Ratio, Proportion & Partnership

Examples with Solutions

RATIO, PROPORTION AND PARTNERSHIP

Example 2:
RATIO Are the ratio 3 to 4 and 6:8 equal?
Ratio is strictly a mathematical term to compare Solution:
two similar quantities expressed in the same units. The ratio are equal if 3/4 = 6/8.
The ratio of two terms ‘x’ and ‘y’ is
denoted by x:y.
In general, the ratio of a number x to a These are equal if their cross products are equal;
number y is defined as the quotient of the numbers that is, if 3×8 = 4×6. Since both of these
x and y. products equal 24, the answer is yes, the
The numerator of the ratio is called the ratios are equal.
antecedent (x) and the denominator is called Remember to be care full order matters!
consequent (y) of the ratio. A ratio of 1:7 is not the same as a ratio of
7:1.
COMPARISON OF TWO OR MORE
RATIOS REMEMBER
Two or more ratios may be compared by
reducing the equivalent fractions to a common
denominator and then comparing the magnitudes  The two quantities must be of the same
of their numerator. Thus, suppose 2:5, 4:3 and 4:5 kind and in same unit.
are three ratios to be compared then the fractions  The ratio is a pure number, i.e. without any
2 4 4
, and are reduced to equivalent fractions with unit of measurement.
5 3 5
a common denominator. For this, the denominator  The ratio would stay unaltered even if both
of each is changed to 15 equal to the L.C.M. their the antecedent and the consequent are
denominators. Hence the given ratios are multiplied or divided by the same number.
6 20 12
expressed , and or 2:5, 4:3, 4:5 according
15 15 15
to magnitude. Compound ratio: Ratios are compounded by
multiplying together the antecedents for a
Example 1: new antecedent and the consequents for a
Which of the ratio 2:3 and 5:9 is greater? new consequent.
Solution: The compound of a: b and c: d Is a*c/b*d,
In the form of fractions, the given ratios i.e.,
2 5 ac: bd.
are 3 and 9,
Reducing them to fractions with a Example 3:
6
common denominator they are written as Find the compound ratio of the four ratios:
9
and 9
5 4:5, 15:13, 26:3 and 6:17
6
Solution:
Hence the greater ratio is 9 or 2:3. 4×15×26×6 48
The required ratio = 5×13×3×17 = 17
or 48: 17
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

The duplicate ratio of x: y is x2: y2. equation, we can find the proportion x :
The triplicate ratio of x: y is x3: y3. y : z.
The sub duplicate ratio x: y is 𝑥: 𝑦. This will be given by
The sub triplicate ratio x: y is 3 x: 3 y . 𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 : 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1 : 𝑎1 𝑏2
1 1 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
Reciprocal ratio of a: b is 𝑎 ∶ or b: a.
𝑏 8. To find the ratio of the two variables of
Inverse ratio a homogeneous equation of second
Inverse ratio of x: y is y: x. degree.
Fort this all the terms of the
homogeneous equation are taken on one
side and factorized into linear equation
PROPERTIES is formed from each of the factors and
a c b d the ratio of the variables obtained.
1. If b = d thena = c , i.e., the inverse ratios 9. A number which when subtracted from
of two equal ratios are equal. The the terms of the ratio a:b make it equal
property is called Invertendo. 𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑
to the ratio c:d is
a c a b 𝑐 −𝑑
2. If = then = , i.e., the ratio of
b d c d
antecedents and consequents of two
equal ratios are equal. This property is  If the ratio between the first and the
called Alternendo. second quantities is a : b and the ratio
a c a+b c+d
3. If = d then = . This property is between the second and third quantities is
b b d
called Componendo. c : d, then the ratio among first, second and
third quantities is given by ac : bc : bd
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 −𝑏 𝑐−𝑑  The above ratio can be represented
4. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then = . This property is
𝑏 𝑑 diagrammatically as
called Dividendo.
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
5. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then𝑎 −𝑏 = 𝑐−𝑑 . This property is
called Componendo-Dividendo.
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 a : b
6. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 = 𝑓 =…….. Then,
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑠 c : b
Each ratio = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 +𝑐+𝑒+⋯
i.e.𝑏 = 𝑑 = 𝑏+𝑑 +𝑓+⋯ ac : bc : bd
7. If we have two equations containing
three unknown as
 If the ratio between the first and the
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 … (i)
second quantities is a:b and the ratio
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 0 … (ii)
between the second and third quantities is
then, the values of x, y and z cannot be
c : d and the ratio between the third and
resolved without having a third
fourth quantities is e : f, then the ratio
equation.
among first, second, third and fourth
However, in the absence of a third
quantities is given by ace : bce : bde : bdf
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

