Kolkata City Accident Report - 2018

Kolkata City Accident Study
Analysis of 868 Police reported crashes from January 2018 to December 2018
Submitted by:
JP RESEARCH INDIA PVT LTD
3rd Floor, Kovai Towers,
44A, Balasundaram Road, P N Palayam,
Coimbatore – 641037, Tamil Nadu, India.
Phone: +91-70446 39376
Submitted to:
The Deputy Commissioner of Police (Traffic), Kolkata city.
BB Ganguly Street, Poddar Court, Lal Bazar,
Kolkata - 700001, West Bengal, India.
11 April 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Pandey Santosh, IPS, Deputy Commissioner of Police
(Traffic), for giving us the opportunity to continue this pioneering research study in Kolkata city.
Our sincere appreciation and gratitude to all the officers of Kolkata Traffic Police, Traffic Control
Room (TCR) and Fatal Squad of Traffic Police (FSTP) for their support and co-operation.
This study is conducted under the Road Accident Sampling System – India (RASSI) initiative,
which is financially and technically supported by the following consortium members:
F IGURE 1: R ASSI C ONSORTIUM M EMBERS
We also thank and acknowledge the RASSI consortium members for their belief in safer road
travel for India, which ultimately has made this project possible.
We think this is a pioneering attempt in India towards data-driven road safety strategies that have
proven to be highly effective in mitigating fatalities, injuries and crashes around the world. We
hope that the data collected and analyzed from this study is useful to all the stake holders of
Kolkata city roads (including motorists and pedestrians) for data-driven decision making, which
will eventually make our journeys safer.
1
JP Research India Pvt. Ltd. || Kolkata City Accident Study (JAN’18 to DEC’18)
Executive Summary
The Traffic Control Room (TCR), Kolkata Traffic Police, sends crash notification email every
morning listing the fatal, serious and minor crashes that has occurred the previous day. Based on
the notification, crash investigators from JP Research India Pvt. Ltd. (JPRI) proceed for in-depth
on-site scientific crash investigation for selective cases based on a selection criteria. The TCR has
provided notifications on 868 crashes consisting of fatal, serious, minor and no injury crashes
from 01 January 2018 till 31 December 2018. This report provides a preliminary analysis of these
868 police reported crashes and offers a detailed analysis of 125 crashes that were scientifically
examined by JPRI to determine the various contributing factors influencing crashes and injuries
on the roads of Kolkata City.
The below table summarizes the count of fatal crashes and count of fatalities based on
notifications received from TCR and FSTP to JPRI.
T ABLE 1: D ISTRIBUTION OF ALL CRASHES , FATAL CRASHES AND FA TALITIES
Month All Crashes Fatal Crashes Fatalities
Jan 88 28 28
Feb 67 25 29
March 72 18 18
April 60 17 19
May 68 28 29
June 72 29 31
July 73 24 25
Aug 69 30 30
Sept 81 38 38
Oct 83 34 35
Nov 65 28 28
Dec 70 26 27
Total 868 325 337
Below data summarizes the fatal crash and fatality counts between 2015 and 2018. There is a
decreasing trend for total fatalities from the year 2015 to 2017, where the counts fall from 412 in
2015 to 329 in 2017. However, the year 2018 showed a slight increase in total fatal crashes and
fatalities when compared with the previous year.
T ABLE 2: C OMPARISON OF FATAL CRASHES AND FATALITIES BETWEEN 2015 AND 2018
2015 2016 2017 2018
Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal
Fatalities Fatalities Fatalities Fatalities
crashes crashes crashes crashes
Total 412 422 388 407 318 329 325 337
Monthly
34 35 32 34 27 27 27 28
Average
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Below table summarizes the distribution of Injury severity of police reported crashes (868
Crashes) and JPRI’s sample (125 Crashes) collected through in-depth scientific crash
investigations.
700 Police Data (n=868) RASSI Sample (n=125)
520
Count of Crashes
325
66 50 21 7 2 2
0
Fatal Serious Minor No Injury
Injury Severity
F IGURE 2: D ISTRIBUTION OF I NJURY S EVERITY
The top contributing factors for JPRI sample 125 crashes are as tabled below:
T ABLE 3: H ADDON M ATRIX FOR 125 CRASHES
Human (96%) Vehicle (86%) Infrastructure (81%)
Pedestrian - Dangerous M2W user knocked down to Poor pedestrian

behavior on roadway (24%) the ground (32%) infrastructure – crossing
(18%)
Disobeyed traffic signal Vision obstruction due to
(18%) vehicle interiors (18%) Poor road marking and
signage (18%)
Speeding - Excessive speed
for conditions (17%) Poor Intersection Design
(14%)
Pedestrian Inattention
Pre-Crash (13%) Undivided Road (12%)
Improper lane change/lane Vision Obstruction – Man

usage (12%) made structure (6%) &
Tree/Plantation (4%)
Speeding exceeding speed
limit (9%) Defective traffic signals
(5%)
Poor street lighting (4%)
Helmet not used (24%) Pedestrian knocked down Object impact – Road side –
to the ground (29%) manmade structure (7%)
Helmet not properly used
(8%) Pedestrian run over (17%) Object impact – road side –
Crash
trees/plantation (2%)
Seat belt not used (4%) Runover of M2W
rider/bicyclist (10%)
Post-Crash - Ejection (4%) -
3
Countermeasures are listed based on priority ranking and ease of implementation that can have
immediate effect on ground in terms of reduction of fatalities on road.
1. Counter measures related to road engineering;
Table 3 shows that 50% of crashes, there is an involvement of road engineering deficiencies
such as poor road marking and signage (18%), poor pedestrian infrastructure – crossing
(18%), Poor intersection design (14%). It is highly recommended that improving the existing
pedestrian crossing facility adhering to IRC 103 2012, providing proper road markings (IRC 35
2015) and road signage (IRC 67 2012) will enhance the road users to also counter the
contributing human factors such as “Pedestrian – dangerous behaviour on roadway (24%),
“Improper lane change/lane usage (12%).
2. Counter measures related to enforcement;

The data shows that “Helmet not used” contributed to 24% of crashes where head/face is
injured and “Helmet not properly used” contributed to another 8%. It is recommended that
enforcement drive on usage of helmets and how to strap it on properly, should be carried out in
the city. This can potentially avoid fatal/serious injuries to the motorcycle riders.
The data shows that “Disobeyed traffic signal” contributed to 18% of crashes. Enforcement
drive on traffic signal violations will help mitigate such fatal/serious crashes.
3. Counter measures related to buses:
Runover (of M2W rider/bicyclist or pedestrian or bus occupant) contribute to 30% of

