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Assignment

Topic:
Textile industry
Subject:
Industrial chemistry
Submitted to:
Bilal shb
Submitted by:
Zohaib Saddique
BSF-1701138
BS-Chemistry (M)
4th semester

UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, Lahore

D G Khan Campus
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Textile Industry
Definition:
The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and
distribution of yarn, cloth and clothing. The raw material may be natural, or synthetic using
products of the chemical industry.

History
The origin of the Indian textiles is thought to be the Indus Valley civilization, situated
in modern Pakistan, where people used homespun cotton to weave garments. Historically,
the Indus valley region engaged in significant trade with the rest of the world. The silk from
the region, for example, is known to have been popular in Rome, Egypt, Britain, and
Indonesia.
In the 1950s, textile manufacturing emerged as a central part of Pakistan's industrialization,
shortly following independence from the British rule in the South Asia. In 1974, the Pakistan
government established the Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan (CEC). The CEC served as
a barrier to private manufacturers from participating in international trade. However, in the
late 1980s, the role of the CEC diminished and by 1988-89, private manufacturers were able
to buy cotton from ginners and sell in both domestic and foreign markets. Between 1947 and
2000, the number of textile mills in Pakistan increased from 3 to 600. In the same time
period, spindles increased from 177,000 to 805 million.
History of textile industry in Pakistan
The Textile industry in Pakistan is the largest manufacturing industry in Pakistan.
Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of textile commodities in Asia. Textile sector contributes
8.5% to the GDP of Pakistan. In addition, the sector employs about 45% of the total labour
force in the country (and 38% of the manufacturing workers). Pakistan is the 4th largest
producer of cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India and
contributes 5% to the global spinning capacity. At present, there are 1,221 ginning units, 442
spinning units, 124 large spinning units and 425 small units which produce textile.
Production
There are six primary sectors of the textile production in Pakistan:
❖ Spinning
❖ Weaving
❖ Processing

❖ printing
❖ Garment manufacturing
❖ Filament yarn manufacturing

Raw material for textile industry

Raw materials are divide into two types
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Synthetic fibres:

Artificial fibres can be made by extruding a polymer, through a spinneret into a

medium where it hardens. Wet spinning e.g. rayon uses a coagulating medium. In dry
spinning e.g. acetate and triacetate, the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in
the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning e.g. nylons and polyesters the extruded polymer is
cooled in gas or air and then sets. All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometres
long.
Artificial fibres can be processed as long fibres or batched and cut so they can be processed
like a natural fibre.

Natural fibres:

Natural fibres are either from animals e.g. sheep, goat, rabbit, silk-worm, mineral e.g.
asbestos or from plants e.g. cotton, flax, sisal. These vegetable fibres can come from the seed
of cotton, the stem, known as best fibres: flax, hemp, jute, or the leaf (sisal).Without
exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained- each with a
specific name. With the exception of silk, each of these fibres is short, being only centimetres
in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples

Segments of textile production

Cotton is the largest segment of textile production. Other fibres produced include
synthetic fibre, filament yarn, art silk, wool, and jute.
1. Cotton: Cotton spinning is perhaps the most important segment in the Pakistan textile
industry with 521 units installed and operational.
2. Synthetic fibers: Within synthetic fibers, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and polyolefin dominate
the market. There are currently five major producers of synthetic fibers in Pakistan, with a
total capacity of 636,000 tons per annum.
3. Filament yarn: Three types of filament yarn are produced in Pakistan. These are acetate
rayon yarn, polyester filament yarn, and nylon filament yarn. There are currently about 6
units in the country.
4. Artificial Silk: This fiber resembles silk but costs less to produce. There are about 90,000
looms in the country located mainly in Karachi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Jalapur Jattan,
as well as some in erstwhile FATA.
5. Wool: The main products manufactured from wool include woolen yarn, acrylic yarn, fabrics,
shawls, blankets, and carpets.
6. Jute: Jute sakes and hessian cloth are primarily used for packing agricultural products such
as grain and rice. The production of jute products was approximately 100,000 tons in 2009-
10.
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Manufacturing process of cotton

Bale Breaker Blowing Room

Willowing

Breaker Scutcher Batting

Finishing Scutcher Lapping

Carding Carding Room

Sliver Lap

Combing

Drawing
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Slubbing

Intermediate

Roving Fine Roving

Mule Spinning - Ring Spinning Spinning

Reeling Doubling

Winding Bundling Bleaching

Weaving shed Winding

Beaming Cabling
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Warping Gassing

Sizing/Slashing/Dressin Spooling
g

Weaving

Cloth Yarn (Cheese)- Sewing Thread

- Bundle

Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre.