60
denominator of70 will give a ratio equal
16
to21 ?
Solution:
Let x be the required integer. Then,
60−𝑥 16
= 21
70−𝑥
⇒ 1260 − 21𝑥 = 1120 − 16𝑥
⇒ 5𝑥 = 140 ⇒ 𝑥 = 28
 To divide a given quantity into a given
ratio. Example 6:
Suppose any given quantity a, is to be 𝑥 4 3𝑥+4𝑦
If𝑦 = 5, find the value of 4𝑥+3𝑦 .
divided in the ratio m:n
Let one part of the given quantity be a then Solution:
3𝑥 4
the other part will be a-x. 3𝑥+4𝑦 +4 3× +4 32
𝑦 5
𝑥 𝑚 4𝑥+3𝑦
= 4𝑥 = 4 = 31
+3 4× +3
∴ = 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 5
𝑎−𝑥 𝑛
𝑛𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎 − 𝑚𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚𝑎
Example 7:
∴ One part is𝑚 +𝑛 and the other part will 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
Find the value of𝑥−𝑎 + 𝑥−𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 +𝑏 .
be
𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑎 Solution:
𝑎 − 𝑚 +𝑛 = 𝑚 +𝑛 2𝑎𝑏 𝑥 2𝑏
𝑥 = 𝑎 +𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑎 +𝑏
By componendo – dividendo,
Example 4:
𝑥 + 𝑎 3𝑏 + 𝑎
Divide 70 in the ratio 3:7 =
𝑥−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
Solution: 𝑥 2𝑎
Similarly, 𝑏 = 𝑎 +𝑏
Let one part be x
Then the other part = 70-x 𝑥 + 𝑏 3𝑎 + 𝑏
=⇒
𝑥 3
∴ 70−𝑥 = 7 𝑜𝑟 7𝑥 = 210 − 3𝑥 𝑥−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 3𝑏 + 𝑎 3𝑎 + 𝑏
or x=21 and 70-x=49 ∴ + = +
𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎−𝑏
Hence the two required parts of 70 are 21 − 3𝑏 + 𝑎 3𝑎 + 𝑏 2𝑎 − 2𝑏
and 49. = + = =2
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
Short cut method:
3
First part = × 70 = 21 Example 8:
10
7 Divide `581 among A, B and C such that
Second part = 10 × 70 = 49
four time A’s share is equal to 5 times B’s
share which is equal to seven times C’s
share.
Example 5: Solution:
What is the least integer which when 4 times A’s share = 5 times B’s share
subtracted from both the numerator and = 7 times C’s share
𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐵′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒
= =
35 28 20
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

[Dividing by L.C.M. of 4, 5 and 7 i.e. 140] Example 11:

∴ 𝐴: 𝐵: 𝐶 = 35: 28: 20 The sum of two numbers is 60 and their
35 difference is 6. What is the ratio of the two
∴ 𝑆𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 35+28+20 × 581=` 245
28 numbers?
Share of B = 83 × 581=` 196 Solution:
20
Share of C = 83 × 581=` 140 The required ratio of the numbers
60+6 66 11
▪ In any 2-dimensional figures, if the = 60−6 = 54 = 9
𝑜𝑟 11: 9
corresponding sides are in the ratio x:y,
then their areas are in the ratio𝑥 2 : 𝑦 2 . Example 12:
Three persons A, B, C whose salaries
Example 9: together amount of ` 14400, spend 80, 85
The ratio of the radius of two circles is 2:5. and 75 per cent of their salaries
Find the ratio of their areas. respectively. If their savings are in the
Solution: ratio 8:9:20, find their respective salaries.
Ratio of their area = 22 : 52 = 4: 25 Solution:
 In any two 3-dimensional figures, if the A, B and C spend 80%, 85% and 75%
corresponding sides are in the ratio x:y, respectively of their salaries
then their volumes are in the ration𝑥 3 : 𝑦 3 . A,B&C save 20%, 15% and 25%
 If the ratio between two numbers is a:b respectively of their salaries.
and if each number is increased by x, the So, 20% of A’s salary: 15% of B’s salary:
ratio become c:d. 25% of C’s salary = 8:9:20
Then, Sum of the two numbers = 1 3
𝑥 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
⇒ 𝑜𝑓 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦: 𝑜𝑓 𝐵′ 𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦:
5 20
𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐 1
𝑜𝑓 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 8: 9: 20 … (i)
Difference of the two numbers 4
1
𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 8
5
= Now 3 =9
𝑜𝑓 𝐵 ′𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 20
Two numbers are given 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 3 5 2
𝑥𝑎 𝑐−𝑑 𝑥𝑏 𝑐−𝑑 ′
= ×8× =
as 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 20 9 3
𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
A’s salary: B’s salary = 2:3 … (ii)
Example 10: Similarly, B’s salary: C’s salary = 3:4 …
The ratio between two numbers is 3:4. If (iii)
each number be increased by 2, the ratio From (ii) and (iii)
becomes 7:9. Find the numbers. A’s salary: B’s salary: C’s salary = 2:3:4.
2
Solution: ∴ 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 2+3+4 × 14400=` 3200
2×3 7−9 2×4 7−9 3
Numbers are 3×9−4×7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3×9−4×7 or 12 B’s salary = 2+3+4 × 14400=` 4800
and 16. 4
C’s salary = 2+3+4 × 14400=` 6400
 If the sum of two numbers is A and their 𝑎
(viii) If the ratio𝑏 > 1 and k is a positive
difference is a, then the ratio of numbers is
𝑎 +𝑘 𝑎 𝑎 −𝑘 𝑎
given by A + a: A - a. number, then𝑏+𝑘 < 𝑏 and 𝑏 −𝑘 > 𝑏

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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions
𝑎
Similarly, if𝑏 < 1 Solution:
𝑎+𝑘 𝑎 𝑎−𝑘 𝑎 Let x be the required mean proportional.
> 𝑎𝑛𝑑 < Then,
𝑏+𝑘 𝑏 𝑏−𝑘 𝑏
𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑐 𝑎
(ix) If 𝑑 > 𝑏 , then 𝑏−𝑘 > 𝑏 3: 𝑥: : 𝑥: 75
𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑐 𝑎 ∴ 𝑥 = 3 × 75 = 15
and if 𝑑 < 𝑏 , then 𝑏+𝑑 < 𝑏
Example 14:
PROPORTION A courier charge to a place is proportional
When two ratios are equal, the four quantities to the square root of the weight of the
composing them are said to be in proportion. consignment. It costs ` 54 to courier a
𝑎 𝑐
If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then a, b, c, d are in proportion. consignment weighing 25 kilos. How
This is expressed by saying that ‘a’ is to ‘b’ as ‘c’ much more will it cost (in rupees) to
is to ‘d’ and the proportion is written as courier the same consignment as two
a:b::c:d or a:b=c:d parcels weighing 16 kilos and 9 kilos
The terms a and d are called the extremes while respectively?
the terms b and c are called means. Solution:
Courier charges
∝ 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
REMEMBER or Courier Charges
=k 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.
For weight = 25 kilos, courier charges is
 If four quantities are in proportion, the given to ` 54.
product of the extremes is equal to the ∴ 54 = 𝐾 25 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 10.80
product of the means. Cost of courier for 16 kilos,
Let a, b, c, d be in proportion, then 𝐶16 = 𝑘 16 = 10.8 16
𝑎 𝑐
= 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 ∴ 𝐶16 =` 43.20
𝑏
 If three quantities a, b and c are in Cost of courier for 9 kilos,
continued proportion, then a:b=b:c 𝐶9 = 𝑘 9 = 10.8 9 = `32.4
∴ 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏2 Total cost of courier for two parcels
b is called mean proportional. 𝐶16 + 𝐶9 = 43.20 + 32.40 = 75.60
 If three quantities are proportional, then Difference to be paid = 75.60 – 54 =
the first is to be third is the duplicates ratio `21.60.
of the first is to the second.
If 𝑎: 𝑏 ∷ 𝑏: 𝑐 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎: 𝑐 = 𝑎2 : 𝑏2