crashes, most of them resulting in fatalities. Installation of runover protection devices have the
potential to avoid the M2W rider/bicyclist or pedestrian or bus occupant coming under the
wheels of Kolkata city buses.
Data shows that “vision obstruction due to vehicle interiors” contribute to 18% of the
crashes. Installation of mirrors in enhancing the vision of the driver to be able to see
pedestrians/motorists standing right in front of the bus will reduce the driver blind in front the
bus and avoid such crashes.
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Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 7
2 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 HOW DID THIS STUDY BEGIN? .................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 HOW IS JPRI CONDUCTING THIS STUDY FOR FREE FOR THE GOVERNMENT? ................................... 8
2.3 DOES THIS STUDY AFFECT MY PRIVACY? ................................................................................................ 9
2.4 OBJECTIVE OF THIS REPORT ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.5 ABOUT JP RESEARCH INDIA .................................................................................................................. 10
2.6 ABOUT ROAD ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM – INDIA (RASSI) ..................................................... 11
3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 CRASH NOTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 SCENE EXAMINATION ............................................................................................................................. 13
3.3 VEHICLE EXAMINATION ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 CRASH RECONSTRUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 INJURY ANALYSES ................................................................................................................................... 16
3.6 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS – A PRIMER ................................................................................................ 16
3.7 JPRI APPROACH TO STUDYING A CRASH ............................................................................................ 17
4 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................ 17
4.1 CRASH DATA SAMPLE ............................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 PRELIMINARY DATA ANALYSIS............................................................................................................. 18
DISTRIBUTION OF CRASHES BY MONTH OF OCCURRENCE....................................................... 18
DISTRIBUTION OF CRASHES BY DAY OF OCCURRENCE ............................................................. 19
DISTRIBUTION OF CRASHES BY TIME OF OCCURRENCE........................................................... 19
DISTRIBUTION BY ROAD USER TYPES INVOLVED ...................................................................... 20
AFFECTED ROAD USERS IN FATAL CRASHES ............................................................................... 20
FATAL PEDESTRIAN CRASHES (161 CRASHES, 165 FATALITIES) ......................................... 21
FATAL M2W CRASHES (94 CRASHES, 100 FATALITIES) ........................................................ 22
4.3 DISTRIBUTION OF INVOLVED ROAD USER FOR JPRI SAMPLE .......................................................... 22
4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF FIRST CRASH CONFIGURATION FOR RASSI SAMPLE ........................................ 23
4.5 DETAILED ANALYSIS – CONTRIBUTING FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR RASSI SAMPLE ........................ 23
INFRASTRUCTURE FACTORS ......................................................................................................... 24
VEHICLE FACTORS .......................................................................................................................... 25
HUMAN FACTORS ............................................................................................................................ 25
5 COUNTERMEASURES ........................................................................................................................................ 26
5.1 COUNTERING INFRASTRUCTURE FACTORS (81%) ........................................................................... 26
POOR PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURE (20%) .......................................................................... 26
POOR ROAD MARKINGS/SIGNAGE (18%) .................................................................................. 30
INTERSECTION (14%) .................................................................................................................. 31
UNDIVIDED ROADS - (12%) ........................................................................................................ 32
5.2 COUNTERING VEHICLE FACTORS (86%) ........................................................................................... 33
VISION OBSTRUCTION DUE TO VEHICLE INTERIORS (18%) ................................................... 33
M2W -KNOCK-DOWN (32%)AND SELF-FALL (6%) ............................................................. 34
PEDESTRIAN-KNOCK DOWN (29%)........................................................................................... 35
PEDESTRIAN-RUN OVER (17%), M2W RIDER/BICYCLIST –RUN OVER (10%),
RUNOVER OF BUS OCCUPANT (3%) ........................................................................................... 35
5
BUS OCCUPANT SELF FALL – VEHICLE FACTORS: ..................................................................... 36
5.3 COUNTERING HUMAN FACTORS (96%) ............................................................................................. 36
PEDESTRIAN - DANGEROUS BEHAVIOUR ON ROADWAY (24%) ............................................. 36
SPEEDING – EXCESSIVE SPEED FOR CONDITIONS (17%) & DRIVER INATTENTION/
DISTRACTION (9%) ....................................................................................................................... 37
VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS (18%) .................................................................................. 38
HELMETS NOT USED (24%), HELMETS NOT PROPERLY USED (8%) & SEATBELT NOT
USED (4%) ...................................................................................................................................... 38
6 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
7 APPENDIX........................................................................................................................................................... 40
7.1 PEDESTRIAN CRASH – CASE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 42
7.2 MOTORCYCLE CRASH – CASE STUDY .................................................................................................... 43
7.3 BUS OCCUPANT SELF-FALL – CASE STUDY.......................................................................................... 44
7.4 BLACK SPOT ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 45
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1 Introduction
Kolkata is the capital city of the state of West Bengal and largest city of eastern India. It is the third
most populous metropolitan city and seventh largest city in India. Being the principal commercial,
cultural, and educational center of East India, the city houses 4.5 million densely populated
residents. The roads of Kolkata carry a mix of pedestrians, taxi’s, cars, buses and goods carriers.
The study area for the road accident study covers 400 kilometers of roads. It includes only urban
areas that fall under KMC (Kolkata Municipal Corporation). The areas covered under the study
area are: Ballygunge, Alipore, New Alipore, Lansdowne, Bhowanipore, Tollygunge, Jodhpur park,
Lake gardens, Golf green, Jadavpur, Santoshpur, Kasba, Garden reach, Behala, Thakurpukur,
Kudghat, Ranikuthi, Bansdroni, Baghajatin and Garia. To the west of the city, South port, West
port, Garden reach, Khidderpore, Metiabruz, Taratala, Watgunge, Rajabagan, and Nadial. The
main corridors of Kolkata are North-South street from Shyambazar to Tollygunge, named
Bhupendra Bose Avenue, Jatindra Mohan Avenue road, Chittaranjan Avenue, Jawaharlal Nehru
Road, Ashutosh Mukherjee Road, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road and Deshpran Sashmal Road.
One of most important roads in the Kolkata city is the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass (E.M. bypass)
that runs from north to south along the east edge of the city. The most important east-west
corridor is A.J.C. Bose Road and Park Circus Connector, connecting Vidyasagar Setu and Eastern
Metropolitan Bypass.
F IGURE 3: M AP S HOWING S TUDY A REA IN K OLKATA CITY

(C OURTESY : G OOGLE M APS )
2 Background
2.1 How did this study begin?
In July 2014, the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in Kolkata and ITC Limited invited JPRI to
present the importance of scientific crash investigations at a meeting, attended by CII
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representatives and the then Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) – Traffic, Kolkata city. During
the meeting, the DCP expressed interest in conducting on-site crash investigations to understand
the causal and contributing factors of fatal crashes in Kolkata city. Subsequently, in September
2014, JPRI presented the requisites to initiate activities for conducting the research, to the
Kolkata Traffic Police and, after the necessary permissions, began on-site crash investigations of
fatal crashes from 11th November 2014. Currently, JPRI has completed 4 years of Accident Study
in Kolkata and continues to do accident research for the year 2019/2020 with the continued
support from Kolkata Traffic Police.
2.2 How is JPRI conducting this study for free for the governme nt?
This study is being conducted at NO COST TO THE GOVERNMENT. JPRI respects and is grateful
for the cooperation provided by the police and other government agencies for conducting these
in-depth crash investigation studies. In return, JPRI provides a one-page-per-case report on road
engineering countermeasures for all the fatal road crashes and selective non-fatal cases to the
Fatal Squad of Traffic Police (FSTP). This report contains scientific, detailed and unbiased insights
regarding road safety infrastructural issues in Kolkata and its cost-effective counter measures in-
line with the standards issued by Indian Road Congress (IRC).
F IGURE 4: C RASH I NVESTIGATIONS BEING CARRIED OUT BY JPRI C RASH R ESEARCH T EAM
JPRI research teams spend considerable amount of time examining road crashes. In-depth crash
investigations are conducted in a scientific manner involving detailed examination of the crash
8
scene, crashed vehicles and the injuries sustained by the victims of the crashes. In possible case,
researchers also interview the victims to understand the crash sequences better. CCTV footage, if
available, is also collected from the Traffic Control Room (TCR) of Kolkata Police, for further
analysis. The data collected is stored in a database which allows for detailed analysis of crashes.
Numerous measurements, notes and observations are made on scientific crash data forms, which
are used to build a scientific database called “Road Accident Sampling System – India”, or “RASSI”
in short. This scientific database is shared by a consortium of automotive manufacturers who use
it for improving vehicle design and developing India-specific safety technologies. This scientific
research consortium provides financial and technical support to JPRI under the RASSI initiative
for obtaining this scientific data.
2.3 Does this study affect my privacy?

This study is purely scientific, and any personal information such as victim names, contact
numbers, vehicle registration numbers, etc. are NOT STORED in the analytical database.
JPRI crash investigation processes are aimed at making unbiased scientific examination of each
crash to determine the various contributing factors to better understand effective counter
measures. To maintain anonymity, JPRI researchers, after completing a crash examination, de-
identify all the personal details before being fed into the analytical database.
2.4 Objective of this report