There are six stages
• Cultivating and Harvesting
• Preparatory Processes
• Spinning
• Weaving or Knitting
• Finishing
• Marketing

Cultivating and harvesting

Cotton is grown anywhere with long, hot dry summers with plenty of sunshine and
low humidity. Indian cotton, gossypium arboreum, is finer but the staple is only suitable for
hand processing. American cotton, gossypium hirsutum, produces the longer staple needed
for machine production. Planting is from September to mid-November and the crop is
harvested between March and June. The cotton bolls are harvested by stripper harvesters
and spindle pickers that remove the entire boll from the plant. The cotton boll is the seed
pod of the cotton plant, attached to each of the thousands of seeds are fibres about 2.5 cm
long.
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• Ginning

The seed cotton goes into a Cotton gin. The cotton gin separates seeds and removes the
"trash" (dirt, stems and leaves) from the fiber. In a saw gin, circular saws grab the fiber and
pull it through a grating that is too narrow for the seeds to pass. A roller gin is used with
longer staple cotton. Here a leather roller captures the cotton. A knife blade, set close to the
roller, detaches the seeds by drawing them through teeth in circular saws and revolving
brushes which clean them away.

Preparatory processes - preparation of yarn

• Ginning, bale-making and transportation is done in the country of origin.
• Opening and cleaning

Cotton mills get the cotton shipped to them in large, 500 pound bales. When the
cotton comes out of a bale, it is all packed together and still contains vegetable matter. The
bale is broken open using a machine with large spikes. It is called an Opener. In order to fluff
up the cotton and remove the vegetable matter, the cotton is sent through a picker, or similar
machines. The cotton is fed into a machine known as a picker, and gets beaten with a beater
bar in order to loosen it up. It is fed through various rollers, which serve to remove the
vegetable matter. The cotton, aided by fans, then collects on a screen and gets fed through
more rollers till it emerges as a continuous soft fleecy sheet, known as a lap.
• Blending,

Scutching refers to the process of cleaning cotton of its seeds and other impurities
The scutching machine worked by passing the cotton through a pair of rollers, and then
striking it with iron or steel bars called beater bars or beaters. The beaters, which turn very
quickly, strike the cotton hard and knock the seeds out. This process is done over a series of
parallel bars so as to allow the seeds to fall through. At the same time, air is blown across the
bars, which carries the cotton into a cotton chamber.

• Carding
• Carding: the fibers are separated and then assembled into a loose strand (sliver or
tow) at the conclusion of this stage.
• The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and is then taken to carding
machines. The carders line up the fibers nicely to make them easier to spin. The
carding machine consists mainly of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it.
All of the rollers are covered in small teeth, and as the cotton progresses further on
the teeth get finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the
form of a sliver; a large rope of fibers
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Combing is optional, but is used to remove the shorter fibers,

