string above the 4th fret bar (blue line), starting with the G
string), are:
2
a) B–E–G-C
b) B – E – G# - C#
c) C–F–A–D
d) A# - D# - G – C
7. The notes on this piano keyboard represent which chord diagram?
a) b) c) d)
8. The notes on this piano keyboard represent which chord diagram?
3
a) b) c) d)
9. In playing a movable chord, what is the minimum number of strings that must be
pressed?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
10. Below is the G chord, played with fingers 1, 3, 2. You can go from here to the Em chord
by using your fourth finger to press:
a) G string, 1st fret

b) C string, 3rd fret
c) A string, 3rd fret
d) C string, 4th fret
11. If you strum all the strings open in a standard tune ukulele (G-C-E-A), you will play
which two chords?
a) C6 and Am7
b) CMaj7 and Am7
c) A7 and C7
d) A and CMaj7
4
12. The calypso strumming pattern is:
a)
b)
c)
d) None of these, as the calypso strum is used in 3/4 time songs.
13. The following ukulele tablature is from the song Clementine. The notes of the first two
measures are:
A
E
C
G
a) F–F–F–C–A–A
b) G – G – G – F – A# – A#
c) F# – F# – F# – C# – A – A
d) E–E–E–D–A–A
5
14. Starting with the G string (leftmost in the diagram), what chord is played by tablature
0-2-1-2?
a) b) c) d)
15. Starting with the G string (leftmost in the diagram), what chord is played by tablature
0-2-3-2?
a) b) c) d)
The following 5 questions are True - False.
16. One F# immediately following the treble clef sign (as shown) signifies key of D.
17. The lowest note you can play on the uke turned to G-C-E-A, with a
re-entrant G string, is middle C.
18. The Hawaiian D7 chord does not contain the D note.
19. E7 can be substituted for E in the key of A
20. The I-IV-V chord progression in key of F is F-B-C.
Answers at end of Preface
6
Preface
The ukulele is not easy but is easier than most other instruments for an adult to learn
– compared, say, to the dulcimer, guitar, piano or any wind instrument. It also has
advantages over three flute-like instruments adults are often drawn to as beginning
instruments -- the recorder, the Native American flute, and the pennywhistle. Those wind
instruments are not designed to play chords, just the melody line, so they are more
limited than the uke, which can do both.
For beginners, one of the best things about the ukulele is that most uke clubs are very
welcoming. In a typical club session no one can hear you (except perhaps the person
sitting next to you). If you joined any other instrument group – playing flute, horn, guitar
or dulcimer, for example – with the same level of inexperience, you would be outed
instantly. The uke is forgiving because it doesn’t carry far and in a jam session good
players or singers usually provide the rhythm and melody. In many sessions where I have
fumbled on chord changes or lost the strum pattern, no one has ever noticed (as far as I
am aware).
The downside of this easy acceptability is that most people who play in a uke group
get by with just strumming along, so there’s little incentive to learn about the makeup of
individual chords, what notes are generated by the finger patterns, or why certain chords
are played in some songs and not others. People just come to play and have fun. Which
makes sense -- the club is not a classroom.
Still…for the non-musician, the more you understand how the ukulele works, the
better player you are likely to become. This idea is stated clearly by professional player
Brett McQueen, creator of one of the top uke web sites, ukuleletricks.com:
Why You Should Know This Stuff

Brett McQueen
I’ve said it before. You can get by without knowing a whole lot of theory, but theory helps
you to articulate in your mind what you’re actually playing. It’s a language that allows you
as a musician and artist to communicate the things you want to communicate.
This syllabus is by a novice who became interested in how the ukulele works, and
now wants to teach other beginners. In that sense the Syllabus has a unique perspective. It
helps that I know what we don’t know. Before playing the uke I had no musical
knowledge and played no other instrument. I am far from what anyone would call a
“musician.” I am not a music teacher, but prefer to consider myself a “music explainer.”
If you play the uke, and have any interest in how the instrument “works” to make music,
you should find this syllabus helpful. It is also chock full of links to internet videos and
other sources to enhance your understanding.
To produce this syllabus I have freely used images from the internet. These images
are copyrighted by the original creators. Thus this work cannot be used for any
commercial purpose, and should be viewed as a free teaching aid. At the same time,
anyone should feel free to use my text for their own purposes.
7
To get the most out of this syllabus you should have a uke tuned to G-C-E-A, a tuner
(shown below, attached to the uke’s head), know at least a few basic chords, and have
some experience playing in a group setting (even if only a few times).
In each section are short quizzes to help you review the material. Look for the yellow
headings QUIZ TIME. I strongly recommend you do each Quiz before proceeding to the
next section. Answers are provided after Section 10. Also included are several appendices
with additional material. Some of this material is truly beyond beginner level, but is
included to show how much more there is to learn about this amazing instrument.
Larry Martin
[email protected]
Answers to “First, Take the Uke Quiz”
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. d
5. c
6. b
7. b
8. d
9. d
10. d
11. a
12. b
13. a
14. d
15. c
16. False; it is key of G
17. True
18. True
19. True
20. False; it is F-Bb-C
8
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CLICK ON ANY SECTION OR APPENDIX)
SECTION 1: NOTES OF THE UKULELE ................................................................................................................ 10
SECTION 2: MUSICAL KEYS AND CHORD PROGRESSIONS ........................................................................... 16
SECTION 3: THE UKE FRET BOARD ..................................................................................................................... 26
SECTION 4: COMMON CHORDS AND CHORD SUBSTITUTIONS.................................................................... 30
SECTION 5: LEAD AND SONG SHEETS, AND CHORDS .................................................................................... 32
SECTION 6: CHORD VEXATION AND MOVABLE CHORDS ............................................................................ 38
SECTION 7. CHORD TRICKS .................................................................................................................................. 43
SECTION 8: STRUMMING ....................................................................................................................................... 50
SECTION 9: PLAYING MELODY ON THE UKULELE ......................................................................................... 56
SECTION 10 – ANATOMY OF UKULELE SHEET MUSIC ................................................................................... 67
QUIZ TIME ................................................................................................................................................................. 71
ANSWERS TO QUIZ TIME....................................................................................................................................... 72
WEB SITE RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 74
APPENDIX A: UKULELE SIZES, TUNINGS AND PARTS ................................................................................... 75
APPENDIX B: THE C MAJOR SCALE .................................................................................................................... 79
APPENDIX C: THE UKE FRET BOARD IN BOTH SHARPS & FLATS ............................................................... 87
APPENDIX D: BASIC CHORDS FOR THE UKULELE – FROM 6 DIFFERENT WEB SITES ............................ 88
APPENDIX E: AUGMENTED AND DIMINISHED CHORDS ............................................................................... 89
APPENDIX F: SUSPENDED CHORDS .................................................................................................................... 99
APPENDIX G: HOW TO USE THE UKULELE CAPO – BASIC THEORY ......................................................... 105
APPENDIX H: RANGE OF THE UKULELE AND THE LOW G STRING .......................................................... 108
APPENDIX I: BEYOND THE BASICS: CHUNKING, HAMMER-ON & OTHER TECHNIQUES .................... 114
APPENDIX J: FINGERPICKING ............................................................................................................................ 122
APPENDIX K: 12-BAR BLUES .............................................................................................................................. 137
9
SECTION 1: NOTES OF THE UKULELE
The best way to understand your uke and the notes it can play is by reference to the piano
keyboard. Throughout this syllabus I show sections of the keyboard as they relate to the
uke. You will get the most out of the syllabus if you can experiment on a keyboard – any
keyboard. If you have ready access to a keyboard or piano, great. If not, I recommend
going online for a free piano simulator, at http://virtualpiano.net/. (If you prefer some
other simulated online keyboard, that’s fine.)
C25 E29 G32 A34
When you press a note on this simulated keyboard using your mouse or trackpad pointer,
the name of the note shows at top, as in this figure from the simulator web site. The
numbers you see when each key is pressed only refer to the keys of this particular
simulator; the notes of the ukulele tuned to G-C-E-A would be G-32, C-25, E-29 and A-
34.
Musical Scales
All music is based on musical scales, the easiest and most common of which is the C
major scale. The C major scale is played on the piano with just the white keys, as shown
below. The C scale is C-D-E-F-G-A-B. To these 7 notes of the scale is usually included a
repeat of the first note, which is then number 8.
10
You can form a scale starting with any note of the keyboard. There are specific patterns
to these scales. Some are major scales (one pattern), some are minor scales (another
pattern). How the scales are formed is not important for our purposes. You just need to
know that each scale has a different arrangement of notes, in a specific order. Of the
major scales, only C major uses just the white keys on the piano. The other major scales
use one or more black keys.
Note that each black key is labeled with both a sharp (#) and a flat (b). What to call a
specific black key (sharp or flat) depends on the scale you’re in, and is not important for
ukulele players. Thus you can call the black key between C and D a C# or a Db; doesn’t
matter. (If you are composing music it does matter.)
To repeat, the C major scale (including a repeat of the C) is:

C-D-E-F-G-A–B-C
Between the eight keys of the C major scale are five more keys, all black keys. Here they
are labeled as sharps. These black keys are NOT part of the C major scale.
C - C# - D - D# - E - F - F# - G - G# - A- A# - B - C
I’ll show one more scale, the G major scale, and then get to the ukulele. The G major
scale includes one sharp, the F#. Here are the 8 notes of the G major scale, including a
repeat of the G.
G - A - B - C - D - E - F# - G
Notes on the ukulele

It’s easy to visualize the notes on the keyboard, where the sharps and flats are all black
keys. If you go to your keyboard and alternate playing the white and black notes, you can
appreciate the differences in the way they sound.
11
The notes you “see” on the piano are also on your uke fret board; they are just not as
obvious. To visualize the notes on the fret board let’s first look at the four strings of the
ukulele and relate them to the piano keyboard.
Middle C is the lowest note you can play with the standard-tuned uke, which is G-C-E-A.
In terms of pitch, going from lowest to highest, the notes are C-E-G-A. However, in
terms of order of strings, we call the tuning G-C-E-A. Picking these four strings in
succession (G-C-E-A) will give the tune noted in practically every uke book as “My Dog
Has Fleas.”
Where is middle C on the piano? The thick green arrow shows middle C, which is the
lowest note you can play on the uke, with standard G-C-E-A tuning. The highest note
will depend on the size of your uke, but generally it is two octaves up from middle C,
shown by the thin green arrow.
12
It is obvious that the uke has a much narrower range than the piano, or most other
instruments for that matter. Still, it can play a large amount of popular music.
Half Steps and Whole Steps

A very important concept in understanding your uke is the difference between half
steps and whole steps. A half step is simply the distance or “interval” between two
adjacent keys on the piano. Here again is the C major scale.
The interval between C and C# is a half step, because those are two adjacent keys;
there is no key between them. Similarly, between C# and D is a half step, and so forth.
Note that there are no black keys between E and F, and between B and C. Thus the
interval between E and F is a half step, as is the interval between B and C. It follows, of
course, that the interval between C and D is two half steps or one whole step, as is the
interval between D and E, between E and F#, etc. Here are the half steps and whole steps
between middle C and the next C, easily appreciated by reference to the keyboard.
Half Steps Whole Steps

C-C# C-D
C#-D C#-D#
D-D# D-E
D#-E D#-F
E-F E-F#
F-F# F-G
F#-G F#-G#
G-G# G-A
G#-A G#-A#
A-A# A-B
A#-B A#-C
B-C B-C#
13
The ukulele is also made up of half steps and whole steps. The distance between
any two adjacent frets is a half step. Two half steps equal a whole step.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Fret Fret Fret Fret
A
E
C
G
Now we have the information to take a closer look at the uke fret board. If you
“pluck” any of the open strings, without pressing down on any fret, you will play the note
of that string, i.e., G, C, E or A. When you press a fret (and here “fret” means the space
between the vertical strips, not the strips themselves), you will get a different note;
between two successive frets you will get a half step higher (if you are going up the
fretboard, toward the sound hole). Thus, pressing the first fret of A string gives A#; 2nd
fret of A string give a B; third fret of A string gives a C; etc.
A A# B C
E
C
G
If it’s not clear why these notes are played by pressing these frets, go back to the piano
keyboard; you will see that there is a half step difference between A and A#, between A#
and B, and between B and C.
14
If we rotate the fret board to the right, and label all the first five frets, we get this
important diagram.
1st Fret
2nd Fret
3rd Fret
4th Fret
5th Fret
Using your tuner, do the following:

Press 1st fret of A string. What note do you get when you pick the A string? A#
Press 2nd fret of E string. What note do you get when you pick the E string? F#
Press 3rd fret of C string. What note do you get when you pick the C string? D#
Press 4th fret of G string. What note do you get when you pick the G string? B
Etc.
Practice this up and down the first five frets of your ukulele. Check each note with your
tuner. Remember, between any two adjacent frets is a half step. Skip a fret on any given
string and the two notes are a whole step apart. If you play the notes on the piano or piano
simulator you will better appreciate the difference in sound between half steps and whole
steps; then see if you can appreciate the difference on your uke.
QUIZ TIME – SECTION 1 –Notes of the Ukulele

1) How many steps are there between F and G?
2) How many steps are there between B and D?
3) What note do you get when you press the 4th fret of the C string, and pluck the C
string?
4) What note do you get when you press the 5th fret of the G string and pluck the G
string?
5) How many complete octaves can a standard-tuned ukulele play?
15
SECTION 2: MUSICAL KEYS AND CHORD PROGRESSIONS
Every piece of music is in some “key.” Most popular and folk songs are in one of the
following keys: C, D, F, G, and A. Each of these keys is based on the same-named scale of notes.
Thus the key of C includes all the chords derived from that C major scale. The key of D includes
all the chords derived from D major scale, etc. (When there is no qualifier of the key, such as
“major” or “minor”, it is assumed to be the major key.) Many songs are written – and can be
played – in more than one key. For example, “Clementine” is commonly played in either key of
C or key of F. Thus, depending on the music at hand, it might be played with chords derived
from the C major scale or with chords derived from the F major scale.
Since each musical key has specific chords, it follows that the key determines which chords are
played in the song. If the singer announces the song will be sung in C, you don’t want to play the
chords that go with the key of G; it won’t sound right. The key of C plays the natural F note; the
key of G plays F#. Big difference. So everyone should be playing and singing in the same key
for any particular song.
There are several ways to note the “key” of a song. On most song sheets used in jam sessions,
the key should be evident in one of two ways.
1) It is printed at the beginning of the song, as is shown here for the opening stanzas of City
of New Orleans: “Key C.” Couldn’t be any clearer than that.
2) The key is denoted by the first and last chords. In this song the first chord is C, as
is the last chord of the entire song. When they are different, the rule is that the last chord
determines the likely key.
16
Chords from the C Major Scale and Chord Progressions
A chord is simply three or more notes played together. Music in the key of C will use
chords from the C major scale, which is C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C. Here is the C major scale on
the keyboard.
You can form a 3-note chord starting with any of the notes of this scale. (The formula
for determining these 3-note chords is discussed in Appendix B.)
While there are seven possible 3-note chords in this scale, three are of the utmost
importance: the 1st, 4th and 5th chords. In the C major scale, these are the C Major, F
Major and G Major chords. (These 3 chords are called either the “1-4-5” or the “I-IV-V
chords”; most sources use I-IV-V to refer to these 3 chords.)
C chord is C-E-G – the “1” (or I) chord