Traffic Control Room (TCR) and Fatal Squad of Traffic Police (FSTP) have provided notifications
on 868 crashes consisting of fatal, serious, minor and no injury crashes. This report provides
preliminary analysis of these police reported crashes and offers a detailed analysis of the various
contributing factors influencing crashes and injuries on the roads of Kolkata City for 125 cases
investigated in-depth by JPRI. The report not only identifies these “contributing factors” but also
ranks them based on the number of crashes these factors have influenced. This ranking is aimed
at helping decision makers and road safety stakeholders in planning cost effective road safety
investments using data-driven road safety strategies.
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2.5 About JP Research India
JP Research India Pvt. Ltd. (JPRI) is a research company in the business of automotive crash data
collection and analysis. The company, a fully owned subsidiary of JP Research, Inc., is a forerunner
in road safety research and has undertaken pioneering on-scene crash investigation and in-depth
data collection projects aimed at scientifically understanding and mitigating road traffic fatalities
in India.
Crash research has proven to be the best way to understand the characteristics of real-world road
traffic crashes. Countries such as the USA, UK, Germany and Japan have benefited from the use
the results of such research in significantly reducing the number of road traffic fatalities in their
countries. The fact that India has been losing approximately 1,50,000 lives on its roads every year
makes it imperative that such in-depth studies be conducted to aid swift steps in addressing the
key factors influencing the high traffic mortality rate in India.
JPRI is experienced and well established in using crash research methodologies developed in
other nations and customizing these to suit India’s unique traffic conditions. After conducting
numerous studies and on-site crash research projects on Indian roads, JP Research India has
developed its own India-specific crash data collection forms, a methodology for conducting site
and vehicle crash investigations in the inimitable Indian traffic environment, and a searchable
database of in-depth crash data. In addition, the company’s experts offer training in all of these
areas, for those who would prefer to perform their own data collection and analysis.
In other words, at JP Research India, our overriding objective is to understand Indian roads, traffic
and road users in ways that can be used to save lives: ours and yours.
Contact:
E-Mail: [email protected]
Website: www.jpresearchindia.com
Head Office:
JP RESEARCH INDIA PVT. LTD.
3rd Floor, Kovai Towers,
44A, Balasundaram Road, P N Palayam,
Coimbatore – 641 037, Tamil Nadu, India.
Phone: +91-422-4500437/38/39
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2.6 About Road Accident Sampling System – India (RASSI)
While the economic and social benefits of implementing standardized crash reporting and crash
data collection systems to improve road and automotive safety thus reducing fatalities have been
demonstrated in Europe and the USA for some time, there has been no comparable system in
India. The absence of systematically collected, nationwide in-depth traffic crash data has been
seriously impeding scientific research and analysis of road traffic crashes in India. Only real world
crash data, properly defined, can reliably identify the key factors that contribute to traffic crashes,
both in terms of their frequency and severity. Further, since cultural and socio-economic
conditions, as well as the roads themselves, affect driving conditions and crash outcomes, the data
must be specific to a particular region. An automotive crash data system, based on US/European
model but modified for Indian conditions, has been successfully demonstrated in the state of
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal and Rajasthan by a consortium of private
companies. This initiative is called RASSI.
The genesis of the RASSI project began with a passenger car crash analysis study undertaken in
Chennai, Tamil Nadu. This led to short-term crash studies on National Highways (NH) in the
districts of Kanchipuram and Coimbatore, with the cooperation of the Tamil Nadu state police.
Based on the experience from these initial studies, a robust methodology was developed to
perform in-depth crash data collection and research that applied generically to all Indian roads.
A relational database was also developed to record the scientific data obtained from each crash
investigated by the researchers. Based on the early success of RASSI, a number of OEMs came
forward to provide financial support for the continuation of the study on a yearly basis. In 2011
in JPRI’s Coimbatore Data Centre, the RASSI Consortium officially came into being, and members
were granted interactive access to the database.
Crashes are investigated continually in detail by JPRI teams in Coimbatore, Pune, Ahmedabad,
Kolkata and Jaipur. The program logs a wide array of data including vehicle and crash site
photographs. The teams collect and assess detailed evidence such as skid marks, broken glass,
impacted objects, and measurements of crash damage to the vehicle and identify interior vehicle
locations contacted by occupants during the crash event. The teams then follow up with on-site
investigations by linking medical record reviews to document the nature and severity of injury
from a crash.
The long-term goal of the RASSI Consortium is to create an integrated network of data centres
across India with the support of other automotive and transportation-related companies and of
11
the Government. This would result in a common set of automotive crash data for research and
analysis of root causes for the country.
Contact:
Website www.rassi.org.in
Mr. Ravishankar Rajaraman

RASSI Technical Committee Chairman
([email protected])
RASSI Business Committee Chairman Mr. Ajit Dandapani

([email protected])
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3 Methodology
3.1 Crash Notification
Every morning, TCR notifies JPRI of all fatal and injury crashes in the study area that occurred on
the previous day. On receiving the notification, JPRI researchers evaluates the data provided in
the notification and based on a selection criteria, decides on the list of crashes that can be
scientifically taken up for investigation. The basic criteria to be met for a crash to be investigated
by the JPRI researchers include; 1. Crash must involve at least one motorized vehicle and 2. Crash
spot has to be on a public road with in the study (with Kolkata city jurisdiction). In addition, other
details such as crash spot has to identifiable by knowing the final rest positions, vehicle
trajectories, other evidences. After taking up the case, JPRI researcher will collect the CCTV from
TCR, if available, and then reach the crash scene to examine the scene evidence and inspect the
involved vehicles. Vehicle inspection is done at crash scene or police station, wherever the
vehicles are available.
Injury Analyses
Reconstruction
Vehicle and Scene

Examination
Notification from
TCR & Collection
of CCTV
F IGURE 5: JPRI M ETHODOLOGY OF C RASH I NVESTIGATION
The Kolkata Traffic Police has installed CCTV cameras at various locations, and videos of crashes
recorded by these CCTV cameras give good information on pre-crash, crash and post-crash. But
many crashes still take place in areas not monitored by CCTV cameras, or beyond the viewing
range of the installed CCTV cameras.
3.2 Scene E xamination

Crash scene inspection includes taking pictures of roads and vehicle paths, as well as final rest
positions of the vehicles, if they are still at the scene. Photos are taken of any crash evidence such
13
as skid marks, debris or gouges on the roadway. A scene sketch of the crash scene is then created,
which includes the roadway, vehicle trajectories, scratch marks, debris location, oil pool, blood
pool and final rest positions of the involved vehicles. A measuring wheel is used to take scene
measurements. Global Positioning System (GPS) logs are also taken for every crash, in order to
plot the crash locations spatially and to identify the scene at a later time, if required. Finally,
infrastructure parameters including road and roadside configuration, traffic control information,
road and weather conditions and other pertinent information are collected.
F IGURE 6: S CALED S CENE D IAGRAM
3.3 Vehicle Examination

Crash vehicles are examined at the crash scene, if available on spot, or at the police station if the
vehicles are towed away. The exterior parts of the vehicle are examined to ascertain the impact
and damage profile (direct and indirect). These values are required for determining other
properties of impact such as collision severity (e.g., delta-V, EES). Finally, where possible, each
impact is correlated to the impacts on the collision partner. The impacts are examined for
evidence, such as paint transfer or deposited debris (e.g., metal, tree bark, graze from contact with
a solid object), that can confirm such correlations. Road user contacts (e.g., motorcycle riders,
pedestrians) on the exterior surface of the vehicle are recorded on a vehicle outline sketch.
14
The interior of the vehicle is examined to identify any intrusion into the passenger compartment,
any occupant contacts with the interior components and structures, any use of and deployment
of safety systems such as seat belts, pre-tensioners and airbags. The intruding component is
identified and the reduction in occupant space in any of the 3 axes (longitudinal, lateral or
vertical) is determined. Deformation of structures due to loading from occupants and interior
occupant contacts are used in identifying the occupant kinematics during the crash. Airbags and
seat belt components (webbing, pre-tensioners, etc.) are also examined using well-established
methods to ascertain whether they have been deployed or used by the occupant. Finally all views
of the vehicle, the damage locations, occupant contact evidence and any salient points on the
vehicles and collision partners are photographed.
F IGURE 7: V EHICLE EXAMINATION A T POLICE STATION
3.4 Crash Reconstruction

Based on the obtained evidence and information, Newtonian laws are employed to obtain the
speed of the vehicle at the point of impact. In the absence of reliable evidence on the scene or
vehicles, CCTV footage is used to calculate the speed. For complex cases, reconstruction is done
using a software named ‘PC Crash’. A snapshot of 3D reconstruction is shown in Figure 8.
15
F IGURE 8: 3D VIEW OF CRASH RECONS TRUCTION
3.5 Injury Analyses
For all the crashes investigated in-depth, injury reports are collected to analyze the injury details
of the affected road user.
F IGURE 9: INJURY SKETCH SHOWING DETAILS OF OCCUPANT ’ S INJURIES
3.6 Contributing Factors – A Primer
Road traffic crashes are primarily influenced by three main factors:

 Human (Drivers, Motorcycle/Bicycle Riders, Passengers and Pedestrians)
 Vehicle (Vehicle structure, Design)
 Infrastructure (Roadway and the Environment)
Typically, crashes are analyzed for each of the above factors, and the crash is finalized as a result
of a problem with only one of these factors. This type of analysis results in an overrepresentation
of human failures and tend to identify driver errors as the main contributor to road traffic crashes.
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Thus, the commonly repeated wisdom – “Driver error is the cause of over 90% of crashes”. The
problem with this type of analysis is the assumption that the driver initiated the crash and hence
all responsibility lies with the driver. Influencing factors which are vehicle-related and
infrastructure-related are often not accounted for, even though they are an inseparable part of
the whole crash situation.
3.7 JPRI Approach to Studying a Crash

When JPRI researchers examine a crash, efforts are made to determine all the possible failures
with each of the above three factors (human, vehicle and infrastructure) leading to the occurrence
of that crash. This is because each of these factors can influence crashes independently or as a
combination. This kind of analysis gives a broader perspective and can help identify vehicle and
infrastructure related solutions that can prevent crashes and mitigate injuries in spite of human
errors.
“The conventional approach” “JPRI approach”
CRASHES
HUMAN
OR OR
HUMAN INFRA
VEHICLE INFRA
VEHICLE
F IGURE 10: A PPROACHES FOR ANALYZING ACCIDENT CAUSES
4 Data Analysis
The following sections include analysis at two levels
i) Preliminary level based on the 868 crashes notified by the police; to highlight the
basic crash characteristics
ii) In-depth level based on the 125 crashes investigated in-depth by JPRI; to list the
contributing factors leading to the occurrence of crashes.
4.1 Crash Data Sample

Over the period of one year from 01st January 2018 to 31st December 2018, 868 crashes were
notified by the TCR to JPRI. Of these 325 were fatal crashes resulting in 337 fatalities and 51
serious injuries, 520 serious injury crashes resulting in about 596 seriously injured victims. Of
17
these 868 crashes, 125 crashes (66-Fatal, 50-Serious, 7-Minor, 2-No Injury) were studied through
on-site scientific crash investigations for an in-depth understanding of these crashes.
700
Police Data (n=868) RASSI Sample (n=125)
520
Count of Crashes
325
66 50 21 7 2 2
0
Fatal Serious Minor No Injury
Injury Severity
F IGURE 11: D ISTRIBUTION OF I NJURY SEVERITY FOR POLICE DATA AND RASSI SAMPLE
4.2 Preliminary Data Analysis

The 868 crashes notified to JPRI contained preliminary information related to time of accident,
location, road user type and severity of the crash. Out of the 70 police stations in the study area,
the top 15 police stations account for 42% of all fatal crashes across the city (Figure 12). Kasba
and burtolla entered the top 15 list this year (2018) ranking 1st and 2nd place, while it was not in
the top 15 police stations last year (2017) contributing to fatal crashes. Hastings went down to
3rd place after a decrease of fatal crashes from 19 in 2017 to 11 in 2018.
60
All Crashes (346) Fatal Crashes (141)
Count of Crashes
/ Fatal Crashes
39
28 29 31
22 22 22 25 25
21 20 21
17
13 11 11 11 10 10 11 8 13
9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8
Police Station
F IGURE 12 D ISTRIBUTION OF CRASHES FOR TOP 15 POLICE STATION
Dist ribut ion of Crashes by Month of occurrence

Plotting the 868 crashes against the month of occurrence highlights that the most vulnerable
months are January (10%), October (10%) and May (9%). The peak during October could be
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attributed to the long holidays for Durga puja but no further information available for deeper
analysis.
20%
All crashes (868) Fatal crashes (325)
% of crashes
10% 9% 12% 10%

8% 8% 9% 9%
9% 8% 8% 7% 9% 8%
9% 10%
8% 8% 7% 8% 8%
6% 5% 7%
0%
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month
F IGURE 13: D ISTRIBUTION OF ACCID ENTS BY MONTH
Dist ribut ion of Crashes by Day of occurrence
30%
19%
% of crashes
18% 15% 15% 14% 16%

12%
15% 12% 15% 14%
11% 12%
10%
0%
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Day of Occurrence
F IGURE 14: D ISTRIBUTION OF 868 CRASHES BY D AY OF W EEK
The 868 crashes were plotted against day of week to highlight the trends of crash occurrence
through a week. Sunday and Monday show a spike in fatal crashes (19% & 18% respectively).
Dist ribut ion of Crashes by Time of Occurrence

The 868 crashes were plotted in time intervals of 3 hours to identify the trend of time of crash
occurrence (Figure 15). About one third of a fatal crash occurs between 21:00 and 02:59.
25%
20%
15% 16%
14% 13% 18%
% of crashes
13%
12% 9% 13%
11% 10% 12% 10%
9%
7%
0%
00:00-02:59 03:00-05:59 06:00-08:59 09:00-11:59 12:00-14:59 15:00-17:59 18:00-20:59 21:00-23:59
Timezone
F IGURE 15: D ISTRIBUTION OF 868 C RASHES BY T IME OF O CCURRENCE
19
Dist ribut ion by Road user types invol ved
A total of 1448 road users (1074 vehicle occupants and 384 pedestrians) were involved in the
868 crashes, of which, the vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists)
contribute to 49% of total road users involved in 868 crashes (Figure 16). Unknown vehicles (6%)
are a result of Hit and Run cases, where one of the vehicles involved had fled the scene and could
not be identified.
50%
All Vehicles and Pedestrians (1,448)
% of road users
26%
20% 18% 15%
8% 6% 3% 3% 1% 0%
0%
Pedestrian M2W Car BUS Truck Unknown Auto Bicycle Other Tricycle
Road Users Rickshaw
F IGURE 16: P ERCENTAGE D ISTRIBUTION OF V EHICLES AND P EDESTRIANS I NVOLVED IN THE 868 CRASHES .
Please note that the figure is based on a count of the vehicles and pedestrians involved in the analysis
and not the number of occupants or crashes. In the case of pedestrians, each pedestrian is a single
count.
Affected road users in fat al crashes

The 868 crashes resulted in 325 fatal road users and 635 seriously injured road users. While
pedestrians contribute the highest share of fatal road user, M2W contribute the highest as
motorized fatal road user. Apart from M2W and Pedestrians, it is also seen that 6% of the road
crash fatalities are Bus passengers (Figure 17).
80%
Total Road User Fatal Road Users
% of road users
50%
41% 37%
29%
6% 6% 5% 8% 4% 3% 3% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1%
0%
Pedestrian M2W Bus Bicycle Car Auto Truck Minitruck Other
Rickshaw
Affected Road Users
F IGURE 17: D ISTRIBUTION OF AFFEC TED ROAD USERS FOR F ATAL AND ALL CRASHES
Please note that percentages given for pedestrians and vehicles reflect a count of road users with at
least one fatal or seriously injured victim in a crash.
20
Given the high incidence and vulnerability, the following sections of the report will focus mainly
on the following road users.
 Pedestrian (165 fatalities)
 Motorized 2-wheeler (100 M2W fatalities)
 Bus Passenger (18 fatalities)
Fatal Pedest rian Crashes (161 crashes, 165 fatalities)

4.2.6.1 Collision Partner anal ysis
A collision partner analysis for pedestrian crashes plots the frequency of pedestrian crashes
against the road user type that impacted these pedestrians. 42% of fatal pedestrian accidents are
with either a Bus or a Truck. In these crashes, Buses or Trucks either knocked down the
pedestrian or knocked down and ran-over the pedestrian. 21% of fatal pedestrians are impacted
by passenger cars followed by M2Ws at 12%.
40%
All pedestrians (365) Fatal pedestrians (165)
26%28% 25%
% of crashes
21%
15% 16% 16%
14% 12%
10%
4% 5% 3% 4%
1% 1%
0%
Collision Partner
F IGURE 18: D ISTRIBUTION OF C OLLISION P ARTNER FOR F ATAL P EDESTRIAN C RASHES
21% of fatal pedestrians are as a result of impact by unknown vehicles (Figure 18). These are hit
and run crashes, where, the collision partner (could be Bus, Car, Truck or M2W) fled the scene
after the impact with pedestrian. The collision partner for these crashes could not be identified
due to unavailability of CCTV at these location.
21
Fatal M2W crashes (9 4 crashes, 100 fatalities)
4.2.7.1 Collision part ner analysis
40%
All M2Ws (N=373) Fatal M2W road users (N=94)
29% 29%
23% 23% 22%
15%
%
12% 13%
6% 6% 5% 5%
1% 3% 2% 3% 2% 0%
0%
Collosion partners
F IGURE 19: D ISTRIBUTION BY COLLISION PARTNER FOR FAT AL M2W CRASHES
29% of fatal motorcycle road users are a result of the motorcycle rider self-fall or object impact.
These are crashes where the rider had lost balance and fell off the motorcycle without any
external impact or force acting on them. Next to Car (23%), Heavy vehicles are the most
frequented collision partner for M2Ws at 17% (12% trucks and 5% Bus).
4.3 Distribution of involved road user for JPRI Sample