creating a stronger yarn.
• Drawing the fibers are straightened

Spinning - yarn manufacture

• Spinning

Most spinning today is done using Break or Open-end spinning,

this is a technique where the staples are blown by air into a rotating
drum, where they attach themselves to the tail of formed yarn that is
continually being drawn out of the chamber. Other methods of break
spinning use needles and electrostatic forces. This method has replaced
the older methods of ring and mule spinning. It is also easily adapted for artificial fibers.
The spinning machines takes the roving, thins it and twists it, creating yarn which it winds
onto a bobbin.
In mule spinning the roving is pulled off a bobbin and fed through some rollers, which are
feeding at several different speeds. This thins the roving at a
consistent rate. If the roving was not a consistent size, then
this step could cause a break in the yarn, or could jam the
machine. The yarn is twisted through the spinning of the
bobbin as the carriage moves out, and is rolled onto a
cylinder called a spindle, which then produces a cone-shaped
bundle of fibers known as a "cop", as the carriage returns.
Mule spinning produces a finer thread than the less
skilled ring spinning.
• The mule was an intermittent process, as the frame
advanced and returned a distance of 5ft.It was the
descendant of 1779 Crompton device. It produces a
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softer less twisted thread that was favoured for fines and for weft.
• It was a continuous process, the yarn was coarser, had a greater twist and was
stronger so was suited to be warp. Ring spinning is slow due to the distance the thread

must pass around the ring, other methods have been introduced.

Sewing thread, was made of several threads twisted together, or doubled.

• Checking

This is the process where each of the bobbins is rewound to give a tighter bobbin.
• Folding and twisting

Plying is done by pulling yarn from two or more bobbins and twisting it together, in
the opposite direction that in which it was spun. Depending on the weight desired, the cotton
may or may not be plied, and the number of strands twisted together varies.
• Gassing

Gassing is the process of passing yarn, as distinct from fabric very rapidly through a
series of Bunsen gas flames in a gassing frame, in order to burn off the projecting fibers and
make the thread round and smooth and also brighter. Only the better qualities of yarn are
gassed, such as that used for voiles, poplins, venetians, gabardines, many Egyptian qualities,
etc. There is a loss of weight in gassing, which varies' about 5 to 8 per cent., so that if a 2/60's
yarn is required 2/56's would be used. The gassed yarn is darker in shade afterwards, but
should not be scorched.
Measurements

• Cotton Counts: Refers to the thickness of the cotton yarn where 840 yards of yarns weighs 1
pound (0.45 kg). 10 count cotton means that 8,400 yards (7,700 m) of yarn weighs 1 pound
(0.45 kg). This is coarser than 40 count cotton where 40x840 yards are needed. In the United
Kingdom, Counts to 40s are coarse (Oldham Counts), 40 to 80s are medium counts and above
80 is a fine count. In the United States ones to 20s are coarse counts.
• Hank: A length of 7 leas or 840 yards (the worsted hank is only 560 yd
• Thread: A length of 54 in (the circumference of a warp beam)
• Bundle: Usually 10 lb
• Lea: A length of 80 threads or 120 yards
• Denier: this is an alternative method. It is defined as a number that is equivalent to the weight
in grams of 9000m of a single yarn. 15 denier is finer than 30 denier.
• Tex: is the weight in grams of 1 km of yarn.
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Weaving-fabric manufacture
The weaving process uses a loom. The lengthway threads are known as the warp, and
the cross way threads are known as the weft. The warp, which must be strong, needs to be
presented to loom on a warp beam. The weft passes across the loom in a shuttle that carries
the yarn on a pirn. These pirns are automatically changed by the loom. Thus, the yarn needs
to be wrapped onto a beam, and onto pirns before weaving can commence.
• Winding

After being spun and plied, the cotton thread is taken to a warping room where the
winding machine takes the required length of yarn and winds it onto warper’s bobbins
• Warping or beaming

Racks of bobbins are set up to hold the thread while it is rolled onto the warp bar of
a loom. Because the thread is fine, often three of these would be combined to get the desired
thread count.

• Sizing

Slasher sizing machine needed for strengthening the warp by adding starch to reduce
breakage of the yarns.
• Drawing in, Looming

The process of drawing each end of the warp separately through the dents of
the reed and the eyes of the healds, in the order indicated by the draft.
Pirning

Pirn winding frame was used to transfer the weft from cheeses of yarn onto the pirns
that would fit into the shuttle

• Weaving

At this point, the thread is woven. Depending on the era, one person could manage
anywhere from 3 to 100 machines. In the mid nineteenth century, four was the standard
number. As time progressed new mechanisms were added that stopped the loom any time
something went wrong. The mechanisms checked for such things as a broken warp thread,
broken weft thread, the shuttle going straight across, and if the shuttle was empty. Forty of
these Northrop Looms or automatic looms could be operated by one skilled worker.
The three primary movements of a loom are shedding, picking, and beating-up.

