A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
Wireless Power Transmission

Submitted By
Name :Shubham
Roll No. :1402710155
Semester :6th
Section :CS-3(A)
Signature :

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE

GHAZIABAD
 ABSTRACT

"Wireless power transfer" is a collective term that refers to a number of different

technologies for transmitting energy by means of electromagnetic fields. The
technologies, listed in the table below, differ in the distance over which they can
transfer power efficiently, whether the transmitter must be aimed (directed) at the
receiver, and in the type of electromagnetic energy they use: time varying electric
fields, magnetic fields, radio waves, microwaves, or infrared or visible light waves.

In general a wireless power system consists of a "transmitter" connected to a source of

power such as a mains power line, which converts the power to a time-varying
electromagnetic field, and one or more "receiver" devices which receive the power and
convert it back to DC or AC electric current which is used by an electrical load. At the
transmitter the input power is converted to an oscillating electromagnetic field by some
type of "antenna" device. The word "antenna" is used loosely here; it may be a coil of
wire which generates a magnetic field, a metal plate which generates an electric field,
an antenna which radiates radio waves, or a laser which generates light. A similar
antenna or coupling device at the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric
current.

Wireless power uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication devices
like radio, another familiar technology that involves electrical energy transmitted
without wires by electromagnetic fields, used in cellphones, radio and television
broadcasting, and WiFi. In radio communication the goal is the transmission of
information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is not so important, as long
as it is sufficient so the signal to noise ratio is high enough that the information can be
received intelligibly.In wireless communication technologies, generally, only tiny
amounts of power reach the receiver. In contrast, with wireless power the amount of
energy received is the important thing, so the efficiency (fraction of transmitted energy
that is received) is the more significant parameter. [5] For this reason, wireless power
technologies are likely to be more limited by distance than wireless communication
technologies.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPICS Page No.

Abstract 2

Introduction 4

Motivation & Objective 6

Methodology 8

Areas of Application 10

Advantages 12

Conclusion 13

Future Aspect 15

References 18

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Wireless Power Transmission

Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy

transmission, or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical
energy from a power source to an electrical load, such as an electrical power grid or
appliance, without the use of conductors like wires or cables. Wireless power is a
generic term that refers to a number of different power transmission technologies that
use time-varying electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields.

Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories, non-radiative and radiative.
In near field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred by magnetic
fields using inductive coupling between coils of wire, or by electric
fields using capacitive coupling between metal electrodes. Inductive coupling is the
most widely used wireless technology; its applications include electric
toothbrush chargers, RFID tags, smartcards, and chargers for implantable medical
devices like artificial cardiac pacemakers, and inductive powering or charging
of electric vehicles like SCMaglev ,trains ,AGV or buses. A current focus is to develop
wireless systems to charge mobile and handheld computing devices such as cell phones
, digital music players and portable computers without being tethered to a wall plug.
In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by
beams of electromagnetic radiation, like microwaves or laser beams. These techniques
can transport energy longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed
applications for this type are solar power satellites, and wireless powered drone aircraft.

1.1.1 Wireless Charging

Inductive charging (also known as wireless charging) uses an electromagnetic field to

transfer energy between two objects through electromagnetic induction. This is usually
done with a charging station. Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an
electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.

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1.1.2 OLEV Technologies

The Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) is an electric vehicle that charges wirelessly while
moving using electromagnetic induction (the wireless transfer of power
through magnetic fields). It functions by using a segmented "recharging" road that
induces a current in "pick-up" modules on the vehicle.

In the "recharging" road, slim W-shaped ferrite cores (magnetic cores used in induction)
are buried 30 cm underground in a fish bone like structure. Power cables are wrapped
around the center of the fish bone structures to make the "primary coils". This design
combines the magnetic fields of the two sides of the cables and shapes the fields in a
way that maximizes induction. Moreover, the primary coils are placed in segments
across certain spans of the road so that only about 5% to 15% of the road needs to be
remodeled. To power the primary coils, the cables are attached to the South Korean
national power grid through a power inverter (a device that converts DC
electricity into AC electricity). The inverter accepts 3-phase 380 or 440 voltage from
the grid to generate 20kHz of AC electricity into the cables. In turn, the cables create a
20 kHz magnetic field that sends flux through the slim ferrite cores to the pick-ups on
the OLEV.

