A tank is supplied by two pipes A and B and emptied by a third pipe C.

If the tank is initially

empty and all pipes are opened, the tank can be filled in 20 hours. If the tank is initially full
and A and C are opened, the tank can be emptied in 4 hours. If the tank is initially full
and B and C are opened, the tank can be emptied in 2 hours. Pipe A supplies 50 liters per minute
more than B.

Find the rate of pipe A in liters per minute.

A. 120 C. 110
B. 130 D. 140
2. Find the rate of pipe C in liters per minute.
A. 170 C. 150
B. 160 D. 140

3. Find the capacity of the tank in liters.

A. 12,000 C. 11,500
B. 12,500 D. 13,000
If the larger of two numbers is divided by a smaller , the quotient
and remainder are 2 each .
:
Two numbers x & y, (x is the largest)
If we subtract the remainder from the problem, we get the even
quotient

- = 2
simplify, multiply equation by y
x - 2 = 2y
x = (2y+2)
:
If 5 times the smaller number is divided by, the larger,the quotient
and remainder are still to each .

- = 2
simplify the same way, multiply by x
5y - 2 = 2x
;
Find the two numbers
:
Substitute (2y+2) for x in the above equation
5y - 2 = 2(2y+2)
5y - 2 = 4y + 4
5y - 4y = 4 + 2
y = 6
:
Find x using x = 2y + 2
x = 2(6) + 2
x = 14
;
The numbers are 14 & 6
:
See if that is true using the statement:
"5 times the smaller number is divided by the larger, the quotient and
remainder are still 2"

gives quotient of 2 and a remainder of 2

the tens digit of certain two digit number exceeds the units digit by 4 and is 1 less
than twice the units digit. Find the two digit number.

(Scroll Down for Answer!)

let the number be xy , x>y
x-y=4
2y-1=x
x-2y=-1
solve for x & y
x-y=4
x-2y=-1
subtract second from first

y=5
plug y in any equation
x-y=4
x-5=4
x=9
The number is 92
In this lesson, we will look at real numbers, closure properties, and the closure properties of real
numbers. We will also see an example of why it is useful to know what operations real numbers
are closed under.

Closure Properties of Real Numbers

Get excited because we are about to learn about a really fun property of real numbers - the closure
property of real numbers. This property is fun to explore. It gives us a chance to become more
familiar with real numbers. Before we get to the actual closure property of real numbers, let's
familiarize ourselves with the set of real numbers and the closure property itself.

Sets of Numbers and The Closure Property

I'm certain that you are familiar with numbers. After all, you use them everyday in one way or
another. However, did you know that numbers actually have classifications?
We classify different types of numbers using different properties of those numbers, and we call
them sets. We can break all numbers in to the sets of natural numbers, whole numbers, integers,
rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers, and imaginary numbers. These are all defined in
the following image.

In this lesson, we are going to be working with real numbers. From the image, we see that real
numbers consist of all of the sets of numbers that we normally work with. That is, they include the
natural numbers {1,2,3, ...}, the whole numbers {0,1,2,3, ...}, the integers {...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,....},
the rational numbers {p/q, where p and q are integers}, and the irrational numbers {all non-
repeating and non-terminal decimals}. In fact, the real numbers consist of all of the sets of numbers
except imaginary numbers {a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i = sqrt(-1)}. This is why
they are called real numbers - they aren't imaginary!
Now that we are familiar with real numbers, let's explore some certain properties of these numbers.
I'm talking about closure properties. A set of numbers is said to be closed under a certain
operation if when that operation is performed on two numbers from the set, we get another number
from that set as an answer.

Closure Properties of Real Numbers

Real numbers are closed under two operations - addition and multiplication. We could also say that
real numbers are closed under subtraction and division, but this is actually covered by addition and
multiplication because we can turn any subtraction or division problem into an addition or
multiplication problem, respectively, due to the nature of real numbers.
That being said, you may wonder about the number 0 when it comes to division because we can't
divide by 0. Well, here's an interesting fact! Since x / 0 is considered to be undefined, the real
numbers are closed under division and it just so happens that division by zero was defined this way
so that the real numbers could be closed under division.
Let's take a look at the addition and multiplication closure properties of real numbers. Because real
numbers are closed under addition, if we add two real numbers together, we will always get a real
number as our answer. This is shown in the image.