50%
39% 39% All Vehicles and Pedestrians (245)

Fatal Vehicle users and Pedestrians (67)
% of road users
23% 22%
20%
14%
12%
7% 7%
3% 3% 3% 3% 1% 3%
0% 0% 1%
0%
M2W Car Pedestrian Bus Truck Minitruck Bicycle M3W Other
Road User Type
F IGURE 20: D ISTRIBUTION OF INVOL VED ROAD USERS
Figure 20 shows that vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and motorized two wheelers
share about 85% fatal crashes in JPRI sample.
22
4.4 Distribution of First Crash configuration for RASSI Sample
40%
30% First Crash Configuration (N=125 RASSI cases)
% of Crashes
22%
14%
9% 9%
5% 4% 3% 2% 2%
0%
Pedestrian Side / Object Head-on Rear End M2W Sideswipe Bus Rollover Bus
Angle rider / occupant occupant
Impact Bicyclist self-fall self-fall
self fall and run
over by
same bus
First Crash Configuration
F IGURE 21: D ISTRIBUTION OF FIRST CRASH CONFIGURATION
4.5 Detailed Analysis – Contributing Factor Analysis for RASSI sample

A distribution by contributing factors (Human/Vehicle/Infrastructure) for the 125 crashes
analyzed is shown in the Venn diagram Figure 22. All three factors together had contributed to
47% of crashes. Followed by the Vehicle and Human factors (27%).
Human (96%)
2%
17% 10%
67%
0% 2% 2%
Vehicle (86%) Infrastructure (81%)
F IGURE 22: V ENN DIAGRAM ANALYSIS FOR 125 CRASHES IN K OLKATA C ITY
23
The influence of each factor in the occurrence of 125 crashes are shown in Table 4.
T ABLE 4: D ISTRIBUTION OF PERCE NTAGE OF CF FACTORS
Factor All Combinations Alone
Human 96% 2%
Vehicle 86% 2%
Infrastructure 81% 0%
The following sections detail the quantifications of each of the three factors. More than one factor
can influence a crashes; hence, the sum of percentage influence may not be equal to 100%.
Infrastructure Factors
T ABLE 5: D ISTRIBUTION OF INFRASTRUC TURE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR 125 CRASHES
Phases Infrastructure factors No. Of crashes % influenced
Poor pedestrian infrastructure - Crossing 23 18%

Poor road marking/signage 22 18%
Intersection 17 14%
Undivided 15 12%
Vision Obstruction – Manmade structure 10 8%
Vision Obstruction - Trees/Plantation 5 4%
Pre-crash
Vision Obstruction - Others 5 4%
Poor street lighting 5 4%
Road Design – Others 4 3%
Defective traffic signals 4 3%
Vision Obstruction - Parked vehicles 3 2%
Poor pedestrian infrastructure - Crossing 2 2%
Object impact - road side - manmade structures 9 7%

Crash
Object impact - road side - trees/plantation 2 2%
Post-crash - - -
24
Vehicle factors
T ABLE 6: D ISTRIBUTION OF CONTRIBUTING VEHICLE FACTORS FOR 125 CRASHES
Phases Vehicle factors No. Of crashes % influenced
Pre-Crash Vision obstruction -due to vehicle interiors 23 18%
Knock-down of m2w/bicyclist 40 32%

Knock-down of pedestrian 36 29%
Runover of pedestrian 21 17%
Runover of m2w rider/bicyclist 12 10%
Crash Fall-down 8 6%
Seatbelts not available/usable 7 6%
Passenger compartment intrusion - other 5 4%
Runover of bus occupant 4 3%
Crash protection – others 4 3%
Ejection 5 4%
Post-Crash
Entrapment 4 3%
Human factors
T ABLE 7: D ISTRIBUTION OF CONTRIBUTING HUMAN FACTORS FOR 125 CRASHES
PHASES HUMAN FACTORS NO. OF CRASHES % INFLUENCED
Pedestrian - Dangerous behavior on roadway 30 24%

Disobeyed traffic signal 22 18%
Speeding - Excessive speed for conditions 21 17%
Pedestrian Inattention 16 13%
Improper lane change/lane usage 15 12%
PRE-CRASH Speeding - Exceeding speed limit 11 9%

Driver Inattention 11 9%
Overtaking in undivided road 7 6%
Violation of Right of Way 7 6%
Illegal road usage (includes travelling in the wrong direction) 6 5%
Driver alcohol 5 4%
Helmet not used 30 24%

Helmet not used properly 10 8%
CRASH
Seat belt not used 5 4%
Overloading of occupants 4 3%
POST-CRASH - - -
25
5 Countermeasures
5.1 Countering Infrastructure Factors (81%)
As a general principle in designing pedestrian infrastructure, IRC 103 2012 observes the
following points:
“4.2 The basic aim should be to reduce pedestrian conflicts with vehicular traffic to the
minimum, efforts should be made to create such conditions that pedestrians are not forced
to walk in unsafe circumstances and that the motorists respect the position of pedestrian.
4.3 While planning, the convenience of pedestrian should be a paramount
consideration to ensure full utilization of the facilities.
4.6 Above all, regular maintenance of all facilities and design elements should be
undertaken to maintain accessibility reliability, usability, safety and continuity.”
Pedestrian facilities in Kolkata suffers from not meeting some of these critical guiding general
principles despite the availability of a good base road infrastructure. The top three contributing
factors are i) Poor pedestrian infrastructure ii) Poor road marking and signage and iii) Safety at
intersections. Counter measures to the top three concerns are listed below keeping in mind the
general principles laid out in IRC 103 2012.
Poor pedestrian infrastructure (20%)

5.1.1.1 Poor pedestrian infrastructure - crossing (18%)
There are more than a few impediments in making the well-planned base infrastructure
effective/friendly to use and reduce crashes. The most common concern noticed in the city is
access to the pedestrian crossings. Example, Figure 23 shows a typical junction where the access
leading to pedestrian crossing is completely closed. Over a period of time, such unusable access
points affect the pedestrian behavior and encourages jay-walking exposing pedestrians to traffic.
Obstructued pedestrian access points rendering the pedestrian crossing useless.

(Rabindra Sarobar North side crossing)
F IGURE 23: O BSTRUCTED PEDESTRIAN CROSSING ACCESS POINTS
26
Lack of pedestrian refuge spaces compound the dysfunctionality of pedestrian facilities. One of
the primary user characteristics that the IRC 103 2012 observes, “The feeling of being secure is
the most important governing factor. A pedestrian should feel safe during the day as well as
the night while using a footpath / cross walk.” The standard also mandates the usage of refuge
islands on roads with more than 4 lanes or lanes with opposing traffic movements. Most
important roads in Kolkata are 4 lanes or more but with no refuge islands.
A pedestrian who follows the traffic situations by using the zebra crossing is pushed to wait unsafely against the traffic
(Rabindra sarobar North side junction)
F IGURE 24: L ACK OF PEDESTRIAN REFUGE SPACES
Adding to the dysfunctionality is the unavailability of drop kerbs. IRC 103 2012 mandates a
maximum kerb height of 150mm with drop kerbs wherever a pedestrian crossing is to be
facilitated. But almost all footpaths in Kolkata are more than 150mm with no drop kerbs in place.
The aim of the drop kerbs is to be disabled-friendly and streamline the pedestrian flow in urban
areas. The drop kerbs, despite providing easy passage by all users, also aids in encouraging proper
usage of pedestrian facilities thereby reducing jay-walking.
F IGURE 25: F OOTPATH DESIGN AS MA NDATED BY IRC 103 2012

Another important aspect of pedestrian facilities with respect to intersections is the traffic lights.
The available traffic signals are not useful either because they are not functional or because they
are not properly timed in tune with other signals in the junction and showing timing of 2 seconds
27
green for pedestrians in many important junctions. IRC 93 1985 mandates a minimum of 7
seconds of green time for pedestrians. Traffic signal timings need to be mapped to reflect the
-
actual traffic scenario and installed properly.
Thus, the following needs to be improved to better the infrastructure,

improve usability and reduce jay-walking:
1. Clear all obstructions to the pedestrian crossing access points.