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 MOTIVATION & OBJECTIVE

While wireless power devices have already been created by other companies and
institutions, they are still very basic and not practical. Charging a battery wirelessly has
also been done before by small home appliance companies. The difference in this WPT
technique and the new proposed wireless power system is its ability to send power
wirelessly two meters. This gives it an edge over what is currently available on the
market. WPT is convenient for the user because it is accessible and it is not confined to
a single outlet location. This system is marketable on many levels. For the individual
consumer, this technology allows powering and charging of portable devices such as
cell phones and laptops. Building designers would integrate WPT technology into the
walls or floors of new construction to allow for the distribution of wireless power.

Currently there are very few wireless power transmitters on the market. MIT was the
first to demonstrate wireless power using resonant near field inductive coupling in the
summer of 2007. In 2008, Intel also achieved wireless power though inductive coupling
. These methods consist of two coils which are configured to have the same resonant
frequency, with an oscillator that sends a sinusoidal signal transmitting the power at the
resonant frequency. These designs are currently in the laboratory phase of development
and are not ready for mainstream use. They usually consist of exposed coils and
transmit high frequency signals at levels not desirable for prolonged human interaction.

In the context of wireless power, energy harvesting, also called power

harvesting or energy scavenging, is the conversion of ambient energy from the
environment to electric power, mainly to power small autonomous wireless electronic
devices.[98] The ambient energy may come from stray electric or magnetic fields or
radio waves from nearby electrical equipment, light, thermal energy (heat), or kinetic
energy such as vibration or motion of the device.

Although the efficiency of conversion is usually low and the power gathered often
minuscule (milliwatts or microwatts), it can be adequate to run or recharge small
micropower wireless devices such as remote sensors, which are proliferating in many

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fields. This new technology is being developed to eliminate the need for battery
replacement or charging of such wireless devices, allowing them to operate completely
autonomously.

Tesla's work was impressive, but it didn't immediately lead to widespread, practical
methods for wireless power transmission. Since then, researchers have developed
several techniques for moving electricity over long distances without wires. Some exist
only as theories or prototypes, but others are already in use. If you have an electric
toothbrush, for example, you probably take advantage of one method every day.
The wireless transmission of energy is common in much of the world. Radio waves are
energy, and people use them to send and receive cell phone, TV, radio and WiFi signals
every day. The radio waves spread in all directions until they reach antennae that are
tuned to the right frequency. A similar method for transferring electrical power would
be both inefficient and dangerous.

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 METHODOLOGY

MPT as a mechanism for WPT is the central focus of this paper. MPT is defined as the
transfer of power through space by means of microwaves. In particular, a MPT system
converts direct current (DC) power to microwaves, transmits that microwave radiation
to a target, and the target converts the microwave radiation back to DC power. Figure 1
below depicts a block diagram of the MPT system. First the microwaves are generated
by the microwave generator. This radiation then passes through the Coax-Waveguide
Adapted, which in turn passes through the waveguide circulator, a device that reduces
the radiation to exposure from outside power. Finally the radiation passes through the
tuner and directional coupler device, which separates the signal according to signal
propagation direction. The radiation is then transmitted over the air through antennae,
where it is received by the antenna at the receiving antenna, at which the microwave
radiation passes through a low pass filter, then a matching network, then a rectifier as it
is converted to DC power . The details of the relevant steps are described in the sections
to follow.

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Inductive coupling uses magnetic fields that are a natural part of current's movement
through wire. Any time electrical current moves through a wire, it creates a
circular magnetic field around the wire. Bending the wire into a coil amplifies the
magnetic field. The more loops the coil makes, the bigger the field will be.

If you place a second coil of wire in the magnetic field you've created, the field
can induce a current in the wire. This is essentially how a transformer works, and it's
how an electric toothbrush recharges. It takes three basic steps:

1. Current from the wall outlet flows through a coil inside the charger, creating a
magnetic field. In a transformer, this coil is called the primary winding.
2. When you place your toothbrush in the charger, the magnetic field induces a
current in another coil, or secondary winding, which connects to the battery.
3. This current recharges the battery.

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 AREA OF APPLICATION

Several applications of wireless power transfer are apparent and obvious. Firstly, WPT
could eliminate traditional charging systems in place today. Instead of plugging in a
mobile phone or laptop via power cord to charge the battery, wireless power can be
harnessed and implemented in a home such that a laptop and phone charge continuously
and wirelessly without the need for plugging anything in. Higher level applications
include charging of electric vehicles (EVs. Applications of WPT are described in this
section.

Electronic portable devices (Wireless Charging)

Cell phones, laptops, tablets, even smart watches are found all over the globe and are
owned and used by billions of people. What these devices all have in common is the
need to recharge their internal battery so that the device can be used while mobile.WPT
has the potential to disrupt and revolutionize the traditional portable device, not only by
making mobile devices more convenient by eliminating the need for a physical power
supply, but also safer (power cords carry risk of shock and can cause fires), as well as a
reduced cost for consumers. Research has even been done into multi-hop WPT systems,
wherein a generator transmits power wirelessly to targets, which can then in turn
become sources for other targets, and transfer power wirelessly to those targets.