TO FIND THE MEAN PROPORTIONAL

Example 13:
Find the mean proportional between 3 and
75.

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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

TO FIND THE VALUES OF AN UNKNOWN Find third proportional to 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 and a +

WHEN FOUR NUMBERS ARE IN b
PROPORTION Solution:
Let x be the required third proportional
Example 15: Then𝑎2 − 𝑏2 : 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏: 𝑥
What must be added to each of the four ∴ 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏
numbers 10, 18, 22, 38 so that they ∴𝑥=
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏
= 𝑎 −𝑏
𝑎 2 −𝑏 2
become in proportion?
USING THEORM ON EQUAL
Solution:
PROPORTION
Let the number to be added to each of the
four numbers be x.
Example 18:
By the given condition, we get 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
10 + 𝑥 : 18 + 𝑥 : 22 + 𝑥 : 38 + 𝑥 If𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑐+𝑎 = 𝑎 +𝑏 , prove that each is
1
⇒ 10 + 𝑥 38 + 𝑥 = 18 + 𝑥 22 + 𝑥 equal to 2 or -1.
⇒ 380 + 48𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 396 + 40𝑥 + 𝑥 2 Solution:
Cancelling 𝑥 2 from both sides, we get 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
We have𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑐+𝑎 = 𝑎 +𝑏
380 + 48𝑥 = 396 + 40𝑥
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
⇒ 48𝑥 − 40𝑥 = 396 − 380 Each ratio = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
16
⇒ 8𝑥 − 16𝑥 = =2 [By theorem on equal ratios]
8
Therefore, 2 should be added to each of 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
= =
the four given numbers. 𝑏+𝑐+𝑐+𝑎+𝑎+𝑏 2 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
1
= 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ≠ 0
TO FIND THE FOURTH PROPORTIONAL 2
If a + b + c = 0, then b + c = -a
Example16:
𝑎 𝑎
Find the fourth proportional to 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑞 + ∴ = = −1
𝑏 + 𝑐 −𝑎
𝑞 2 , 𝑝3 + 𝑞 3 , 𝑝 − 𝑞 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
Similarly, 𝑐+𝑎 = −𝑏 = −1, 𝑎 +𝑏 = −𝑐 = −1
Solution:
1
Let x be the fourth proportional Hence each ratio = 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ≠ 0
∴ 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 : 𝑝3 + 𝑞 3 = 𝑝 − 𝑞 : 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 × 𝑥 = 𝑝3 + 𝑞 3 𝑝 −
𝑞 DIRECT PROPORTION
𝑝3 + 𝑞 3 𝑝 − 𝑞 If on the increase of one quantity, the other
⇒𝑥= quantity increases to the same extent or on the
𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑞 − 𝑞 2
𝑝+𝑞 𝑝 2 −𝑝𝑞 +𝑞 2 𝑝−𝑞 decrease of one, the other decrease to the same
∴𝑥= 𝑝 2 −𝑝𝑞 −𝑞 2 extent, then we say that the given two quantities
∴ The required fourth proportional is are directly proportional. If A and B are directly
2 2
𝑝 −𝑞 proportional then we denote it by 𝐴 ∝ 𝐵.
Also, A = kB, k is constant
TO FIND THE THIRD PROPORTIONAL 𝐴
⇒ =𝑘
𝐵
Example 17:
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

