AngularJS - Quick Guide

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AngularJS - Overview
What is AngularJS?
AngularJS is an open source web application framework. It was originally developed in 2009 by
Misko Hevery and Adam Abrons. It is now maintained by Google. Its latest version is 1.4.3.

Definition of AngularJS as put by its official documentation is as follows −

AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web apps. It lets you use HTML as
your template language and lets you extend HTML's syntax to express your
application's components clearly and succinctly. Angular's data binding and
dependency injection eliminate much of the code you currently have to write. And it
all happens within the browser, making it an ideal partner with any server
technology.

Features
AngularJS is a powerful JavaScript based development framework to create RICH Internet
Application(RIA).

AngularJS provides developers options to write client side application (using JavaScript) in
a clean MVC(Model View Controller) way.

Application written in AngularJS is cross-browser compliant. AngularJS automatically

handles JavaScript code suitable for each browser.

AngularJS is open source, completely free, and used by thousands of developers around
the world. It is licensed under the Apache License version 2.0.

Overall, AngularJS is a framework to build large scale and high performance web application while
keeping them as easy-to-maintain.

Core Features
Following are most important core features of AngularJS −

Data-binding − It is the automatic synchronization of data between model and view

components.
 Scope − These are objects that refer to the model. They act as a glue between controller
and view.

Controller − These are JavaScript functions that are bound to a particular scope.

Services − AngularJS come with several built-in services for example $https: to make a
XMLHttpRequests. These are singleton objects which are instantiated only once in app.

Filters − These select a subset of items from an array and returns a new array.

Directives − Directives are markers on DOM elements (such as elements, attributes, css,
and more). These can be used to create custom HTML tags that serve as new, custom
widgets. AngularJS has built-in directives (ngBind, ngModel...)

Templates − These are the rendered view with information from the controller and
model. These can be a single file (like index.html) or multiple views in one page using
"partials".

Routing − It is concept of switching views.

Model View Whatever − MVC is a design pattern for dividing an application into
different parts (called Model, View and Controller), each with distinct responsibilities.
AngularJS does not implement MVC in the traditional sense, but rather something closer
to MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel). The Angular JS team refers it humorously as Model
View Whatever.

Deep Linking − Deep linking allows you to encode the state of application in the URL so
that it can be bookmarked. The application can then be restored from the URL to the
same state.

Dependency Injection − AngularJS has a built-in dependency injection subsystem that

helps the developer by making the application easier to develop, understand, and test.

Concepts
Following diagram depicts some important parts of AngularJS which we will discuss in detail in the
subsequent chapters.
Advantages of AngularJS
AngularJS provides capability to create Single Page Application in a very clean and
maintainable way.

AngularJS provides data binding capability to HTML thus giving user a rich and responsive
experience

AngularJS code is unit testable.

AngularJS uses dependency injection and make use of separation of concerns.

AngularJS provides reusable components.

With AngularJS, developer write less code and get more functionality.

In AngularJS, views are pure html pages, and controllers written in JavaScript do the
business processing.

On top of everything, AngularJS applications can run on all major browsers and smart phones
including Android and iOS based phones/tablets.

Disadvantages of AngularJS
Though AngularJS comes with lots of plus points but same time we should consider the following
points −

Not Secure − Being JavaScript only framework, application written in AngularJS are not
safe. Server side authentication and authorization is must to keep an application secure.

Not degradable − If your application user disables JavaScript then user will just see the
basic page and nothing more.
The AngularJS Components
The AngularJS framework can be divided into following three major parts −

ng-app − This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

ng-model − This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to HTML input
controls.

ng-bind − This directive binds the AngularJS Application data to HTML tags.

AngularJS - Environment Setup

In this chapter we will discuss about how to set up AngularJS library to be used in web application
development. We will also briefly study the directory structure and its contents.

When you open the link https://angularjs.org/ , you will see there are two options to download
AngularJS library −

View on GitHub − Click on this button to go to GitHub and get all of the latest scripts.

Download AngularJS 1 − Or click on this button, a screen as below would be seen −

 This screen gives various options of using Angular JS as follows −

Downloading and hosting files locally

There are two different options legacy and latest. The names itself are
self descriptive. legacy has version less than 1.2.x and latest has 1.5.x
version.