Inductive charging (also known as wireless charging) uses an electromagnetic field to

transfer energy between two objects through electromagnetic induction. This is usually
done with a charging station. Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an
electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.

Electric Vehicles (OLEV)

As concern over global warming and greenhouse gas emissions grows across the globe,
the prevalence of electric vehicles has also increased. One of the drawbacks of electric

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vehicles is their battery. Electric vehicles currently need to be plugged in to recharge
their internal batteries, and take many hours to do so. However, many envision that in
the near future, one need only park her car in a pre-determined spot in her driveway and
the car will charge wirelessly and automatically.

In the "recharging" road, slim W-shaped ferrite cores (magnetic cores used in induction)
are buried 30 cm underground in a fish bone like structure. Power cables are wrapped
around the center of the fish bone structures to make the "primary coils". This design
combines the magnetic fields of the two sides of the cables and shapes the fields in a
way that maximizes induction. Moreover, the primary coils are placed in segments
across certain spans of the road so that only about 5% to 15% of the road needs to be
remodeled. To power the primary coils, the cables are attached to the South Korean
national power grid through a power inverter (a device that converts DC
electricity into AC electricity). The inverter accepts 3-phase 380 or 440 voltage from
the grid to generate 20kHz of AC electricity into the cables. In turn, the cables create a
20 kHz magnetic field that sends flux through the slim ferrite cores to the pick-ups on
the OLEV

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 ADVANTAGES

 Authenticates and Adapts to Loads

 Protocol Enables Interoperability

 Performs Power Needs Analysis

 Provides a Range of Power: milliwatts – kilowatts

 Lower Harmonics

 Higher Efficiency Adaptive Resonant System

 Lower Thermal Rise and RFI Profile

 Passes DSENSE Testing for Devices

 Safe – Human Exposure and Medical Devices

 Zero Standby Power

 Freedom of positioning

 Eliminates power cords & wires

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it is clear that resonant inductive coupling power transmission would be

extremely beneficial to society if it were implemented in homes and home electronics.
From an environmental standpoint, this technology could replace disposable batteries
and cords, reducing dangerous chemicals and potential for poisoning
communities. Resonant inductive coupling also has health benefits and with no need for
cords life would simply become easier.

To start with we should begin replacing household outlets with a wireless power
transmitter in each new house and have battery shaped coils to fit into home electronics.
The companies that currently manufacture batteries and components for wired
technology could move into manufacturing the new wireless technology. Many
consumers would appreciate the ease of use of the wireless technology and the market
would surely open up allowing these companies to continue to thrive if they can switch
to the new technology. These homes would still have traditional wired power for the
consideration that there are still many devices are currently manufactured with cords.

As wireless power begins to grow more of these devices would be manufactured with a
wireless option and the use of wireless power will become widespread in new homes. In
addition, a power source coil could be manufactured to be powered from a traditional
plug in to give old home owners the option of upgrading their homes to wireless power.
Because only new homes and new devices would contain the wireless technology there
would not be a large abundance of electronic waste caused by scrapping old wired
electronics. The transition would be somewhat slow and take many years to show up in
a majority of places. However, switching to wireless power would increase the
efficiency and convenience of these electronics, while lowering the environmental
impact in the long run.

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  The solar power stations on the moon would require supervision and
maintenance. In other words, the project would require sustainable, manned
moon bases.

 Only part of the earth has a direct line of sight to the moon at any given time. To
make sure the whole planet had a steady power supply, a network
of satellites would have to re-direct the microwave energy.

 Many people would resist the idea of being constantly bathed in microwaves
from space, even if the risk were relatively low.

While scientists have built working prototypes of aircraft that run on wireless power,
larger-scale applications, like power stations on the moon, are still theoretical. As the
Earth's population continues to grow, however, the demand for electricity could outpace
the ability to produce it and move it around. Eventually, wireless power may become a
necessity rather than just an interesting idea.

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 FUTURE ASPECT

Wireless power is an exciting new frontier, opening up new possibilities for

manufacturers and consumers around the world. This new frontier will have a major
impact on many significant market segments and create new ways to interact with the
design of appliances and corresponding products. As this technology is adopted by
consumers, it is imperative that engineering and design teams, wireless power
providers, manufacturers and governing bodies join forces to insure that a universal
solution that meets present and future consumer needs is always the main concern. Only
by working together will universal wireless energy delivery reach its potential and make
wireless truly wireless.