• Shedding: The operation of dividing the warp into two lines, so that the shuttle can
pass between these lines. There are two general kinds of sheds-"open" and "closed."
Open Shed-The warp threads are moved when the pattern requires it-from one line
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to the other. Closed Shed-The warp threads are all placed level in one line after each
pick.
• Picking: The operation of projecting the shuttle from side to side of the loom through
the division in the warp threads. This is done by the over pick or under pick motions.
The over pick is suitable for quick-running looms, whereas the under pick is best for
heavy or slow looms.
• Beating-up: The third primary movement of the loom when making cloth, and is the
action of the reed as it drives each pick of weft to the fell of the cloth.

The Lancashire Loom was the first semi-automatic loom. Jacquard looms and Dobby
looms are looms that have sophisticated methods of shedding. They may be separate
looms, or mechanisms added to a plain loom. A Northrop Loom was fully automatic
and was mass produced between 1909 and the mid-1960s. Modern looms run faster
and do not use a shuttle: there are air jet looms, water jet looms and rapier looms.
Measurements
• Ends and Picks: Picks refer to the weft, ends refer to the warp. The coarseness of the cloth
can be expressed as the number of picks and ends per quarter inch square, or per inch
square. Ends is always written first. For example: Heavy domestics are made from coarse
yarns, such as 10's to 14's warp and weft, and about 48
ends and 52 picks.

Knitting — fabric manufacture

Knitting by machine is done in two different
ways; warp and weft. Weft knitting (as seen in the
pictures) is similar in method to hand knitting with
stitches all connected to each other horizontally.
Various weft machines can be configured to produce textiles from a single spool of yarn or
multiple spools depending on the size of the machine cylinder (where the needles are
bedded). In a warp knit there are many pieces of yarn and there are vertical chains,
zigzagged together by crossing the cotton yarn.
Warp knits do not stretch as much as a weft knit, and it is run-resistant. A weft knit is not
run-resistant, but stretches more. This is especially true if spools of spandex are processed
from separate spool containers and interwoven through the cylinder with cotton yarn, giving
the finished product more flexibility and making it less prone to having a 'baggy' appearance.
The average t-shirt is a weft knit.

Finishing — processing of textiles

The woven cotton fabric in its loom-state not only contains impurities, including warp
size, but requires further treatment in order to develop its full textile potential. Furthermore,
it may receive considerable added value by applying one or more finishing processes.
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• Desizing

Depending on the size that has been used, the cloth may be steeped in a dilute acid
and then rinsed, or enzymes may be used to break down the size.
• Scouring

Scouring, is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural
wax and non-fibrous impurities (e.g. the remains of seed fragments) from the fibers and any
added soiling or dirt. Scouring is usually carried in iron vessels called kiers. The fabric is
boiled in an alkali, which forms a soap with free fatty acids (saponification). A kier is usually
enclosed, so the solution of sodium hydroxide can be boiled under pressure,
excluding oxygen which would degrade the cellulose in the fiber. If the
appropriate reagents are used, scouring will also remove size from the fabric although
desizing often precedes scouring and is considered to be a separate process known as fabric
preparation. Preparation and scouring are prerequisites to most of the other finishing
processes. At this stage even the most naturally white cotton fibers are yellowish, and
bleaching, the next process, is required.
• Bleaching

Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and remaining trace

impurities from the cotton; the degree of bleaching necessary is determined by the required
whiteness and absorbency. Cotton being a vegetable fiber will be bleached using an oxidizing
agent, such as dilute sodium hypochlorite or dilute hydrogen peroxide. If the fabric is to be
dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable, for example. However, for
white bed sheetings and medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and
absorbency are essential.
• Mercerising

A further possibility is mercerizing during which the fabric is treated with caustic
soda solution to cause swelling of the fibers. This results in improved lustre, strength and
dye affinity. Cotton is mercerized under tension, and all alkali must be washed out before the
tension is released or shrinkage will take place. Mercerizing can take place directly on grey
cloth, or after bleaching.
Many other chemical treatments may be applied to cotton fabrics to produce low
flammability, crease resist and other special effects but four important non-chemical
finishing treatments are:
• Singeing

