Transmitter of (3D-CAR) ROHINI/ REVATHI Radar
Transmitter of (3D-CAR) ROHINI/ REVATHI Radar
Transmitter of (3D-CAR) ROHINI/ REVATHI Radar
OF
SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING, UNDERTAKEN AT
ON
Transmitter of (3D-CAR) ROHINI/ REVATHI
RADAR
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted to:-
Name- Mr. Abhishek Kashyap
Designation- Assistant Professor
Department- ECE
I certify that Mr. UTKARSH TYAGI student of B.tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering), JAYPEE
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA, has joined BEL, Ghaziabad for six weeks industrial
training and he has been constantly working under my acknowledgement on the project assigned to him. He has worked
on project RADAR TRANSMITTER. His contribution was in Study & Testing of Transmitter.
This report accounts his experience and knowledge of the field he worked in. I have verified the report and sanction it.
Signature of Supervisor:
ECE Department,
JIIT, Sec-128,
Noida-201304
Dated:
(i)
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that written submission represents our own ideas in our own words and where other’s ideas or words
have been included, have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered
to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified
Place:
Date:
Enrolment: 9915102156
(ii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards Training and placement officer of my college
for forwarding my training letter to Bharat Electronics, Ghaziabad and also to Ms. Abha Mathur (Mgr.) HRD, Bharat
Electronics, Ghaziabad for accepting my letter and allowing me to complete my training in Bharat Electronics Limited.
I am extremely grateful to Mr. Jagdish Chand, (AGM, RADAR SBU), Mr. Dhyan Singh, (Sr.DGM,
RADAR SBU), Bharat Electronics, for permitting me to join CAR- RADAR SBU.Further I would like to thank Ms.
Laxmi Chauhan, Mr. Ankur kumar for their time to time guidance and help extended during each stage our project.
I am grateful to Mr. R.N. Tyagi, HRD to guide and help me throughout my project. It is not without his help
I could have been able to complete my training here. I would like to express my deep satisfaction and gratitude for
their support for their kind help extended during the entire period of training.
Finally, I would like to thanks each and every member of BEL family for making me feel comfortable and helping
SIGNATURE OF STUDENT
Utkarsh Tyagi
(9915102156)
(iii)
PREFACE
The six month training is a part of our B.Tech, Electronics and Communication. Practical Industrial
Training mainly aims at making one aware of industrial environment; which means that one gets to know the
limitation, constraint and freedom under which an engineer works. One also gets an opportunity to watch from close
quarter that indicates manager relation. This training mainly involves industrial and complete knowledge about
During this six month period, as a student, there is a great opportunity of understanding Industrial practices.
Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during our course is useful only if it can be applied to
production and services in the industry. The learnt is applied, tested, verified and rectified. Apart from this the student
gets an opportunity to learn latest technology and is upgraded of the new trends immersing in the industry of interest.
I had the opportunity to utilize my six month summer internship in BHARAT ELECTRONICS
LIMITED, GHAZIABAD [U.P.]. I was a part of the company’s new venture CAR, which provided me a great deal
of learning. My sphere of knowledge was expanded both at technical and personal level. I not only got chance to
work on Live Project but also witnessed the related industrial processes and got acquainted to many of the prevalent
technologies.
(iv)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(i)
DECLARATION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(ii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iii)
PREFACE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iv)
TABLE OF CONTENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(v)
LIST OF FIGURES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(vi)
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1)
4.1: SCOPE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(9)
4.3: REQUIREMENTS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(9)
4.6: FUNCTIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(12)
5.3: FDM------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(14)
5.10: TWT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(17)
CHAPTER-7: CONCLUSION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(20)
CHAPTER-8: BIBLIOGRAPHY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(21)
(v)
List of figures
FIG 1 Manufacturing-unit………………………………………………………4
FIG 7 Switch..……………………………………………………………………15
FIG 8 TWT……………………………………………………………………….17
(vi)
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
With the ongoing revolution in the field of electronics & communications where innovations are taking
place at the blink of an eye, it is impossible to keep the pace with the emerging trends. Excellence is an attitude
that whole of human race is born with. It is the environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude
is visible or otherwise. A well planned, properly executed and evaluated industrial training helps a lot in including
a professional attitude. It provides a linkage between the student and industry to develop an awareness of industrial
approach to problem solving, based on broad understanding of process and mode of operation of organization.
