Lecture-17

Memory WRITE Machine Cycle:

It also requires only T1 to T3 states. The purpose of memory
write machine cycle is to store the contents of any of the 8085A
register such as the accumulator into a memory location addressed
by a register pair such as (H,L).
The 8085A 𝜇𝑃 made IO/M = 0 in the beginning of T1 state to
indicate memory reference operation. Then it puts S0 = 1 and S1 = 0
indicating a memory write operation.
During T1 state 8085A places the memory address register
(MAR) higher byte such as the contents of the (H) register on lines
A15-A8 and also places the MAR lower byte such as the contents of
the (L) register on lines AD7-AD0. The 𝜇𝑝 sets ALE signal HIGH
indicating the beginning of MWRMC. As soon as ALE goes to low,
the lower byte of the address is latched in an external latch. During T2
state, WR goes LOW indicating memory write operation. It also
places the contents of the internal register, say accumulator, on data
lines AD7-AD0.
During T3 state, WR goes HIGH. This LOW to HIGH transition
is used to transfer the data from the data lines to the memory location
address by MAR such as (H,L) register pair.
MWRMC: Status signals IO/M=0, S1=0, S0=1
T1: A15-A8 (H), AD7-AD0 (L), ALE =

T2: WR = 0, AD7-AD0 (𝜇𝑝 Internal Reg.)

T3: WR = 1, , M(AB) AD7-AD0 or BDB

Similar to MRMC, the processor simply puts the data on the data bus
and makes required signals LOW or HIGH. It is the job of the external
decoding circuit to make use of these signals to enable the external
memory to accept the data from the data bus. Processor has no
control over it. Therefore, this action during T3 state is shown shaded.
The timing diagram during MWRMC is shown in fig.4.14:
T1 T2 T3
CLK

IO/M

S0

S1

(H)
A15-A8

T.S
AD7-AD0 (L) (A) data

ALE

WR

Fig.4.14 Timing Diagram During Memory Write Machine Cycle

I/O READ and I/O WRITE M/C cycle:

The IORDMC and IOWRMC are identical to MRMC &
MWRMC respectively except that appropriate status signals are
issued at the beginning of T1 state. IO/M signal goes HIGH at the
beginning to indicate I/O device reference is needed in case of I/O
mapped input/output device. In these machine cycles higher & lower
address bytes are identical and equal to the 8-bit address of the I/O
port while in case of MRMC or MWRMC, the address bus output is
the true 16-bits address. These machine cycles will be discussed in
detail alongwith I/O techniques.

HALT State: (THALT):

Whenever the HLT instruction is executed 𝜇𝑝 enters in to the
HALT state. The opcode for HLT instruction is 76H. Assume that an
opcode fetch machine cycle is initiated, and the opcode transferred to
the instruction register during T3 state is 76H i.e, the opcode of HLT
instruction. During state T4, the control unit decodes the instruction
opcode and sets an internal HALT flip-flop of the processor. Upon
exiting state T4, the 𝜇𝑝 enters state T1 of the next machine cycle. As
indicated in the figure, the HALT flip-flop is checked in T1 state of the
next machine cycle. If it is found set, instead of entering T2 state, the
𝜇𝑝 enters in to the HALT state otherwise in T2 state. Thus five states
are required to reach the HALT state. In the HALT state, the address
and address/data buses along with RD, WR and IO/M are placed in
their high independence states (floated).
There are only three ways to exit from a HALT state as shown
in fig.4.15.
1. A LOW an RESET IN input of the 8085A resets the entire system
and loads the program counter with all 0’s. When RESET IN
signal is active, 𝜇𝑝 comes out of HALT state and enters into
 RESET state and remains their as long as RESET IN is active.
After reset, 8085A immediately starts program execution from
0000H.
2. The second way to get out of the HALT state is to make the
HOLD signal input high. The processor then enters the HOLD
state, but when the HOLD input goes LOW again, the CPU
returns to the HALT state.
3. The third method of coming out of a HALT state is when and
interrupt signal is active. This method works only if interrupts were
enabled with an enable interrupt (EI) instruction in the program
before HALT instruction is executed. Whenever interrupt comes
𝜇𝑝 leaves the HALT state and start executing the interrupt service
subroutine (ISR).

