GNSS Introduction

TIM DOSEN : GASAL TA 2018/2019

Dr. Ir. Parluhutan Manurung

PROGRAM STUDI S1 GEOLOGI & GEOFISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424
Presentation Outline

⚫ What is GNSS?
⚫ GNSS is a multi system satellite positionings

⚫ GNSS Architecture

⚫ GNSS Positioning Method

⚫ GNSS Application to Geodynamics

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What is GNSS?

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Courtesy Trimble
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GNSS

⚫ GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) started with the launch

of the U.S Department of Defense Global Positioning System (GPS)
in the late 1970’s

⚫ GNSS systems currently include

⚫ GPS (United States)

⚫ GLONASS (Russia)

⚫ Galileo (European Union)

⚫ BeiDou (China)

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GPS
⚫ GPS (Global Positioning System) or NAVSTAR,
as it is officially called, is the first GNSS system
⚫ Launched in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s
for the US Department of Defense
⚫ Since the initial launch, several generations,
referred to as “Blocks”, of GPS satellites have
been launched
⚫ GPS was initially launched for military use, but
opened up to civilian use in 1983

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GLONASS
⚫ GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) was developed by the Soviet
Union as an experimental military communications system during the 1970s
⚫ When the Cold War ended, the Soviet Union recognized that GLONASS can be
used in commercial applications
⚫ First satellite was launched in 1983, and system declared fully operational in
1993
⚫ GLONASS went through a period of performance decline
⚫ Russia is committed to bring the system back up to operational and set a date
of 2011 for full deployment of the system
⚫ The GLONASS space segment consists of 24 satellites in three orbital planes
⚫ The GLONASS constellation geometry repeats about once every eight days
⚫ GLONASS satellites orbit 25,510 km above the Earth’s surface. About 1,050 km
lower than GPS satellites

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Galileo
⚫ Europe’s global navigation system
⚫ Guaranteed global positioning service under civilian control
⚫ Guaranteed availability of service under all but the most extreme circumstances
⚫ Suitable for applications where safety is crucial, such as air and ground
transportation
⚫ GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B test satellites are already in orbit

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BeiDou
⚫ China’s global navigation system
⚫ Initial system will provide regional coverage
⚫ A target of 2015 to begin implementation of GEO and MEO satellites for global
coverage

⚫ Compass will provide two levels of services:

⚫ Public service for civilian use, and free to users in China
⚫ Licensed military service, more accurate than public service

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GNSS Architecture

⚫ GNSS satellite systems consists of three major

components or “segments:
⚫ Space Segment
⚫ Control Segment
⚫ User Segment

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GNSS Architecture: Space Segment

⚫ Consists of GNSS satellites, orbiting about 20,000 km

above the earth. Each GNSS has its own constellation of
satellites

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GNSS Architecture: Control Segment

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GNSS Architecture: Control Segment
⚫ The control segment comprises of a ground-based
network of master control stations, data uploading
stations, and monitor stations.
⚫ Master control stations adjust the satellites’ orbit
parameters and on-board high-precision clocks when
necessary to maintain accuracy
⚫ Monitor stations monitor the satellites’ signal and status,
and relay this information to the master control station
⚫ Uploading stations uploads any change in satellite status
back to the satellites

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 GNSS Architecture: User Segment

Position (X, Y, Z) refere to the antenna

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 GNSS Architecture: User Segment - Local GNSS Receiver

Tersus GNNS Module

China)
Courtesy: RTKlib

Swift GNNS Module

(USA)

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Satellite Signals

Source: Karimi (2013)

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Satellite Signals: Orbits

⚫ Satellite Orbits is in Navigation message with types:

⚫ Broadcast Ephemerides: broadcasted by satellites to receivers
in real time (less precise)
⚫ Precise Ephemerides: pre-computed or post computed satellite
orbit (coordinates):
https://cddis.nasa.gov/Data_and_Derived_Products/GNSS/orbit_products.html

⚫ Navigation message consists of:

⚫ GPS date and time
⚫ Satellite status and health
⚫ Satellite ephemeris data, which allows the receiver to calculate the satellite’s
position.
⚫ Almanac, which contains information and status for all GPS satellites

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Satellite Signal: Propagation and Error Budget
⚫ GNSS signals pass through the near-vacuum of space, then through the various
layers of the atmosphere to the earth, as illustrated in the figure below:

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How to determine a distance from a receiver to a GNSS Satellite?