F chord is F-A-C – the “4” (or IV) chord
G chord is G-B-D – the “5” (or V) chord
C E G F A C G B D
17
Before we get to these three chords on the uke I want to again show notes obtained on
the first five frets (this was introduced in Section 1). Pressing the G string 1st fret and
plucking that string will give G#; pressing C string 1st fret and plucking that string will
give C#; pressing A string 3rd fret and plucking that string will give C; etc. I highly
recommend you become familiar with the notes on the first five frets.
1st Fret
2nd Fret
3rd Fret
4th Fret
5th Fret
Standard chord diagrams are shown with this vertical configuration, omitting the
labeling of individual notes over the frets. Here are the I-IV-V chords of the C major
scale as they are played on the uke fret board. When finger notation is shown, as it is
here, 1 is the index finger, 2 is the middle finger, 3 is the ring finger and 4 is the pinkie.
Below the chords I’ve also placed the note played by each string when you strum the
chord
GCEC AC FA GDGB
PLAY THESE CHORDS! Then, with your tuner, pick each note individually, to see
what the notes are.
18
Chord Progressions
When these three chords are played in a piece of music they form what is called a
“chord progression.” Most popular music is based on the I-IV-V (1-4-5) chord
progression. Why? Because this progression is most pleasing to the brain. That
explanation may sound simplistic, but think about it this way. Song writers didn’t decide
out of the blue that I-IV-V was the best progression. It’s the other way around. When 1-
IV-V sounded better than most other progressions, it began to appear in more and more
songs. It’s not at all intuitive; it’s trial and error. I-IV-V is more pleasing than other chord
progressions, so is used more often.
If you know the I-IV-V chord progression for each of the common keys, you know
enough to strum chords for thousands of songs.
The I-IV-V Chord Progression for Key of C

Here is the 1-IV-V chord progression for the key of C.
Musical Key I-IV-V Chords

C C = C-E-G
F = F-A-C
G = G-B-D
The C chord (or I chord in this scale) is played with the ring finger (#3) on the A
string, third fret, as shown in the chord diagram.
G-C-E-C
When you strum you will thus play the open strings to get G, C and E, but the A
string will not play A; it will play C. Check this out with your tuner. Thus, when you
strum all four strings you are playing G-C-E-C: the C chord.
***
Before we get to F and G chords, do you notice the difference between a uke chord and a
piano chord with the same notes? On a real piano or keyboard you can play the notes of a chord
simultaneously, using three fingers. Or, you can play them one at a time, what is commonly called
a “broken chord”: C followed by E and then G. In the ukulele, when you strum you can only hit
one string at a time, no matter how fast your fingers.
19
Piano:
C-E-G played simultaneously
or
C-E-G played one note at a time, in succession (broken chord)
Uke:
C-E-G played one note at a time, in quick succession by strumming (broken chord)
Thus all uke chords are, in a sense, broken chords. Still, the C-E-G of the uke is the same as
the C-E-G of the piano, and you should frequently refer to the keyboard to understand these
chords. The piano is by far the best instrument to visualize the chords you’ll be playing on the uke
(or on any other instrument, such as the guitar).
***
Now we come to the F chord in this I-IV-V chord progression for the key of C.
A-C-F-A
It is fingered as shown above in the chord diagram. When you strum you will play the
open strings C and A. The G string is pressed at the second fret to give an A, and the E
string is pressed at the first fret to give an F. Pluck these strings with your tuner in place
to confirm the notes. Thus, when you strum you are playing A-C-F-A: the F chord.
The G chord is played as shown.
G-D-G-B
20
When you strum you will play the open string G. The C string is pressed at the 2nd
fret to give a D. The E string is pressed at the third fret to give a G. The A string is
pressed at the 2nd fret to give a B. Thus, when you strum you are playing G-D-G-B: the G
chord. Pluck these strings with your tuner in place to confirm these notes.
The I-IV-V Chord Progression for Key of G

You can do this exercise with each of the other popular musical keys: D, F, G, and A.
Let’s look at the key of G, which seems to be the 2nd most popular key, after C. Here is
the G major scale on the piano keyboard. Unlike C major, it has one sharp: F#.
Here are the 1-IV-V chords for the G Major scale.

G G = G-B-D
C = C-E-G
D = D-F#-A
The G chord and C chord are exactly the same as the G and C chords in C major
(described above). However, instead of the F chord we now have a D chord.
21
The D chord is played as shown.
A-D-F#-A
The only open string is the A string. The G, C, and E strings are all pressed at the 2nd
fret. Thus when you strum the G string, you are playing an A. When you strum the C
string you are playing a D. And when you strum the E string you are playing an F#.
Check these out with your tuner. The result: A-D-F#-A: The D chord.
Substituting V7 for V in Chord Progressions.

When you see chord progressions in uke books and in printed music, you are apt to
find a “V7” chord substituting for the V chord. So called “seventh chords” are very
common in popular music, e.g., G7, C7, D7. Each of these “V7” chords is very close to
the corresponding V chord in a I-IV-V chord progression, and is often preferred over the
V chord. (This is an example of chord substitution, which will be brought up again in a
later section.) Below are chords for the C major scale from Ukulele Hunt, showing G7
instead of G.
C Major Chords (chords in the key of C)
I IV V
22
A 7th chord adds a fourth note to the basic 3-note triad. Below is G7 on the piano
keyboard, along with the G and G7 chords shown in uke chord diagrams. The G7 adds a
fourth note, F, to the standard 3-note G chord of G-B-D.
G7 Chord
G D G B G D F B
The difference between G and G7 is that the latter includes an F note. Otherwise, G7
and G share the G-D-B notes.
F Major Chords (chords in the key of F)

Below are chords for the F major scale from Ukulele Hunt, showing C7 instead of C.
I IV V
Below is C7 on the piano keyboard, along with the C and C7 chords shown in uke
chord diagrams. The C7 adds a fourth note, Bb, to the standard 3-note C chord of C-E-G.
23
C7 Chord
G C E C G C E Bb
The difference between C and C7 is that the latter includes a Bb note. Otherwise, C7
and C share the G, C and E notes.
G D G B G D F B
QUIZ TIME – SECTION 2 – Keys and Chord Progressions

1) What extra note does C7 chord have compared to C chord?
2) What extra note does G7 chord have compared to the G chord?
3) What does the open string play on the G chord?
4) What do the open strings play on the F chord?
5) What is the I-IV-V chord progression for the key of F?
24
Below are chords for all five common major scales: C, D, F, G and A, along with
suggested fingering. From http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/ukulele-for-
dummies-cheat-sheet-uk-edition.html. Note that the 2nd, 3rd and 6th chords are minor
chords. An explanation of how these chords are derived for the C major scale is in
Appendix B. The important aspect is to focus on the I, IV, V progression for each scale.
If you learn these basic I, IV, V chords you can strum thousands of songs.
I IV V
25
SECTION 3: THE UKE FRET BOARD
Don’t Proceed Without It
The four chords shown above (C-D-F-G) are known to just about all beginning uke
players, because they are so common. However, many players don’t know the notes on
the fretboard. If you want to go further in your understanding you need to know the notes
on the fretboard. Or, at least, know how to figure them out. To be blunt, you won’t
understand your uke the way you should unless you know the fretboard. Here it is,
diagram courtesy of Underground Ukulele:
26
How does this work? The “nut” of the uke is at the very top, just above the first fret.
The 16th fret is at the bottom (one you we will probably never play). If you place your
finger to cover any letter in the location shown and press on the string, then pluck that
string, you will get the note shown. Thus if you press the E string at the first fret, and
pluck the E string, you will get an F. If you press the A string at the third fret, and pluck
that string, you will get a C; etc. (Note: this fretboard figure uses #’s but could also have
used b’s to indicate the same notes; thus G# could be labeled Ab; C# could be labeled Db;
etc. See Appendix C for the fret board diagram with sharps labeled as flats.)
I recommend you memorize the notes for the first three frets at least, then learn how
to figure out all the others. It’s really easy. Each successive fret is one piano key higher
(including all the black keys). This is the same as saying one half-step higher. Let’s go
back to the C major scale on the piano.
Confirm each of the following statements by reviewing both the C major piano scale
and the fretboard diagram, then with your tuner.
C to C# is one half step. You get C# (or Db) when you press the 1st fret of C string.
C# to D is one half step. You get D when you press the 2nd fret of C string.
D to D# is one half step. You get D# (or Eb) when you press the 3rd fret of C string.
D# to E is one half step. You get E when you press the 4th fret of C string.
E to F is one half step. You get F when you press the 5th fret of C string.
Whoa! Why not E to E#? If you look at the piano, you’ll see there are no black keys
between E and F, and between B and C. The reason is beyond this syllabus, but is a fact
you should memorize. Think BE. After B and after E there is no black key. The next key
after B and E is not a sharp or flat; it is C after B, and F after E.
Thus, when you have a B on the fretboard, the next note up on the same string will be
C, which is one-half step higher than B.
When you have an E on the fretboard, the next note up on the same string will be F,
which is one-half step higher than E.
27
This type of exercise can be replicated on any string. Here are the first five notes of
the A string. Confirm these statements with the above diagram (piano keyboard and the
uke fretboard), and with your tuner.
A to A# is one half step. You get A# (or Bb) when you press the 1st fret of A string.
A# to B is one half step. You get B when you press the 2nd fret of A string.
B to C is one half step. You get C when you press the 3rd fret of A string.
C to C# is one half step. You get C# (or Db) when you press the 4th fret of A string.
C# to D is one half step. You get D when you press the 5th fret of A string.
Do this exercise for each of the strings, and check the results with your tuner. That
way you’ll become familiar with the first five frets, where most songs are played
(certainly by beginners).
After you feel comfortable with the first five frets, practice playing the C Major scale
on your uke: C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C. A glance at the fretboard shows many ways of doing
this. The simplest method is to use a combination of open strings and fretted strings to
play the notes. The figure below is similar to the fretboard diagram from Ukulele
Underground, but is horizontal instead of vertical, and only goes to 12 frets instead of 15.
Only notes in the C Major scale are labeled (from
http://www.ezfolk.com/uke/Tutorials/major-scales/major-scales.html).
Playing the C Major Scale on Your Fret Board

C – open C string
D – 2nd fret, C string
E – open E string
F – 1st fret, E string
G – 3rd fret, E string
A – open A string
B – 2nd fret, A string
C (one octave higher than middle C) – 3rd fret, A string
***
28
Let’s look again at the I-IV-V chords of the C Major scale: C, F and G.

C C = C-E-G
F = F-A-C
G = G-B-D
Below are the first 5 frets of the fretboard, to correspond to the chord diagrams above.
Now it should be easy to see how these chords are created by the finger patterns.
 Strumming the C chord will give G (open string), C (open string), E (open
string), and C (A string, third fret pressed): G-C-E-C = C chord.
 Strumming the F chord will give A (G string, 2nd fret pressed), C (open
string), F (E string, 1st fret pressed), and A (open string): A-C-F-A = F chord.
 Strumming the G chord will give G (open string), D (C string, 2nd fret
pressed), G (E string, 3rd fret pressed), and B (A string, 2nd fret pressed):
G-D-G-B = G chord.
QUIZ TIME – SECTION 3 – The Uke Fret Board

1) Pressing the C string at the 4th fret will give what note?
2) How many strings in the F chord play the F note?
3) Considering just the first 12 frets, how many ways are there to play the C note on
the ukulele?
4) Considering just the first 12 frets, how many ways are there to play an F note?
5) What is the V chord of the C major scale?
29
SECTION 4: COMMON CHORDS AND CHORD
SUBSTITUTIONS
Chord Substitution
The next chart, from Ukulele Hunt, shows the 20 most played uke chords in all the
songs listed on their web site. I recommend you learn as many as you can. Some may be
too difficult to play initially (particularly E and Bm), but again, there are substitutions
you can use.
Theoretically there are hundreds of possible chords, when you include the same chord
played several different ways. The following web site has a look up program for over 700
chords. http://www.ukuleletricks.com/ukulele-chords/. It’s fun to scroll through them.
Just look at the different ways there are to play C major. Despite this plethora of uke
chords, if you learn the above 20, with perhaps a few more added in, you will be able to
play virtually any song you come across. Appendix D shows a table of recommended
chords from 6 different web sites.
***
In the key examples discussed so far, C and G, I’ve shown the I-IV-V chord
progressions. Turns out that each chord in the progression can be substituted by one or
more other chords. The reason is their similarity: the substitutions usually sound just as
good as the original chords. And an added bonus is that they are often easier to play.
Below is a table of some common keys used for uke songs, the basic I-IV-V chord
progression for each, and chords that can be substituted. In several instances the
substitute chord is more popular than the basic chord of the I-IV-V progression. (This is
by no means a complete list of chords that can substitute.)
30
Musical Key I-IV-V Chords Chords that can substitute
C C = C-E-G CM7, C7
F = F-A-C F7
G = G-B-D G7
D D = D-F#-A D7
G = G-B-D G7
A = A-C#-E Am, A7
F F = F-A-C F7
A = A-C#-E Am, A7
C = C-E-G CM7, C7
G G = G-B-D G7
C = C-E-G CM7, C7
D = D-F#-A D7
A A = A-C#-E Am, A7
D = D-F#-A D7
E = G-B-D E7
You may note that two of the chord substitutions are not among the twenty most
popular: CM7 and F7. However, these two are easy to form. CM7 (or Cmaj7) is simply
the 2nd finger on the 2nd fret of the A string. F7 is the same as F, with the addition of the
middle finger on the third fret of the C string.
QUIZ TIME – SECTION 4 – Chord Substitution

1) Substituting F7 for F gives what notes for the chord?
2) To go from F to Am, what string would you un-fret?
3) List the chords in the substitution column that require only a single finger for
fretting.
4) To go from G to Em without lifting any fingers, what would you press?
5) Which of the 20 most common chords have all four strings fretted?
31
SECTION 5: LEAD AND SONG SHEETS, AND CHORDS
Actual Songs, and How They are Printed

In uke club sessions, the music played will show up in one of two ways (by “show
up,” I mean it will either be in a song book on paper, in a downloaded computer program
on an iPad or computer, or projected on the wall for all to see).
1) Standard musical notation shows the actual notes, measures, etc. (A measure, or
bar, is the section between two vertical lines). The chords appear above the
measures. This is called a “lead sheet.” Standard musical notation for uke shows
the treble clef, the key signature, and the time signature – everything the musician
needs to play the piece. This version of Clementine is an example of standard
musical notation.
The indicates the treble clef. In a piano, the treble clef shows the notes for the
right hand. (Notes for the left hand are written on the bass clef). The key here is F,
because there is one Bb in the key signature, shown as a b on the third line of the
treble clef. These lines, from bottom to top, are E G B D F, often memorized as
“Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge.” So b on the third line means all B’s are
flatted, and that this is the key of F. The fact that the piece begins and ends with
the F chord also signifies it is in the key of F. The after the b is the time
signature, and means there are three beats per measure, with each quarter note
getting one beat.
You don’t have to read music to play uke using standard musical notation. You
just change chords on the words, as shown; you can ignore all the notes.
One advantage of standard musical notation is that it puts all players ‘on the same
page’. The other way music is commonly displayed, so called song sheets, are not
standardized, and are often modified to meet the needs of the group. Sometimes
32
they are modified more than once, so that different players have the song in
different keys! This is less likely to happen with standard musical notation. Some
groups use the popular Beloff Daily Ukulele books, which together have over 700
uke songs in standard musical notation (i.e., as lead sheets). With standard books,
everyone is literally on the same page.
2) When the melody line is shown with letters for the chords displayed above, the
term used is “lead sheet.” Clementine music shown on the previous page is thus
shown as a lead sheet. When only the lyrics and letters for chords are shown, the
term used is “song sheet”; see song sheet for Clementine, below. Song sheets are
not standardized, and in fact are often modified to suit the needs of each particular
group. Most uke groups I have attended (about 10 different ones, and counting)
have favored song sheets, because they are less intimidating than lead sheets, and
because singers and experienced players can modify them to suit their own special
talents. In this section of a Clementine song sheet, the chords are shown before
the words (further down I will show song sheets with chords over the words).
33
Chord Progressions in both types of song sheets
Let’s look at a few songs and their chord progressions, using both standard musical
notation and song sheets. Shown below once again is Clementine in the key of F, using
standard musical notation (a lead sheet). Only two of the chords in the I-IV-V
progression are in this example, F and C7.
 I-IV-V Chord progression for Key of F: F-A-C

 Chords in this version of Clementine: F and C7.
Here is Clementine in the key of C, using a song sheet.