We can also go with the minified, uncompressed or zipped version.

CDN access − You also have access to a CDN. The CDN will give you access
around the world to regional data centers that in this case, Google host. This
means using CDN moves the responsibility of hosting files from your own servers
to a series of external ones. This also offers an advantage that if the visitor to
your webpage has already downloaded a copy of AngularJS from the same CDN, it
won't have to be re-downloaded.

Try the new angularJS 2 − Click on this button to download Angular JS beta 2
version.This version is very fast, mobile supported and flexible compare to legacy and
latest of AngularJS 1

We are using the CDN versions of the library throughout this tutorial.

Example
Now let us write a simple example using AngularJS library. Let us create an HTML file
myfirstexample.html as below −
 Live Demo
<!doctype html>
<html>

<head>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.5.2/angular.min.js"></script>
 </head>

<body ng-app = "myapp">

<div ng-controller = "HelloController" >

<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Tutorialspoint!</h2>
</div>

<script>
angular.module("myapp", [])

.controller("HelloController", function($scope) {
$scope.helloTo = {};
$scope.helloTo.title = "AngularJS";
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Following sections describe the above code in detail −

Include AngularJS
We have included the AngularJS JavaScript file in the HTML page so we can use AngularJS −

<head>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.4.8/angular.min.js"></script>
</head>

If you want to update into latest version of Angular JS, use the following script source or else
Check the latest version of AngularJS on their official website.

<head>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.5.2/angular.min.js"></script>
</head>

Point to AngularJS app

Next we tell what part of the HTML contains the AngularJS app. This done by adding the ng-app
attribute to the root HTML element of the AngularJS app. You can either add it to html element or
body element as shown below −

<body ng-app = "myapp">

</body>

View
The view is this part −

<div ng-controller = "HelloController" >

<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Tutorialspoint!</h2>
</div>

ng-controller tells AngularJS what controller to use with this view. helloTo.title tells AngularJS to
write the "model" value named helloTo.title to the HTML at this location.

Controller
The controller part is −

<script>
angular.module("myapp", [])
 .controller("HelloController", function($scope) {
$scope.helloTo = {};
$scope.helloTo.title = "AngularJS";
});
</script>

This code registers a controller function named HelloController in the angular module named
myapp. We will study more about modules and controllers in their respective chapters. The
controller function is registered in angular via the angular.module(...).controller(...) function call.

The $scope parameter passed to the controller function is the model. The controller function adds
a helloTo JavaScript object, and in that object it adds a title field.

Execution
Save the above code as myfirstexample.html and open it in any browser. You will see an output
as below −

Welcome AngularJS to the world of Tutorialspoint!

When the page is loaded in the browser, following things happen −

HTML document is loaded into the browser, and evaluated by the browser. AngularJS
JavaScript file is loaded, the angular global object is created. Next, JavaScript which
registers controller functions is executed.

Next AngularJS scans through the HTML to look for AngularJS apps and views. Once view
is located, it connects that view to the corresponding controller function.

Next, AngularJS executes the controller functions. It then renders the views with data
from the model populated by the controller. The page is now ready.

AngularJS - MVC Architecture

Model View Controller or MVC as it is popularly called, is a software design pattern for developing
web applications. A Model View Controller pattern is made up of the following three parts −

Model − It is the lowest level of the pattern responsible for maintaining data.

View − It is responsible for displaying all or a portion of the data to the user.

Controller − It is a software Code that controls the interactions between the Model and
View.

MVC is popular because it isolates the application logic from the user interface layer and supports
separation of concerns. The controller receives all requests for the application and then works
with the model to prepare any data needed by the view. The view then uses the data prepared by
the controller to generate a final presentable response. The MVC abstraction can be graphically
represented as follows.
The Model
The model is responsible for managing application data. It responds to the request from view and
to the instructions from controller to update itself.

The View
A presentation of data in a particular format, triggered by the controller's decision to present the
data. They are script-based template systems such as JSP, ASP, PHP and very easy to integrate
with AJAX technology.

The Controller
The controller responds to user input and performs interactions on the data model objects. The
controller receives input, validates it, and then performs business operations that modify the state
of the data model.