If𝑏1 and𝑏2 are the values of B corresponding to There is a provision for 2805 x 32 kg for
the values𝑎1 , 𝑎2 of A respectively, then 3300 men for 32 days @ 850 gm per head
𝑎1 𝑎2 per day.
=
𝑏1 𝑏2 In 7 days, 3300 men consumed
2805 × 32
× 7 = 2805 × 7 𝑘𝑔
Some Examples: 32
1. Work done ∝ number of men Let the strength of the reinforcement
2. Cost ∝ number of men arrived after 7 days be x.
3. Work ∝ wages ∴ 3300 + 𝑥 men had provision of 2805
4. Working hour of a machine ∝ fuel consumed × 25 kg for 17 days @ 825 gm per head
5. Speed ∝ distance to be covered per day, i.e.
3300 + 𝑥 × 825 × 17
∴ = 2805 × 25
INDIRECT PROPORTION (OR INVERSE 1000
PROPORTION) 1000 × 2805 × 25
⇒ 3300 + 𝑥 =
If on the increase of one quantity, the other 825 × 17
quantity decreases to the same extent or vice = 5000
versa, then we say that the given two quantities ⇒ 𝑥 = 1700
are indirectly proportional. If A and B are ∴ Strength of the reinforcement arrived
1 after 7 days = 1700
indirectly proportional then we denote it by 𝐴 ∝ 𝐵 .
On k-method
𝑘
Also, 𝐴 = 𝐵 (k is a constant)
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑘 Example 20:
If𝑏1 , 𝑏2 are the values of B corresponding If a, b, c be in continued, prove
𝑎 +𝑏 2 𝑎
to the values𝑎1 , 𝑎2 of A respectively, then that =
𝑏+𝑐 2 𝑐
𝑎1 𝑏1 = 𝑎2 𝑏2
Solution:
Some Examples: 𝑎 𝑏
1. More men, less time Let𝑏 = = 𝑘, then a = bk and b = ck
𝑐
2. Less men, more hours Hence 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑘 = 𝑐𝑘. 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑘 2 and b = ck
3. More speed, less time Substituting these values of a and b, we get
2
4. More speed, less taken time to be 𝑐𝑘 2 +𝑐𝑘 [𝑐𝑘 𝑘+1 2
L.H.S. = = =
covered distance 𝑐𝑘 +𝑐 2 𝑐 𝑘+1 2
𝑐 2 𝑘 2 𝑘+1 2
𝑐 2 𝑘+1 2
Example 19: 𝑐𝑘 2
A garrison of 3300 men had provision for and R.H.S. = = 𝑘2
𝑐
2
32 days, when given at the rate of 850 gm 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆. . 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 2
=
per head. At the end of 7 days, a 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐
reinforcement arrived and it was found
that the provision would last 17 days more, RULE OF THREE
when given at the rate of 825 gm per head. In a problem on simple proportion, usually
What was the strength of the three terms are given and we have to find the
reinforcement? fourth term, which we can solve by using Rule of
Solution: three. In such problems, two of given terms are of
7
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

same kind and the third term is of same kind as Suppose 125 men had food for x days.
the required fourth term. First of all we have to Now,
find whether given problem is a case of direct Less men, More days (Indirect Proportion)
proportion or indirect proportion. For this, write Then,
the given quantities under their respective 𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
headings and then mark the arrow in increasing ↓ 150 35 ↓
direction. If both arrows are in some direction 125 𝑥
then the relation between them is direct otherwise ∴ 125: 150 ∷ 35: 𝑥 ⇒ 125 × 𝑥
it is indirect or inverse proportion. Proportion will = 150 × 35
150 × 35
be made by either head to tail or tail to head. ⇒𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥 = 42
The complete procedure can be understand 125
Hence, the remaining food will last for 42
by the examples.
days.