 I-IV-V Chord progression for Key of C: C-F-G
 Chords in this version of Clementine: C and G7.
34
And here is Clementine in the key of D, again with just two of the chords from the
typical 3-chord progression.
 I-IV-V Chord progression for D: D-G-A
 Chords in this version of Clementine: D and A7.
As you can see, simple songs can use only two of the three chords in a I-IV-V chord
progression. Now let’s look at some songs with all three chords of a I-IV-V chord
progression.
35
Here is a song sheet for Five Foot Two, showing words and chords only. It is in the
key of C.
 I-IV-V Chord progression for C: C-F-G
 Chords in this version of Five Foot Two: C, E7, A7, D7, G7
36
Here is This Land in the key of G.
 I-IV-V Chord progression for G: G-C-D
 Chords in this version of This Land: G, C, D7
G C G
This land is your land this land is my land
D7 G
From California to the New York Island
C G
From the Redwood Forests to the Gulf Stream waters
D7 G
This land was made for you and me
C G
As I was walking that ribbon of highway
D7 G
I saw above me an endless skyway
C G
I saw below me a Golden Valley
D7 G
Repeat #1
C G
I roamed and rambled and followed my footsteps
D7 G
Through the sparkling sands of her diamond deserts
C G
And all around me a voice was sounding
D7 G
QUIZ TIME – SECTION 5 – Song Sheets and Chords

1) What is the I-IV-V chord progression for key of D?
2) What is the I-IV-V chord progression for key of G?
3) True or False: In standard music notation, a new chord starts on each measure.
4) If all you have is a song sheet (words and chords), how can you tell what key
a piece of music is in?
5) In standard sheet music, what does mean on the treble clef?
37
SECTION 6: CHORD VEXATION AND MOVABLE CHORDS
Changing chords, while keeping the rhythm, bedevils all beginning uke players. Apart from
insufficient practice, there are two main reasons for this situation: 1) Physical limitation and 2)
Uncommon Chords.
Physical Limitation
One and two fret chords are easy for everyone, such as
and
Three-fret chords (meaning chords where fingers have to press strings in 3 different locations)
are more difficult, but if the fingers are close together, it’s not a big problem. On the 20 most
popular chords 9 are 3-fret; of the 5 most popular, two are 3-fret, the G and the D.
Four-fret chords – meaning the strings are pressed in four different places - are generally more
difficult, especially when they call for using one finger on two or more frets – so called barre
chords. Barre chords are very difficult for some people.
38
Four-fret chords are special because they are closed chords. In closed chords, all the strings are
fretted, i.e., there are no open strings. They are also called ‘movable chords’, because you can
move them up or down the fret board to get a different chord. Thus, once you master the
fingering for one of these 4-fret closed chords, you have mastered the fingering for others as
well. The most common four-fret chord is Bb.
To play Bb you either bar the first two strings with the first finger (as shown here), or you could
use the first and second fingers for the A and E strings, first fret; then you would use finger 3 for
the 2nd fret at C string, and finger 4 for the 3rd fret at G string.
For most beginners, learning this chord well enough to play in a song is difficult initially.
However, this chord shape is IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT IS MOVABLE; YOU CAN USE IT
TO PLAY OTHER CHORDS.
Once you get this chord shape down, you can move it up the fret board one-half step to play the
B chord.
Move the fingers another half step up and you have C chord.
39
Another half step with this same fingering, you get C#, and so on. This same shape at the 7th fret
will play E, which may be easier for some people than the more common way of playing E,
which is a stretch and bedevils most beginners, as shown here.
Below is a photo of an expert playing E. He is barring the G, C and E of the fourth fret, and
pressing the A string at the second fret. Most beginners can’t do that! They either end up
pressing the A string at the fourth fret with their barre finger, or cannot make the stretch at all.
Now if you are in the key of A, you can substitute E7 for E.
However, in other keys E7 won’t sound good as a substitute for E. In that case, if you’re adept at
the Bb fingering, you could move that fingering to the 7th fret and play the E note.
40
When physically challenging chords appear, it is best to play a reasonable alternative, or simply
skip over them.
Uncommon chords
There are well over a thousand possible chords for the uke. Very experienced players may know
a hundred or more. The beginner is happy to learn a dozen or so. Single page chord charts carried
by many players can appear very intimidating. Let’s say you know G and G7, two of the 20 most
popular chords listed by Ukulele Hunt. But look what’s shown on this one chord chart for the
letter G: G, G7, Gbm, Gbm7, etc., etc., all the way to G9. Eighteen “G” chords alone! Do you
have to learn those too? Of course not, and probably very few uke players know even half of
them.
In every uke session you’re likely to encounter chords you’ve never played. Here is the song
sheet for I’m Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter, in the key of G.
41
You could know all the common chords, consider yourself a pretty good player, and still be
unfamiliar with Gmaj7, B7, G6 and Edim. Or, you might actually know them, but not so well
that you can make the quick chord transition. This happens all the time – uncommon chords crop
up. When that happens, you should either keep playing the previous chord, or play something
similar to the ones listed (e.g., G for Gmaj7 and G6). No one knows all the chords, and this
substitution is not a big deal when playing with a group.
QUIZ TIME – SECTION 6 – Chord Vexation and Movable Chords

1) What is a movable chord?
2) E7 can be substituted for E in what key?
3) Bb chord fingering played at the 3rd fret would give what chord?
4) To play E using the chord shape for Bb, what fret you move the fingering to?
5) When finger presses two or more strings at the same time, it is called what?
42
SECTION 7. CHORD TRICKS
The more experienced you become as a uke player, the more ‘tricks’ you learn about how to play
different chords. By tricks, I mean shortcuts, different fingerings, chord substitutions and the
like. The following are a few that beginners may consider. In the uke chord diagrams, the
numbers refer to fingers of your fretting hand, with “1” being the index finger, “2” the middle
finger, “3” the ring finger and “4” the pinkie.
A different (but tonally similar) chord as substitute

As shown in Clementine in Section 5 (version in key of F), Cmaj7 and C7 (C dominant 7th
chord) can sometimes substitute for the C major chord since they are tonally similar. This does
not work in all keys, but does work if the C is a I, IV or V in the chord progression. Cmaj7 has
an added B and C7 has an added Bb.
Piano Notes: C-E-G Uke Notes: G-C-E-C
Piano notes: C-E-G-B Uke notes: G-C-E-B
43
Piano notes: C-E-G-Bb Uke notes: G-C-E-Bb
There is no great advantage here, except to ‘mix things up a bit’ when playing the C in
certain scales. There is more of an advantage when the substituted chord is simpler to
play.
D7 for D
D7 can substitute for D in many songs, since it is tonally similar. Below are D and D7 on
the keyboard and the uke fret board.
Piano notes: D-F#-A Uke notes: A-D-F#-A
Piano notes: D-F#-A-C Uke notes: A-D-F#-C
The only difference is that D7 adds a fourth note, C, to the D chord. Now you might ask,
how is D7 easier to play than D? As shown above, it isn’t. However, a substitute for D7
is easier to play than D. So when you see a D you can, in some circumstances, use D7 in
an easier version that will be discussed shortly.
44
E7 for E
This next chord trick was discussed previously, and bears some repetition. It is difficult to
play an E chord; you need to press the G, C and E strings of the 4th fret, plus the A string
at the 2nd fret. If you are in the key of A, you can substitute E7 for E. You might get away
with this substitution in other keys as well, but should first check to see if it sounds right.
Same chord name, different notes

This is not a common situation, and D7 is the only time you’re likely to encounter it. The
D7 chord is D-F#-A-C. There are two common finger patterns for this chord on the
ukulele, both shown below. You’ll find one or the other listed in books and chord charts.
The pattern on the right is obviously easier to play for most people. It is sometimes called
the “Hawaiian D7.” When you play either chord, what notes are you strumming?
D7 on piano: D-F#-A-C
D7 in left figure (same notes, different order): A-D-F#-C
D7 in right figure: A-C-F#-A
What’s the difference? The simpler or “Hawaiian D7” leaves out the D note; it only plays
3 of the D7 notes. Is this permissible? Yes, in this particular instance; you get a similar
tone as if all 4 notes of the D7 chord were played, so substitution is not only permissible,
but encouraged if you have difficulty playing a specific chord. (In other instances, the so-
called “dominant” or 7 chords will have the basic triad plus one other note. Anytime you
see a letter followed by 7, such as C7, D7, or F7, and without any other qualifier (Maj,
min, etc.), it is a dominant 7 chord.
45
Same exact chord, alternate fingering
Any chord can be fingered numerous ways. This should be apparent just by examining
the fret board. A professional uke player could play D7 eight different ways, as shown
below. Note that the alternate fingerings of D7 involve moving higher up the fretboard, as
high as the 12th fret in the last example.
Playing D7 high up the fret board is certainly not

easier for the beginner or less experienced player.
We want something easier, not more difficult. Below
are two examples of playing a chord with different
fingering than printed in chord charts, both of which
should make things easier.
Example 1: Play E minor from G chord with one finger

When you see the chord progression G to E minor, you don’t have to lift fingers to play
the E minor. You’re almost there when you play G! The far left figure
shows traditional fingering for E min. If you’re on the G chord, you can
easily play E min just by adding your pinkie (finger #4) to the C string,
fourth fret. This fingering works, of course, because pressing the fret up
the keyboard overrides any fret on the same string down the key board.
So your finger on 2nd fret of C (the blue dot) is canceled out once you
press the 4th fret of the C string. With just your pinkie you’ve created
the Em chord.
46
Example 2: Shift quickly between G and G7
These two chords are frequently adjacent to one another in songs, as in this song sheet for
“Let Me Call You Sweetheart.”
With traditional fingering you have to lift three

fingers to go from one G7 to G or from G to G7.
But there’s a much better way: a four-finger
position that allows you to go back and forth with
ease.
In the diagram below left, create G by placing your:
 middle finger on C string 2nd fret

 index finger on the E string 1st fret
 pinkie on the E string 3rd fret
 ring finger on A string 2nd fret.
With this position, just lift up your pinkie and you have G7. Put it back down and you
have G.
47
Same exact fingering, different name
For ukuleles with standard tuning G-C-E-A, strumming open strings will play a chord
with two names, C6 and Am7.
That’s because G, C, E and A are notes of the C major scale (white keys on piano
beginning on C: C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C) and its relative minor, the A minor scale (white keys
on piano beginning on A: A-B-C-D-E-F-G-A). Thus they have the same key signature,
i.e., no sharps or flats. The chords C6 and Amin 7 have the same notes but in a different
sequence on the piano keyboard.
C6 is C – E – G – A; this is the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 6th notes of the C major scale.
Am7 is A – C – E – G; this is the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th notes of the A minor scale.
In musical terms, C6 is an inversion of Am7 and vice versa: same notes, different
sequence. When you strum the ukulele, all the strings are “open” and you are strumming
G-C-E-A. These are the four notes of both C6 and Am7.
48
***
There are many other examples of identical fingerings for different chords. For a list
of chord equivalents, see http://www.doctoruke.com/chordequivalents.pdf.
Here is a fairly common chord pattern that can have one of three names. The notes
strummed are G-D-E-B.
In Appendix E you’ll find chord patterns that fit four or more names. Here is one
example.
Finger pattern for:

Cdim
F#dim (Gbdim)
Adim
D#dim (Ebdim)
A Eb Gb C
QUIZ TIME – SECTION 7 – Chord Tricks

1) What is the difference between regular D7 and the Hawaiian D7?
2) To change G to Em, what would you add?
3) To go from G to G7, without lifting fingers from either the A or C string, what
should you do?
4) Name two substitutions for the C chord in the key of C Major.
5) Name a substitute chord for E in the key of A.
49
SECTION 8: STRUMMING
So far I’ve mentioned strumming only briefly, and not discussed any technique. Even beginners
can do a basic downbeat strum in 3/4 or 4/4 time. To vary the strum and keep the rhythm takes
skill and practice, and that’s about it.
What finger to use? Most players prefer the index finger, but some beginners like to use the
thumb. For the index finger, you strum down using the nail, and strum up using the fleshy part of
the fingertip. There are many YouTube videos that demonstrate strumming for beginners.
Examples include:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXkj8Qs1yAM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZIMCNJP1nE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAScCO3Mb-w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ad4MpwnZFdY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_qBwSr2WbY&feature=iv&src_vid=puJsyHM1SwQ&an
notation_id=annotation_636214
Where to strum? Answer: Whatever part of the fret board gives the best sound. Generally, for the
soprano and concert ukes the best sound is where the neck hits the body. This figure is from
Idiot’s Guide website, http://www.idiotsguides.com/arts-and-entertainment/other-
instruments/how-to-strum-ukulele/.
For tenor ukes the sweet spot for strumming is further toward the nut, around the 12th fret.
However, you should experiment on your uke to find the location that sounds best.
The next strum-related topic in most web sites and books is strum patterns, and we’ll get to those
below. However, it is just as important, if not more so, to discuss the mechanics of an individual
strum. For this instruction I recommend a superb 12-minute video by master uke player James
Hill,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRFPci9rZrQ.
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James Hill
Hill breaks down the strum into four essential components:

1. Posture – shape of your hand while strumming
2. Path – the path your hand takes as it goes past the strings
3. Position – where your hand ends up making contacts with the strings
4. Pressure – how much force is behind the strum
More words won’t do on the subject of strum mechanics. Watch the James Hill video.
Now we’ll go to strum patterns. The web site by uke professional Brett McQueen has an
excellent summary and demonstration of five basic strum patterns, shown below. Figures from
http://www.ukuleletricks.com/5-effective-strumming-patterns-for-beginners/.
Brett McQueen
Strumming Pattern #1
This is your basic strumming pattern, the first one beginners learn, and that many players use
during jam sessions. It is a simple d-d-d-d in 4/4 time (in 3/4 time it would be 3 down strums per
measure of music). McQueen recommends playing the C chord when you practice strumming.
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This is perhaps the second commonest strumming pattern: down-up, down-up, down-up, down-
up. Note that each down-up occupies the same amount of time as each down strum in Pattern #1.
Let’s look at these two strumming patterns with sheet music. Below are four measures of the
simple song Hot Cross Buns, in the key of G. Chords are alternating D and G and the song is in
4/4 time, which means four beats to the measure. Below the music are the two strum patterns
shown so far. (Note that the wider spacing between the down strums in measure 3 does not mean
longer times between strums; measure 3 contains 8th notes, so two 8th notes are played over the
same time interval as one quarter note. In other words, the strumming pattern for measure 3 is
exactly the same rhythm as for the other measures.)
1st d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
2nd d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u
Using Strumming Pattern #1, you would strum the song as follows:
1st measure, 4 down strums

G chord; down strum
D chord; down strum
G chord; down strum, down strum
2nd measure, 4 down strums

Still on G chord; down strum
D chord; down strum
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3rd measure, 4 down strums
Still on G chord; down strum, down strum
D chord; down strum, down strum
4th measure, 4 down strums

G chord; down strum
D chord; down strum
Using Strumming Pattern #2, every down strum becomes a down-up strum. In the first pattern,
your strumming finger hits the strings 4 times per measure. In the second pattern, your
strumming finger hits the strings 8 times per measure.
It works the same for 3/4 time. Below are the first two complete measures of Clementine in the
key of F, as shown earlier. The strumming for this song begins on the F chord. Since the song is
in 3/4 time, you have three beats per measure (space between the vertical lines). Each beat can
have one or two strums.
Down only d d d d d d
Down-up d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u d-u
Now let’s finish with Ukulele Tricks’ three other common strumming patterns. These should be
practiced after you’ve become comfortable with the basic down-down and down-up patterns.
This is a combination of the first two patterns. Down, then down-up, then down, then down-up.
So it is 6 brushes of the strings per measure.
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This is a rearrangement of the pattern in #3; still 6 brushes of the strings per measure, but here it
is down-up, then down, then down-up, then down.
This particular pattern is known as the calypso strumming pattern, and is used in 4/4 time songs.
Calypso strumming is popular in many songs, such as Yellowbird, The Sloop John B, Jamaica
Farewell, Day-O, Maryanne, He’s Got the Whole World in His Hands, and others. In the Mike
Lynch video on calypso strumming, which I recommend, he states to practice this “many, many
times,” with the C chord, just strumming until you develop muscle memory. See him play at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWYm4u1YcR4
Strumming from song sheets