As we said, any subtraction problem of real numbers can be turned into an addition problem, and
since real numbers are closed under addition, we can also be assured they are closed under
subtraction. Changing subtraction to addition is done as follows.
x - y = x + (-y)
Real numbers are also closed under multiplication, so if we multiply any two real numbers together,
the answer will be a real number, as shown in the image.
Closure Property

The closure property means that a set is closed for some

mathematical operation. That is, a set is closed with respect to that
operation if the operation can always be completed with elements in
the set. Thus, a set either has or lacks closure with respect to a
given operation.

For example, the set of even natural numbers, [2, 4, 6, 8, . . .], is

closed with respect to addition because the sum of any two of them
is another even natural number, which is also a member of the set.
(Natural numbers are defined as the set: [1, 2, 3, 4, . . .].) It is not
closed with respect to division because the quotients 6/2 and 4/8,
for example, cannot be computed without using odd numbers (6/2 =
3) or fractions (4/8 = ½g;), which are not members of the set.

Buy Negative: B&H

Lowest Price Negative. Today Negative Lowest Price
BHPhotoVideo.com/negative | Sponsored▼
Knowing the operations for which a given set is closed helps one
understand the nature of the set. Thus, one knows that the set of
natural numbers is less versatile than the set of integers because
the latter is closed with respect to subtraction, but the former is not.
(Integers are defined as the set: [. . .-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .].)
Similarly one knows that the set of polynomials is much like the set
of integers because both sets are closed under addition,
multiplication, negation, and subtraction, but are not closed under
division.

Particularly interesting examples of closure are the positive and

negative numbers. In mathematical structure, these two sets are
indistinguishable except for one property, closure with respect to
multiplication. Once one decides that the product of two positive
numbers is positive, the other rules for multiplying and dividing
various combinations of positive and negative numbers follow.
Then, for example, the product of two negative numbers must be
positive, and so on.

The lack of closure is one reason for enlarging a set. For example,
without augmenting the set of rational numbers with the irrationals,
one cannot solve an equation such as x2 = 2, which can arise from
the use of the pythagorean theorem. Without extending the set of
real numbers to include imaginary numbers, one cannot solve an
equation such as x2 + 1 = 0, contrary to the fundamental theorem of
algebra.

Closure can be associated with operations on single numbers as

well as operations between two numbers. When the Pythagoreans
discovered that the square root of 2 was not rational, they had
discovered that the rationals were not closed with respect to taking
roots.
Although closure is usually thought of as a property of sets of
ordinary numbers, the concept can be applied to other kinds of
mathematical elements. It can be applied to sets of rigid motions in
the plane, to vectors, to matrices, and to other things. For instance,
one can say that the set of three-by-three matrices is closed with
respect to addition.

Closure, or the lack of it, can be of practical concern, too.

Inexpensive, four-function calculators rarely allow the user to use
negative numbers as inputs. Nevertheless, if one subtracts a larger
number from a smaller number, the calculator will complete the
operation and display the negative number that results. On the other
hand, if one divides 1 by 3, the calculator will display 0.333333,
which is close, but not exact. If an operation takes a calculator
beyond the numbers it can use, the answer it displays will be

INVERSE OPERATIONS AND

COMMUTATIVE,
ASSOCIATIVE, AND
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTIES

RELATED BOOK
Basic Math and Pre-Algebra For Dummies, 2nd Edition
By Mark Zegarelli

Part of Basic Math & Pre-Algebra For Dummies Cheat Sheet

The Big Four math operations — addition, subtraction, multiplication,

and division — let you combine numbers and perform calculations.
Certain operations possess properties that enable you to manipulate
the numbers in the problem, which comes in handy, especially when
you get into higher math like algebra. The important properties you
need to know are the commutative property, the associative property,
and the distributive property. Understanding what an inverse operation
is is also helpful.