Compound Proportion or Double Rule of

Three
Example 21:
In the compound proportion, number of ratios are
A man completes 5/8 of a job in 10 days.
more than two.
At this rate, how many more days will it take
him to finish the job?
Example 23:
Solution:
5
If the cost of printing a book of 320 leaves
Work done = 8 . Balance work = with 21 lines on each page and on an
5 3 average 11 words in each line is ` 19, find
1− =
8 8
the cost of printing a book with 297 leaves, 28
Less work, Less days (Direct Proportion)
lines on each page and 10 words in each
Let the required number of days be x.
line.
Then,
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 Solution:
↑ 5/8 10 ↑ Less leaves, less cost (Direct Proportion)
3/8 𝑥 More lines, more cost (Direct Proportion)
5 3 5 3 Less words, less cost (Direct Proportion)
Then,8 : 8 ∷ 10: 𝑥 ⇒ 8 × 𝑥 = 8 × 10
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 320: 297
3 8
⇒𝑥= × 10 × 5 = 6 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 21: 28 ∷ 19: 𝑥
8
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠 11: 10
∴ 320 × 21 × 11 × 𝑥 = 297 × 28 × 10 ×
Example 22:
19
A fort had provision of food for 150 men 171 3
for 45 days. After 10 days, 25 men left the ⇒𝑥= = 21 8
8
fort. The number of days for which the
remaining food will last, is: Example 24:
Solution: If 80 lamps can be lighted, 5 hours per day
After 10 days:150 men had food for 35 for 10 days for ` 21.25, then the number of
days. lamps, which can be lighted 4 hours daily for 30
days, for ` 76.50, is:
8
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

Solution: Investment of A:Investment of

Let the required number of lamps be x. B:Investment of C
Less hours per day, More lamps (Indirect =Profit of A:Profit of B: Profit of C, or
Proportion) =Loss of A: Loss of B: Loss of C
More money, More lamps (Direct
Proportion) Example 25:
More days, Less lamps (Indirect Three partner Rahul, Puneet and Chandan
Proportion) invest ` 1600, ` 1800 and ` 2300
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 4: 5 respectively in a business. How should they
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 21.25: 76.50 ∷ 80: 𝑥 divide of ` 399?
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 30: 10 Solution:
∴ 4 × 21.25 × 30 × 𝑥 Profit is to be divided in the ratio 16:18:23
= 5 × 76.50 × 10 × 80 Rahul’s share of profit = 16+18+23 × 399
16
5 × 76.50 × 10 × 80
⇒𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥 = 120 16
4 × 21.25 × 30 = × 399 =`112
57
18
Puneet’s share of profit = 57 × 399=`126
PARTNERSHIP 23
A partnership is an association of two or Chandan’s share of Profit= × 399=`161
57
more persons who lives invest their money in
order to carry on a certain business. Example 26:
A partner who manages the business is A, B and C enter into a partnership by
called the working partner and the one who investing 1500, 2500 and 3000 rupees,
simply invests the money is called the sleeping respectively. A as manager gets one-tenth
partner. of the total profit and the remaining profit
Partnership is of two kinds: is divided among the three in the ratio of
(i) Simple their investment. If A’s total share is `369,
(ii) Compound find the shares of B and C.
Simple partnership: If the capitals is of Solution:
the partners are invested for the same period, the If total profit is x, then
1 15
partnership is called simple. A’s share = 10 𝑥 + 15+25+30 of the
Compoundpartnership: If the capitals of 9
balance10 𝑥
the partners are invested for different lengths of
time, the partnership is called compound. 1 27𝑥
⇒𝑥+ = 369
 If the period of investment is the same for 10 140
each partner, then the profit or loss is ⇒ 14𝑥 + 27𝑥 = 369 × 140
369 × 140
divided in the ratio of their investments. ⇒𝑥= = 91 × 140 = 1260
If A and B are partners in a business, then 41
5 9
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 B’s share = 14 × 10 × 1260 =`405
= 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 = 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 6 9
C’s share = 14 × 10 × 1260 = `486
If A, B and C are partners in a business,
then

