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Ling 100 - Group Presentation # 2 - Semantics: Lexical Relations Synonymy

This document defines semantics as the study of meaning in language and discusses several key concepts in semantics including lexical relations like synonymy and antonymy, types of meaning like conceptual and associative meaning, semantic features used to analyze sentences, semantic roles like agent and theme, and other lexical phenomena such as prototypes, homonyms, polysemy, and metonymy.

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41 views1 page

Ling 100 - Group Presentation # 2 - Semantics: Lexical Relations Synonymy

This document defines semantics as the study of meaning in language and discusses several key concepts in semantics including lexical relations like synonymy and antonymy, types of meaning like conceptual and associative meaning, semantic features used to analyze sentences, semantic roles like agent and theme, and other lexical phenomena such as prototypes, homonyms, polysemy, and metonymy.

Uploaded by

Yen Lema
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ling 100 | Group Presentation # 2 | Semantics

Definition Lexical Relations


● Study of the meaning of words, phrases ● Synonymy ​- Two or more words with
and sentences. very closely related meanings; not total
● How meaning is conveyed through the sameness
symbols of a written language Ex: Large-Big; Rapid-fast
● In semantic analysis, we are concerned ● Antonymy - ​Two words with opposite
with objective or general meaning and meanings
avoids trying to account for subjective 1. Gradable - along a scale
or local meaning. (Old-New)
2. Non-gradable - direct opposite
Meaning (Alive-dead)
1. Conceptual Meaning ● Hyponymy ​- When the meaning of one
- Literal use of a word form is included in the meaning of
- Snake is a long, limbless reptile another (Animal → Dog)
2. Associative Meaning ❏ Superordinate - higher-level
- Has connotations term
- Snake is a treacherous person ❏ Co-hyponym - share the same
superordinate
Semantic Features ● Prototypes ​- idea of the “characteristic
instance” of a category (Furniture:
chairs, table, dresser)
● Homonyms ​- same spelling, different
meaning (bank-bank)
● Homophones ​- different spelling, same
The is reading the newspaper. pronunciation (meat-meet
N [+human] ● Polysemy​ - one form, multiple
meanings related by extension (ex:
This approach would give us the ability to head)
predict which nouns make this sentence ● Metonymy ​- close connection based on:
semantically odd. Some examples would be ❏ Container-content relation
table,​ ​horse a​ nd ​hamburger​, because none of (Bottle-water)
them have the required feature [+human]. ❏ Whole-part relation
(Wheels-car)
Semantic Roles ❏ Representative-symbol
● Agent​ - entity that ​performs t​ he action relationship (White
● Theme​ - entity ​involved in ​or ​affected House-president)
by the action ● Word Play ​ - humor, witty (ex: 789)
● Instrument​ - agent uses another entity ● Collocations ​- natural combination of
to perform an action words closely affiliated with each other
● Experiencer​ - person who has a feeling, (apple-pie)
perception, or state
● Location​ - where an entity is
● Source​ - where it is from
● Goal​ - where it moves to

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