INVERSE OPERATIONS
Inverse operations are pairs of operations that you can work
“backward” to cancel each other out. Two pairs of the Big Four
operations — addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division —are
inverses of each other:

 Addition and subtraction are inverse operations of each

other. When you start with any value, then add a number to it
and subtract the same number from the result, the value you
started with remains unchanged. For example:

2+3=5 so 5–3=2
7–1=6 so 6+1=7
 Multiplication and division are inverse operations of each
other. When you start with any value, then multiply it by a
 number and divide the result by the same number (except zero),
the value you started with remains unchanged. For example:

3 × 4 = 12 so 12 ÷ 4 = 3
10 ÷ 2 = 5 so 5 × 2 = 10

THE COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY

An operation is commutative when you apply it to a pair of numbers
either forwards or backwards and expect the same result. The two Big
Four that are commutative are addition and subtraction.

Addition is commutative because, for example, 3 + 5 is the same as 5

+ 3. In other words

3+5=5+3

Multiplication is commutative because 2 × 7 is the same as 7 × 2. In

other words

2×7=7×2

THE ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY

An operation is associative when you can apply it, using parentheses,
in different groupings of numbers and still expect the same result. The
two Big Four operations that are associative are addition and
multiplication.

Addition is associative because, for example, the problem (2 + 4) + 7

produces the same result as does the problem 2 + (4 + 7). In other
words,
 (2 + 4) + 7 = 2 + (4 + 7)

No matter which pair of numbers you add together first, the answer is
the same: 13.

Multiplication is associative because, for example, the problem 3 × (4

× 5) produces the same result as the problem (3 × 4) × 5. In other
words,

3 × (4 × 5) = (3 × 4) × 5
Again, no matter which pair of numbers you multiply first, both
problems yield the same answer: 60.

THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY

The distributive property connects the operations of multiplication and
addition. When multiplication is described as “distributive over
addition,” you can split a multiplication problem into two smaller
problems and then add the results.

For example, suppose you want to multiply 27 × 6. You know that 27

equals 20 + 7, so you can do this multiplication in two steps:
1. First multiply 20 × 6; then multiply 7 × 6.
20 × 6 = 1207 × 6 = 42
2. Then add the results.
120 + 42 = 162
Therefore, 27 × 6 = 162.

-
Descartes' rule of sign is used to determine the number of real zeros of a polynomial
function.
It tells us that the number of positive real zeroes in a polynomial function f(x) is the
same or less than by an even numbers as the number of changes in the sign of the
coefficients. The number of negative real zeroes of the f(x) is the same as the number
of changes in sign of the coefficients of the terms of f(-x) or less than this by an even
number.

Purplemath
Descartes' Rule of Signs is a useful help for finding the zeroes of a polynomial, assuming that you
don't have the graph to look at. This topic isn't so useful if you have access to a graphing calculator
because, rather than having to do guess-n-check to find the zeroes (using the Rational Roots Test,
Descartes' Rule of Signs, synthetic division, and other tools), you can just look at the picture on the
screen. But if you need to use it, the Rule is actually quite simple.

 Use Descartes' Rule of Signs to determine the number of real zeroes of:

f (x) = x5 – x4 + 3x3 + 9x2 – x + 5

Descartes' Rule of Signs will not tell me where the polynomial's zeroes are (I'll need to use the
Rational Roots Test and synthetic division, or draw a graph, to actually find the roots), but the Rule
will tell me how many roots I can expect, and of which type

The Remainder Theorem is useful for evaluating polynomials at a given value of x, though it might not seem so,

at least at first blush. This is because the tool is presented as a theorem with a proof, and you probably
don't feel ready for proofs at this stage in your studies. Fortunately, you don't "have" to understand the
proof of the Theorem; you just need to understand how to use the Theorem.

The Remainder Theorem starts with an unnamed polynomial p(x), where "p(x)" just means "some

polynomial p whose variable is x". Then the Theorem talks about dividing that polynomial by some linear
factor x – a, where a is just some number. Then, as a result of the long polynomial division, you end up
with some polynomial answer q(x) (the "q" standing for "the quotient polynomial") and some polynomial
remainder r(x).