It is easy to visualize the strumming patterns when there is musical notation but, as stated earlier,
most uke groups use song sheets which have only the words and chords. With song sheets you
don’t really know where one measure ends and the next one begins. As a general rule, you
should follow the singer(s) or the bass player for the rhythm, changing chords when indicated
from the lyrics. Below is the chorus of This Land Is Your Land in 4/4 time, with chord changes
shown but no indication of where the beats are (is it three beats between G and C on the first
line? Four? Not known). If you play often enough, you will know if you are in rhythm with the
singer(s) and other players.
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G C G
This land is your land this land is my land
D7 G
From California to the New York Island
C G
From the Redwood Forests to the Gulf Stream waters
D7 G
***
While the specific technique is important (and I recommend you watch the James Hill video),
strumming is basically about rhythm, and can make or break the music. Like anything else with
the instrument, it requires practice. Here are a few important points for beginners.
1) Which finger or fingers to use is up to you. It could be your thumb, but most experienced players seem
to prefer the index finger. Experiment until you feel comfortable with how you want to strum.
2) Contrary to what you may hear, you certainly can use a pick for strumming. It should be a soft felt
pick, not a hard plastic pick that is used for guitars. I recommend you learn how to strum with your
fingers, but there’s nothing wrong with using a soft pick if you feel comfortable with that.
3) When playing in a group, if you lose your place during a chord change, keep strumming. It is more
important to keep the rhythm than to worry about a chord change. This point cannot be
overemphasized. KEEP STRUMMING, KEEP THE RHYTHM. What chord should you strum when
you are lost? Whatever basic chord the key is in. If it’s in the key of C, and you fumbled trying to get
to an F7, just strum in C until you get back on track.
4) Rather than trying to learn multiple strum patterns initially, better to pick the first two discussed above
and concentrate on those. Once you are comfortable with those, I would work on the Calypso strum
next.
QUIZ TIME – SECTION 8 - Strumming

1) What should you do if you can’t find a chord while playing in a group?
2) In a single measure of music that is in 4/4 time, playing a d-u strum pattern, how
many times will your strumming finger cross the fret board?
3) In a single measure of music that is 3/4 time, playing d-u strum pattern, how
many times will your strumming finger cross the fret board?
4) Calypso strum is used in what time signature?
5) If you use a pick for strumming, what type should it be?
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SECTION 9: PLAYING MELODY ON THE UKULELE
Melody vs. Harmony

All popular music is made up of melody and harmony. Harmony is what we play
when we strum the chords. Melody is the sequence of notes as played on the treble clef in
standard music notation. However, in most uke jam sessions standard music notation is
not used; instead, people play from song sheets (words and chords only). In these
sessions melody is typically carried by the singer or singers.
Melody is what makes tunes tuneful. It’s why we like to sing You Are My Sunshine,
Clementine or This Land Is Your Land. We like the melodies. The chords that accompany
these songs provide the harmony and make them more interesting. As discussed in
Section 1, the I-IV-V chord progression is used as harmony for many popular songs.
Playing melody on the ukulele

The uke is among those instruments that can play harmony (chords) and melody.
However, the melody, to some extent, is incorporated into the chords. Every chord has a
melody note. Thus in Clementine the F chord has the F melody note, the C7 chord has the
G melody note.
When you strum F and C7 to the rhythm of the song, you don’t really hear the
melody, because it’s only two chords going back and forth. However, when there are
more chords in a song, the melody often stands out, as for example with The City of New
Orleans. Play these chords from just the first four lines and you will notice the melody
coming through.
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While the chords incorporate notes from the melody, to play the actual melody line of
any song you have to pluck or pick the melody notes on the treble clef. Below is a
diagram of the first 5 frets of the uke, tuned to G-C-E-A (notes played by the open
strings). If you press the E string at the first fret and pluck that string you get an F; press
G string at the 2nd fret, you get an A; press the A string at the third fret you get a C; etc.
In just these first five frets there are 24 possible notes you can play (counting the four
open strings). The lowest note would be open C string (= middle C on the piano). The
highest note in these first five frets would be the D played by pressing A string, fifth fret,
and plucking the A string. Try this out on your uke, using the tuner to check for each
note. In fact, I recommend you not continue this Section until you have done this
exercise. It’s important that you become familiar with the notes on the fret board,
particularly those played in the first five frets.
To play the first line of Clementine in the music shown above, you would just play the
notes shown on the treble clef. The first line starts with three F’s and finishes with a G,
and includes 21 notes altogether. So to play the melody you would start like this:
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F – 1st fret, E strong
C – open C string
A – open A string
A – open A string
A – open A string
ETC.
In jam sessions it is rare to hear someone play melody on the uke. This is so for
several reasons:
 Most players don’t have the skill to play melody at the speed that songs are
typically sung.
 The lowest note on the standard G-C-E-A uke is middle C, but many popular
songs have notes below middle C.
 In addition to playing the right notes, there is the matter of rhythm. In the
Clementine music there are four different note durations: half, quarter, eighth and
sixteenth notes. So not only does the player have to pluck the right notes, he or
she has to have the correct note durations, which makes playing melody that much
more difficult.
 The ukulele sound doesn’t carry well (compared, say, to the guitar), so without
amplification the melody is apt to be drowned out by all the strumming.
Still, there are several reasons why a beginner should consider learning to play
simple melodies on the uke.
 It helps teach you where the notes are on your fretboard.

 It opens up the possibility of ‘picking’ the chords instead of strumming them.
The resulting harmony when you pick the individual notes of a chord can
greatly enhance a song.
 In small-group sessions your melody playing will be heard and appreciated.
 When practicing alone, playing melody (as opposed to just strumming) is far
more interesting. You can also mix chord strumming with melody in a variety
of ways.
 It will help you learn ukulele tablature, which I explain later in this section.
Options to play melody on the ukulele

While melody playing involves “picking” individual strings, there are three
methods to choose from.
1) Play by ear. When you play by ear you know where the notes are on the
fretboard, you know the song’s melody in your head, and you can pick out the
notes during a jam session. If you can do all this you are an accomplished uke
musician and far beyond my intended reader.
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2) Read the music. In the music for Clementine shown above, the notes – pitch and
duration – are on the treble staff. If you can read music, then all you have to do is
play the notes as printed. Here are the notes from the first line of music, and how
you would play them on a standard uke tuned to G-C-E-A. Play this first line of
music on your ukulele.

F – 1st fret, E strong
C – open C string (this is middle C, the lowest note on the ukulele)
A – open A string
A – open A string
A – open A string
A – open A string
C – 3rd fret, A string (this C is an octave higher than middle C played in the second measure)
C – 3rd fret, A string
Bb – 1st fret, A string
A – open A string
G – open G string
G – open G string
A – open A string
A – open A string
G – open G string
3) Read tablature. Tablature is a simplified way of playing melody, and is the

generally preferred method. Tablature is a ‘translation’ of the notes on the treble
clef into ‘where to put your fingers and on what string’. Here is another version of
Clementine, showing the tablature (“TAB”) below each line of musical notation.
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Each of the four lines of tablature represents one of the ukulele strings. The numbers
refer to the frets on that string. Once you get used to tablature, you’ll find it much easier
to play melody compared to reading the actual music. However, you must first learn the
way uke “tabs” are set up. It is not intuitive.
As shown below, the four strings in tabs are aligned as if you are holding the uke in
front of you, the body with sound hole to the right, the tuning head to the left. Thus the A
string is at the top, not the bottom. This is counter-intuitive, because when you hold the
uke to play it, the A string is at the bottom. But in tablature the top string is the A string
and the bottom string is G string. Once you get this in your head, you are on your way to
playing tabs – and melody.
A
E
C
G
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A
E
A
C
E
G
C
G
Now let’s examine the Clementine tablature, starting with the first three notes; they
are all F. You don’t need to know that to play the melody from tablature. All you need to
do to play the F note is press the first fret of the E string and then pluck that string.
(Remember, A is on top, so the next string down is E).
A
E
C
G
After playing 3 F’s, you play middle C, indicated by “0” on the C string; just pluck or
pick the open C string. Next you have “0” on the A string played three times, which of
course plays “A.”
The next new note is in the fourth measure, C above middle C; this is “3” on the A
string and it is played twice. The next note is B flat. In tablature you don’t have to worry
whether a note is sharp or flat; the tab takes care of that. B flat is played simply by
pressing the first fret of the A string and then plucking or picking that string. In the last
measure we have “3” on the E string twice, which plays a G, followed by the last note, A,
which is the open A string.
Tablature is really simple (compared to reading music), and you will find it in
practically all the beginning ukulele instruction books.
There is one problem, which I hope you noticed. This tablature gives the notes, but
not their duration. The first six notes are of varying duration, as follows:
F – dotted eighth note

F – sixteenth note
F – quarter note
C – quarter note
A – dotted eighth note
A – sixteenth note
Duration is nowhere indicated on the tablature in this example. The only thing this
tablature shows is the pitch of the note.
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What to do? You actually have several options to play the melody with correct note
durations.
1) Learn to read note durations. Most tablature will be printed with the musical
notation above it, as in this example of Clementine. Even if you don’t read music,
you can quickly learn to read time signatures and note durations; you will find this
much easier than reading the actual musical pitches.
You already know that means the music is in 3/4 time; every quarter
note gets one beat and there are 3 beats to the measure: 1 and 2 and 3 and; 1 and 2
and 3 and. That’s the time signature.
Now all you have to learn is the relative length of each note on the staff, as shown
below.
A dot after any note lengthens the note by one-half.
The time signature 3/4 time means 3 quarter notes per measure, or their
equivalent. Thus, for each measure, there could be a half note and one quarter note, or
6 eighth notes, etc. In the first full measure of this music, shown below, we have:
quarter note followed by quarter note followed by dotted eighth note followed by a
sixteenth note = three quarter notes.
While this might be confusing at first, once you learn the note durations, the
timing of the tablature notes will become fairly obvious. In this measure you know to
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play the F and C at the same duration (quarter note each), and then the two A notes
much quicker. Although the first A is a dotted eighth note (one and a half times
duration of eighth note), and the second A is a sixteenth note, if you played both A’s
at the same duration (e.g., an eighth note each) no one’s going to notice, and you’ll be
keeping time.
So in summary, learn to read time signatures and note duration on the treble clef
as you play notes from the tablature.
2) Play the melody based on your knowledge of the song, or how it is sung in the
jam session. In terms of rhythm it is not much different from strumming; you
really don’t know how fast or slow to strum until you hear the singer, or some
other instrumentalist who sets the rhythm. It’s slightly more complicated for
melody, because notes within a measure have varying durations, but if you know
the melody you should be able to figure out how to play from tablature. This
might take a few run-throughs, but once you know a song, you’ll learn when to
change the notes to provide the proper melody. Here is tablature for Happy
Birthday, a melody everyone knows. You should be able to play it without having
to see any music. Try it out on your uke.
3) Play duration from notated tablature. Tablature will often show note durations
if it is not accompanied by musical notation. Here is a more sophisticated
tablature for Happy Birthday from UkuleleHunt.com. You know the melody, so
you should know how to play it. Even though there is no accompanying musical
notation, there is a lot of information in this tablature.
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Let’s examine the first measure.
 The quarter note = 98 is a metronome marking, indicating that the speed

should be 98 quarter notes a minute, which is fast. You can ignore that if
playing alone.
 The 3/4 time signature means to play 3 quarter notes per measure, or their
equivalent.
 In terms of note duration, the bracket underneath the two middle C notes
is the same as in standard musical notation. It shows a

dotted eighth note and then a sixteenth note. There are four instances in
this tablature where this note duration is indicated. In all the other
measures, there are three quarter notes per measure.
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Until you become a more experienced player, I wouldn’t spend much
effort on studying note duration in tablature. The reason is two-fold: one,
it is often not included; and two, better to play based on one of the first
two methods: reading note duration from the standard musical notation or
from your knowledge of the melody. The 2nd option – knowing the melody
– is much easier for the beginner.
There is more to this tablature that bears discussion. What about the stacked
notes? In measure 7 of Happy Birthday, under the F chord, are four stacked notes:
0-1-0-2. Here you have two options. You can pluck all four strings together, or
you can strum them. Either way, what notes are you playing?
Open A string = A
1st fret of E string = F
Open C string = C
2nd fret of G string = A
A-F-C-A. Look familiar? It’s the F chord, notated above the 4 stacked notes.
A-C-F-A
Thus, in this tablature you are playing melody notes and chords. And you don’t need
to be able to read music!
Beginner Uke Books

As stated earlier, practically all beginner uke books introduce tablature. I recommend
getting a beginner uke book (if you don’t already have one) and going through it page by
page, playing the tablature presented for each song. Here are just a few of the many such
books available on Amazon.com.
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Quiz Time
1) What note does this tablature play?
2) What note does this tablature play?
3) What is the lowest note you can play on a uke tuned to G-C-E-A?
4) In the first three frets of a standard tune uke, how many C notes can you play?
5) Where do you play F above middle C on the fretboard?
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SECTION 10 – ANATOMY OF UKULELE SHEET MUSIC
Music written for the ukulele can appear in one of three formats: 1) standard musical
notation in a lead sheet, which can be played by anyone who reads music; 2) song sheets,
which includes lyrics and chords only, and is the preferred method for most ukulele
groups; 3) tablature, which can be used to play melody and chords in lieu of standard
musical notation. The following sheet music for ukulele includes both the treble clef and
letters for chords (together, a lead sheet), plus tablature.
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1) Standard music notation in the treble clef
In addition to all the notes of the melody and chords, the treble clef also shows the
time signature and song key. Here is the first line in standard music notation.
If you are a musician, standard musical notation includes everything you need to
play the song. The chords noted by the letter symbols are added to the standard
music notation, for the benefit of uke players who just want to play the chords.
Thus we have an F written over the notes for the chord F and Am over the notes
for the A minor chord. The first three stacked notes A-C-F are just an ‘inversion’
of the F-chord notes, F-A-C. The next set of three stacked notes are A-C-E, which
is the A minor chord. But again, you don’t have to know any of this to play the
ukulele. All you have to know is how to finger the F chord and the Am chord, and
strum to the proper rhythm.
The middle line of the treble clef is a B. (Going up, the lines represent notes E-G-
B-D-F; this is the familiar “Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge”.) Note that there is
a flat sign (b) over the 3rd line in front of the time signature; this means the B note
is always played as B flat, unless otherwise changed in some specific measure.
This B flat (or Bb) is also the key signature for the piece, and signifies the song is
in the key of F.
(The number of sharps or flats indicates which key the song is in. The F scale has
one B flat. If the key was C there would be no flats or sharps. If the key was G it
would have one F# and would look like this: .)
Next to the flat sign is the time signature “4/4”, meaning 4 beats to a measure,
with each quarter note getting one beat.
2) Song sheets: chords and words only

Song sheets omit the treble clef and tablature, and include just the chord symbols
and lyrics. In a jam session, if someone is singing the melody, you can strum just
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the chords, changing on the appropriate word or syllable. In a typical lead sheet
the title will include both the time signature and key of the song. The lead sheet of
Smile would look like this.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Smile
By Charlie Chaplin, from the movie “Modern Times”
4 Key F
4
F Am
Smile though your heart is aching. Smile even though it’s breaking.
Dm Ddim Gm Ebdim
When there are clouds in the sky, you’ll get by. If you
Gm Bbmin6
Smile through your fear and sorry. Smile and maybe tomorrow.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ignore for the moment the fact that Ddim, Ebdim and Bbmin6 are uncommon
chords that you might or might not play, you can easily see when to play each
new chord. The song sheet tells you to play the F chord on the first “Smile” and
switch to the Am chord on the next “Smile”, etc. For each chord you would strum
in 4/4 time, to keep the rhythm generated by the singer.
(Similarly, as I’ll discuss below, uke tablature is added to the standard music
notation for the benefit of players who want to play the melody and chords
without having to read standard music notation.)
3) Tablature showing melody notes and chords.