2. Provide refuge islands on roads with more than 14m total width.
3. Provide working traffic signal for pedestrians with reasonable and exclusive green
time.
4. Provide kerbs of proper height with drop kerbs at pedestrian crossing zones.
5.1.1.2 Poor pedestrian infrastructure - Walking al ongside (2%)

Besides the availability of pedestrian facilities in most places, there are still quite a few places
lacking dedicated pedestrian footpath. A few of the many locations, having inadequate pedestrian
crossing infrastructure in Kolkata city, is shown below:
F IGURE 26: P OOR P EDESTRIAN I NFRASTRUCTURE - W ALKING A LONGSIDE
The IRC 103 2012 highlights certain design elements essential to a pedestrian infrastructure as
shown in Figure 27.
28
F IGURE 27: P EDESTRIAN FOOTPATH DESIGN AS MANDATED BY IRC 103 2012
GUIDES FOR GOOD PEDESTRIAN AND ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE:
The above two guides provided by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy
(ITDP) are good resources for road engineers and traffic planners with examples of successful
implementation in some Indian cities.
Better streets, better cities: A guide to street design in urban India.
https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Better-Streets-Better-Cities-ITDP-2011.pdf
Footpath design: A guide to creating footpaths that are safe, comfortable, and easy to use.
https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Footpath-design-131030.pdf
F IGURE 28: B EST PRACTICES DEVELO PED IN I NDIA
29
Poor road markings/signage ( 18%)
The purpose of road marking and signage is to direct and guide the road users, helping them to
quickly decide what to do and where to go. If proper road signs and markings are missing, the
driving environment becomes dangerous. The ability of a driver/rider to see, read, comprehend
and make decisions are largely dictated by the placement, size, visibility and illumination of the
signboards, which is a huge subject and a detailed discussion of which is beyond the scope of this
document. However, the problems are often so obvious that most frequent road users are aware
of them, and solutions to improve such problems of missing or misleading information are not
difficult.
The most noted concern with regards to road marking is the design and materials used. The road
marking designs are mandated by IRC 35 1997 including the materials and the colour. Road
markings in Kolkata are done using non-standard paints that wear out easily. Also the length and
the continuity needs attention. Lane markings are by far the most underestimated safety feature
of a road. The markings influence the behaviour of the driver in a significant way and hence need
to be properly invested and maintained.
F IGURE 29: I MPROPER R OAD M ARKINGS – K OLKATA S AMPLE
The following needs to be taken care of with respect to road markings in the city:
1. Usage of proper materials that makes the marking visible during day and night.
2. Proper layout and guiding lines at requisite places to influence good user
behaviour.
30
Intersection (14%)
An intersection is most vulnerable because of the confluence of vehicle with heterogeneity in
travel direction. The major concerns with respect to intersection in Kolkata city are the layout of
the intersection, signal positioning and signal timings.
5.1.3.1 Layo ut of the intersection (14%)

Wide and open intersections provide no directional assistance to the drivers and encourage
random traffic flow resulting in an inefficient traffic system. Intersections are the most vulnerable
locations they demand high levels of user guidance. A typical intersection in a main locality of the
city is over 60m wide. This allows driver to speed up within the intersection which results in a
crash.
F IGURE 30: WIDE AND OPEN INTERSECTIONS IN K OLKATA
Reduce the gaps within the intersections by extending the centre medians further
into the intersection. This helps in the following:
1. Provide for sufficient refuge island with a capped refuse island to protect the
pedestrians from vehicle traffic.
2. Slows down the traffic speeds at the intersection thereby improving uniform
vehicle throughput and user safety.
31
5.1.3.2 Signal positions
Almost all intersections have the traffic signals positioned. But the position of the traffic signals
differ from junction to junction and are not consistent in their locations with respect to a junction.
This inconsistency makes the driver ill-informed and is can be counter-productive. IRC 93 1985
mandates two signal poles; one primary on the left side if travel direction just by the STOP line
and a secondary post at about 12m to 36m from the primary but on the right side of travel
direction.
Provide signals wherever unavailable and realign where available the traffic signals to be
conforming to IRC standards to be consistent and informative to the road users.
Undivided roads - (12 %)

Crashes involving overtaking, during which a vehicle enters the oncoming traffic lane to overtake
the vehicle travelling/parked in-front of it, are common on undivided roads simply because there
is no barrier/division in place to prevent them. Such crashes often involve head-on collision, a
crash type that frequently results in serious or fatal injuries. An example is shown in Figure 31
where, a motorcycle has encroached into the oncoming lane during the overtaking maneuver
exposing itself to the head-on collision with oncoming vehicles.
F IGURE 31: E XAMPLE OF AN UNDIVIDED ROAD IN K OLKATA CITY
please turn over…
32
On open undivided roads inside the city, it is always preferable to have some sort of
median in place for additional safety. Various median designs are available as shown below:
Central Hatching Median barriers Passing lanes Dualling
 Central hatching in city areas can be used with rumble strips or pavement markers to
alert drivers when they are leaving their lane. Central hatching can be installed over a
continuous length of road or at specific points - for example, curves in the road.
 Median barriers physically separate opposing traffic streams and help stop vehicles
travelling into opposing traffic lanes.
 Passing lane or double yellow solid lines with road studs technically refers to “No
overtaking”. Passing lane can be created near curves, hillcrests and places where
pedestrian and two wheeler populations are more. A single yellow line with road studs
technically refers to “Overtaking allowed when safe”.
 Road duplication or ‘dualling' involves changing a single carriageway road to a dual
carriageway road by building a second separate carriageway, usually alongside the first.
Road duplication provides a safety benefit through provision of a central median barrier
or strip of land (median or central reservation), thereby reducing the chances of head-
on crashes. This is costly and requires a large amount of space. Duplication is typically
only economically viable at higher traffic flow levels.
5.2 Countering Vehicle Factors (86%)

Most of these are a result of a deficiency or a setback in the vehicle design. However, after-market
alterations are available in the market to circumvent such design setbacks. The following sections
detail the concerns and their recommendations.
Vision obstruction due to vehicle i nteriors (1 8%)

Vision obstruction due to vehicle interior is a vehicle design limitation that restricts the driver’s
vision. These vision obstructions create blind spots that usually occur in the front of the driver
due to the A-pillar and inadequate coverage of side and rear by the vehicle mirrors.
33
F IGURE 32: A DDITIONAL MIRRORS PROVIDED TO REDUCE DRIVER VISION OBSTRUCTION IN HEA VY VEHICLES
M2W -Knock -Down (3 2 %) and Self -fall (6%)

The explanation for knock down is the same for M2W riders as explained earlier in the Vehicle
Factors section for fatal pedestrian crashes. The factor “self-fall” involves a M2W rider losing
control over his vehicle due to tire slipping, speeding, etc. and falling down to the ground without
any preceding collision with another vehicle. While there are technologies like Anti-lock Braking
Systems (ABS) available as an option on some motorcycles, the one counter measure that can help
mitigate injuries would be wearing safety equipment. Figure 33 shows an illustrative example
showing the injury benefits of using a good motorcycle safety gear.
F IGURE 33: INJURY BENEFITS OF GOOD MOT ORCYCLE SAFETY GEAR
34
Pedest rian -Knock down (29 %)
Pedestrian crashes involving knock down, where a pedestrian is simply pushed forward or aside
after the vehicle impact and finally lands on the ground. Knock down crashes resulting in fatal
injuries could be due to the vehicle impact or due to ground impact. Currently technologies exist
that reduce the vehicle speeds when the vehicle senses that the pedestrian impact is imminent.
In addition, passive safety technologies such as softer front-end design of vehicles and pedestrian
airbags are also being incorporated in vehicles to ensure that the severity of the impact to the
pedestrian is reduced.
Pedest rian -Run over (17 %), M2 W Rider/B icyclist –Run over (10%), Runover
of Bus occupant (3%)
In many pedestrian fatality cases, pedestrians get run over by the wheels of impacting vehicle
after being knocked down. Such an occurrence is coded as a run over. This stands good for M2W
riders/bicyclist as well. Usually vehicles with high ground clearance (buses and trucks) result in
a run over of M2W rider/bicyclist or pedestrian. However, in some cases bus occupants fall out
of the bus and getting ran over by the wheels as shown in Figure 34.
F IGURE 34: R UNOVER OF B US O CCUPANT

