ATOMIC MODELS Atomicphysics
ATOMIC MODELS Atomicphysics
Presented by:
SHANTI SHARMA
4TH SEMESTER
CONTENTS
Thomson’s Atomic Model
Drawbacks of Thomson’s Atomic Model
Bohr atom model
Drawbacks of Bohr atom model
Sommerfeld’s atom model
Sommerfeld’s relativistic atomic model
Drawbacks of Sommerfeld’s atom model
The vector atom model
Conclusion
References
Thomson’s Atomic Model
J. J. Thomson
Bohr’s atomic
model
(2)An atom radiates energy only
when electron jumps from a
stationary orbit of higher energy to
one of lower energy. If electron
jumps from an initial orbit of
energy E i to the final orbit of
energy E f ( E i E f ) ,a photon of
Ei E f
frequency is emitted.
h
The Bohr formulae
-e
+Ze r
Radius of the nth permissible orbit for
hydrogen 2 2
n h 0
rn 2
e m
The total energy of the electron in the nth orbit
4 2
me Z
En 2 2 2
8 0n h
Lyman
n=1 Balmer
n=2
n=3 Paschen
Pfund
n=4
n=5
n=7 n=6
Brackett
electron
r
b n
a n
n 0
n n
n has n different values
n 2, n 1
n 1, n 1 n 3, n 1
n 2, n 2 n 3, n 2
n 3, n 3
TOTAL ENERGY
4 2
me Z
En 2 2 2
8 0n h
Sommerfeld’s relativistic atomic model
1
The velocity of electron in the elliptic orbits is C
137
So Sommerfeld taking into account the variation of mass
with velocity.
2 z 2e 4
1
16 2 02 p 2c 2
The path of the electron given by equation(1) is an
ellipse whose major axis precesses slowly in the plane
of the ellipse about an axis through the nucleus.
The total energy in the relativistic theory
4 2 4 4 2
me Z me Z n 3 1
En 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 4
8 0n h 8 0h n 4 n
e2 1
2 0 ch 137
33
32
31
22
21
Drawbacks
The orbital angular momentum The diagram shows that the possible
for an atomic electron can be values for the "magnetic quantum
visualized in terms of a vector number" ml for l=2 can take the values
model where the angular ml =-2,-1,0,1,2
momentum vector is seen as or, in general,
precessing about a direction in ml=-l,-l+1,……..,l-1,l
space.
Vector atom Model for Total Angular
Momentum
• ATOMIC PHYSICS
- J.B. RAJAM
• http://www.tutornext.com/lesson/vector-atom-
model/1243900
• http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/preuss/1_5_V
ectorModel.pdf
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