The Remainder Theorem:

When we divide a polynomial f(x) by x−c the remainder is f(c)

So to find the remainder after dividing by x-c we don't need to do any division:

Just calculate f(c).

Number theory is the study of properties of the integers. Because of the fundamental
nature of the integers in mathematics, and the fundamental nature of mathematics in
science, the famous mathematician and physicist Gauss wrote:

"Mathematics is the queen of the sciences, and number theory is the queen of
mathematics."

There are an abundance of simply formulated questions about the integers that involve little
more than the basics of addition and multiplication (the ring operations on the integers), but
which are nevertheless unsolved or extremely difficult to solve.

The fundamental theorem of algebra states that every non-constant single-

variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes
polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex number with an imaginary
part equal to zero.
Equivalently (by definition), the theorem states that the field of complex numbers is algebraically
closed.
The theorem is also stated as follows: every non-zero, single-variable, degree n polynomial with
complex coefficients has, counted with multiplicity, exactly n complex roots. The equivalence of the
two statements can be proven through the use of successive polynomial division.
In spite of its name, there is no purely algebraic proof of the theorem, since any proof must use
some form of completeness,[1][citation needed] which is not an algebraic concept. Additionally, it is not
fundamental for modern algebra; its name was given at a time when algebra was synonymous
with theory of equations.

The "Fundamental Theorem of Algebra" is not the start of algebra or anything,

but it does say something interesting about polynomials :

Any polynomial of degree n has n roots

but we may need to use complex numbers

In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients. In much of

the Western world, it is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal, although other
mathematicians studied it centuries before him in India,[1] Persia (Iran)[2], China, Germany, and Italy.[3]
The rows of Pascal's triangle are conventionally enumerated starting with row n = 0 at the top (the
0th row). The entries in each row are numbered from the left beginning with k = 0 and are usually
staggered relative to the numbers in the adjacent rows. The triangle may be constructed in the
following manner: In row 0 (the topmost row), there is a unique nonzero entry 1. Each entry of each
subsequent row is constructed by adding the number above and to the left with the number above
and to the right, treating blank entries as 0. For example, the initial number in the first (or any other)
row is 1 (the sum of 0 and 1), whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in the third row are added to produce
the number 4 in the fourth row.

One of the most interesting Number Patterns is Pascal's Triangle (named

after Blaise Pascal, a famous French Mathematician and Philosopher).

To build the triangle, start with "1" at the top, then continue placing
numbers below it in a triangular pattern.

Each number is the numbers directly above it added together.

(Here I have highlighted that 1+3 = 4)

Patterns Within the Triangle

Diagonals

The first diagonal is, of course, just "1"s

The next diagonal has the Counting Numbers (1,2,3, etc).

The third diagonal has the triangular numbers

(The fourth diagonal, not highlighted, has the tetrahedral numbers .)

Symmetrical

The triangle is also symmetrical . The numbers on the left side have identical
matching numbers on the right side, like a mirror image.

Horizontal Sums

What do you notice about the horizontal sums?

Is there a pattern?

They double each time ( powers of 2).

 Exponents of 11

Each line is also the powers ( exponents ) of 11:

 110=1 (the first line is just a "1")

 111=11 (the second line is "1" and "1")
 112=121 (the third line is "1", "2", "1")
 etc!

But what happens with 115 ? Simple! The digits just overlap, like this:

The same thing happens with 116 etc.

 Squares

For the second diagonal, the square of a number is equal to the sum of the
numbers next to it and below both of those.

Examples:

 32 = 3 + 6 = 9,
 42 = 6 + 10 = 16,
 52 = 10 + 15 = 25,
 ...

There is a good reason, too ... can you think of it? (Hint: 42=6+10, 6=3+2+1,
and 10=4+3+2+1)
Fibonacci Sequence

Try this: make a pattern by going up and then along, then add up the values
(as illustrated) ... you will get the Fibonacci Sequence .