If you don’t read music, and don’t know the chord fingerings, you can find all the
information needed in the tablature. Sometimes all you have is tablature, but more
commonly it is appended below each line of standard musical notation. This
particular tablature also includes the strum pattern. Let’s examine the first line of
music.
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 1st measure. The stacked notes 1-0-2 in the first measure means to leave
the A string open, press the first fret of the E string, leave the C string open, and
press the 2nd fret of the G string. When you do this and you strum down or up, you
have the F chord, F-A-C. (Although a “0” is not shown for the open A string, you
would strum all four strings for the F chord.)
A Plays A
E Plays F
C Plays C
G Plays A
Note that when you strum down on these four strings, you get A-C-F-A.
(Strumming down you hit the G string first, then the C, then the E, then the A.)
When you strum up on these four strings you get A-F-C-A. Same chord; either
way, it includes all the notes of the F chord. The tablature shows you what strings
and frets to press. This is much simpler than trying to read the notes in the treble
clef.
The next note in measure 1 tells you to press 3 on the E string; this gives a G. The
third note is open A string. So the first measure is: F chord, note G, note A.
The three vertical lines just below the lyrics are strums for the measure. And here
is where tablature can fall short; it does not indicate timing. In the standard
musical notation the F chord is comprised of half notes, which means the F chord
gets two beats, with the G and A getting one beat each. It would play like this:
F chord G A
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and
The tablature shows only 3 strums for this measure, because it wants you hold the
first strum for two beats, but you wouldn’t know that unless you understood the
timing of the notes in the standard musical notation above the tabs. (It’s a good
idea to learn to tell the difference between an eighth note, a quarter note and a half
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note). Actually, if I was playing this, I would just make it easier and do four
strums per measure.
 2nd measure. This one is relatively simple: Notes G, F, E, and D, played in 4/4
time, so each note gets one beat and one strum.
 3rd measure. This is similar to the first measure, with the A minor chord lasting
two full beats, followed by two quarter notes, F and G. (Again, a “0” is not shown
for the open A string in the A minor chord, but you should strum all for strings for
this chord.)
 4th measure. Again we have a simple measure: notes F, E, D, and C, played in 4/4
time, so each note gets one beat and one strum.
 In the rest of the tablature, wherever you see stacked notes, you are to strum all
four strings. Now here is where tablature shines. You probably aren’t going to
know the fingerings for Ddim, Ebdim and Bbdim6. Probably not one in a hundred
players will know the Bbdim6 chord, which is 1-1-1-0. (By convention, in writing
out tablature, the A string is first, the 2 string 2nd, the C string 3rd and G string
4th.) But tablature shows that all you have to do to play it is press the first fret of
A, E and C strings, leave the G string open, then strum all four strings. Simple!
And you don’t have to read music or look up obscure chords.
QUIZ TIME
1) What chord is played by tablature 2-1-2-0?
2) What chord is played by tablature 2-3-2-0?
3) As you look on tablature on the page, what is the bottom string?
4) One F# in the treble clef before the time signature signifies what key?
5) In time signature 4/4, what do the numbers represent?
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ANSWERS TO QUIZ TIME
SECTION 1 – Notes of the Ukulele

1) One whole step
2) One and a half steps
3) E
4) C
5) Two
SECTION 2 – Keys and Chord Progressions

1) Bb
2) F
3) G
4) C and E
5) F-Bb-C7
SECTION 3- The Uke Fret Board

1) E
2) One – the E string pressed at the first fret
3) Five
4) Five
5) G chord
SECTION 4 – Chord Substitution

1) A-D#-F-A
2) E string; when you lift your finger only the G string is fretted, and you have
Am.
3) CM7, C7, Am, A7
4) Fourth fret of C string
5) Bb, D7, Bm, B, E
SECTION 5 – Lead and Song Sheets, and Chords

1) D-G-A
2) G-C-D
3) False; a new chord can start anywhere
4) Check the first and last chords of the piece; if they differ, go by the last chord.
5) Three-fourths time, which means 3 beats to each measure, with the quarter
note getting one beat
72
SECTION 6 – Chord Vexation and Movable Chords
1) One that can be moved up or down the fret board without lifting the fingers.
2) Key of A
3) C
4) 7th fret
5) Barre chord
SECTION 7 – Chord Tricks

1) Hawaiian D7 leaves out the D note.
2) Press C string at 4th fret
3) Lift finger from E string and then press E string at 1st fret
4) CMaj7 and C7
5) E7
SECTION 8 - Strumming
1) Keep strumming any chord that fits the song.
2) 8 times; 4 beats to the measure, each beat a down-up strum
3) 6 times; 3 beats to the measure, each beat a down-up strum
4) The calypso strum is used in 4/4 time.
5) A soft or felt pick
:
SECTION 9 – Playing Melody on the Ukulele
1) C
2) G
3) Middle C
4) Two
5) 1st fret, E string
SECTION 10 – Anatomy of Ukulele Sheet Music

1) G7
2) G
3) G string
4) Key of G
5) Four beats to a measure, with each quarter note getting one beat
73
WEB SITE RECOMMENDATIONS
Hover your mouse or trackpad pointer over the link, then right click and
select “Open Weblink in Browser”.
Top 50 Ukulele sites

http://www.boatpaddleukuleles.com/top50/
Ukulele Hunt (companion web site for the popular Ukulele for Dummies
book)
http://ukulelehunt.com/
Ukulele Underground (fee for full access)

http://ukuleleunderground.com/
Ukulele Buddy (fee for full access)

http://www.ukulelebuddy.com/
Ukulele Tricks
http://www.ukuleletricks.com/5-effective-strumming-patterns-for-beginners/
Ukulele Mike
http://www.ukulelemikelynch.com/
Piano keyboard diagrams and basic music theory information

https://www.basicmusictheory.com/
Uke Chords Lookup

http://www.ukulele-chords.com
Ukulele beginners’ lessons on YouTube (enter ‘beginner uke lessons’)

http://youtube.com
74
APPENDIX A: UKULELE SIZES, TUNINGS AND PARTS
Standard ukuleles come in four sizes, soprano, concert, tenor and baritone.
The first three sizes have the same tuning, which is G-C-E-A, as shown below with
reference to the piano keys. The open C string on the uke plays middle C, the lowest note
with standard uke tuning.
75
The baritone uke has a different tuning, which means it has different fingering for the
chords compared to the soprano, concert and tenor ukes. The baritone’s four strings are
tuned the same as the first four strings of the standard guitar: D-G-B-E. The guitar’s first
string is notated as small “e” to distinguish it from the thicker, lower pitched E of the 6th
string. Thus the “e” for the guitar’s first string is the same as the “E” for the baritone uke.
Standard tuning for ukuleles and guitar
Standard Soprano, Standard Guitar Baritone Uke

Concert & Tenor Ukes
C Major Chord (C-E-G) in standard uke, guitar, and baritone uke.
GC E C X C E G C E E G C E
Standard Soprano, Standard Guitar Baritone Uke
Concert & Tenor Ukes
Note that there are other shapes and styles of ukulele, including the popular “fruit
shapes.”
76
There are also ukes made out of cigar and other boxes. As a rule, all these odd-shaped
ukes come with standard tuning, G-C-E-A.
Another popular instrument is the banjolele, which also has the standard G-C-E-A
tuning, but with the sound of a banjo.
Banjolele
77
The basic nomenclature of the ukulele is shown below. Note that the word “fret” is
used to indicate both the metal strips that run perpendicular to the length of the fret board,
and to the space between these strips. When discussing chord fingering we say “to play B
press the 2nd fret of the A string,” or “for A minor press the 1st fret of the G string.” In
this instructional language
fret obviously means the
space between the metal
strips. You never press the
actual strip to play a note.
Despite universal use of the
st
 1 fret word fret to mean the space
nd
2 fret >XXXXXXX and not the metal strip,
rd ->
X
H many web sites and books
3 fret >
>XXXXX
->
XX X show “fret” as the strip
>XXXXX X itself. So accept that “fret”
XX X is defined both ways. Just
X
X don’t press the metal strip
X when playing a note!
X
One more bit of
terminology not shown in
the figure. “Up the neck”
means toward the sound
hole. “Down the neck”
means toward the tuning
head.
78
APPENDIX B: THE C MAJOR SCALE
Larry Martin
[email protected]
You can view this scale on the piano and in notated music. First, the piano. If you don’t have
access to a keyboard, you can use an online keyboard simulator, such as the one at
http://virtualpiano.net/. When you press the note on the simulated keyboard using your
mouse, the name of the note shows at top, as in this figure from the simulator web site.
(The numbers you see when each key is pressed only refer to the keys of this particular
simulator; in the mid-range the notes would be G-32, C-25, E-29 and A-34.)
C25 E29 G32 A34
***
Here are the same notes as they appear on the treble clef.
79
Each note of the C major scale can serve as the root of a 3-note chord, as shown
below.
The C, F and G notes are the roots of the I, IV and V chords: C, F and G. These are
called major chords (and written in upper case Roman numerals) because of the specific
arrangement of half steps between the letters. (A half step is the distance between any
two adjacent keys on the piano keyboard.) A major chord can have “maj” or “M” after
the letter, but that is generally left off; when there is no qualifying word (major, minor,
diminished), the chord is taken to be major.
The other chords in the C major scale, D, E and A, are minor chords, and are notated
with a small “m” after the letter, and lower case Roman numerals. These are called minor
chords because of a different arrangement of half steps between the letters. (I will come
to the B chord later, for it is neither major nor minor, but “diminished”). An excellent
brief discussion of these “chord qualities” can be found at
http://www.ukuleletricks.com/major-minor-diminished-augmented-chords-
explained/.
In a 3-note chord, when there are 4 half steps between the first and second note, and 3 half
steps between the 2nd and 3rd note, it is a MAJOR CHORD. Below is the C major chord on the
treble clef and the uke fret board: C-E-G. (Going from bottom to top, the lines of treble clef are E-
G-B-D-F and the spaces are F-A-C-E. The first line below the clef is middle C)
G
E
C
G-C-E-C
In a 3-note chord, when there are 3 half steps between the first and second note, and 4 half
steps between the 2nd and 3rd note, it is a MINOR CHORD. Below is the C minor chord on the
treble clef and the uke fret board: C-Eb-G.
80
G
Eb
C
G-Eb-G-C
Note that C minor is not part of the C major scale. The 6 major and minor chords for
the C major scale are C major, D minor, E minor, F major, G major (or G7 major), and A
minor. The chord diagrams as played in first position (strings closest to the nut) are
shown below; the numbers refer to the fingering, with 1= index finger, 2 = middle finger,
3 = ring finger and 4 = pinkie.
The best way to visualize these chords and their half steps is on the piano keyboard.
The following keyboard figures are from https://www.basicmusictheory.com/c-major-
triad-chords. A half step is the distance between any two adjacent keys on the piano and
the distance between any two adjacent frets on the uke keyboard (for a given string).
Next to each keyboard diagram is shown the uke chord. For each of the uke chords,
the notes played are shown below the chord diagram. Thus, for example, when you strum
the C chord you are playing G-C-E-C. Note that G7 commonly substitutes for G in the C
major scale.
81
C major scale chords
C chord is C-E-G – the “1” (or I) chord

Between C and E is 4 half steps (C to C#, C# to D, D to D#, D# to E)
Between E and G is 3 half steps (E to F, F to F#, F# to G)
C is a major chord
GCEC
***
Dm chord is D-F-A – the “2” (or ii) chord

Between D and F is 3 half steps
Between F and A is 4 half steps
Dm is a minor chord
ADFA
***
82
Em chord is E-G-B – the “3” (or iii) chord
Between E and G is 3 half steps
Between G and B is 4 half steps
Em is a minor chord
GEGB
***
F chord is F-A-C – the “4” (or IV) chord

Between F and A is 4 half steps
Between A and C is 3 half steps
F is a major chord
ACFA
***
G7 chord is G-B-D-F – the “5-7” (or V7) chord

Between G and B is 4 half steps
Between B and D is 3 half steps
[Note: G7 commonly substitutes for G in the C major scale]
GDFB
83
***
A chord is A-C-E – the “6” (or vi) chord

Between A and C is 3 half steps
Between C and E is 4 half steps
Am is a minor chord
ACEA
***
What about B? In the C major scale, the B chord is neither major nor minor, but is
“diminished.” Bdim is very uncommon in popular music for the uke.
B chord is B-D-F – the “7” (or vii o) chord

Between B and D is 3 half steps
B is a diminished chord, written Bdim, notated as shown above (or vii o)
BDFB
In Section 3, I showed how to play the C major scale, starting with the open string C.
This is again shown below (figure from http://www.ezfolk.com/uke/Tutorials/major-
scales/major-scales.html). Remember, a half step is the distance between any two
adjacent frets on the uke keyboard, for a given string. For example in the A string, B and
C are a half step apart. The next fret up from C is C#, etc.
84
Plucking the C Major Scale on Your Fret Board
C – open C string
D – 2nd fret, C string
E – open E string
G – 3rd fret, E string
A – open A string
C (one octave higher than first C) – 3rd fret, A string
The open C string is the lowest note on the ukulele that is tuned in G-C-E-A; plucking
it gives middle C. Going from open C string to 3rd fret, A string goes up a whole octave:
from middle C to the next higher C. You can also play the C scale an octave higher, by
starting at the C note obtained by pressing 3rd fret, A string. For this next octave of the C
major scale, ALL NOTES ARE PLAYED ON THE A STRING.
C – 3rd fret
D – 5th fret
E – 7th fret
F – 8th fret
G – 10th fret
A – 12th fret
B – 14th fret
C - 15th fret (not shown in diagram)
This exercise shows that the 15-string uke is a two-octave instrument. By contrast, the
piano’s 88 keys span 7 octaves.
***
Once you’ve mastered the C scale on the uke, you should be able to figure out where
the notes are and then play any other scale. Here is the G major scale, which contains on
F# (figure from http://www.ezfolk.com/uke/Tutorials/major-scales/major-scales.html).
The more you practice these and other scales, the more quickly you will become familiar
with the uke keyboard. Remember, two adjacent frets for any string are the same as two
adjacent keys on the keyboard – a half step apart.
85
Plucking the G Major Scale on Your Fret Board
G – open G string
A – open A string
C – 3rd fret, A string
D – 5th fret, A string
E – 7th fret, A sting
F# – 9th fret, A string
G – 10th fret, A string
86
APPENDIX C: THE UKE FRET BOARD IN BOTH SHARPS &
FLATS
On the left is the uke fret board as shown in Section 3. This figure uses sharps (#) in
its labeling of the piano black keys: half steps between A and B, D and E, etc. On the
right is another figure of the fret board, where all the black keys are now labeled as flats
(b). The rule is, when you are going UP the fret board (toward the sound hole), sharps are
used for naming these notes. When you are going DOWN the fret board (toward the nut),
flats are used. You will see use of both sharps and flats in various chord diagrams. Just
keep in mind that A# is the same as Bb, C# the same as Db, etc., etc.
87
APPENDIX D: BASIC CHORDS FOR THE UKULELE – FROM 6
DIFFERENT WEB SITES
Numbers that head each column refer to web sites below the table. Thus “1” lists the 20 most
common uke chords from Ukulelehunt’s web site; “2” lists the “11 chords you must know” from
the Ukulele Tricks web site; etc.. If there is no “+” in the column, the chord is not listed in that
web site. The only chords listed on all 6 web sites are C, G and F, which are the three chords in
the I-IV-V chord progression for the key of C.
1. 20 Most Common Ukulele Chords

http://ukulelehunt.com/2011/09/07/most-common-ukulele-chords/
2. 11 Must Know Chords for Beginners
http://www.ukuleletricks.com/11-must-know-ukulele-chords-for-beginners/
3. Basic Uke Chords for Beginning Players
https://ukuguides.com/guides/basic-ukulele-chords-for-beginning-players/
4. 7 Easy Chords for Beginners
http://takelessons.com/blog/7-easy-ukulele-chords-for-beginners-z10
5. 8 Must Know Ukulele Chords 88
http://www.slideshare.net/UkuleleChords/8-
mustknowukulelechordsforbeginners
6. 9 Ukulele Chords You Should Know
http://guitar.about.com/od/typesofguitar/ss/9-Ukulele-Chords-You-Should-
APPENDIX E: AUGMENTED AND DIMINISHED CHORDS
Larry Martin
[email protected]
Augmented and Diminished chords often appear in song sheets. While they are not a
top priority for beginning uke players, they do bear some explanation. Also, diminished
chords have some specific features you will want to learn. First, a bit of music theory.
There are four main qualities of chords: major, minor, diminished and augmented. In
this context, qualities are defined by the number of half steps between notes.
 In a 3-note chord, when there are 4 half steps between the first and second note, and
3 half steps between the 2nd and 3rd note, it is a MAJOR CHORD. Here is C major, C-
E-G.
4 half steps between the 2nd and 3rd note, it is a MINOR CHORD. Here is C minor,
C-Eb-G.
G Eb G C
Now we proceed to DIMINISHED and AUGMENTED chords. (All four types are
succinctly explained at http://www.ukuleletricks.com/major-minor-diminished-
augmented-chords-explained/.)
3 half steps between the 2nd and 3rd note, it is a DIMINISHED CHORD. Here is C
major diminished, C-Eb-Gb. (X over the G string means you don’t hit the G string).
89
Eb Gb C
4 half steps between the 2nd and 3rd note, it is an AUGMENTED CHORD. Here is C
major augmented, C-E-G#.
G# C E C
Augmented chords have the pattern 1, 3, #5, so you just raise the 5th or top note by one half step
to get the augmented chord. In addition to the Caug above, below are four more examples.
Gaug = G-B-D#
Aaug = A-Db-F G D# G B
A Db F Db
Daug = D-F#-A# Faug = F-A-C#

A# D F# A# A C# F A
90
More on Augmented Chords
The most common use of augmented chords is to help transition between I and vi chords. Here is
the C major scale with Nashville notation. The triad or 3-note chord is indicated below the scale
note, and below that is the fingering for the chord.
I ii iii IV V vi vii
C Dm Em F G Am Bdim
To go from C to Am is a smoother transition if you first go from C to Caug. Thus the progression
would be C-Caug-Am.
 