Singeing is designed to burn off the surface fibers from the fabric to produce
smoothness. The fabric passes over brushes to raise the fibers, then passes over a plate
heated by gas flames.
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• Raising

Another finishing process is raising. During raising, the fabric surface is treated with
sharp teeth to lift the surface fibers, thereby imparting hairiness, softness and warmth, as in
flannelette.
• Calendering

Calendering is the third important mechanical process, in which the fabric is passed
between heated rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects depending on
roller surface properties and relative speeds.
• Shrinking

Finally, mechanical shrinking (sometimes referred to as sanforizing), whereby the

fabric is forced to shrink width and/or lengthwise, creates a fabric in which any residual
tendency to shrink after subsequent laundering is minimal.
• Dyeing

Finally, cotton is an absorbent fiber which responds readily to colouration processes.

Dyeing, for instance, is commonly carried out with an anionic direct dye by completely
immersing the fabric (or yarn) in an aqueous dye bath according to a prescribed procedure.
For improved fastness to washing, rubbing and light, other dyes such as vats and reactive
are commonly used. These require more complex chemistry during processing and are thus
more expensive to apply.
• Printing

Printing, on the other hand, is the application of color in the form of a paste or ink to
the surface of a fabric, in a predetermined pattern. It may be considered as localized dyeing.
Printing designs onto already dyed fabric is also possible.

Economic, environmental and political consequences of cotton

manufacture
Production of cotton requires arable land. In addition, cotton is farmed intensively
and uses large amounts of fertilizer and 25% of the world's insecticides. Native Indian
varieties of cotton were rainwater fed, but modern hybrids used for the mills need irrigation,
which spreads pests. The 5% of cotton-bearing land in India uses 55% of all pesticides used
in India. In United Kingdom some companies design cloths for manufacturers such as
Sewport, and Bridge & Stitch.
The consumption of energy in form of water and electricity is relatively high, especially in
processes like washing, de-sizing, bleaching, rinsing, dyeing, printing, coating and finishing.
Processing is time consuming. The major portion of water in textile industry is used for wet
processing of textile (70 per cent). Approximately 25 per cent of energy in the total textile
production like fibre production, spinning, twisting, weaving, knitting, clothing
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manufacturing etc. is used in dyeing. About 34 per cent of energy is consumed in spinning,
23 per cent in weaving, 38 per cent in chemical wet processing and five per cent in
miscellaneous processes. Power dominates consumption pattern in spinning and weaving,
while thermal energy is the major factor for chemical wet processing.
Cotton acts as a carbon sink as it contains cellulose and this contains 44, 44% carbon.
However, due to carbon emissions from fertiliser application, use of mechanized tools to
harvest the cotton, cotton manufacture tends to emit more CO² than what it stores in the
form of cellulose.
The growth of cotton is divided into two segments i.e. organic and genetically
modified. Cotton crop provides livelihood to millions of people but its production is
becoming expensive because of high water consumption, use of expensive pesticides,
insecticides and fertiliser. Genetically modified products aim to increase disease resistance
and reduce the water required. The organic sector was worth $583 million. Genetically
modified cotton, in 2007, occupied 43% of cotton growing areas.
Before mechanisation, cotton was harvested manually by farmers in India and by African
slaves in America. In 2012 Uzbekistan was a major exporter of cotton and uses manual
labour during the harvest. Human rights groups claim that health care professionals and
children are forced to pick cotton.

Processing of other vegetable fibres

Flax
Flax is a bast fibre, which means it comes in bundles under the bark of the Linum
usitatissimum plant. The plant flowers and is harvested.
• Retting
• Breaking

• Scutching
• Hackling or combing

It is now treated like cotton.