AngularJS is a MVC based framework. In the coming chapters, we will see how AngularJS uses
MVC methodology.

AngularJS - First Application

Before we start with creating actual HelloWorld application using AngularJS, let us see what are
the actual parts of a AngularJS application. An AngularJS application consists of following three
important parts −

ng-app − This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

ng-model − This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to HTML input
controls.

ng-bind − This directive binds the AngularJS Application data to HTML tags.

Steps to create AngularJS Application

Step 1: Load framework
Being a pure JavaScript framework, It can be added using <Script> tag.

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>

Step 2: Define AngularJS Application using ng-app directive

<div ng-app = "">

...
</div>

Step 3: Define a model name using ng-model directive

<p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>

Step 4: Bind the value of above model defined using ng-bind directive.

<p>Hello <span ng-bind = "name"></span>!</p>

Steps to run AngularJS Application

Use above mentioned three steps in an HTML page.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS First Application</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Sample Application</h1>

<div ng-app = "">

<p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>
<p>Hello <span ng-bind = "name"></span>!</p>
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. Enter your name and see the result.

Sample Application
Enter your Name:

Hello !
How AngularJS integrates with HTML
ng-app directive indicates the start of AngularJS application.

ng-model directive then creates a model variable named "name" which can be used with
the html page and within the div having ng-app directive.

ng-bind then uses the name model to be displayed in the html span tag whenever user
input something in the text box.

Closing</div> tag indicates the end of AngularJS application.

AngularJS - Directives
AngularJS directives are used to extend HTML. These are special attributes starting with ng-
prefix. We're going to discuss following directives −

ng-app − This directive starts an AngularJS Application.

ng-init − This directive initializes application data.

ng-model − This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to HTML input
controls.

ng-repeat − This directive repeats html elements for each item in a collection.

ng-app directive
ng-app directive starts an AngularJS Application. It defines the root element. It automatically
initializes or bootstraps the application when web page containing AngularJS Application is loaded.
It is also used to load various AngularJS modules in AngularJS Application. In following example,
we've defined a default AngularJS application using ng-app attribute of a div element.

<div ng-app = "">

...
</div>

ng-init directive
ng-init directive initializes an AngularJS Application data. It is used to put values to the variables
to be used in the application. In following example, we'll initialize an array of countries. We're
using JSON syntax to define array of countries.

<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "countries = [{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},

{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'}, {locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">
...
</div>

ng-model directive
This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to HTML input controls. In following
example, we've defined a model named "name".

<div ng-app = "">

...
 <p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>
</div>

ng-repeat directive
ng-repeat directive repeats html elements for each item in a collection. In following example,
we've iterated over array of countries.

<div ng-app = "">

...
<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>

<ol>
<li ng-repeat = "country in countries">
{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}
</li>
</ol>
</div>

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS Directives</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Sample Application</h1>

<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "countries = [{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},

{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'}, {locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">
<p>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "name"></p>
<p>Hello <span ng-bind = "name"></span>!</p>
<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>

<ol>
<li ng-repeat = "country in countries">
{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}
</li>
</ol>
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. Enter your name and see the result.
Sample Application
Enter your Name:

Hello !

List of Countries with locale:

1. Country: United States, Locale: en-US

2. Country: United Kingdom, Locale: en-GB
3. Country: France, Locale: en-FR

AngularJS - Expressions
Expressions are used to bind application data to html. Expressions are written inside double
braces like {{ expression}}. Expressions behaves in same way as ng-bind directives. AngularJS
application expressions are pure javascript expressions and outputs the data where they are
used.

Using numbers
<p>Expense on Books : {{cost * quantity}} Rs</p>

Using strings
<p>Hello {{student.firstname + " " + student.lastname}}!</p>

Using object
<p>Roll No: {{student.rollno}}</p>

Using array
<p>Marks(Math): {{marks[3]}}</p>

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned expressions.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS Expressions</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Sample Application</h1>

<div ng-app = "" ng-init = "quantity = 1;cost = 30;

student = {firstname:'Mahesh',lastname:'Parashar',rollno:101};
marks = [80,90,75,73,60]">
<p>Hello {{student.firstname + " " + student.lastname}}!</p>
<p>Expense on Books : {{cost * quantity}} Rs</p>
<p>Roll No: {{student.rollno}}</p>
 <p>Marks(Math): {{marks[3]}}</p>
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

Sample Application
Hello Mahesh Parashar!