During this period, the student gets the real experience for working in the actual industry environment.
Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. Apart
from this the student gets an opportunity to learn the latest technology, which is immensely helps in them in
building their carrier. I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures, which increased my sphere
of knowledge to great extent. I got a chance to learn many new technologies and was also interfaced to many
Instruments.
The word quality holds out different meaning for different people, but for an industry it is most important
and can be defined as ―The totality of features and characteristics of a product / services that bear on its ability to
1
CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO BEL
(BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
2.1 Company Profile
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is a state-owned electronics company with about nine factories,
and few regional offices in India. It is owned by the Indian Government & primarily manufactures advanced
electronic products for the Indian Armed Forces.BEL is one of the eight PSUs under Ministry of Defence,
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was set up at Bangalore, India, by the Government of India under the
Ministry of Defence in 1954 to meet the specialized electronic needs of the Indian defence services. Over the
years, it has grown into a multi-product, multi-technology, multi-unit company serving the needs of customers in
diverse fields in India and abroad. BEL is among an elite group of public sector undertakings which have been
The company has a unique position in India of having dealt with all the generations of electronic
component and equipment. Having started with a HF receiver in collaboration with T-CSF of France, the
company's equipment designs have had a long voyage through the hybrid, solid state discrete component to the
state of art integrated circuit technology. In the component arena also, the company established its own
electron valve manufacturing facility. It moved on to semiconductors with the manufacture of germanium and
silicon devices and then to the manufacture of Integrated circuits. To keep in pace with the component and
equipment technology, its manufacturing and product assurance facilities have also undergone sea change. The
design groups have CADDs facility, the manufacturing has CNC machines and a Mass Manufacture Facility, and
2
Quality Control (QC) checks are performed with multi-dimensional profile measurement machines, Automatic
testing machines, environmental labs to check extreme weather and other operational conditions. All these facilities
have been established to meet the stringent requirements of MIL grade systems. Today BEL's infrastructure is
spread over nine locations with 29 production divisions having ISO-9001/9002 accreditation. Product mix of the
company is spread over the entire Electro-magnetic (EM) spectrum ranging from tiny audio frequency
semiconductor to huge radar systems and X-ray tubes on the upper edge of the spectrum. Its manufacturing units
have special focus towards the product ranges like Defence Communication, Radar's, Optical & Opto-electronics,
Besides manufacturing and supply of a wide variety of products, BEL offers a variety of services like
Telecom and Radar Systems Consultancy, Contract Manufacturing, Calibration of Test & Measuring Instruments,
etc. BEL was among the first Indian companies to manufacture computer parts and peripherals under
BEL has won a number of national and international awards for Import Substitution, Productivity, Quality,
Safety Standardization etc. BEL was ranked no.1 in the field of Electronics and 46th overall among the top 1000
private and public sector undertakings in India by the Business Standard in its special supplement "The BS 1000
(1997-98)". BEL was listed 3rd among the Mini Ratanas (category II) by the Government of India, 49th among Asia's
top 100 Electronic Companies by the Electronic Business Asia and within the top 100 worldwide Defence
3
2.2 MANUFACTURING UNITS
BEL has a total of nine manufacturing complexes spread throughout the nation with Bangalore being the
biggest of them. The details about the different manufacturing units of BEL along with their product specialties are
as follows:-
2. Panchkula Haryana
4. Kotdwara Uttaranchal
5. Pune Maharashtra
7. Banglore Karnataka
FIG 1: Manufacturing-unit
4
2.3 Financial Performance
BEL has a unique history of profit making Public Sector Enterprise right from its inception. There have been
events of decrease in turnover and profit after Tax due to reasons beyond reasonable control of the company. But the
company's strength lies in its capability to combat the threats, for example US Embargo on exports to BEL.