RESET IN=0

RESET IN=0
TRESET

RESET IN=1 HOLD or VALID INT=1

T1 HALT(HLTA F/F=1)
THALT
HALT
(HLTA F/F=0)
HOLD=1 VALID INT=1

T2

READY=1

OFMC CC=6
T3 T4 T5 T6

OFMC CC=4

Fig.4.15 Partial State Transition Diagram indicating HALT State

WAIT State TWAIT:
According to timing specification for the 80854A, during a read
operation (OFMC/ MRMC/ IORMC), the device providing data to the
𝜇𝑝 must have valid data on the dater bus within [(5/2) T-225] ns after
the 𝜇𝑝 provides a valid address at its address pins. For T=320ns, the
memory or input device must have an access time of 575ns or less.
Sometimes microprocessors are used with memories or I/O
devices which have longer access time. In case of memories, the
lower the cost, generally the longer the access time. To
accommodate long access time, the longer the access time. To
accommodate long access time, the 8085A has a state called the
WAIT state, TWAIT as shown in fig.4.16

RESET IN=0
RESET IN=0

TRESET

RESET IN=1

T1 HALT(HLTA F/F=1)
THALT
HALT
(HLTA F/F=0)

READY=0 READY=0
T2 TWAIT

READY=1
READY=1

OFMC CC=6
T3 T4 T5 T6

OFMC CC=4

Fig.4.16 Partial State Transition Diagram indicating WAIT State

 When the 𝜇𝑝 places the address of the memory or I/O device
on address bus in T1 state, external control logic monitoring this
address can request that the microprocessor waits for a period of
time equal to an integral number of clock periods. The external
control logic does this by making the READY input signal to the 𝜇𝑝
logic ‘0’ during T2 state. After making RD signal LOW in T2 state,
microprocessor monitors READY signal input. If this input is found
LOW, then microprocessor enters in TWAIT state instead of T3. When
the READY signal becomes logic ‘1’, the 𝜇𝑝 comes out of TWAIT state
and enters into T3 state and machine cycle continues. Wait states
continue to be inserted as long as READY is LOW.
The effect of entering a wait states is to hold all external signals
from the 𝜇𝑝 in the same state they were on at the end of state T2 i.e.,
the content of address bus, data bus, and control bus are all held
constant. This stretches the duration of address and RD pulse, so
devices with access time greaten than 575ns can be read. If N wait
states are introduced into the machine cycle, the required access
time is [(5/2 + N) T-225] ns.
Fig.4.17a shows a circuit to insert single WAIT state in OFMC.

+5V D Q1 D Q2 READY

CLK CLK
Q2
CR
CLK(OUT)

Fig.4.17(a) Logic Circuit to Control READY Signal Input

 The waveforms at different points of control circuit alongwith
address bus, data bus and control signals are shown in fig.4.17b.
T1 T2 Twait T3 T4
CLK

CLK(OUT)

IO/M

S0

S1

A15-A8 (PCH)

AD7-AD0 (PCL) Op code

ALE

RD
Q1=1 Q2=1
Q2=0
READY

Fig.4.17(b) Waveforms at Different Points to Insert Single WAIT State

The CLK(OUT) signal is 180° out of phase with CLK signal. The
rising edge of CLK signal sets Q1 and therefore, D input of 2nd flip-
flop. Before the processor checks the READY signal during T2 state,
rising edge of CLK(OUT) signal makes the READY signal LOW.
Sampling of the READY line in state T2 inserts WAIT state The Q2
output also clears 1st flip-flop and Q1 becomes LOW. The next
CLK(OUT) signal sets the READY signal. Sampling of the READY
line again in WAIT state allows processor to enter in T3 state. Thus a
single WAIT state is inserted in OFMC and allows the 𝜇𝑝 to
synchronize to memories or I/O devices with long access time. This,
of course, is associated with increased instruction cycle time and
additional logic to control the READY input.
External logic controlling the READY line can be designed so
that none, a fixed number or a variable number of WAIT states
transitions occur during each cycle. This logic can also be designed
so that these wait states occurs only for specific types of machine
cycles eg. OFMC.
A monostable can be triggered by 8085A RD or WR pulse as
shown in fig.4.18, to make READY signal LOW each time the slower
device is addressed. The monostable can be enabled by the same
signal that is sent to select the addressed device. This prevents a
WAIT state to be introduced during each read or write operation.
R C

Q
READY
RD 74121
WR Monoshot

Fig.4.17 Monoshot Used to Make READY Signal LOW for Fixed Duration