Expense on Books : 30 Rs

Roll No: 101

Marks(Math): 73

AngularJS - Controllers
AngularJS application mainly relies on controllers to control the flow of data in the application. A
controller is defined using ng-controller directive. A controller is a JavaScript object containing
attributes/properties and functions. Each controller accepts $scope as a parameter which refers to
the application/module that controller is to control.

<div ng-app = "" ng-controller = "studentController">

...
</div>

Here we've declared a controller studentController using ng-controller directive. As a next step
we'll define the studentController as follows −

<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Mahesh",
lastName: "Parashar",

fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
};
}
</script>

studentController defined as a JavaScript object with $scope as argument.

$scope refers to application which is to use the studentController object.

$scope.student is property of studentController object.

 firstName and lastName are two properties of $scope.student object. We've passed the
default values to them.

fullName is the function of $scope.student object whose task is to return the combined
name.

In fullName function we're getting the student object and then return the combined name.

As a note, we can also define the controller object in separate JS file and refer that file in
the html page.

Now we can use studentController's student property using ng-model or using expressions as
follows.

Enter first name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"><br>

Enter last name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName"><br>
<br>
You are entering: {{student.fullName()}}

We've bounded student.firstName and student.lastname to two input boxes.

We've bounded student.fullName() to HTML.

Now whenever you type anything in first name and last name input boxes, you can see
the full name getting updated automatically.

Example
Following example will showcase use of controller.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Controller</title>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">
</script>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "studentController">

Enter first name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"><br>
<br>
Enter last name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName"><br>
<br>
You are entering: {{student.fullName()}}
</div>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('studentController', function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Mahesh",
lastName: "Parashar",

fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
 };
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Enter first name: Mahesh

Enter last name: Parashar

You are entering: Mahesh Parashar

AngularJS - Filters
Filters are used to change modify the data and can be clubbed in expression or directives using
pipe character. Following is the list of commonly used filters.

Sr.No. Name & Description

uppercase
1
converts a text to upper case text.

lowercase
2
converts a text to lower case text.

currency
3
formats text in a currency format.

filter
4
filter the array to a subset of it based on provided criteria.

orderby
5
orders the array based on provided criteria.

uppercase filter
Add uppercase filter to an expression using pipe character. Here we've added uppercase filter to
print student name in all capital letters.

Enter first name:<input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName">

Enter last name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName">
Name in Upper Case: {{student.fullName() | uppercase}}
lowercase filter
Add lowercase filter to an expression using pipe character. Here we've added lowercase filter to
print student name in all lowercase letters.

Enter first name:<input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName">

Enter last name: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName">
Name in Lower Case: {{student.fullName() | lowercase}}

currency filter
Add currency filter to an expression returning number using pipe character. Here we've added
currency filter to print fees using currency format.

Enter fees: <input type = "text" ng-model = "student.fees">

fees: {{student.fees | currency}}

filter filter
To display only required subjects, we've used subjectName as filter.

Enter subject: <input type = "text" ng-model = "subjectName">

Subject:
<ul>
<li ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects | filter: subjectName">
{{ subject.name + ', marks:' + subject.marks }}
</li>
</ul>

orderby filter
To order subjects by marks, we've used orderBy marks.

Subject:
<ul>
<li ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects | orderBy:'marks'">
{{ subject.name + ', marks:' + subject.marks }}
</li>
</ul>

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned filters.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Filters</title>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">
</script>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "studentController">

<table border = "0">
<tr>
<td>Enter first name:</td>
 <td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter last name: </td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter fees: </td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.fees"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter subject: </td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "subjectName"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br/>