BEL hopes to generate 25 per cent increase in turnover with a 15 per cent rise in net profit in the current
fiscal year over the previous. Corrective measures against western sanctions have been undertaken, which are likely
to translate into higher turnover and profitability. The company is putting all efforts to minimize the effect of the
restrictions by early establishments of alternative arrangements. The Defence Research Laboratories and Academic
Institutions are also being persuaded with for indigenization of certain special category of devices and components.
The company is also opening an office in Singapore to procure components from Asian markets. Thus in the long
run the restrictions will prove as blessings resulting in self-dependence and better profit margins.
Also several R&D projects with long gestation periods will go into commercial production during the current fiscal.
Radar Systems:
3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force.
Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force.
5
Communications:
Digital Static Tropo scatter Communication Systems for the Air Force.
Digital Mobile Tropo scatter Communication System for the Air Force and Army.
Telemetry/Tele-control Systems.
Antennae:
Microwave Component:
Most of these products and systems are the result of a harmonious combination of technology absorbed
under ToT from abroad, Defence R&D Laboratories and BEL's own design and development efforts.
6
CHAPTER-3
INTRODUCTION TO Central Acquisition
Radar (3D-CAR)–ROHINI / REVATHI
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1 CAR RADAR
CAR would be a stand-alone all weather 3D surveillance radar. This CAR is known as ROHINI in
AIRFORCE and REVATHI in navy. The radar operates in S-band (2 – 4 GHz) and is capable of Track-While-Scan
[TWS] of airborne targets up to 130 Kms, subject to line-of-sight clearance and radar horizon. The radar employs
Multibeam coverage in the receive mode to provide for necessary discrimination in elevation data. It employs 8
beams to achieve elevation coverage of 30 and a height ceiling of 15 Kms. The antenna is mechanically rotated in
azimuth to provide a 360 coverage. To get an optimum detection performance against various classes of targets,
different Antenna Rotation Rate [ARR] of 7.5 & 15 RPM modes are planned to be implemented and these are selected
by the operator.
The unique feature of the radar is, its operation is fully automated and controlled from a Radar Console
with sufficient menus, keys and hot keys. Rohini is designed to play the role of medium range surveillance radar
mounted on a mobile platform. The radar carries out detection, tracking and interception of targets with an RCS of
2m2 upto 130 Kms in range. The antenna is rotated mechanically in azimuth to provide for coverage of 3600. To
achieve a higher range, the radar is capable of being operated at a lower ARR of 7.5 RPM against the normal ARR
of 15 RPM.
Rohini is provided with all terrain mobility and various modes of transportation. To achieve this goal a
versatile mobile platform is developed. This product is fitted on a TATRA class of vehicle.
7
3.2 Substations of CAR
CAR has the following subsystems
b) Transmitter
c) Receiver
d) Signal Processor
g) Radar Controller
h) Radar Console
j) Data centre
l) IFF System
8
CHAPTER-4
PROJECT – “TRANSMITTER OF 3D-CAR
– REVATHI/ ROHINI”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1 Scope
The transmitter of CAR is capable of delivering RF peak power of greater than 140 KW and RF
average peak power greater than 4 KW. The transmitter uses fully indigenous technology established by LRDE for
3D CAR programme. The transmitter is planned to be realized as production version M/S BEL Bangalore based on
MODULATION TECHNIQUE
4.3 REQUIREMENTS
The requirement is to amplify the pulsed RF signal from 1W to 140 KW while maintaining the phase noise
(additive noise) to – 60 Dbc/Hz at 100 Hz away as demanded by the system. In addition, a failsafe mode of
9
RTS -400 is the TWT based transmitter capable of delivering 140 KW of peak and 4 KW of average.
Dehydrator
1 ph I/P
3 Ch LiqIn
LIQUID Wave-guide
COOLING 3 Ch LiqOut
Switch
UNIT RTS-4000
Liq Cool OK RF OUT
3 ph I/P RF IN
Solid State
Powe
Power
Amplifi
Amplifier
Fig 2.1 General Block Schematic of the Transmitter for the Radar
‘REVATHI’
FIG 4: General Block Schematic of the Transmitter for the Radar
4.4 Transmitter modes of control
The transmitter is designed to operate in the following modes defined as adequate controlled states.