Jute
Jute is a bast fibre, which comes from the inner bark of the plants of the Corchorus
genus. It is retted like flax, sundried and baled. When spinning a small amount of oil must be
added to the fibre. It can be bleached and dyed. It was used for sacks and bags but is now
used for the backing for carpets. Jute can be blended with other fibres to make composite
fabrics and work continues in Bangladesh to refine the processes and extend the range of
usage possible. In the 1970s, jute-cotton composite fabrics were known as jutton fabrics.
Hemp
Hemp is a bast fibre from the inner bark of Cannabis sativa. It is difficult to bleach, it is
used for making cord and rope.
• Retting
• Separating

• Pounding
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Processing of animal and insect fibers

Wool
Wool comes from domesticated sheep. It forms two products, woollens and worsteds.
The sheep has two sorts of wool and it is the inner coat that is used. This can be mixed with
wool that has been recovered from rags. Shoddy is the term for recovered wool that is not
matted, while mungo comes from felted wool. Extract is recovered chemically from mixed
cotton/wool fabrics.
The fleece is cut in one piece from the sheep. This is then skirted to remove the soiled wool,
and baled. It is graded into long wool where the fibres can be up to 15 in, but anything over
2.5 inches is suitable for combing into worsteds. Fibres less than that form short wool and
are described as clothing or carding wool.

At the mill the wool is scoured in a detergent to remove grease (the yolk) and impurities.
This is done mechanically in the opening machine. Vegetable matter can be removed
chemically using sulphuric acid (carbonising). Washing uses a solution of soap and sodium
carbonate. The wool is oiled before carding or combing.
• Woollens: Use noils from the worsted combs, mungo and shoddy and new short wool

• Worsteds

Combing: Oiled slivers are wound into laps, and placed in the circular comber. The worsted
yarn gathers together to form a top. The shorter fibers or noils remain behind and are
removed with a knife.
• Angora

Silk
The processes in silk production are similar to those of cotton but take account that
reeled silk is a continuous fibre. The terms used are different.
• Opening bales. Assorting skeins: where silk is sorted by color, size and quality, scouring: where the
silk is washed in water of 40 degrees for 12 hours to remove the natural gum, drying: either by steam
heating or centrifuge, softening: by rubbing to remove any remaining hard spots.
• Silk throwing (winding). The skeins are placed on a reel in a frame with many others. The silk is
wound onto spools or bobbins.

• Doubling and twisting. The silk is far too fine to be woven, so now it is doubled and twisted
to make the warp, known as organzine and the weft, known as tram. In organzine each single
is given a few twists per inch (tpi), and combine with several other singles counter twisted
hard at 10 to 14 tpi. In tram the two singles are doubled with each other with a light twist, 3
to 6 tpi. Sewing thread is two tram threads, hard twisted, and machine-twist is made of three
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hard-twisted tram threads. Tram for the crepe process is twisted at up to 80 tpi to make it
'kick up'.
• Stretching. The thread is tested for consistent size. Any uneven thickness is stretched out. The
resulting thread is reeled into containing 500 yd to 2500 yd. The skeins are about 50 inches
in loop length.
• Dyeing: the skeins are scoured again, and discoloration removed with a sulphur process. This
weakens the silk. The skeins are now tinted or dyed. They are dried and rewound onto
bobbins, spools and skeins. Looming, and the weaving process on power looms is the same
as with cotton.

• Weaving. The organzine is now warped. This is a similar process to in cotton. Firstly, thirty threads
or so are wound onto a warping reel, and then using the warping reels, the threads are beamed. A
thick layer of paper is laid between each layer on the beam to stop entangling.

Environmental consequences of wool and silk manufacture

Both wool and silk require farmland. Whereas silkworms require mulberry leaves,
sheep eat grass, clover, forbs and other pasture plants. Sheep, like all ruminants emit 𝐶𝑂2 via
their digestive system. Also, their pastures may sometimes be fertilised which further
increases emissions.