⚫ For each satellite tracked, the receiver determines the propagation time

⚫ The above figure shows the transmission of a pseudorandom code from a

satellite. The receiver can determine the time of propagation by comparing the
transmit time to the receive time

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 GNSS Positioning Method

⚫ Single Point Positioning

⚫ Statik differensial positioning
⚫ Real Time Kinematik (RTK)
Positioning
⚫ CORS

Static
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Kinematic
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GNSS Positioning Method: Basic Single Point Positioning

U
Why need to observed at least 4
satellites?

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Differential GNSS
⚫ Differential GNSS uses a fixed GNSS receiver, referred to as “base station” to
transmit corrections to the rover station for improved positioning

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Differential GNSS
⚫ The base station determines ranges to the GNSS satellites by:
⚫ Using the code-based positioning technique as described earlier
⚫ Using the precisely known locations of the base station and the satellites, the
location of satellites being determined from the precisely known orbit ephemerides
and satellite time
⚫ The base station computes the GNSS errors by differencing the
ranges measured from the above methods
⚫ The base station sends these computed errors as corrections to
the rovers, which will incorporate the corrections into their
position calculations
⚫ A data link between the base and rover stations is required

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Differential GNSS
⚫ For corrections to be applied, the base and rover must be tracking a minimum
of 4 common GNSS satellites (recommend at least 6 common satellites for best
results)
⚫ Rover’s position accuracy will depend on the absolute accuracy of the base
station’s known position
⚫ It is assumed that the propagation paths from the satellites to the base and
rover stations are similar, as long as the baseline length is not too long
⚫ Differential GPS can work very well with baseline lengths up to tens of
kilometers

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 Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)
⚫ Carrier-based ranging that provides
more accurate positioning than
through code-base positioning
⚫ Basic idea is to reduce and remove
errors from satellites common to
both the base and rover
⚫ RTK corrections from a base station
is transmitted to the rover to
correct for errors such as satellite
clock and ephemerides, and
ionospheric and tropospheric errors
⚫ Similar to Differential GNSS, the
rover’s position accuracy will
depend on the base station’s
accuracy, baseline length, and the
quality of the base station’s
satellite observations

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 CORS

Indonesia Continuously Operating Reference Stations (InaCORS)

BASIC CONCEPT

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 Ina-CORS: Station Network

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 InaCORS: GNSS Receivers

Hardware Components
Solar Panel
Radio Antenna

Meteo Logger

GNSS Antennae

Box Panel GNSS

Arrester
Receiver Station at telecomunication provider
hub using VPN Communication line
Modem (VPN)
Station using radio data
communication UPS

Box Panel
Meteo sensor
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GNSS Processing Softwares

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 SAMP (Medan) GNSS Coordinate Time Series
Coordinate Time Series: inter-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic

SAMP

SAMP coordinate time series; (a): Northing; (b): Easting; (c): Height. EQ1: Earthquake M7.8 on 06-04-2010; EQ2:
Earthquake M6.7 on 05-09-2011; EQ3: Earthquake M8.6 and M8,2 on 12-04-2012

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Indonesia Displacement Vectors

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http://www-gpsg.mit.edu/~tah/MIT_IGS_AAC/index2.html
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International GNSS Service (IGS) Network

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USA, Australia, Japan and Others

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Japan Deformation 1997 -2014

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Sendai Earthquake and Tsunami Reconstruction

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 GNSS Deformation Model in Indonesia
Micro Plates in Indonesia Tectonic Setting and Seismicity

Eurasia Ph. Sea

Burma
Pacfic

Molucca Bird Head

Sunda
Maoke
Banda

Timor

Australia

Velocity Rates Preliminary Deformation Model

Courtesy Susilo Courtesy Meilano and Susilo

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Quiz

⚫ Jelaskan tentang konsep penentuan posisi dengan GNSS.

⚫ Signal apa saja yang diterima oleh receiver GNSS tipe
geodetic?
⚫ Jelaskan sumber kesalahan apa saja yang dialami oleh
GNSS?

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 Thank You
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