COLD STABD BY Only LVPSU’s, TWT heater and Grid biases are switched ON. No High Voltage
applied.
10
Full Power mode Full RF Power delivered to the Antenna
Reduced Power mode The transmitter is operated at 1/10th of its full power
of its selection by the user.
Fail safe mode A low power at required duty delivered to antenna through
Solid State Power Amplifier when liquid cooling fails.
interface RS422.
The system is a forced liquid-to-air type, used for cooling systems of the S-Band Transmitter. The
primary coolant used for circulation through this transmitter heat loads is Demineralised water / Glycol to catch for
operation from -20C to 55C. The transmitter employs liquid cooling for TWT, high power circulator RF dummy
load and high voltage power supplies and forced air-cooling for all other sub-assemblies. Independent of air-
cooling, a dry air with low dew point and dust particles should be applied for wave-guide pressurizing and for
TWT.
11
4.6 Functions
The Transmitter amplifies the pulsed RF signal from 1W to 120 kW while maintaining the phase noise
It employs a Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) of M/s CPI, USA as final power amplifier.
The RF Driver stage uses a Pin attenuator transistor followed by power amplifiers to amplify RF signal from
The RF Driver output (approx. 3 to 4 W) is given to the input of TWT, which amplifies the pulsed RF signal
from 3 Watts to a level of 120 to 185 kW at the TWT output. High power RF plumbing components are
The TWT output is given to an arc detector followed by a ferrite circulator. The Ferrite circulator is used to
protect the microwave tube against failure /damage due to reflected power in case of excessive VSWR at
Antenna input port. The output of Ferrite Circulator is given to High Power Dual Directional Coupler
(DDC), which is used for measuring the transmitted and reflected power.
Control and Protection Circuit ensures the sequential switching ON of the transmitter, continuous monitoring
The Inverter unit converts the incoming ac supply to DC and then converts the DC to high frequency AC
High Voltage Power Supply unit (HVPSU) is used to supply high voltage to collector and cathode of the
TWT.
The Dry Air unit ensures that the wave guide is at all times pressurized and dry.
12
CHAPTER-5
General Mechanical Design
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.1 General Design
The transmitter consists of three metal racks containing respectively three functional units: Microwave
Unit (MU), Power Supply Unit (PSU), and Control Unit (CU). All racks have front doors properly gasket for
At the upper part of each unit, above the door, slip panels containing RF input, Transmitter pulse input, control and
measurement connectors, control lamps, hour meters, CBs and high voltage meters are placed. The Transmitter is
1. Microwave Rack consists of TWT, microwave plumbing components, SSPA and RF driver.
2. High voltage rack consists of all high voltage components and FDM capacitor.
3. Control Rack Consisting of Monitoring and Diagnostics circuits, Control Circuits, Power distribution along with
1. Control Rack
Monitoring panel
Control panel
Synoptic panel
CPC
Inverter
2. High Voltage Rack
FDM (Solid state Switching)
Cathode Assembly
Collector Assembly
Blower Unit
FIG 5: High Voltage Rack
Heater Unit
13
3. Microwave Rack
TWT
RF Plumbing
RF Drive Unit
SSPA
ION Pump Controller
The FDM assembly is on a space of 420 mm square with a depth of 700 mm. the Floating Deck
Modulator assembly houses FDM, carbon resistor block and isolation transformer . The FDM assembly is covered
on all sides by FRP sheets and also floats on FRP mounts machined suitably for the purpose. The FDM sub rack is
at a distance of 390 mm from the front. The carbon resistors are mounted on the front of the FDM rack. The
isolation transformer is also mounted in front of the carbon resistors. The voltmeters, hour meters are fixed on to
The FDM assembly is being locally cooled by fans housed inside. The cooling of entire sub assembly is
