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Home » Different Types of Turbine Protective Devices

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Di erent Types of Turbine

Protective Devices
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This article provides the list of different types of  Turbine Protective
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displacement, turbine temperature and turbine vibrations.


Turbine Protective Devices
Tripping Device
Low Lube Oil Pr.
Over Speed Trip
Low Vacuum
SOV for remote tripping
Hi/Lo Extrn. Pr.
Casing Expansion
Extrn./Exhaust Temp Differential Expansion
Generator Protection
Axial Displacement
Manual/Remote Trip
Bearing Vibrations
Casing/Rotor Temp.
Bearing Temperatures

Tripping Device

When ever the turbine is to be tripped , the Governing oil pressure is

drained by tripping device. Thus pressure in front of stop valve piston
disc and control oil pressure falls, resulting in closure of stop valve and
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Over Speed Trip 

The over speed protection is formed by three independent sensors of
turbine speed evaluation that act through a selection of the output
signal two of three after exceeding a set value of security speed for an
immediate impulse for closing of the ESV within less than 30ms.

Magnetic Pickup
A magnetic pickup consists of a permanent magnet, wrapped with a coil
of a few thousands turns of fine enameled copper wire.
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When discrete ferromagnetic object such as gear teeth or blades are


passed through the probes magnetic field, the flux density is modulated.
This induces AC voltages in the coil. One complete cycle of voltage is
generated for each object passed.

The total number of cycles will be a measure of the total rotation, and
The frequency of the AC voltage will be directly proportional to the
rotational speed of the shaft.

Making and breaking of the flux lines induces an alternating voltage

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Each pulse is represented by a gear tooth passing by the MPU. The


impedance of MPU is approximately 220 ohms.

PROXIMITOR (Eddy Current Probe)

The mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy using the
proximity Transducer system. The interface device used for this system
is called a proximitor. It generates a radial frequency(RF) signal using an
oscillator circuit.

The RF signal is transmitted from the probe coil which creates an RF field
around the probe tip. When conductive material is present in the RF
field, Eddy currents flow in the surface of that material.

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1. Amplitude is minimum, when the Gap is less.


2. Amplitude is maximum, when the Gap is more.

If the target is moving slowly within RF field, the signal amplitude will
increase or decrease slowly. Depending on the movement of target, the
amplitude increase or decrease slowly or rapidly. This oscillatory
movements of the target causes the RF signal to modulate.

This will be convert by demodulator and will give a AC signal (sine wave).
If the target is oscillating (gap changing slowly or rapidly), the
proximitors output also vary the DC voltage (AC) shown above by a sine
wave.
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If the probe is observing a vibration, the proximitor will provide both a


DC (gap) and an AC (vibration) component in the output signal. The
frequency response from 0 Hz to 10 kHz.

Casing Expansion
This is the measurement of Turbine Casing or Shell moves in relation to
a fixed location usually measured with a LVDT (Linear variable
differential Transformer). Case expansion is the Thermal growth of the
machine case as It expands during machine startup and on line
operations.

Thermal growth at different rates can cause internal rubbing between

rotating and stationary parts of the machine.

The case expansion transducer system uses the LVDT to measure the
machine Case thermal growth.

A rod on the LVDT connects to the machine. As the machine case grows,
the rod moves inside the LVDT. This causes a change in the signal in the
LVDT.

Range:- 0 ~ 25mm; Trip:- 20mm

Rotor Expansion

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between the rotor and the case.


For this Eddy probe transducer will generate a high frequency oscillating
RF signals that is sent through the extension cable to the pickup tip. The
pickup tip having a wound coil of fine wire, radiates a electromagnetic
Field, as the radiated field is bisected by the rotor surface.

As the rotor surface moves closer to the pickup tip, a greater amount of
eddy currents are created Proportional to the gap between the surface
and the pickup tip. The signal sensor contains a demodulator which
measure the increase in eddy currents, and generates an equivalent DC
voltage proportional to the gap.

Rotor Expansion on a turbine is the absolute measurement of the rotor’s

axial thermal growth with respect to the turbine’s foundation.

Di erential Expansion

This is very important parameter receiving much attention during

turbine startup and warming. This parameter measures how the turbine
rotor expands in relation to the turbine shell or casing.

The difference between Casing expansion & rotor expansion is called

differential expansion. It is the relative measurement of the rotor’s axial
thermal growth with respect to the casing.

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Differential Expansion on a turbine is the relative measurement of the


rotor’s axial thermal growth with respect to the case. Casing expansion
with respect to turbine’s foundation. Rotor expansion with respect to
turbine’s foundation. Rotor expansion with respect to the casing is
differential expansion

Range:- -4mm to 6mm

Alarm :- +2.30mm & -1.60mm

Trip:- +3.00mm & -2.50mm

Key Phasor
A transducer that produces a voltage pulse for each turn of the shaft,
called the “KeyPhasor” signal. It produces a voltage pulse once each
revolution.

Phase or phase angle, is a measure of the relationship of how one

vibration signal relates to another vibration signal and is commonly used
to calculate the placement of a balance weight.

This signal is used primarily to measure Shaft rotative speed and serves
as a reference for measuring vibration Phase lag angle.

The keyphasor transducer is typically a proximity probe. The Keyphasor

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The standard scale factor is 200mV/mil or 7.87mV/um


1 mil = 25.4 microns

Rotor Axial Displacement

Two types of trips

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1. Rotor AxialRead
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2. Radial Vibration

The below table shows the alarm and trip values for bently nevada
vibration measurement system.

S.No DESCRIPTION Alarm Trip

1 Key Phaser xxx xxx

2 Axial Displacement +/- +/- .8mm

.5mm

4 Rotor Front Bearing 120u 180u

7 Rotor Rear Bearing 120u 180u

8 Gear Box Pinion Bearing 100u 180u

15 Gear Wheel Bearing 100u 150u

16 Alternator DE Bearing 100u 180u

19 Alternator NDE Bearing 100u 180u

20 Turbine Casing Expansion 20mm 25mm

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21 Turbine Differential Expansion;  +2.3m +3mm


Towards probe m

22 Turbine Differential Expansion;  -1.6mm -2.5mm

Away from Probe

Bearing Temperatures

Temperature of bearings is a measure of the how hot a bearing is

operating. It may be due to overloading, misalignment, improper
lubricant pressure and/or flow.

Nearly all turbine generator bearings were originally installed with

bearing temperature sensors. These sensors may be thermocouples or
RTDs. Any bearings that was not originally equipped with temperature
sensors can be retro-fitted to accept thermocouples or RTDs.

TURBINE TRIP- TEMP

DECRIPTION – Siemens Governor I/O SETPOINT

TYPE ALARM TRIP

TURB THRUST BRG TEMP BTM NEG T/C 110 120

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TURB BRG TEMP
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TURB BRGTEMP REAR T/C 110 120 

GB PENION DE BRG TEMP RTD 100 110

GB PENION NDE BRG TEMP RTD 100 110

GB WHEEL DE BRG TEMP RTD 110 120

GB WHEEL NDE BRG TEMP RTD 100 110

GEN FRONT BRG TEMP RTD 85 90

GEN REAR BRG TEMP RTD 85 90

Generator Protection
Bearing and Winding Temperature
Earth fault Protection
Reverse/Low Forward Power
Over Voltage / Under Voltage
Over Frequency / Under Frequency
Over Current
Differential
Neutral displacement
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Negative phase sequence
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