(P ICTURE S OURCE : K OLKATA T RAFFIC P OLICE )
35
Runover protection devices are globally tested and in practice which have the potential to avoid
the runover situation. An example of S1 Gard in practice for city buses in USA is provided below;
S1 GARD – RUN OVER PREVENTION DEVICE

S1 Gard is a device installed in public
transport buses in many cities in USA to
deflect the road users from coming under
the wheels of a bus. These devices are
claimed to be highly effective for public
transportation, to save bus occupants,
pedestrians, bicyclists, M2W riders from
coming under the wheels. The device
consists of a curved polyurethane guard,
mounted in front of the right rear wheels of
transit buses, designed to deflect a person
out of the path of the wheels in order to
prevent injury or death.
For further information and demonstration videos of the device, please check the link:
http://www.s1gard.com/videos.html
Bus Occupant Self fall – Vehicle factors:

This factor can be countered by provision of doors for all the city bus. This facilitates controlled
access of passengers only at designated Bus stops or during an emergency situation.
5.3 Countering H uman Factors (96%)

The important human factors, influencing occurrence of crashes, identified in Table 4 are
described in brief in the following paragraphs, and information is provided on existing solutions
to counter these human errors. Please note that the solutions identified here are merely
suggestions and need revised planning before implementation.
Pedest rian - dangerous behavio ur on roadway (24%)

Education campaign focusing on pedestrian behaviour on road will help in mitigating crashes
related to this factor. In pedestrian crossing accidents, pedestrians attempts to cross in front of
slow moving heavy vehicles. Due to vehicle interiors, the drivers vision are obstructed and
couldn’t able to see the pedestrians and act accordingly. Thus, impacting the pedestrian and
further running over them causing fatal injuries. This awareness needs to be raised among
various categories of pedestrians such as old aged people, students going to school/college,
parents taking their children to schools, women going for shopping and other pedestrians. Figure
36
35 shows an adult holding the hands of a child, crossing the road in front of a heavy vehicle. Due
to vehicle interiors, driver’s vision is obstructed.
F IGURE 35: P EDESTRIAN DANGEROUS BEHAVIOUR

Speeding – excessive speed for conditio ns ( 17%) & driver inattention /

distraction (9%)
Speeding and driver inattention related crashes can be mitigated only through proper education,
awareness and enforcement. It is important to educate road users and make them aware of the
problem through targeted campaigns and awareness drives. The campaigns should be data-
driven and offer clear instructions on what drivers/road users must do to prevent crashes.
F IGURE 36: CAMPAIGN CONDUCTED BY THE SAN-FRANCISCO MUNICIPAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCY

(Source: https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/walk/pedestrian-safety/safe-streets-sf)
After a period of education and awareness drives, enforcement needs to be carried out to
discipline unruly drivers and send a strong message that violations will not be tolerated. An
alternating series of awareness campaigns and enforcement drives over a long period of time will
help shape driver attitudes and, eventually, result in mitigating crashes and injuries.
37
Violation of Traffic Signals (18%)
Figure 37 shows a motorcycle rider violating the traffic signal exposing to the moving traffic on
the other arms of the intersection. Stricter enforcement on violation of signals will help in
reducing these crashes.
F IGURE 37: V IOLATION OF T RAFFIC S IGNALS

Helmets not used ( 24%), hel mets not properly used (8 %) & seatbelt not used
(4%)
All the above human factors can be addressed only through education, awareness and
enforcement of helmet and seat belt laws. The methods of campaigning and enforcement are
similar to the earlier discussion in the section “How to curb crashes influenced by speeding and
driver distraction?”
F IGURE 38: H ELMET SEPARATED FROM RIDER ' S HEAD AS IT WAS NOT STRAPED
38
6 Conclusion
The analysis of 868 police reported crashes and 125 in-depth crashes highlights the following
concerns with respect to safety of road users in the city of Kolkata.
1. On an average, about 27 fatal crashes occur every month.
2. Motorized 2-Wheelers and Pedestrians are the most affected road users constituting
about 78% of the total road crashes fatalities.
a. 23% of fatal M2W crashes are self-fall/object impact while M2W collision with
truck/bus constitutes 34%.
b. 42% of fatal pedestrian collisions are with bus/truck, 16% with car and 12% with
M2W.
c. Fatal collision with unknown vehicle (Hit and Run – not captured by CCTV)
contributes to 21% of all fatal pedestrian fatalities and 13% of all fatal M2W
fatalities.
3. The fatal crashes are distributed over all days of the week, However, Mondays and
Sundays shows slightly higher percentage.
Please turn over
39
4. The main contributing factors are as tabled below: (125 crashes)
T ABLE 8: H ADDON M ATRIX FOR 125 CRASHES
Human (96%) Vehicle (86%) Infrastructure (81%)
Pedestrian - Dangerous M2W user knocked down to Poor pedestrian

behavior on roadway (24%) the ground (32%) infrastructure – crossing
(18%)
Disobeyed traffic signal Vision obstruction due to
(18%) vehicle interiors (18%) Poor road marking and
signage (18%)
Speeding - Excessive speed
for conditions (17%) Poor Intersection Design
(14%)
Pedestrian Inattention
Pre-Crash (13%) Undivided Road (12%)
Improper lane change/lane Vision Obstruction – Man

usage (12%) made structure (6%) &
Tree/Plantation (4%)
Speeding exceeding speed
limit (9%) Defective traffic signals
(5%)
Poor street lighting (4%)
Helmet not used (24%) Pedestrian knocked down Object impact – Road side –
to the ground (29%) manmade structure (7%)
Helmet not properly used
(8%) Pedestrian run over (17%) Object impact – road side –
Crash
trees/plantation (2%)
Seat belt not used (4%) Runover of M2W
rider/bicyclist (10%)
Post-Crash - Ejection (4%) -
5. Countermeasures are listed based on priority ranking and ease of implementation that
can have immediate effect on ground in terms of reduction of fatalities on road.
a) Counter measures related to road engineering;
Table 3 shows that 50% of crashes, there is an involvement of road engineering deficiencies
such as poor road marking and signage (18%), poor pedestrian infrastructure – crossing
(18%), Poor intersection design (14%). It is highly recommended that improving the existing
pedestrian crossing facility adhering to IRC 103 2012, providing proper road markings (IRC 35
2015) and road signage (IRC 67 2012) will enhance the road users to also counter the
contributing human factors such as “Pedestrian – dangerous behaviour on roadway (24%),
“Improper lane change/lane usage (12%).
40
b) Counter measures related to enforcement;
The data shows that “Helmet not used” contributed to 24% of crashes where head/face is
injured and “Helmet not properly used” contributed to another 8%. It is recommended that
enforcement drive on usage of helmets and how to strap it on properly, should be carried out in
the city. This can potentially avoid fatal/serious injuries to the motorcycle riders.
The data shows that “Disobeyed traffic signal” contributed to 18% of crashes. Enforcement
drive on traffic signal violations will help mitigate such fatal/serious crashes.
c) Counter measures related to buses:
Runover (of M2W rider/bicyclist or pedestrian or bus occupant) contribute to 30% of

crashes, most of them resulting in fatalities. Installation of runover protection devices have the
potential to avoid the M2W rider/bicyclist or pedestrian or bus occupant coming under the
wheels of Kolkata city buses.
Data shows that “vision obstruction due to vehicle interiors” contribute to 18% of the
crashes. Installation of mirrors in enhancing the vision of the driver to be able to see
pedestrians/motorists standing right in front of the bus will reduce the driver blind in front the
bus and avoid such crashes.
41
7 Appendix
7.1 Pedestrian crash – case study
Crash Date: 02 December 2018 Crash Time: 11:05 Hrs
GPS: 22.55558N 88.41189E Crash Location: EM Bypass near Chingrighata
flyover
Injury Severity: Serious Road Structure: Signalized Intersection
Crash Summary:
Unit 1 (Maruti Suzuki Baleno Delta, Car, 1 occupant) was travelling towards north on the right
lane of a 9 lane (divided by metal fence) city road. Unit 101 (Pedestrian, Female, 15 years) was
travelling towards west through a gap in median. Unit 101 was running and crossing the road
straight from right side to left side of Unit 1. Unit 1 violated the traffic signal and impacted Unit
101 (Event - 1). Unit 1's vision was obstructed due to the metal fence on the median. Unit 1
braked and steered left and at the same time Unit 101 used hands to avoid the impact. Post
Event 1, Unit 101 rested on the split lines at some distance from the point of impact and Unit 1
moved ahead and stopped at the edge of the road. Unit 101 was seriously injured and was
transported to hospital and the driver of Unit 1 was unhurt.
Pre-crash Contributing Factors Vision Obstruction – Metal Fence on Median