(The Fibonacci Sequence starts "0, 1" and then continues by adding the two
previous numbers, for example 3+5=8, then 5+8=13, etc)

Odds and Evens

If you color the Odd and Even numbers, you end up with a pattern the same as
the Sierpinski Triangle

Using Pascal's Triangle

Heads and Tails

Pascal's Triangle can show you how many ways heads and tails can combine.
This can then show you the probability of any combination.

For example, if you toss a coin three times, there is only one combination that
will give you three heads (HHH), but there are three that will give two heads
and one tail (HHT, HTH, THH), also three that give one head and two tails (HTT,
THT, TTH) and one for all Tails (TTT). This is the pattern "1,3,3,1" in Pascal's
Triangle.
 Tosses Possible Results (Grouped) Pascal's Triangle

H
1 1, 1
T

HH
2 HT TH 1, 2, 1
TT

HHH
HHT, HTH, THH
3 1, 3, 3, 1
HTT, THT, TTH
TTT

HHHH
HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH
4 HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH 1, 4, 6, 4, 1
HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH
TTTT

... etc ...

Example: What is the probability of getting exactly two heads with 4

coin tosses?

There are 1+4+6+4+1 = 16 (or 24=16) possible results, and 6 of them give
exactly two heads. So the probability is 6/16, or 37.5%

Combinations

The triangle also shows you how many Combinations of objects are possible.

Example: You have 16 pool balls. How many different ways could you
choose just 3 of them (ignoring the order that you select them)?

Answer: go down to the start of row 16 (the top row is 0), and then along 3
places (the first place is 0) and the value there is your answer, 560.

Here is an extract at row 16:

 1 14 91 364 ...
1 15 105 455 1365 ...
1 16 120 560 1820 4368 ...

A Formula for Any Entry in The Triangle

In fact there is a formula from Combinations for working out the value at any
place in Pascal's triangle:

It is commonly called "n choose k" and written like

this:

Notation: "n choose k" can also be written C(n,k), nCk or even nCk.

The "!" is " factorial " and means to multiply a series of

descending natural numbers. Examples:

 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
 7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5040
 1! = 1

So Pascal's Triangle could also be

an "n choose k" triangle like this one.
 (Note how the top row is row zero
and also the leftmost column is zero)

Example: Row 4, term 2 in Pascal's Triangle is "6" ...

... let's see if the formula works:

Yes, it works! Try another value for yourself.

This can be very useful ... you can now work out any value in Pascal's
Triangle directly (without calculating the whole triangle above it).

Polynomials

Pascal's Triangle can also show you the coefficients in binomial expansion :

Power Binomial Expansion Pascal's Triangle

2 (x + 1)2 = 1x2 + 2x + 1 1, 2, 1

3 (x + 1)3 = 1x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 1, 3, 3, 1

4 (x + 1)4 = 1x4 + 4x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 1 1, 4, 6, 4, 1

... etc ...

The First 15 Lines

For reference, I have included row 0 to 14 of Pascal's Triangle

1
1

10

10

15

20

15

7
21

35

35

21

28

56

70

56

28

36

84

126

126

84

36

10

45
120

210

252

210

120

45

10

11

55

165

330

462

462

330

165

55

11

12

66

220

495

792

924

792
495

220

66

12

13

78

286

715

1287

1716

1716

1287

715

286

78

13

14

91

364

1001

2002

3003

3432

3003
 2002

1001

364

91

14

The Chinese Knew About It

This drawing is entitled "The Old Method Chart of the Seven Multiplying
Squares". View Full Image

It is from the front of Chu Shi-Chieh's book "Ssu Yuan Yü Chien" (Precious
Mirror of the Four Elements), written in AD 1303 (over 700 years ago, and
more than 300 years before Pascal!), and in the book it says the triangle was
known about more than two centuries before that.

The Quincunx
An amazing little machine created by Sir Francis Galton is a Pascal's Triangle
made out of pegs. It is called The Quincunx .

Balls are dropped onto the first peg and then bounce down to the bottom of the
triangle where they collect in little bins.

At first it looks completely random (and it is), but then you find the balls pile up
in a nice pattern: the Normal Distribution.