3. Provides switching function. (Switching of TWT grid as per pulse width and the PRF requirement.)
Install Raspbian with NOOBS
14
5.3.3 Specification of FDM
4. Pulse rise time: < 0.5 microsecs. (The time taken by pulse to rise)
5. Pulse fall time : < 0.5 microsecs. (The time taken by pulse to fall.)
FIG 7: Switch
15
5.3.4 Description of various cards used in FDM
1. V TO F CARD
4. LVPSU CARD
7. SWITCH CARD
The collector assembly provides 33 KV dc supply required for TWT amplifier. It consists of a collector
transformer, a high voltage capacitors, a high voltage moulded diode resistor block, a two terminal spark gap, two
high voltage DC probes, and a high voltage AC compensated probe and a collector EHT meter card. Some high
Collector EHT meter card is used to give the sample input to EHT meter and display the differential
The cathode assembly provides - 45 KV DC supply required for the TWT amplifier. It consists of a
cathode transformer, a high wattage capacitor, a high voltage diode block, resistor plate assembly, a three terminal
spark gap, two high voltage DC probes; a high voltage AC compensated probe, a crowbar trigger unit and a droop
circuit.
16
5.7 HEATER UNIT
The heater unit contains four heaters, each of 250 rating. The heater unit gets 230 V AC supply as soon as the
transmitter is switched on and this supply is cut off automatically after ten minute. With the help of this unit,
The blower unit contains twelve blowers, each operating at 230 volts AC. The unit is used for cooling of the
transmitter.
It consists of low power Low Power Driver for TWT, traveling Wave Tube(TWT), Ferrite Isolator, Dual
Directional Coupler and Wave guide Channel. Low Power amplifier stage (Rf Driver) amplifies pulsed RF signal
from 1mW (0dBm) to 3-4 W, necessary to drive the TWT amplifier. Twt is the main power amplifier used in
transmitter.
TWT is the main power amplifier used in the transmitter. A coupled cavity TWT type VTS – 5754 D2 is
17
5.11 Control Rack
Ferrite circulator is used to protect the microwave tube against failure / damage due to reflected power in case of
excess VSWR at Antenna input port. The Four port Ferrite circulator type SC3-19 is used as an isolator.
High Power Dual Directional Coupler (DDC) is used for measuring the Transmit Power and reflected power. If
reflected power exceeds the specified limit of 2:1 VSWR, video signal is generated to cut-off the RF drive through
High power dummy load is used to test the transmitter with out connecting the antenna during standalone testing.
18
CHAPTER-6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The industrial training at B.E.L. has given me an exposure of the activities of a defense unit. This being a large
organization deals with wide spectrum of technologies. During my training in B.E.L, I came to know about
different range of products, ranging from communication equipment’s to hardware to software equipment’s and
it goes in every strata of society like it is now usually used in military training academies.
APPLICATIONS OF PRODUCTS:-
STARS- V- These radios are used in Manpack as well as vehicular applications for
Providing voice and data communications in VHF frequency range of 30-88 MHZ.
CNR – This radio works in Anti – jam frequency hopping and fixed frequency modes
SECTEL- Here the encrypted speech is transmitted over the telephone line using a
FULL Duplex QASK modem. At the receiver end, the encrypted data stream is demodulated decrypted
and the original speech is synthesized. The user can switch between clear and secure mode during the s
s small call.
SECURE UHF HANDHELD RADIO – this radio set is provided with helical and magnetic mount
antennas. The radio set has in –built mic and speaker. VOX headgear is also available as optional
DBC- It is to charge the two batteries at the same time which is used in VPS set. It can work with AC as
19
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The six weeks of summer training at BEL, PKL unit generated a lot more interest in my subject.
It made me more aware of the scope of Electronics & Communication Engineering. It has also made me
Undergoing training on the indoor substation has helped me integrate conceptual knowledge with real life
application. I was fortunate to have personal guidance from experienced professionals who took been interest in
I feel that without this opportunity, my own understanding of this subject and also the motivation to acquire more
knowledge would have remained incomplete. Well, regarding future scope I think my training has given me
enough motivation and an exposure that I will try to join defence services or get linked up with the defence of the
country.
“To know the technical know-how, industrial training is the best way to move forward.”
20
CHAPTER-8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] THE MAIN RESOURCES OF THE WORK WERE THE FACULTY OF HRD DEPARTMENT.
21