<table border = "0">

<tr>
<td>Name in Upper Case: </td><td>{{student.fullName() | uppercase}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Name in Lower Case: </td><td>{{student.fullName() | lowercase}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fees: </td><td>{{student.fees | currency}}
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subject:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects | filter: subjectName |orderBy:'marks'
{{ subject.name + ', marks:' + subject.marks }}
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('studentController', function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Mahesh",
lastName: "Parashar",
fees:500,

subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65}
],

fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
};
});
</script>

</body>
</html>
Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Enter first name: Mahesh
Enter last name: Parashar
Enter fees: 500
Enter subject:

Name in Upper Case: MAHESH PARASHAR

Name in Lower Case: mahesh parashar
fees: $500.00
Math, marks:65
Physics, marks:70
Subject:
Chemistry, marks:80

AngularJS - Tables
Table data is normally repeatable by nature. ng-repeat directive can be used to draw table easily.
Following example states the use of ng-repeat directive to draw a table.

<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>

<tr ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects">

<td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>

Table can be styled using CSS Styling.

<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}

table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}

table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned directive.
testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Table</title>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>

<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}

table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}

table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "studentController">

<table border = "0">

<tr>
<td>Enter first name:</td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter last name: </td>
<td>
<input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
<td>{{student.fullName()}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subject:</td>

<td>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>.
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
<tr ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects">
<td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('studentController', function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Mahesh",
lastName: "Parashar",
 fees:500,

subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
],

fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
};
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Enter first name: Mahesh

Enter last name: Parashar

Name: Mahesh Parashar

Name Marks
Physics 70
Chemistry 80
Subject:
Math 65
English 75
Hindi 67

AngularJS - HTML DOM

Following directives can be used to bind application data to attributes of HTML DOM Elements.

Sr.No. Name & Description

ng-disabled
1
disables a given control.

ng-show
2
shows a given control.

3 ng-hide
 hides a given control.

ng-click
4
represents a AngularJS click event.

ng-disabled directive
Add ng-disabled attribute to a HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to an checkbox
and see the variation.

<input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "enableDisableButton">Disable Button

<button ng-disabled = "enableDisableButton">Click Me!</button>

ng-show directive
Add ng-show attribute to a HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to an checkbox and
see the variation.

<input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "showHide1">Show Button

<button ng-show = "showHide1">Click Me!</button>

ng-hide directive
Add ng-hide attribute to a HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to an checkbox and
see the variation.

<input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "showHide2">Hide Button

<button ng-hide = "showHide2">Click Me!</button>

ng-click directive
Add ng-click attribute to a HTML button and update a model. Bind the model to html and see the
variation.

<p>Total click: {{ clickCounter }}</p>

<button ng-click = "clickCounter = clickCounter + 1">Click Me!</button>

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS HTML DOM</title>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "">

<table border = "0">
<tr>
<td><input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "enableDisableButton">Disable Button</td>
 <td><button ng-disabled = "enableDisableButton">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "showHide1">Show Button</td>
<td><button ng-show = "showHide1">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><input type = "checkbox" ng-model = "showHide2">Hide Button</td>
<td><button ng-hide = "showHide2">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><p>Total click: {{ clickCounter }}</p></td>
<td><button ng-click = "clickCounter = clickCounter + 1">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Disable Button Click Me!
Show Button
Hide Button Click Me!
Total click: Click Me!

AngularJS - Modules
AngularJS supports modular approach. Modules are used to separate logics say services,
controllers, application etc. and keep the code clean. We define modules in separate js files and
name them as per the module.js file. In this example we're going to create two modules.

Application Module − used to initialize an application with controller(s).

Controller Module − used to define the controller.

Application Module
mainApp.js
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

Here we've declared an application mainApp module using angular.module function. We've
passed an empty array to it. This array generally contains dependent modules.
Controller Module
studentController.js

mainApp.controller("studentController", function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Mahesh",
lastName: "Parashar",
fees:500,

subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
],

fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
};
});

Here we've declared a controller studentController module using mainApp.controller function.

Use Modules
<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "studentController">
...
<script src = "mainApp.js"></script>
<script src = "studentController.js"></script>

</div>

Here we've used application module using ng-app directive and controller using ng-controller
directive. We've imported mainApp.js and studentController.js in the main html page.