Discussion of types of synthetic fibres

Synthetic fibres are the result of extensive development by scientists to improve
upon the naturally occurring animal and plant fibres. In general, synthetic fibres are created
by forcing, or extruding, fibre forming materials through holes (called spinnerets) into the
air, thus forming a thread. Before synthetic fibres were developed, cellulose fibres were
made from natural cellulose, which comes from plants.
The first artificial fibre, known as art silk from 1799 onwards, became known
as viscose around 1894, and finally rayon in 1924. A similar product known as cellulose
acetate was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibres, but not truly
synthetic, being made from wood. Although these artificial fibres were discovered in the
mid-nineteenth century, successful modern manufacture began much later in the
1930s. Nylon, the first synthetic fibre, made its debut in the United States as a replacement
for silk, and was used for parachutes and other military uses.
The techniques used to process these fibres in yarn are essentially the same as with natural
fibres, modifications have to be made as these fibres are of great length, and have no texture
such as the scales in cotton and wool that aid meshing.
Unlike natural fibres, produced by plants, animals or insects, synthetic fibres are made
from fossil fuels, and thus require no farmland.

Contribution of textile industry in economy of Pakistan

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Textiles comprise 57% of Pakistan's export revenues. However, in recent years,

textile exports have declined significantly. Textile exports were recorded at $11.625 billion
in 2014-2015. In 2015-2016, this number had dropped 7.7% to $10.395 billion.
The Pakistan Textile Exporters Association recently requested the government to take
significant measures to ensure the growth of textile exports and sustain the employment
provided by the sector. Specifically, the PTEA has requested:
• Zero rating on export value chain (i.e. no tax, no refund) to boost export growth
• Subsidize a decrease in cost of production to boost competitiveness of Pakistani exports
Guarantee energy supply to textile mills at competitive rates

Barriers in growth of industry in Pakistan

In recent years, Pakistan has faced competition from regional players including
Bangladesh, India and Vietnam. In the past decade, Pakistan's share in global textile market
decreased to 1.7 percent from 2.2 percent, Bangladesh saw an increase from 1.9 to 3.3
percent and India from 3.4 to 4.7 percent. Barriers to growth include:

• Cost of production: The rising cost of production in the country has stalled investment as
well as export competitiveness. A vertical shift in monetary policy and KIBOR rates have
contributed to an increase in the cost of doing business and reduced lending abilities of local
manufacturers.
• Energy Crisis: Pakistan is currently facing a large-scale energy crisis. Due to energy demand
exceeding supply by about 5000 MW. The government manages the deficit through daily
power cuts (or blackouts). These power cuts have significantly impacted manufacturing
industries in Pakistan. Several textile mills have closed their units due to inability to sustain
operations. In addition, the mills have reportedly turned away export orders due to the
inability to fill these orders when power cuts per day can last upwards of 12 hours.
Research and Development: There has been a limited effort to improve the quality and
quantity of textiles in Pakistan through research and development, limiting the co
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The worldwide market share for textiles exports in 2013

Country Export value

China $274 billion
India $40 billion
Italy $36 billion
Germany $35 billion
Bangladesh $28 billion
Pakistan $27 Billion

The worldwide market share for textiles exports in 2015

Country Export value

China $161 billion
Vietnam $25 billion
Hong Kong $16 billion
Turkey $15 billion
Indonesia $7 billion
Bangladesh $28 billion
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The worldwide market share for textiles exports in 2017

EXPORT

hong kong
pakistan
republic of korea
turkey
india
china

euopean union
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List of textile industries in Pakistan

Name of industry Location
AL-HASHAM ENTERPRISES Faisalabad
Bashir Ahmad Textiles Faisalabad
King Fabrics Lahore
SAAF International Faisalabad
Rahman Tex International Faisalabad

Magnus Lahore

Esmail Towels & Textiles Karachi

AR Garments Lahore

Urban Suiting Impex Sialkot

Top One International Pvt Ltd Sialkot

BizShip International Lahore

Textilo Lahore

SHANZY MOTO Sialkot

ORBIS IMPEX Karachi

F.M TEXTILE- socks unit Lahore

FastLeather.PK Karachi

AM International Sialkot

AL FAROOQ ENTERPRISES Kasur

(NCMP) New Century Metal Karachi

Products

GARMENTS EXPERTS Sialkot

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References:
1. https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/02/textile-manufacturing-process-process.html?m=1
2. http://www.textile.gov.pk
3. https://www.fibre2fashion.com/market-intelligence/countryprofile/pakistan-textile-industry-
overview/
4. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.businesslist.pk/category/textile%3famp=1