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Prestige Institute of Engineering & Science Indore (M.P.)

1) The document discusses the Nyquist stability criterion for analyzing the stability of closed-loop control systems. The Nyquist criterion uses the open-loop transfer function G(s)H(s) to determine system stability. 2) It explains that the Nyquist plot maps the open-loop transfer function as it varies along a contour in the s-plane onto the G(s)H(s) plane. The number of encirclements of the point (-1,0) indicates the number of roots of the characteristic equation with positive real parts. 3) For a system to be stable using the Nyquist criterion, the number of encirclements N must equal the number of open

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41 views3 pages

Prestige Institute of Engineering & Science Indore (M.P.)

1) The document discusses the Nyquist stability criterion for analyzing the stability of closed-loop control systems. The Nyquist criterion uses the open-loop transfer function G(s)H(s) to determine system stability. 2) It explains that the Nyquist plot maps the open-loop transfer function as it varies along a contour in the s-plane onto the G(s)H(s) plane. The number of encirclements of the point (-1,0) indicates the number of roots of the characteristic equation with positive real parts. 3) For a system to be stable using the Nyquist criterion, the number of encirclements N must equal the number of open

Uploaded by

SagarManjrekar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE INDORE (M.P.

)
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Roll No: __________________ Date: _____________

Remarks if any, Signature of lecturer:

EXPERIMENT No. 5

Objective:
Draw the Nyquist Plot of a system using MATLAB.

Theory:
Nyquist Criterion: - Nyquist criterion is used to identify the presence of roots of
characteristic equation of a control system in a specified region of s plane. From the
stability view point the specified region being the entire right hand side beyond the
imaginary axis of complex s-plane.
Procedure for mapping from s-plane to G(s)H(s)-plane:-
The first step to understand the application of Nyquist criterion in relation to
determination of stability of control systems is mapping from s-plane to G(s)H(s)-plane.
“s” is considered as independent complex variable and the corresponding value of
G(s)H(s) being the dependent variable plotted in another complex plane called
G(s)H(s)-plane.
Thus for every point in s-plane there exists a corresponding point in G(s)H(s)-
plane. During the process of mapping the independent variable “s” is varied along a
specified path in “s” plane and the corresponding points in G(s)H(s)-plane are joined.
This compltes the process of making from s-plane to G(s)H(s)-plane.
Application of Nyquist Criterion to determine the stability of closed Loop systems:-
The overall transfer function of a closed loop system is given by,
C (s) G ( s)

R ( s) 1  G ( s) H ( s)
(1)
G ( s ) H ( s ) is the open loop transfer function and C is the characteristic equation. For a
system to be stable the zeros of the characteristic equation should not have positive real
part. In order to investigate the presence of any zero of 1  G ( s) H ( s)  0 in the right
half of the s-plane, let us chose a contour which completely encloses this right half of
the s-plane.
The closed path is ab  bc  cd  da starting at a ( s   j 0)
through b( s   j) , along a semicircular arc bc of infinite radius, c ( s   j) ,
d ( s   j 0) and finally from d to a semicircular arc of radius r in anticlockwise direction
in such a manner that r  0 .
On traversing the closed path for independent variable s in s-plane
as above, the corresponding point to point values of G ( s ) H ( s ) are plotted in
G ( s ) H ( s ) plane and change in argument of G ( s ) H ( s ) is noted.

A number indicating the zeros of G ( s ) H ( s ) which are located in right half of s-


plane is calculated by the relation:
AugG ( s ) H ( s )  2 ( P  Z )

Where P is the number of poles of G ( s ) H ( s ) having positive real part and is a known
quantity.
Note that the change in argument of G ( s ) H ( s ) is measured w.r.t. origin (0, 0) in
G ( s ) H ( s ) plane. This procedure calculates the number of zeros of G ( s ) H ( s )  0 and
not the zeros of 1  G ( s) H ( s)  0 .
However, from the plot of G ( s ) H ( s ) the number of zeros of
1  G ( s ) H ( s )  0 which have +ve real part can also be determined if the origin of
G ( s ) H ( s ) plane is shifted to the point (-1+j0) and the change in argument of
G ( s ) H ( s ) plot is measured w.r.t. the point (-1+j0) in G ( s ) H ( s ) plane. The number of
zeros thus calculated is also the number of roots of characteristic equation
1  G ( s) H ( s)  0 .

As the s-plane region wherein only poles and zeros of 1  G ( s) H ( s)  0 with +ve
real part is under investigation, the expression relating the number of poles and zeros
present in the R.H.S. of s-plane is written as,
AugG ( s ) H ( s )  2 ( P  Z  )
AugG ( s ) H ( s
Or )  ( P  Z  )
2
Or N  ( P  Z  )
Where ,
N = Number of encirclements of the point (-1+j0) by G ( s ) H ( s ) plot. The positive
direction of encirclement being anticlockwise.
P+ = Number of poles of G ( s ) H ( s ) with +ve real part.
Z+ = Number of zeros of 1  G ( s) H ( s)  0 with +ve real part.
For a stable system Z+ =0, therefore, the condition for a control system to be stable is
N  ( P  0)
N  P
For most of the control system P  0 , therefore for such cases the condition of stability
be, N=0
The closing of Nyquist plot from s=-j0 to s=+j0 is given the following table according to
type of G ( s ) H ( s ) :
Angle through which Nyquist plot Magnitude of
n Type of G(s)H(s)
is to be closed from =-0 to =+0 G ( j ) H ( j )

The points =-0 &


0 0 0
=+0 are coincident
1 1 - 
2 2 -2 
3 3 -3 
“ ‘ ‘ ‘
“ ‘ ‘ ‘
n N -n 

Note:-
-n= clockwise rotation;
n= type of transfer function;

MATLAB PROBLEMS:-
1. Draw the Nyquist plot for the open loop transfer function given below and
comment on the closed loop stability.

2. The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback control system is given
below

Determine the closed loop stability by applying Nyquist Criterion.


NOTE:-
 First solve the problem on the paper and attach it with the Practical.
 Using MATLAB draw the Nyquist plot & compare it with your result.
 Take print out of the result and attach it with the practical.

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