Pedestrian Dangerous Behaviour
Poor Pedestrian Infrastructure
Disobeyed traffic signal
Speeding exceeding speed limit
Crash Contributing Factors Knock down of Pedestrian
Post-Crash Contributing Factors -
42
7.2 Motorcycle crash – case study
Crash Date: 21 December 2018 Crash Time: 22:25Hrs
GPS: 22.53346N 88.32728E Crash Location: Ekbalpur crossing
Crash Summary:
Unit 1(Bajaj CT100, M2W, 1 Occupant, With Helmet) was travelling into an intersection from
east to turn towards north direction. Unit 2(Tata Ace, PICKUP, 1 Male Occupant) was travelling
into the same intersection from north to south to cross the intersection. The road structure was
a 4 arm intersection. Unit 1 violated the traffic signal to take a right turn towards north when
Unit 2 whose signal was open tried to cross the intersection at the same time.Unit 2 was not
able to notice Unit 1 due to a parked M3W. Unit 1 and Unit 2 braked and steered avoid impact.
In-spite the avoidance maneuver made Unit 1 and Unit 2 had a front side impact. Post impact
Unit 1 fell on its left plane and was dragged by unit 2 to a short distance. Rider of Unit 1 suffered
right leg injury and rested a few meters from the point of impact. Driver of Unit 2 had no injury.
Source: CCTV/Police
Pre-crash Contributing Factors Disobeyed traffic signal

Vision Obstruction - Parked vehicles
Poor Intersection Design
Crash Contributing Factors Knock-down of M2W
Helmet not used properly
43
7.3 Bus Occupant Self-fall – case study
Crash Date: 19 September 2018 Crash Time: 20:10 Hrs
GPS: 22.51693N 88.34591E Crash Location: Rashbehari Crossing
Crash Summary:
Unit 1 (Ashok Leyland Janbus, Bus, 2 occupants) was travelling towards west and intended to
take a left turn towards south. Unit 1 was travelling on the 2nd lane from left on a 6 lane divided
road. Unit 1 while taking the left turn, stopped at the intersection for its occupants to get down.
Then it started to move towards south. One pedestrian (Male, 64 years) tried to board the bus
while the bus started to move and he slipped, fell on the ground and went under the left front
wheel. The victim’s right leg went under the front left wheel (Event 1). Unit 1 stopped after
moving about 2 meters ahead. The occupant suffered right leg injury and transported to
hospital. Source of the summary is from CCTV footage & police.
Pre-crash Contributing Factors Bus occupant dangerous behaviour on foot

board (while trying to board)
Public bus stop
Driver Inattention
Crash Contributing Factors Occupant fall on ground
Runover of Bus occupant
44
7.4 Black Spot Analysis
GPS data for over four years (from Nov 2014 till March 2018 is available for fatal crashes (for
1065 fatal crashes). Black spot analysis was performed using QGIS software to identify the
vulnerable crash spots. A grid with each square measuring 100 meter width, is created in the
study area (Kolkata City Jurisdiction) as shown in Figure 39.
F IGURE 39: C REATION OF GRID IN QGIS SOFTWARE (10000 S QUARE METER AREA FOR EACH SQUARE )
A square with area 10,000 square metre, that has more than 3 fatal crashes inside it, is considered
as the black spot. A sample polygon with 4 fatal crash spot inside it is shown in Figure 40. 4 crash
fatal spots are indicated by the blue dots.
F IGURE 40: S AMPLE GRID WITH HIGH LIGHTED POLYGON THAT CONTAINS 4 FATAL CRASH SPOTS ( BLUE DOTS ) ( IN QGIS
SOFTWARE )
1046 fatal crash spots are indicated by the blue dots and 19 identified black spots are indicated
by the red dots in Figure 41. This range of 4 or more crashes/10000 m2 was chosen because, the
45
crashes are well spread across the city and are not usually clustered at one specific location or
area.
F IGURE 41: F ATAL CRASH SPOTS IN BLUE ; B LACK SPOTS IN RED . ( OUTPUT FROM QGIS SOF TWARE )
Details of police station in charge of the crash spot and the area names with landmark is shown
for all the 19 identified black spots in the Figure 42.
46
F IGURE 42: D ETAILS OF IDENTIFIED BLACK SPOTS . ( OUTPUT FROM QGIS SOF TWARE )
47

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Kolkata City Accident Study

F IGURE 1: R ASSI C ONSORTIUM M EMBERS

Human (96%) Vehicle (86%) Infrastructure (81%)

Pedestrian - Dangerous M2W user knocked down to Poor pedestrian

Improper lane change/lane Vision Obstruction – Man

Poor street lighting (4%)

Post-Crash - Ejection (4%) -

2. Counter measures related to enforcement;

3. Counter measures related to buses:

Runover (of M2W rider/bicyclist or pedestrian or bus occupant) contribute to 30% of

F IGURE 3: M AP S HOWING S TUDY A REA IN K OLKATA CITY

2.3 Does this study affect my privacy?

2.4 Objective of this report

Mr. Ravishankar Rajaraman

RASSI Business Committee Chairman Mr. Ajit Dandapani

Vehicle and Scene

F IGURE 5: JPRI M ETHODOLOGY OF C RASH I NVESTIGATION

3.2 Scene E xamination

F IGURE 6: S CALED S CENE D IAGRAM

3.3 Vehicle Examination

F IGURE 7: V EHICLE EXAMINATION A T POLICE STATION

3.4 Crash Reconstruction

F IGURE 9: INJURY SKETCH SHOWING DETAILS OF OCCUPANT ’ S INJURIES

3.6 Contributing Factors – A Primer

Road traffic crashes are primarily influenced by three main factors:

3.7 JPRI Approach to Studying a Crash

F IGURE 10: A PPROACHES FOR ANALYZING ACCIDENT CAUSES

4.1 Crash Data Sample

4.2 Preliminary Data Analysis

Dist ribut ion of Crashes by Month of occurrence

10% 9% 12% 10%

Dist ribut ion of Crashes by Day of occurrence

18% 15% 15% 14% 16%

Dist ribut ion of Crashes by Time of Occurrence

Affected road users in fat al crashes

Fatal Pedest rian Crashes (161 crashes, 165 fatalities)

F IGURE 18: D ISTRIBUTION OF C OLLISION P ARTNER FOR F ATAL P EDESTRIAN C RASHES

F IGURE 19: D ISTRIBUTION BY COLLISION PARTNER FOR FAT AL M2W CRASHES

4.3 Distribution of involved road user for JPRI Sample

39% 39% All Vehicles and Pedestrians (245)

F IGURE 21: D ISTRIBUTION OF FIRST CRASH CONFIGURATION

4.5 Detailed Analysis – Contributing Factor Analysis for RASSI sample

Factor All Combinations Alone

Phases Infrastructure factors No. Of crashes % influenced

Poor pedestrian infrastructure - Crossing 23 18%

Object impact - road side - manmade structures 9 7%

Phases Vehicle factors No. Of crashes % influenced

Pre-Crash Vision obstruction -due to vehicle interiors 23 18%

Knock-down of m2w/bicyclist 40 32%

PHASES HUMAN FACTORS NO. OF CRASHES % INFLUENCED

Pedestrian - Dangerous behavior on roadway 30 24%

PRE-CRASH Speeding - Exceeding speed limit 11 9%

Helmet not used 30 24%

Poor pedestrian infrastructure (20%)

Obstructued pedestrian access points rendering the pedestrian crossing useless.

F IGURE 24: L ACK OF PEDESTRIAN REFUGE SPACES

F IGURE 25: F OOTPATH DESIGN AS MA NDATED BY IRC 103 2012

actual traffic scenario and installed properly.

Thus, the following needs to be improved to better the infrastructure,