G# C E C
It works going the other way also. If you want to go from Am to C, the smoother progression is
via Caug.
 
G# C E C
I will cover one more augmented chord – Gaug – then move on to diminished chords. Gaug is G-
B-D#. G to B is 4 half steps and B to D# is 4 half steps. The uke fret board, left to right, plays
these notes as: G-D#-G-B. Note that it is the G chord with G# instead of G.
91
G D# G B
The G scale chords are shown below (here D7 substitutes for D.) The I-IV-V
progression is G-C-D7.
I ii iii IV V vi viio
G Am Bm C D Em F#dim
Gaug can be used as a transition when you go from I chord (G) to vi chord (Em), or the
other way, from vi (Em) to I (G).
 
 
92
More on Diminished Chords
Here is one important aspect about diminished chords you should learn. Just 3 basic
finger patterns can be used for all the diminished chords.
To see how this works, let’s go back to the Cdim chord. In the fingering below, G is
not strummed. Strumming the other three strings, moving left to right, you get Eb, Gb and
C, which is the Cdim chord, C-Eb-Gb. Here is the Cdim chord as fingered on the fretboard,
and as it is played on the piano keyboard.
Eb Gb C
What happens if you press the G string at the 2nd fret, as shown below? This will give
an A, so that when all four strings are pressed and strummed, you get A-Eb-Gb-C. This is
really a Cdim7 chord, not a Cdim chord. Cdim7 has the same notes as Cdim, plus an
added A. So whenever you see Cdim, you can play Cdim7.
A Eb Gb C
Cdim: C-Eb-Gb
There are 3 half steps between C and Eb, and between Eb and Gb
Cdim7: C-Eb-Gb-A
There are 3 half steps between C and Eb, between Eb and Gb, and between Gb and A
93
Again, whenever the chord to be played is Cdim, you can play Cdim7. That’s simply
because it is the same chord, with just an added A note 3 steps above the Gb.
Now the really good news. The exact same fingering pattern for Cdim7 can be used to
play other diminished chords: Any of the notes you play with this finger pattern will
correspond to the diminished chord of that note.
With this fingering you are playing notes A, D#, F# and C, so all those diminished
chords are also being played. Ebdim is the same as D#dim, and Gbdim is the same as
F#dim. Hence,
Gbdim, F#dim, Adim, D#dim and Ebdim can all be

played with:
Same finger pattern for:
Cdim
F#dim (Gbdim)
Adim
D#dim (Ebdim)
A Eb Gb C
***
Now let’s look at Ddim, which will introduce another finger pattern for a different group
of diminished chords. In the finger pattern below, A string is not strummed. From the
other three strings, moving left to right, you get Ab, D and F, which is the Ddim chord,
D-F-Ab.
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Ab D F
What happens if you press the A string at the 2nd fret, as shown below? Strumming
will now give Ab, D, F and B. By pressing four frets, you really have a Ddim7 chord, not
a Ddim chord. Whenever you see Ddim, you can play Ddim7. That’s because it is the
same chord, with just an added B note 3 steps above the Ab.
Ab D F B
Ddim: D-F-Ab
There are 3 half steps between D and F, and between F and Ab.
Ddim7: D-F-Ab-B
There are 3 half steps between D and F, between F and Ab, and between Ab and B.
Now more good news. The exact same fingering for Ddim7 can be used to play
another group of diminished chords. With this fingering you are playing notes G#, D, F
and B, so all those diminished chords are also being played. G# is the same as Ab. Hence,
95
G#dim, Bdim, Abdim, Fdim and Ddim can all be played
with:
Same finger pattern for:
Bdim
Abdim (G#dim)
Fdim
Ddim
Ab D F B
***
There is one more fingering pattern for the diminished chords; this one involves only
two fingers. The fingering and piano keyboard for Edim is shown below. All four strings
are strummed, giving you G-E-E-Bb.
G E E Bb
What happens if instead of pressing C string 4th fret you press C string 1st fret, as
shown below? That will give a C# instead of an E. Then when you strum the 4 strings
you will get G-C#-E-Bb, which is the Edim7 chord. So by pressing the first fret on the E
and A strings, you have an Edim7 chord, not an Edim chord. Whenever you see Edim,
you can play Edim7. That’s because it is the same chord, with just an added C#.
96
G C# E Bb
Edim: E-G-Bb
There are 3 half steps between E and G, and between G and Bb
Edim7: E-G-Bb-C#
There are 3 half steps between E and G, between G and Bb, and between Bb and C#
Now the last bit of good news. The exact same fingering for Edim7 can be used to
play yet other group of diminished chords: With this fingering you are playing notes G,
C#, E and Bb, so all those diminished chords are also being played. Bb is the same as A#
and C# is the same as Db. Hence,
Gdim, A#dim, Bbdim, Dbdim, Edim and C#dim can all

be played with:
Same pattern for:
Gdim
A#dim (Bbdim)
Edim
C#dim (Dbdim)
To summarize, there are only 3 fingerings you need to know for all the diminished
chords. Here they are, screen copied from a recommended Youtube tutorial by “Ukulele
Mike.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDi90xxX0zI
97
Keep in mind that with the fingerings shown, you are really playing diminished 7th
chords. Here are the 3 diminished chord patterns, along with the chords each pattern can
be used for. The actual chord being played for each finger pattern is shown in
parentheses; note that all of the actual chords are diminished 7 chords. Since diminished
7 chords are tonally close to regular diminished chords, this fingering works.
Gdim (Gdim7)
A#dim (A#dim7)
Bbdim (Bbdim7)
Dbdim (Dbdim7)
Edim (Edim7)
C#dim (C#dim7)
G#dim (G#dim7)
Bdim (Bbdim7)
Abdim (Abdim7)
Fdim (Fdim7)
Ddim (Ddim7)
Gbdim (Gbdim7)
Cdim (Cdim7)
F#dim (F#dim7)
Adim (Adim7)
D#dim (D#dim7)
Ebdim (Ebdim7)
98
APPENDIX F: SUSPENDED CHORDS
One problem in uke-dom, for beginners, is the not-infrequent appearance of unusual
or simply unknown chords. Diminished and Augmented chords certainly fall under that
description, and I devoted the previous appendix to those two types.
Now we come to suspended chords, the subject of this appendix. But there are other
categories as well: sixth, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth chords, and still other categories
you’ve probably never heard of (e.g., “Minor, Major 7th”). Most commercial chord charts
run around 100 chords. Hal Leonard’s Ukulele Chord Finder book has over a 1000
chords (over 300 different ones, with 3 examples of each).
For the novice, this is just overwhelming. As has been repeatedly emphasized,
beginning players should concentrate on only about 2 dozen chords (see Appendix D).
Learn those well and you can play thousands of songs. Let the pros and experienced
musicians worry about all the others.
DEFINITION
In a suspended chord (abbreviated “Sus”) the major or minor third is omitted, and
replaced with either a perfect fourth (making a Sus4) or a major second (making a Sus2).
In popular music the Sus4 is much more common than Sus2.
What is their purpose? According to Wikipedia, “The lack of a minor or a major third
in the chord creates an open sound, while the dissonance between the fourth and fifth or
second and root creates tension.” According to Ukulele for Dummies (page 179), in rock
music “suspended chords are often used to build tension. [They] don’t have the note that
makes them major or minor. This gives them an incomplete sound which makes the
listener crave for the sound to be resolved.”
To better understand suspended chords I will use intervals shown on the keyboard;
these excellent keyboard figures are from http://www.piano-keyboard-
guide.com/suspended-chords.html.
The distance between any two keys is an interval. The name of the interval is based
on the number of half steps between two keys. This is very basic music theory, and
essential to understand the differences between major, minor and suspended chords.
Thus, for example, when there are:
 2 half steps between keys, the interval is called a major 2nd.
 4 half steps between keys, the interval is a called a major 3rd.
 5 half steps between keys, the interval is called a perfect 4th.
 7 half steps between keys, the interval is called a perfect 5th.
 12 half steps between adjacent keys, the interval is an octave.
Sus 4 chords
To change a major chord to a suspended 4 chord, the major third (4 half steps up) is
replaced with a perfect fourth (5 half steps up). Below is shown the change for C major.
99
G-C-E-C G-C-F-C
In Csus4, the major third (E) is replaced by F, which is a perfect fourth above C.
100
More Suspended Chord Examples
A C# E A ADEA
In Asus4, the major third (C#) is replaced by D, which is
a perfect 4th above A.
A D F# A G D G A
In Dsus4, the major third (F#) is replaced by G, which is
a perfect 4th above D.
GDGB GDGC
In Gsus4, the major third (B) is replaced by C, which is a
perfect 4th above G.
101
G D F B G D F C
In G7sus4, the major third (B) is replaced by C, which is a
perfect 4th above G.
Below is ukulele sheet music showing use of Dsus4 chords (from

http://www.sheetmusicdirect.us/sheetmusic/song/1000181304/closing-time?redirect=1).
102
Sus2 chords
Sus2 chords are rarely seen in uke song sheets. To change a major chord to a
suspended 2 chord, the major 3rd is omitted and replaced with a major second. Below is
shown the change for C major.
GCEC GDGC
In Csus2, the major third (E) is replaced by D, which is a major 2nd above C.
103
Here is the change for G major to Gsus2. Again, the major third (B) is omitted and
replaced with a major second (A).
GDGB GDG A
Common finger patterns for some Sus4 and Sus2 chords

Below are uke chord charts for three Suspended 4 chords (C, A and G) and three Suspended 2 chords (taken
from Ukulele for Dummies). Note that Csus4 is the same as Fsus2, and Asus4 is the same as
Dsus2
104
APPENDIX G: HOW TO USE THE UKULELE CAPO – BASIC
THEORY
By Larry Martin
[email protected]
1) Where you put the capo is the new nut.
2) Open strings (without the capo) are G-C-E-A. If the capo is put on first fret, then the next fret up
from the capo (the new nut) is ½ semitone higher. Thus the plucked notes on the second fret (with
capo on the 1st fret) become G#-C#-F-A#.
3) If the capo is put on the 2nd fret, then the next fret up from the capo – the 3rd fret -- is one full note
higher than the open strings. In this case the third fret has the following notes: A-D-F#-B.
4) Let’s say your music for a song is in the key of C, with the 1-4-5 chord progression C-F-G. The
jam session leader announces: “We’ll play it in D.” What to do? Answer: place the capo on the 2nd
fret, which is one full tone (two half-tones) higher, so that the key of C on your open uke now
becomes the key of D. Then the same finger patterns in relation to the capo (the new “nut”) give
the following chords.
1-4-5 progression for C is C-F-G 1-4-5 progression for D is D-G-A

Open uke, no capo Capo on 2nd fret (= key of D)
C chord fingering = G-C-E-C = C chord C chord fingering = A-D-F#-D = D chord
F chord fingering = A-C-F-A = F chord F chord fingering = B-D-G-B = G chord
G chord fingering = G-D-G-B = G chord G chord fingering = A-E-A-C# = A chord
105
Thus, with the capo on the second fret, you can now play the chords as written on your sheet music
for the key of C, but they will come out in the key of D.
5) What does it mean to play the chords as written on your music? It means to play the chords in your
key in the exact same finger position in relation to the capo as you would play them in relation to
the nut without the capo. This point is seldom made clear, so it bears repeating:
Play the chords on your music in the exact same position in relation to the capo as you
would play them in relation to the nut without the capo.
6) Another example. If you’re in a jam session, and your music for a song is in G, what to do if the
leader announces the song will be played in key of A? Answer: A is two half steps up from G, so
place the capo two frets up.
1-4-5 progression for G is G-C-D 1-4-5 progression for A is A-D-E

Open uke, no capo Capo on 2nd fret (= key of A)
G chord fingering = G-D-G-B = G chord G chord fingering = A-E-A-C# = A chord
C chord fingering = G-C-E-C = C chord C chord fingering = A-D-F#-D = D chord
D chord fingering = A-D-F#-A = D chord D chord fingering = B-E-G#-B = E chord
7) What if the conversion of one key to another is too high up the fret board for the capo to be
practical? Then you can either sit out the song, or transpose the chords in your head. For example,
your music is in D and the jam leader announces it will be played in C, which is 10 half tones or
frets up the fretboard. It is impractical to use a capo that high up. However, accomplished
musicians can transpose on the fly.
Chord Key of D Key of C
I D C
IV G F
V A G
106
Here is another example where the capo is impractical on the uke. Your music is in C and the
group leader announces the song will be played in G, which is 7 frets or half tones up. You can
either sit out the song or transpose the chords in your head.
Chord Key of C Key of G

1 C G
IV F C
V G D
8) A general rule is that you place the capo the number of steps up from your key to the new key you
want to play in, as long as it’s not too high up the fret board (some say beyond the 5th fret is too
high). The following table shows some of the possibilities.
Your key Key you want Place the capo on:

C D 2nd fret
C E 4th fret
D E 2nd fret
D F 3rd fret
F G 2nd fret
F A 4th fret
G A 2nd fret
G C 5th fret
Etc.
107
APPENDIX H: RANGE OF THE UKULELE AND THE LOW G
STRING
Compared to most instruments, the ukulele has a narrow range. Basically, it is about
two octaves, from middle C to the C note two octaves above middle C, shown on the
piano keyboard below. The notes of these two C’s as they appear on the treble clef are
directly below the piano keys.
Middle C AC
On the tenor uke, this is a range from the open C string to C played on the A string at
the 12th fret (see figure, next page). You can go higher, but that would be extremely
unlikely, especially for non-pros. As practical matter, there is unlikely to be any song you
will play that requires a note higher than the “A” at the 12th fret.
108
Below is a diagram of the fret board, showing where these three notes are played on
standard-tuned (G-C-E-A) uke. Middle C is played by plucking the open C string. C two
octaves higher than middle C is played by pressing the A string at the 15th fret and
plucking the A string. A just below this high C is played by pressing the A string at the
12th fret and plucking the A string.
Middle C (Open C string)
“A” just below highest C
C two octaves above middle C
109
The trebel staff below shows the range of notes from G below middle C to the A
played at the 12th fret. Middle C is shown by the thick arrow and the high A (the one
obtained by pressing the A string at the 12th fret) is shown by the skinny arrow.
Middle C A just below highest C
The standard-tuned uke does not go lower than middle C. What many uke players,
including beginners often want to do, is to go lower than middle C, to play the low G
shown on the staff. This ability opens up a whole host of new songs by which you can
melody. About a quarter of the songs in the two Beloff song books have melody notes
below middle C.
To play the low G you have to switch out the regular “high G” string for a thicker
“low G” string. The low G string is usually made of steel, like a guitar string, or some
propritary synthetic material that is thicker than the typical nylong strings of the standard-
tuned uke. The string is sold commercially, for just a few dollars. Several companies
make them, for all three sizes of uke. Below is the packaging for 3 brands. If you are
adept you can switch the string yourself, though beginners should probably have it done
professionally.
110
With a low G string you then have the following four “open strings” on your uke.
The following diagrams, from “Ukulele Mike” nicely show the difference between
standard G-C-E-A tuning and low G tuning.
(https://allthingsukulele.com/2013/10/15/low-g-high-g-the-discussion-goes-on/)
111
The standard G is known as re-entrant tuning, because the G is not the lowest note,
but “re-enters” the sequence after the E (from low to high: C-E-G-A). With low G the
notes go in sequence, from low to high: G-C-E-A. These diagrams also show A as the
highest note, but as already indicated, you can go higher on the fretboard (though you
should never need (or want) to.)
112
Music with low G
The following song, scored for ukulele with low G, plays notes ranging from D above
middle C to low G. You could not play this song (as written) on a standard tuned ukulele.
From http://www.sheetmusicplus.com/
113
APPENDIX I: BEYOND THE BASICS: CHUNKING, HAMMER-
ON & OTHER TECHNIQUES
There are many ways of playing the uke besides basic strumming and playing the
melody notes. I call these “Beyond the Basics,” because they are techniques we don’t
need, and shouldn’t bother with, unless and until we are more advanced in our playing. I
include them in this syllabus for two reasons. First, you will likely hear about them or see
one or more performed, and wonder just what the technique is. Second, you might find
one or two of them interesting enough to begin practicing, and adding to your repertoire.
I will cover these playing techniques in alphabetical order, listing web site URLs for
demos. Note that these are just a few of the many advanced uke techniques you can learn.
For a comprehensive list, see http://ukulelehunt.com/2010/02/24/advanced-ukulele-
lessons/.
***
Chunking (also called Chucking or Choking)

A percussive technique. Chunking is used to add a percussive sound to your
strum. Stuart Fuchs says it’s a way of making your uke into a snare drum.
To chunk, strum down using three or four fingers of your right hand, then
immediately dampen the strings with the side of your thumb (while your
thumb is pointed towards the ground).
Demos for Chunking on Uke

Stuart Fuchs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOBXx_u3ukE
Others
http://ukuleleunderground.com/2008/08/uke-minutes-23-chunking/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5yFj1RnRvQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plDhR5-epo0
***
114
Claw Hammer
Claw hammer is a banjo technique that can also be used with the ukulele, and is the
most difficult of all the techniques listed in this section. Anyone who can do this well
is probably a banjo player or a uke pro. There are several good Youtube videos of this
technique. The ones by Berean and Hefner are in several parts. Lil Rev has a much
shorter video that I recommend for beginners. The basic rhythm is BUM DIT-TY,
broken down into three separate actions. Here is the sequence as explained by Lil
Rev, with a picture from Part 2 of the Berean videos.
BUM
Right hand in claw shape, index finger plucks a string, e.g. the C string (other players
use the middle finger)
DIT
Then the back of the nail of your index finger strums the strings C, E, A (don’t bring
your thumb down during this movement)
TY
The thumb presses and releases the G string to create a popping sound
Demos for Claw Hammer on Uke
Lil Rev
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxVtV2wojyo
Berean
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYgnWlK887k
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWm2sC9iIKI
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVhIBAWW-DI
115
Guido Heisek
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgkR7C2Iu0Y
Richard Hefner: 1st of 4 on videos on claw hammer, by former banjo player

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zADviWdR7o
Ululeletim
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I02i9EWZ8Q
***
Fingerpicking
Fingerpicking – plucking individual strings instead of strumming them – was
originally a paragraph in this Appendix on Other Techniques. However, the more I
looked into it, the more I realized that it is not only a wide-ranging technique, with
several methodologies, but also vital to many players who want to go beyond simply
strumming their instrument. So I have now expanded Fingerpicking into its own section,
Appendix J.
***
Finger Roll
Aldrine Guerrero demonstrates several finger rolls: 3-finger, 5-finger, 8-finger and
10-finger. Basically a roll is where you use several fingers to strum the strings, rather
than just one finger.
Demos for Finger Roll on Uke:

Aldrine Geurrero
http://ukuleleunderground.com/courses/advanced-strumming-techniques/ (3-, 8- and

10-finger rolls)
116
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oP9yNREXn4s (5-finger roll)
***
Hammer-on & Pull-off

These two different techniques are usually taught together.
The hammer-on allows you go to from a lower note to a higher note without re-
plucking a string. Hammer on: lower  higher note
1. Pluck the string as usual.

2. Leave the string ringing while you quickly bring a finger down on the string (or
back down on the string if it’s fretted). Try to make most of the hammering
movement come from the knuckle — not your wrist — and land in the usual
fretting position just behind the fret wire. Think of a hammer; you are bringing
your finger down hard on the string so you should hear the string still ringing
without having to pick it.
The following is a measure of music from the Ukulele for Dummies web site.
http://www.dummies.com/art-center/music/ukulele/how-to-play-hammer-
on-notes-on-your-ukulele/
This measure consists of 8 eighth notes in 4/4 time, and is shown in both standard
musical notation and uke tablature. (Note that the key is Bb minor, with a Bb and an Eb.)
 The first plucked note is middle C, the open C string. As soon as C

is plucked, come down hard on the C string at the 3rd fret with your
finger; that action will elicit the note Eb (or D#). Use your tuner to
see this change.
117
 The second plucked note is an F. As soon as that note is plucked,
come down hard on the E string at the 3rd fret with your finger; that
action will elicit a G. Use your tuner to see this change.
 The third plucked note is a Bb. As soon as that note is plucked,
come down hard on the A string at the 3rd fret with your finger;
that action will elicit a C above middle C. Use your tuner to see
this change.
 The fourth plucked note is again an F. Same action as the 2nd
plucked note. Use your tuner to see this change.
Pull-off
The pull-off is opposite of the hammer-on. This technique allows you go to from
a higher note to a lower note without re-plucking a string on your uke.
Pull-off: higher  lower note
The following figure, from Ukulele for Dummies, shows a single measure of
music with 8 eighth notes, in both standard musical notation and tablature. (Again,
note that the key is Bb minor, with a Bb and an Eb.)
http://www.dummies.com/art-center/music/ukulele/how-to-play-pull-off-notes-
on-your-ukulele/
 Put your ring finger on the 3rd fret of the A string and your index finger on
the 1st fret of the A string. Then pluck the A string, which will give C
above middle C (pressing the 1st fret has no effect when the 3rd fret is also
pressed).
 As soon as that C note is plucked, pull your ring finger down slightly and
release it while your index finger remains on the 1st fret. This “pulling off”
the A string will elicit a Bb note, without having to pluck the A string
again. Use your tuner to see this change.
 Repeat the above two steps for the next three pull-offs.
Hammer-on and pull-off Demos on Uke

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofGc2DErV2c
http://ukuleleunderground.com/2008/07/uke-minutes-19-pull-offs-and-hammer-pull-
combos/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6yCsCNRMW0
118
***
Slide
Slide is the technique of moving from one fretted note to another without lifting
your finger. To perform a slide, first play a note in the normal way, by pressing on a
fret and plucking or picking that string. While the note is still ringing, slide the
fretting finger to the fret indicated for the second note, all the while pressing down on
the string. Do not lift your finger or the second note will die. The second note will
ring without having to pick it.
There are several ways of showing slides in notation. The simplest, and one I
prefer, is from Ukulele for Dummies.
http://www.dummies.com/art-center/music/ukulele/how-to-slide-notes-on-your-
ukulele/
Sliding down: from higher to lower note
The above figure shows two identical slides, in both the treble clef for standard
musical notation and in tablature. In each, you have your finger on the E string, 7th
fret. Pluck the E string to play a B (check with your tuner). After that note is plucked,
you slide the finger down the E string (toward the nut) and stop on the 5th fret, to
elicit an A.
Sliding up: from lower to higher note
The above figure shows two identical slides, in both the treble clef for standard
musical notation, and in tablature. In each, you have your finger on the E string, 5th
fret. Pluck the E string to play an A (check with your tuner). After that note is
plucked, you slide the finger up the E string (toward the sound hole) and stop on the
7th fret, to elicit a B.
Slide Demos on Uke

Good videos of uke slides are hard to find. Several of the videos show slides using
a plastic or metal slider, which covers all 4 strings at once, such as this one:
119
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATUyKlQpC4k
A reasonable demo showing the single finger technique is

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwQhIP9h0Es
***
Tremolo
Tremolo is a rapid back and forth motion with one or more fingers.
Demo videos of the tremolo on uke.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B82XbasUA-E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBxTUO5a8fg
***
Triplets
Triplets in the uke is a form of strumming, with three strums or notes occupying
the space of one or two beats. Lil Rev, in his Ukulele Method, Book 2, gives an
excellent description.
Say: TRIP a let

Strum: DOWN DOWN UP
Finger: 1st Thumb 1st
Count: 1 2 3
Accent: hard soft soft
Lil Rev demonstrates triplets at:

http://anyonemusic.blogspot.com/2008/06/ukulele-lesson-29-triplet-strums.html
(Other triplet videos are shown on this web site as well.)
120
Basically, a triplet strum plays three brushes across the strings when the musical
notation is typically played with the same number of strums per note. Thus a piece of
music in 4/4 time that you might play with 4 down strums, could also be played with a
triplet thrown in:
4/4 D D D D
With triplet: D D-D-U D D
Similarly, a piece of music in 4/4 time that you might play with 8 strums could also
be played by substituting a triplet for one of the down-up strums:
4/4 D-U D-U D-U D-U

With triplet: D D-D-U D D
Note also that the down-down-up sequence can vary. Aldrine Guererro demonstrates
a down-up-down triplet pattern (http://ukuleleunderground.com/2010/02/uke-minutes-79-
triplets/).
4/4 D D D D
With triplet: D D-U-D D D
The basic idea is to replace one or two strums with three quick strums.
In musical notation triplets are typically indicated by showing three notes as replacing
one or two notes; below are two examples.
121
APPENDIX J: FINGERPICKING
This Appendix assumes some familiarity with uke tablature and notes of the fretboard. If
not familiar with these I recommend first reviewing or re-reviewing Section 9: Playing
Melody on the Ukulele.
Fingerpicking – plucking individual strings instead of strumming them – is not really

for beginners, so why this Appendix? Because it’s the “next step,” a technique we should
all consider if we want something more than just
strumming chords. A very good uke player and
teacher I know, Tim Robinson, attends weekly uke
sessions where they play the same songs over and
over. While we beginners find it a challenge to make
the chord changes and keep the rhythm, Tim can do
that in his sleep. “Why do you keep coming?” I once
asked him. “Don’t you get bored?”
Tim Robinson
His answer was illuminating. “I practice finger picking. It’s a challenge each time.”
So at the next session I watched him play. While everyone else was strumming a C or F
or G7 chord to over-played songs, he was picking the strings that make up these chords.
He doesn’t care that the songs have been played a thousand times; for him, each session
is a challenge to his fingerpicking skills.
Below is the chorus of You Are My Sunshine, showing chords C, D and G. The
beginner may strum them with the usual down-down pattern, or even perhaps with a
down-up pattern – all fairly straightforward. Take chord C, for example.
You can strum like this:
122
Or like this:
Most beginners will likely strum one of these two ways. But if you’ve strummed this
simple chord week after week, and feel the need for some variety, you could try to “pick”
the notes of the chord. This means playing the notes of the chord one string at a time,
what musicians call an “arpeggio.” Here is the tablature for picking notes of the C chord
(the “5” means this is the fifth measure of the song it came from).
T I M A
A
E
C
G
In this particular example, from ukulelehunt.com, the fingers are labeled as follows.
T = Thumb; plucks the open G string

I = Index Finger; plucks the open C string
M = Middle Finger; plucks the open E string
A = Ring Finger; plucks the A string that is pressed at the 3rd fret (in this finger
nomenclature A is for annular, another name for ring finger); the resulting note
will be a C
123
Fingerpicking in perspective
The following points put fingerpicking in perspective for uke beginners.
 All beginning uke players start with basic strumming (down only, or down-
up) and basic chords (e.g., C, F and G7). Their goal is to finger the proper
chords while producing a strum pattern that is in rhythm with the singer
and/or other players. With time they typically learn more complex chords
(such as Bb and Em) and may try a variety of strum patterns, such as calypso
and triplets.
 Once the new player has learned about 20-25 chords, and how to strum a few
of the patterns described in this syllabus, he or she can be considered beyond
“beginner” level.
 As a “next step,” the beyond-beginner has several options:
o learn more chords and strum patterns
o learn some of the advanced techniques discussed in Appendix I (e.g.,
chumking, hammer-on and hammer-off, slides)
o learn to play individual notes.
Anyone is of course free to pursue none, one, two or all three of these
options. IF YOU DECIDE TO CHOOSE ONE OF THEM, I recommend
learning to play individual notes, i.e., fingerpicking. I think it will give
’more bang for your buck’, i.e., greater return in enjoyment compared to
other playing techniques you might pursue.
 This appendix is about playing individual notes, which is fingerpicking or
fingerstyle playing. By picking individual notes instead of strumming, you can
play:
o a simple melody (which was reviewed in Section 9)
o arpeggiated chords (notes of a chord one at a time)
o “licks” and “riffs (the terms are often used interchangeably to mean a
short musical idea or section of a song).
Fingerpicking Nomenclature
Before continuing, I should point out the inconsistency between finger naming for
picking chords vs. strumming chords. The finger nomenclature for strumming chords
uses T for thumb and 1-4 for the other four fingers, as shown below, with examples for
the C and D chords.
124
This finger nomenclature for chords is universal. Nomenclature is not universal for
fingerpicking. Books and web sites use varying names. Sometimes the thumb is labled
“p” meaning “pulgar,” a Spanish word for thumb. Sometimes capital letters are used,
sometimes lower case. In examples from the internet and books you will see these
different labelings.
Finger Fingerpicking Chords

Thumb T, t, P, p T
Index I, i 1
Middle M, m 2
Ring A, a, R, r 3
Pinkie Generally not used 4
Finger Picking Techniques

As to which fingers to use for which strings, there are several methods and no
standard. Some players pick the strings with just 2 fingers, some with 3, some with 4. Use
whichever way you feel most comfortable with, but whatever you do, start with one
method and stick with it; don’t change until you become proficient with one method.
Tim, who began playing several years ago, without a musical background,
recommends beginners and novice players start with just two fingers, the thumb and
index finger. It is the method he swears by, and still uses.
TWO-FINGER METHOD
Thumb – for g and C string
Index – for E and A string
Here is the C chord plucked with just two fingers.
125
A Index
E Index
C Thumb
G Thumb
This method is eminently reasonable for beginners. When you are comfortable and
proficient with just two fingers, you can add the middle finger.
THREE-FINGER METHOD
Most uke musicians seem to prefer, and therefore recommend, the three-finger
method, using thumb, index and middle fingers. Here is the C chord plucked with 3
fingers.

Index – for E string
Middle – for A string
A Middle
E Index
C Thumb
G Thumb
The following fingerpicking tablature for the 3-finger method is from Ukulele Hunt
(p=thumb, i=index, m=middle). Go to this web site to hear the notes played.
http://ukulelehunt.com/2013/09/25/thumb-and-two-fingers-picking/
***
126
Another proponent of 3-finger picking is Richard Hefner, shown below, along with
his three fingers in position. For his excellent tutorials see:
http://www.ezfolk.com/uke/Tutorials/Fingerpicking/fingerpicking.html.