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned modules.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Modules</title>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
<script src = "/angularjs/src/module/mainApp.js"></script>
<script src = "/angularjs/src/module/studentController.js"></script>

<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}

table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
 table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "studentController">

<table border = "0">

<tr>
<td>Enter first name:</td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Enter last name: </td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName"></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
<td>{{student.fullName()}}</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Subject:</td>

<td>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
<tr ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects">
<td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

</body>
</html>

mainApp.js

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

studentController.js

mainApp.controller("studentController", function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Mahesh",
lastName: "Parashar",
fees:500,

subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
 ],

fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
};
});

Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Enter first name: Mahesh

Enter last name: Parashar

Name: Mahesh Parashar

Name Marks
Physics 70
Chemistry 80
Subject:
Math 65
English 75
Hindi 67

AngularJS - Forms
AngularJS enriches form filling and validation. We can use ng-click to handle AngularJS click on
button and use $dirty and $invalid flags to do the validations in seemless way. Use novalidate
with a form declaration to disable any browser specific validation. Forms controls makes heavy
use of Angular events. Let's have a quick look on events first.

Events
AngularJS provides multiple events which can be associated with the HTML controls. For example
ng-click is normally associated with button. Following are supported events in Angular JS.

ng-click

ng-dbl-click

ng-mousedown

ng-mouseup

ng-mouseenter

ng-mouseleave

ng-mousemove

ng-mouseover

ng-keydown
 ng-keyup

ng-keypress

ng-change

ng-click
Reset data of a form using on-click directive of a button.

<input name = "firstname" type = "text" ng-model = "firstName" required>

<input name = "lastname" type = "text" ng-model = "lastName" required>
<input name = "email" type = "email" ng-model = "email" required>
<button ng-click = "reset()">Reset</button>

<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.reset = function() {
$scope.firstName = "Mahesh";
$scope.lastName = "Parashar";
$scope.email = "MaheshParashar@tutorialspoint.com";
}

$scope.reset();
}
</script>

Validate data
Following can be used to track error.

$dirty − states that value has been changed.

$invalid − states that value entered is invalid.

$error − states the exact error.

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>

<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}

table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}

table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
 </head>
<body>

<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "studentController">

<form name = "studentForm" novalidate>

<table border = "0">
<tr>
<td>Enter first name:</td>
<td><input name = "firstname" type = "text" ng-model = "firstName" required>
<span style = "color:red" ng-show = "studentForm.firstname.$dirty && studentForm.fi
<span ng-show = "studentForm.firstname.$error.required">First Name is required.</
</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Enter last name: </td>
<td><input name = "lastname" type = "text" ng-model = "lastName" required>
<span style = "color:red" ng-show = "studentForm.lastname.$dirty && studentForm.last
<span ng-show = "studentForm.lastname.$error.required">Last Name is required.</s
</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Email: </td><td><input name = "email" type = "email" ng-model = "email" length = "
<span style = "color:red" ng-show = "studentForm.email.$dirty && studentForm.email.$
<span ng-show = "studentForm.email.$error.required">Email is required.</span>
<span ng-show = "studentForm.email.$error.email">Invalid email address.</span>
</span>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
<button ng-click = "reset()">Reset</button>
</td>
<td>
<button ng-disabled = "studentForm.firstname.$dirty &&
studentForm.firstname.$invalid || studentForm.lastname.$dirty &&
studentForm.lastname.$invalid || studentForm.email.$dirty &&
studentForm.email.$invalid" ng-click="submit()">Submit</button>
</td>
</tr>

</table>
</form>
</div>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('studentController', function($scope) {
$scope.reset = function() {
$scope.firstName = "Mahesh";
$scope.lastName = "Parashar";
$scope.email = "MaheshParashar@tutorialspoint.com";
}

$scope.reset();
});
</script>

</body>
</html>
Output
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Enter first name: Mahesh

Enter last name: Parashar

Email: MaheshParashar@tutorialsp

Reset Submit

AngularJS - Includes
HTML does not support embedding html pages within html page. To achieve this functionality
following ways are used −

Using Ajax − Make a server call to get the corresponding html page and set it in
innerHTML of html control.

Using Server Side Includes − JSP, PHP and other web side server technologies can
include html pages within a dynamic page.

Using AngularJS, we can embed HTML pages within a HTML page using ng-include directive.