9
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

Example 27: Solution:

A and B invested in the ratio 3:2 in a 528 −48
B’s profit = =`240
2
business. If 5% of the total profit goes to
A’s profit = 528 – 240 = `288
charity and A’s share is ` 855, find the total
𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 × 4 288 6
profit. = =
𝐵′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 × 5 240 5
Solution:
𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 6 5
Let the total profit be ` 100 = ×
𝐵′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 5 4
Then, ` 5 goes to charity ′
𝐵 𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 600 3
Now, ` 95 is divided in the ratio 3:2 ⇒ =
95 𝐵′ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 2
∴ 𝐴′ 𝑠𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 3+2 × 3 =`57 ⇒ B’s capital = `1200 and A’s capital =
But A’s actual share is ` 855 `1800
100
∴ Actutal total profit = 855 =`1500
57
Example 29:
Three persons A, B, C rent the grazing of a
MONTHLY EQUIVALENT INVESTMENT
park for `570. A puts in 126 oxen in the
It is the product of the capital invested and
park for 3months, B puts in 162 oxen for 5
the period for which it is invested.
months and C puts in 216 oxen for 4
If the period of investment is different,
then the profit or loss is divided in the ratio months. What part of the rent should each
of their Monthly Equivalent Investment. person pay?
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑕𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 Solution: Monthly equivalent rent of A = 126 ×
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑕𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 3 = 378
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 Monthly equivalent rent of B = 162 ×
= 𝑜𝑟 5 = 810
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴×𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 Monthly equivalent rent of C = 226 ×
i.e.,𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵×𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 4 = 864
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 ∴ Rent is to be divided in the ratio
= 𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 378:810:864, i.e. 7:15:16
If A, B and C are partners in a business, 7
∴ A would have to pay7+15+16 of the rent
then 7 7
Monthly Equivalent Investment of B: = 38 of the rent = 38 × 570 = ₹105
Monthly equivalent Investment of A: 15 15
∴ B would have to pay38 of the rent = 38 ×
Monthly Equivalent Investment of C
570
= Profit of A: Profit of B: Profit of C 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 ×4
= Loss of A: Loss of B: Loss of C = 𝐵 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 225
×5
16 8
and C would have to pay38 , i.e.19 of the
Example 28:
rent
A and B start a business. A invests ` 600 8
more than B for 4 months and B for 5 = × 570=`240
19
months. A’s share is ` 48 more than that of
B, out of a total profit of ` 528. Find the
capital contributed by each. Example 30:
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