To make wireless transmission of energy work, a single global standard needs to be

developed through a cooperative organization of international developers,
manufacturers and distributors. This standard will be the blueprint for utilizing wireless
energy transmission worldwide. The safety and range of energy needs can be addressed
collectively, bringing wireless energy into the world of a practical real world solution.

As the Earth's population continues to grow, the demand for electricity will outpace our
ability to produce it and transmit it around the world. Eventually, wireless power will
become a necessity.

In last few years, our society experienced a silent, but quite dramatic,
revolution in terms of the number of autonomous electronic devices
(e.g. laptops, palm pilots, digital cameras, household robots, etc.)
that we use in our everyday lives. Currently, most of these devices are
powered by batteries, which need to be recharged very often.

This fact motivated us to think whether there exist physical principles

that could enable wireless powering of these and similar devices.

Results of our research on the feasibility of using resonant objects,

strongly coupled through the tails of their non-radiative modes, for

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mid-range (i.e. a few meters: e.g. within a room, or a factory pavilion)
wireless power transfer applications seem to be quite encouraging.

We live in a wireless world. Cell phones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 2G, 3G, 4G — the always
on, always connected world of digital devices is driven by the magic of wireless. But all
our devices, from smart phones to laptops, still rely on cords and plugs for charging.
Everyone’s had their cell phone become useless for the day when the battery dies and
there’s nowhere to charge it. Battery life consistently shows up as a key factor in
product ads, feature lists and reviews. As advanced and powerful as phones, tablets and
laptops are, when that bar hits 0%, they’re as good as worthless without an outlet (the
same outlet everyone else in the cafe or the airport wants to use).

Imagine if all you had to do to charge your phone was set it down in the right place.
That’s the reality wireless power aims to achieve.

Really it’s about having power everywhere you are, and not having to be limited by the
amount of power you can carry with you in a battery or some other matter,” explains
Joshua Schwannecke, an engineering manager at Fulton Innovation. Fulton is a
development and licensing company working on technologies that can improve people’s
lives — like wireless power. “The idea is that, any device that you have that requires
any sort of power right now… should be able to be powered in all of the spaces.

Power is the final cord that needs to be cut for complete wireless freedom. Not only
does the technology exist, it’s already showing up in consumer technology.

Called magnetic induction, the technology allows power to be transferred without wires.
You simply have to set your device — phone, laptop, tablet, or anything else with an
embedded receiver — on a charging station, as the technology works best over short
distances (the greater the distance the less efficient the transfer is, but there are
companies experimenting with transmitting power over further distances, and the limits
could change as the technology advances).

However, distance isn’t much of an issue because power transmitters can be embedded
in places phones and other devices are normally set down, like the tables at a cafe, desks
at work, the bedside table at a hotel room, or even the furniture in your own home

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(which someone has already done with their nightstand). Schwannecke says they’re
working with furniture manufacturers to make this happen.

Charging stations and cases that work with current phones like the iPhone (the Duracell
Powermat, for example) are already available, and eventually the receivers will be built-
in to phones and other devices. The recently released Nexus 4 can be charged
wirelessly, as well as the Nokia Lumia 920, and there’s been speculation for years about
wireless charging being built into an upcoming iPhone. Wireless power is already
becoming commonplace in Japan. Stateside, Intel has demonstrated a laptop with a
wireless charger built-in and the 2013 Dodge Dart is the first car to offer a wireless
charging mat inside, and there are now other cars offering the same capability.

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 REFERENCES

 Tesla coil - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org

 Online Electric Vehicle – Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org

 OLEV Technologies chargedevs.com

 Wireless Charging & How Inductive Chargers Work powerbyproxi.com

 Wireless Power Transmission www.slideshare.net

 "Wireless energy transfer". Encyclopedia of terms. PC Magazine Ziff-Davis. 2014.

 Smith, Glenn S. (1997). An Introduction to Classical Electromagnetic Radiation.

Cambridge University Press.

 Wong, Elvin (2013). "Seminar: A Review on Technologies for Wireless

Electricity"

 chantz, Hans G. (June 2007). A Real-Time Location System Using Near-Field

Electromagnetic Ranging (PDF). 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
International Symposium, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Inst. of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers.

 Gopinath, Ashwin (August 2013). "All About Transferring Power

Wirelessly" (PDF). Electronics for You E-zine. EFY Enterprises Pvt.

 Valtchev, Stanimir S.; Baikova, Elena N.; Jorge, Luis R. (December

2012). "Electromagnetic Field as the Wireless Transporter of Energy" (PDF). Facta
Universitatis Ser. Electrical Engineering. Serbia.

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