<div ng-app = "" ng-controller = "studentController">

<div ng-include = "'main.htm'"></div>
<div ng-include = "'subjects.htm'"></div>
</div>

Example
tryAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Includes</title>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">
</script>

<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}

table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}

table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>
 <body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "studentController">

<div ng-include = "'/angularjs/src/include/main.htm'"></div>
<div ng-include = "'/angularjs/src/include/subjects.htm'"></div>
</div>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('studentController', function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Mahesh",
lastName: "Parashar",
fees:500,

subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
],

fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
};
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

main.htm

<table border = "0">

<tr>
<td>Enter first name:</td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.firstName"></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Enter last name: </td>
<td><input type = "text" ng-model = "student.lastName"></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
<td>{{student.fullName()}}</td>
</tr>
</table>

subjects.htm

<p>Subjects:</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>

<tr ng-repeat = "subject in student.subjects">

 <td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>

Output
To run this example, you need to deploy textAngularJS.htm, main.htm and subjects.htm to a
webserver. Open textAngularJS.htm using url of your server in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Enter first name: Mahesh
Enter last name: Parashar

Name: Mahesh Parashar

Subjects:

Name Marks
Physics 70
Chemistry 80
Math 65
English 75
Hindi 67

AngularJS - Ajax
AngularJS provides $https: control which works as a service to read data from the server. The
server makes a database call to get the desired records. AngularJS needs data in JSON format.
Once the data is ready, $https: can be used to get the data from server in the following manner −

function studentController($scope,$https:) {
var url = "data.txt";

$https:.get(url).success( function(response) {
$scope.students = response;
});
}

Here, the file data.txt contains student records. $https: service makes an ajax call and sets
response to its property students. students model can be used to draw tables in HTML.

Examples
data.txt

[
{
"Name" : "Mahesh Parashar",
"RollNo" : 101,
"Percentage" : "80%"
},
 {
"Name" : "Dinkar Kad",
"RollNo" : 201,
"Percentage" : "70%"
},

{
"Name" : "Robert",
"RollNo" : 191,
"Percentage" : "75%"
},

{
"Name" : "Julian Joe",
"RollNo" : 111,
"Percentage" : "77%"
}
]

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Includes</title>

<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}

table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}

table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app = "" ng-controller = "studentController">

<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Roll No</th>
<th>Percentage</th>
</tr>

<tr ng-repeat = "student in students">

<td>{{ student.Name }}</td>
<td>{{ student.RollNo }}</td>
<td>{{ student.Percentage }}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<script>
function studentController($scope,$http) {
var url = "data.txt";

$http.get(url).then( function(response) {
$scope.students = response.data;
 });
}
</script>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js">

</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
To execute this example, you need to deploy testAngularJS.htm and data.txt file to a web server.
Open the file testAngularJS.htm using the URL of your server in a web browser and see the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Name Roll No Percentage
Mahesh Parashar 101 80%
Dinkar Kad 201 70%
Robert 191 75%
Julian Joe 111 77%

AngularJS - Views
AngularJS supports Single Page Application via multiple views on a single page. To do this
AngularJS has provided ng-view and ng-template directives and $routeProvider services.

ng-view
ng-view tag simply creates a place holder where a corresponding view (html or ng-template view)
can be placed based on the configuration.

Usage
Define a div with ng-view within the main module.

<div ng-app = "mainApp">

...
<div ng-view></div>

</div>

ng-template
ng-template directive is used to create an html view using script tag. It contains "id" attribute
which is used by $routeProvider to map a view with a controller.

Usage
Define a script block with type as ng-template within the main module.

<div ng-app = "mainApp">

...
 <script type = "text/ng-template" id = "addStudent.htm">
<h2> Add Student </h2>
{{message}}
</script>

</div>

$routeProvider
$routeProvider is the key service which set the configuration of urls, map them with the
corresponding html page or ng-template, and attach a controller with the same.

Usage
Define a script block with main module and set the routing configuration.

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", ['ngRoute']);

mainApp.config(['$routeProvider', function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider

.when('/addStudent', {
templateUrl: 'addStudent.htm', controller: 'AddStudentController'
})

.when('/viewStudents', {
templateUrl: 'viewStudents.htm', controller: 'ViewStudentsController'
})

.otherwise ({
redirectTo: '/addStudent'
});

}]);

Following are the important points to be considered in above example.