Shekhar started a business investing or x = 7 months

`25,000 in 2010. In 2011, he invested an
additional amount of `10,000 and Rajeev Example 32:
joined him with an amount of `35,000. In A sum of `3115 is divided among A, B and
2013, Shekhar invested another additional C so that if `25, `28 and `52 be diminished
amount of `10,000 and Jatin joined then from their shares respectively, the
with an amount of `35,000. What will be remainders shall be in the ratio 8:15:20.
Rajeev’s share in the profit of `1, 50,000 Find the share of each.
earned at the end of 3 years from the stsart Solution:
of the business in 2010? (A’s share-25):(B’s share-28):(C’s share-
(a) `45,000 (b) `50,000 52)=8:15:20
(c) `70,000 (d) `75,000 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 − 25 𝐵′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 − 28
∴ =
Solution: 8 15
(b) Ratio of Shekhar, Rajeev and Jatin’s 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 − 52
= = 𝑘(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
investments 20
= 25000 × 36 + 10000 × 24 + 10000 × ∴ A’s share - 25 = 8k
12: 35000 × 24: 35000 × 12, ∴ A’s share = 8k + 25
= 25 × 36 + 10 × 24 + 10 × 12: 35 Similarly, B’s share = 15k+28 and C’s
× 24: 35 × 12 share = 20k+52
= 25 × 3 + 10 × 2 + 10 × 1: 35 × 2: 35 ∴ 8k+25+15k+28k+20k+52 = 3115
×1 ∴ k = 70
= 75+20+10:70:35 ∴ A gets `585, b gets `1078 and C gets
= 105:70:35, i.e. 3:2:1 `1452.
2
∴ Rajeev’s share in the profit = 6 ×
Example 33:
150000 = ₹50000 A, B and C enter into a partnership. A
advances `1200 for 4 months, B gives `
Example 31: 1400 for 8 months and C `1000 for 10 months.
A began a business with ₹ 4500 and was They gain `585 altogether. Find the share
joined afterwards by B with ₹5400. If the of profit each.
profits at the end of year was divided in Solution:
the ratio 2:1 then B joined the business after: Monthly Equivalent Investment of
(a) 5 months (b) 4 months A =1200×4=4800
(c) 6 months (d) 7 months Monthly Equivalent Investment of
Solution: B = 1400 × 8 = 11200
(d) Let B joined after × months Monthly Equivalent Investment of
Then, 4500 × 12: 5400 × 12 − 𝑥 = 2: 1 C = 1000 × 10 = 1000
4500 ×12 2
or =1 Profit is divided in the ratio 48:112:100,
5400 × 12−𝑥
45 × 12 2 i.e., 12:28:25
⇒ = 12
54 × 12 − 𝑥 1 A’s share of profit is65 × 585=`108
5 28
or 12−𝑥 = 1 B’s share of profit is65 × 585=`252
11
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 Ratio, Proportion & Partnership
Examples with Solutions

25 Solution: If the total profit is 100x, each gets 30x

C’s share of profit is65 × 585=`225
as equal distribution Balance profit of 40x is
divided in the ratio of capital
Example 34:
=1250:850=25:17
Three man A, B and C subscribe `4700 for 25
a business. A subscribes `700 more than B ∴ One partner gets42 ×40x and the other
and B `500 more than C. How much will 17
gets42 × 40
each receive out of a profit of `423? 25 17
∴ This difference42 40𝑥 − 42 × 40𝑥 = 320
Solution:
If C subscribes `x, then, ∴ 𝑥 = 42 ∴ Total profit = `4200.
B subscribes ` (x+500) and A subscribes `
(x+1200) Example 36:
∴ 3x+1700=4700; ∴ 𝑥=`1000 Divide `581 among A, B and C such that
∴ Ratio of profits of C, B and A = four times A share is equal to 5 times B’s share
1000:1500:2200 which is equal to seve times C’s share.
i.e. 10:15:22 Solution:
10 4 time A’s share = 5 times B’s share = 7
∴ C’s share of profit = 47 × 423=`99
15
times C’s share
∴ B’s share of profit = 47 × 423=`135 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐵′𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑒
= =
22 35 28 20
∴ A’s share of profit = 47 × 423=`198 ….(dividing by LCM of 4, 5 and 7 i.e.,
Example 35: 140)
Two partners invested `1250 and `850 ∴ A:B:C=35:28:20
respectively in a business, they decided to 35
∴ Share of A = 35+28+20 × 581=`245
distribute equally 60% of the profit, and 28
the remaining as the interest on their Share of B = 83 × 581=`196
20
capital. If one receives `320 more than the Share of C = 83 × 581 = ₹140
other, find the total profit.

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