Index – for E string
Middle – for A string
Hefner writes:
“Notice also in the picture that I usually rest my ring finger and pinkie on
the surface of the ukulele just below the strings to anchor my hand and
provide stability for the three fingers that are doing the picking. This 3-
finger style of picking has been commonly used by fingerstyle guitarists
such as Chet Atkins and many others as well as almost all bluegrass
banjo players. Of course the picking patterns have to be modified a bit
because of the different number of strings on the uke.”
Hefner demonstrates 14 short fingerpicking examples at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=RDR07Cmwpcsy0&v=UVET3VDpVD8
Also recommended: Hefner fingerpicking the chords to San Francisco Bay Blues, at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_T94_fZcwE&list=RDR07Cmwpcsy0&index=
15
***
127
Brett McQueen is also a proponent of 3-finger fingerpicking: thumb, index and middle
finger.
Brett McQueen
McQueen writes the following on his website, http://www.ukuleletricks.com/ukulele-

fingerpicking-nursery-rhymes/.
“A Common Question About Finger Placement

You might be wondering, “Why not use our ring finger as well, so each finger (thumb,
index, middle, and ring) can be assigned to a string?”
That’s a great question, and it’s one that’s often debated. Honestly, assigning each of
your four fingers to pluck one of the four strings on the ukulele is not a bad way to go for
some songs (such as the blues fingerpicking patterns).
However, fingerpicking like this can feel weird to some players, mainly in that, this
method doesn’t use our thumb to pluck the lowest string. Because we are in standard re-
entrant tuning, the lowest string on the ukulele is the second to top string. Some people
(myself included) find that it’s a bit more intuitive and natural to assign the thumb to
pluck this lowest string.
I prefer the three-finger fingerpicking technique for this reason and just because it’s
less fingers. Because of this, I recommend the three-finger technique, however, you
might need to experiment and see what works best for you.”
McQueen offers more insight into the difference between 3- and 4-finger methods in
his Ukulele Blues Fingerpicking Lessons for Beginners, at:
http://www.ukuleletricks.com/ukulele-blues-fingerpicking-lesson-pattern-1/.
In these Blues lessons he uses the 3-finger method. Blues songs typically have 12
bars or measures, as shown below (from McQueen’s website):
128
Below is McQueen’s Pattern#1 for the above 12 bar blues: a way to pick the A7, D7
and E7 chords. Each chord is shown as it would be fingered for strumming, followed by
McQueen’s tablature for fingerpicking the chord with 3 fingers (thumb, middle and
index). See also his video demonstraton on the web site above (highly recommeded).
A7
T M T I T M T I
a |-------0---------------0----------
e |---------------0---------------0--
c |---1---------------1--------------
g |-----------0---------------0------
4 Beat Count1->> & 2 & 3 & 4 &
-
D7
Note that he uses the less-common patttern for D7 (the “regular” or non-Hawaiian
D7), in which all 4 strings are pressed instead of just 2. One advantage of fingerpicking is
that you don’t have to worry about barring chords; for finger picking, this pattern is no
more difficult than the simpler D7 chord that presses only 2 strings.
129
T M T I T M T I
a |-------3---------------3----------
e |---------------2---------------2--
c |---2---------------2--------------
g |-----------2---------------2------
1 ->>& 2 & 3 & 4 &
4 Beat Count
-
E7
T M T I T M T I
a |-------2---------------2----------
e |---------------0---------------0--
c |---2---------------2--------------
g |-----------1---------------1------
1 ->>& 2 & 3 & 4 &
4 Beat Count
-
FOUR-FINGER METHOD
In this method each string is only played with one finger and each finger plays only
one string.
Thumb – g string
Index – C string
Middle – E string
Ring – A string
130
Here is the C chord using 4 fingers, followed by a picture of the 4-finger position
from Ukulele Hunt.
A Ring
E Middle
C Index
G Thumb
Below is an example of tablature using the 4-finger method; you can hear these notes
played at http://ukulelehunt.com/2013/09/25/one-finger-per-string-picking/.
131
***
Additional Example
Gary Jules has a detailed, easy to follow video using 4 fingers to play chords Amin,
G, C, D, at;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhdUf3soLpI&index=25&list=RDR07Cmwpcsy0.
Anatomy of a fingerpicking song

Below is an arrangement of Let It Be Me, by Mike Lynch, from his web site:
https://allthingsukulele.com/2014/06/08/let-it-be-me-solo-ukulele-fingerpicking-
arrangement-by-ukulele-mike-lynch/. It is in the key of F.
Lynch uses the 3-finger method, stating:
“Note that the fourth [G or g] and third [C] strings are exclusively played with the thumb while
the index finger plays all the notes on the third string and the middle finger plays all the notes on
the first string.”
This short bit of tablature demonstrates something common in fingerpicking songs:

plucking more than one string at a time.
A
E
C
G
132
First Measure
The first measure could be strummed with the F chord, as shown, but in fingerpicking
style it is played as a series of plucked 8th notes that make up the F chord: A-C-A-F-A-
C-F-A.
A C F A
Second Measure
The second measure is the C chord. The C chord for strumming is shown below.
G C E C
In Lynch’s fingerpicking tablature for this measure, the first 8th note is the entire C
chord, with three strings plucked at once: the fretted A string (which gives a C) and the
open E and G strings. This is different than strumming, since you get the plucking sound,
and not the brushing sound of the strum. Also, he does not pluck the C string, but the C is
obtained from the fretted A string.
Folliwng this C chord, he plays the arpeggiated notes of the C chord, with the
addition of a Bb, since it is in the key of F: C-E-Bb-A-C-G-C.
133
Third Measure
The third measure is the D minor chord. The Dm chord for
strumming is shown below.
In this fingerpicking tablature the notes of the Dm chord are picked as follows. A-D-
F-D-G-D-A-D.
In this way you are fingerpicking the song. Watch Mike fingerpick the song and
explain his method at the web site listed above.
Note again, that when more than one string is picked at the same time, if they are the
notes of a chord you are free to strum them. A combination of some strumming and
fingericking is a great way to mix up a song, and one reason why fingerpicking is so
pleasing when done well.
Books and Websites

This Appendix is the tiptop of the tip of a giant iceberg of information. Fingerpicking
the ukulele is a complex area, and one worth getting into, even if it’s only the basics as
introduced here. There are numerous books and web sites with detailed information on
fingerpicking. The first book listed, Ukulele Aerobics includes several other advanced
techniques besides fingerpicking. To open any web site, simply hover over the hyperlink
with your mouse or trackpad pointer, then right click and select “Open Weblink in
Browser.”
https://www.amazon.com/Ukulele-
Aerobics-Levels-Beginner-
Advanced/dp/147681306X/
Gives gives different exercises for each
day of the week, over a period of 40
weeks. The categories of exercise
include: chords (Monday); strumming
(Tuesday); fingerstyle (Wednesday);
scales (Thursday); legato, i.e., hammer-
on, hammer-off (Friday); licks & riffs
(Saturday); miscellaneous (Sunday).
134
https://www.amazon.com/Fingerstyle-
Ukulele-Method-Songbook-
Fingerpicking/dp/1458423115/
https://www.amazon.com/Learn-
Finger-Style-Ukulele-Music-
Theory/dp/150068144X/
This is a self-published work from

England, designed for rank beginners.
It has a few proofreading errors, which
I note on the Amazon web site, but still
offers a useful approach to fingerstyle
playing.
https://www.amazon.com/Learn-Play-
Fingerstyle-Solos-
Ukulele/dp/0786673427/
135
Fingerpicking-for-Uke Web Sites
Fingerpicking for beginners
http://ukulelego.com/tips/ukulele-fingerpicking-for-beginners/
Basic fingerpicking patterns

http://ukulelehunt.com/2013/09/25/fingerpicking-patterns/
Fingerpicking 101
http://www.ukeschool.com/ukulele/lessons/finger101.html
14 short fingerpicking examples

http://www.ezfolk.com/uke/Tutorials/Fingerpicking/fingerpicking.html
Fingerpicking on the C chord

http://www.poloniamusic.com/Ukulele_Fingerpicking_Free_Lesson.html
Blues fingerpicking
http://www.ukuleletricks.com/ukulele-blues-fingerpicking-lesson-pattern-1/
And one more...

The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain has been performing since the late 1980s, and
regularly tours the U.S. One of their signature pieces is the Ennio Morricone theme
from The Good, The Bad & The Ugly, a 1966 Italian film starring Clint Eastwood.
The UOGB performance is beyond masterful. Watch this vido for amazing
fingerpicking (plus some whistling, yodeling and a whole lot more).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLgJ7pk0X-s&list=RDdKpzCCuHDVY&index=9
136
APPENDIX K: 12-BAR BLUES
12-bar blues is a specific chord progression that can used in many songs. It is fairly
easy to learn, and can be a great addition to your playing package. To put 12-bar blues in
historical perspective, I’ll quote Steve McQueen, from his highly recommended web site
(which also shows him demonstrating 12-bar blues):
http://www.ukuleletricks.com/12-bar-blues-on-ukulele/.
“The blues has arguably been one of the most influential genres of music in the past century.
The chants, spirituals, and songs of African-American slaves in the 19th century gave birth to the
genre, while descendants of slaves carried their legacy into recorded form in the early 1900s.
“When people think of the blues, they typically think of a man with a raspy voice singing and
playing along with a guitar. While this is a common expression of the blues, it’s not unlikely that in
the early to mid-20th century people would sing and play the blues on their ukulele too.”
The 12-bar blues is made up of twelve bars or measures, with the following
characteristics.
 Each measure gets four beats; if you are using down strums only, you will
have 4 strums per measure: / / / /
 The commonest pattern (or chord progression) is I, IV, V. Thus if the music is
in the key of C, the chord progression will be some variation of C, F, G. If the
music is in the key of A, the chord progression will be A, D, E.
 Dominant chords can (and often do) substitute in the chord progression, to
give I7, IV7, V7 (or C7, F7, G7 in the key of C; A7, D7, E7 in the key of A).
 Once you play the 12 bars, repeat the entire form.
 There are several variations within the I, IV, V progression. One of the
commonest is:
o I chord for 4 measures
o IV chord for 2 measures
o V chord for 2 measures
An example of this 12-bar progression from McQueen’s web site is shown below, in
the Key of A; note that he uses the dominant 7 chords: A7, D7, E7.
137
A7 A7 A7 A7
D7 D7 A7 A7
E7 E7 A7 A7
Another common variation of 12-bar blues, from McQueen’s web site:

o I chord for 1 measure
o IV chord for 1 measure
o V chord for 1 measure
o I chord for 1 measure
o
138
Tim Robinson (pictured below), who teaches ukulele in The Villages, Florida, has
devised a useful chart to show the 12-bar blues chord progression in several keys.
For this chart Tim uses the following chord progression:

1st Bar //// 2nd Bar //// 3rd Bar //// 4th Bar ////
C D C D C D C D
I I I I
G A G A G A G A
5th Bar //// 6th Bar //// 7th Bar //// 8th Bar ////
F G F G C D C D
IV IV I I
C D7 C D7 G A G A
9th Bar //// 10th Bar //// 11th Bar //// 12th Bar ////
G7 A F G C D C D
V IV I I
D7 E7 C D7 G A G A
139
To play the 12-bar blues in any of the keys shown, you simply follow the letter
position in each box. For example, in Key of A (letter in right lower quadrant of each
box):
A A A A
D7 D7 A A
E7 D7 A A
Note that this progression uses the A major chord, but instead of D major and E major
chords, has the D7 (D dominant) and E7 (E dominant) chords. Shown below is the
fingering for these chords (including the Hawaiian D7; see Section 7).
In fact, several chords can be substituted for the major chords C, D, E, F, G and A, as
shown below.
C - C6, C7 F - F7,
D - D7, Am G - G7
E - E7 A - A7, Am
Thus in the key of A, you could have the following chord progression for 12-bar
blues.
A7 A7 A7 A7
D7 D7 Am Am
E7 D7 A7 A7
140
***
There are many examples of 12-bar blues for ukulele on the internet. Here are a few
simple videos I recommend, plus two text references. (Hover your mouse or trackpad
pointer over the link, then right click and select “Open Weblink in Browser”).
Aldrine Guerrero (2 minutes)

http://ukuleleunderground.com/2009/06/uke John Curtis (13 minutes)
-minutes-51-blues-ukulele-chords/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpIiyo4
dPsM
Brett McQueen (8 minutes)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjP79K
ogUuY For a free syllabus devoted to 12-bar blues
on the ukulele, see:
12 BAR BLUES FOR THE
UKULELE IN THE KEY OF ‘A’
https://marklele.files.wordpress.com/2014/0
2/12-bar-blues-for-uke.pdf
Ukulele Mike (5 minutes)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyXAA
XVaRoU
If you want to purchase an ebook devoted to

the subject, see
How To Play Blues Ukulele
Jim D’Ville (4 minutes) http://howtoplayukulele.com/how-to-play-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4uI3d blues-ukulele/
4j03g
141

Notes For The Beginning Ukulele Player

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Notes for the beginning

First placed online June 27, 2016

7. The notes on this piano keyboard represent which chord diagram?

8. The notes on this piano keyboard represent which chord diagram?

a) G string, 1st fret

d) None of these, as the calypso strum is used in 3/4 time songs.

The following 5 questions are True - False.

Answers at end of Preface

Why You Should Know This Stuff

Answers to “First, Take the Uke Quiz”

SECTION 1: NOTES OF THE UKULELE ................................................................................................................ 10

SECTION 2: MUSICAL KEYS AND CHORD PROGRESSIONS ........................................................................... 16

SECTION 3: THE UKE FRET BOARD ..................................................................................................................... 26

SECTION 4: COMMON CHORDS AND CHORD SUBSTITUTIONS.................................................................... 30

SECTION 5: LEAD AND SONG SHEETS, AND CHORDS .................................................................................... 32

SECTION 6: CHORD VEXATION AND MOVABLE CHORDS ............................................................................ 38

SECTION 7. CHORD TRICKS .................................................................................................................................. 43

SECTION 8: STRUMMING ....................................................................................................................................... 50

SECTION 9: PLAYING MELODY ON THE UKULELE ......................................................................................... 56

SECTION 10 – ANATOMY OF UKULELE SHEET MUSIC ................................................................................... 67

QUIZ TIME ................................................................................................................................................................. 71

ANSWERS TO QUIZ TIME....................................................................................................................................... 72

WEB SITE RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 74

APPENDIX A: UKULELE SIZES, TUNINGS AND PARTS ................................................................................... 75

APPENDIX B: THE C MAJOR SCALE .................................................................................................................... 79

APPENDIX E: AUGMENTED AND DIMINISHED CHORDS ............................................................................... 89

APPENDIX F: SUSPENDED CHORDS .................................................................................................................... 99

APPENDIX J: FINGERPICKING ............................................................................................................................ 122

APPENDIX K: 12-BAR BLUES .............................................................................................................................. 137

C25 E29 G32 A34

To repeat, the C major scale (including a repeat of the C) is:

Notes on the ukulele

Half Steps and Whole Steps

Half Steps Whole Steps

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Using your tuner, do the following:

QUIZ TIME – SECTION 1 –Notes of the Ukulele

C chord is C-E-G – the “1” (or I) chord

The I-IV-V Chord Progression for Key of C

Musical Key I-IV-V Chords

The G chord is played as shown.

The I-IV-V Chord Progression for Key of G

Here are the 1-IV-V chords for the G Major scale.

Musical Key I-IV-V Chords

Substituting V7 for V in Chord Progressions.

C Major Chords (chords in the key of C)

F Major Chords (chords in the key of F)

QUIZ TIME – SECTION 2 – Keys and Chord Progressions

Playing the C Major Scale on Your Fret Board

Musical Key I-IV-V Chords

QUIZ TIME – SECTION 3 – The Uke Fret Board

QUIZ TIME – SECTION 4 – Chord Substitution

Actual Songs, and How They are Printed

 I-IV-V Chord progression for Key of F: F-A-C

Here is Clementine in the key of C, using a song sheet.

QUIZ TIME – SECTION 5 – Song Sheets and Chords

Now if you are in the key of A, you can substitute E7 for E.

QUIZ TIME – SECTION 6 – Chord Vexation and Movable Chords

A different (but tonally similar) chord as substitute