What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create
intelligent machines. The term artificial intelligence or (AI) came about in 1956
and describes a range of techniques that allow computers to perform tasks
typically thought to require human reasoning and problem-solving skills. With the
current advances in technology innovation, the field of medicine and healthcare is
rapidly expanding and, as a result, many different areas of human health
diagnostics, treatment and care are emerging.
What does artificial intelligence do for healthcare?
ML&NPL
Machine learning (ML) techniques analyze structured data. The ML
procedures attempt to cluster patients’ traits
“A patient’s traits commonly include baseline data: such as age, gender, disease
history and so on, and disease-specific data: such as diagnostic imaging, gene
expressions, EP test, physical examination results, clinical symptoms, medication
and so on.” Besides the traits, they also infer the probability of the disease
outcomes.
Natural language processing (NLP) extracts information from unstructured
data such as clinical notes/medical journals to supplement and enrich structured
medical data. The NLP procedures target at turning texts to machine-readable
structured data, which can then be analyzed by ML techniques.
Robotic Surgery
miniaturized surgical instruments that fit through a series of quarter-inch
incisions are mounted on three separate robotic arms, allowing the surgeon
maximum range of motion and precision. The fourth arm contains a
magnified high-definition 3-D camera that guides the surgeon during the
procedure. The surgeon controls these instruments and the camera from a
console located in the operating room. Placing his fingers into the master
controls, he is able to operate all four arms of the robot simultaneously
while looking through a stereoscopic high-definition monitor that literally
places him inside the patient, giving him a better, more detailed 3-D view of
the operating site than the human eye can provide. Every movement he
makes with the master controls is replicated precisely by the robot.
“It’s as if I’ve miniaturized my body and gone inside the patient.”
Virtual Reality:
Virtual reality is the term used to describe a three-dimensional, computer
generated environment which can be explored and interacted with by a person.
That person becomes part of this virtual world or is immersed within this
environment and whilst there, is able to manipulate objects or perform a series of
actions.
Medical training is a promising use of virtual reality in medicine. In training,
surgeons have always had to gain operative experience through “supervised trial
and error” on real patients. This approach makes surgical training completely
dependent on the actual case-load, prolongs surgical training, and compromises
patients’ safety. A great example: a student or a surgeon comes into a virtual
room and starts operating on a virtual patient. A beginner surgeon starts working
out all the skills steadily, which further will allow him to avoid the critical
outcomes.
Case: AI in Oncology- /Lung Cancer/
Detection and diagnosis:
Tumors inside of a patient's body are most commonly detected through medical
imaging techniques, such as radiology.
Not only do Radiologists today receive more data than they can humanly work
(one image every 3-4 seconds) but also AI components in imaging machines have
access to a greater wealth of data than their human counterparts do, which can
mean that an AI machine can detect cancer with more accuracy than a human. A
study in which engineers fed 1,000 CT scans to the AI to teach it how to analyze
lung tissue for abnormalities found that found that AI machines could identify
lung cancer from a scan 30 percent more accurately than humans.
For some cancers, survival rates are incredibly bleak, so early detection will help
save many lives.
In treatment:
Keyword: personalized.
1. reducing the time to tailor treatment plans to individual patients.
And it also gives explanations, reasoning to back the various options, and even
confidence scores for suggested treatments.
2. identifies patterns in DNA mutation within cancers and forecasts future
genetic changes which will predict how tumors will progress and evolve.
Being able to predict how a tumor will evolve could allow doctors to intervene
earlier, not only stopping the cancer from evolving but also preventing it from
developing resistance.
Training
Training surgeons using VR techniques before going into surgery.
Challenges:
And since we talked about potential benefits, it’s also important to note the
potential risks. While it seems like everyone is talking about AI these days, few people
understand the topic well. The result is that people are building systems that they don't
completely understand.
Recording errors: Sometimes there are inconsistencies in the reported data, making
such errors obvious, but most are undetectable.
Wrong Decisions or Recommendations:
The problem with a hard-coded system is it may not account for all scenarios.
Unethical outcome:
AI lacks compassion and empathy at the present time, so its decision-making processes
differ from that of humans.
Data privacy:
AI can malfunction as the result of machine learning training on "bad" data, algorithmic
bias, or failure to maintain the system. Hackers can also compromise a system if it's not
secured properly.
Disturbance of doctor-patient relationship:
Contemporary healthcare delivery models are very dependent on human reasoning,
patient-clinician communication and establishing professional relationships with
patients to ensure compliance. These aspects are something AI cannot replace
easily. Use of robotic assistants in healthcare has raised issues about the
mechanization of care in vulnerable situations where human interaction and
intervention is probably more appealing.
?
unanswered
questions.
1. If AI and doctor disagree, who will be perceived as ‘right’?
2. Should patients be always given a choice about whether a doctor or an
algorithm makes their diagnosis?
3. Does the public sufficiently understand the concept of accountability?
Would the public understand the question of machine accountability?
4. If technology encroaches on patient interaction, information synthesis and
decision-making, will this fundamentally change what it is to be a clinician
and the type of person who would choose to become one?
Conclusion
1.Misconception:
Many doctors think that robots will replace them in the workplace but in reality,
AI and robotics have an impact in terms of physician support. That is, before the
benefits translate to the patients, they will help doctors to make better sense of
complex diagnostic information and enable better decision making. This is a great
advantage: the rate at which our medical knowledge is developing makes it
impossible for any doctor to ever truly be at the cutting edge, but AI and robotics
can change that. A lot of physicians will find that AI and robotics actually enable
them to do their jobs better, to deliver more and better care, and to relieve pain
quicker and more efficiently.
Being replaced by robots !!!!! (danger sign)
2.Hope for the future:
Doctors who don’t embrace new technologies may well find themselves being left
behind, and they’re the ones whose jobs will be most at risk. History has shown us
that the most successful organizations or people in any industry are those that are
constantly transforming themselves, those that are never satisfied with the status
quo and are always pushing to do better. By contrast, organizations or people
that aren’t prepared to adapt are the first to fold.
Constant transforming and adaptation of healthcare and doctors.
The future use of AI and robotics might necessitate the teaching of new skills that
we haven’t yet envisioned. We’re moving now to a way of working where the
career you initially train for might not be the career you ultimately end up in. That
means that we need to create much more of a lifelong learning culture and
society, wherein people are taught new skills on a regular basis.
Lifelong learning
There is no doubt, then, that AI and robotics will come to have a dramatic effect
on the way we deliver and experience healthcare in the future. AI and robotics
could make healthcare more accessible, treatment more affordable and
diagnoses more accurate.