$routeProvider is defined as a function under config of mainApp module using key as

'$routeProvider'.

$routeProvider.when defines a url "/addStudent" which then is mapped to

"addStudent.htm". addStudent.htm should be present in the same path as main html
page.If htm page is not defined then ng-template to be used with id="addStudent.htm".
We've used ng-template.

"otherwise" is used to set the default view.

"controller" is used to set the corresponding controller for the view.

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Views</title>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular-route.min.js">
 </script>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app = "mainApp">
<p><a href = "#addStudent">Add Student</a></p>
<p><a href = "#viewStudents">View Students</a></p>
<div ng-view></div>

<script type = "text/ng-template" id = "addStudent.htm">

<h2> Add Student </h2>
{{message}}
</script>

<script type = "text/ng-template" id = "viewStudents.htm">

<h2> View Students </h2>
{{message}}
</script>
</div>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", ['ngRoute']);
mainApp.config(['$routeProvider', function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider

.when('/addStudent', {
templateUrl: 'addStudent.htm',
controller: 'AddStudentController'
})

.when('/viewStudents', {
templateUrl: 'viewStudents.htm',
controller: 'ViewStudentsController'
})

.otherwise({
redirectTo: '/addStudent'
});
}]);

mainApp.controller('AddStudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.message = "This page will be used to display add student form";
});

mainApp.controller('ViewStudentsController', function($scope) {
$scope.message = "This page will be used to display all the students";
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Result
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.
AngularJS Sample Application
Add Student

View Students

Add Student
This page will be used to display add student form

AngularJS - Scopes
Scope is a special javascript object which plays the role of joining controller with the views. Scope
contains the model data. In controllers, model data is accessed via $scope object.

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller("shapeController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In shape controller";
$scope.type = "Shape";
});
</script>

Following are the important points to be considered in above example.

$scope is passed as first argument to controller during its constructor definition.

$scope.message and $scope.type are the models which are to be used in the HTML page.

We've set values to models which will be reflected in the application module whose
controller is shapeController.

We can define functions as well in $scope.

Scope Inheritance
Scope are controllers specific. If we defines nested controllers then child controller will inherit the
scope of its parent controller.

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller("shapeController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In shape controller";
$scope.type = "Shape";
});

mainApp.controller("circleController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In circle controller";
});

</script>

Following are the important points to be considered in above example.

We've set values to models in shapeController.

 We've overridden message in child controller circleController. When "message" is used
within module of controller circleController, the overridden message will be used.

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "shapeController">

<p>{{message}} <br/> {{type}} </p>

<div ng-controller = "circleController">

<p>{{message}} <br/> {{type}} </p>
</div>

<div ng-controller = "squareController">

<p>{{message}} <br/> {{type}} </p>
</div>

</div>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">
</script>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller("shapeController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In shape controller";
$scope.type = "Shape";
});

mainApp.controller("circleController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In circle controller";
});

mainApp.controller("squareController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In square controller";
$scope.type = "Square";
});

</script>

</body>
</html>

Result
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.
AngularJS Sample Application
In shape controller
Shape

In circle controller
Shape

In square controller
Square

AngularJS - Services
AngularJS supports the concepts of "Separation of Concerns" using services architecture. Services
are javascript functions and are responsible to do a specific tasks only. This makes them an
individual entity which is maintainable and testable. Controllers, filters can call them as on
requirement basis. Services are normally injected using dependency injection mechanism of
AngularJS.

AngularJS provides many inbuilt services for example, $https:, $route, $window, $location etc.
Each service is responsible for a specific task for example, $https: is used to make ajax call to get
the server data. $route is used to define the routing information and so on. Inbuilt services are
always prefixed with $ symbol.

There are two ways to create a service.

factory

service

Using factory method

Using factory method, we first define a factory and then assign method to it.

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};

factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b
}

return factory;
});

Using service method

Using service method, we define a service and then assign method to it. We've also injected an
already available service to it.

mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService) {
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});
Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Services</title>
<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">
</script>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "CalcController">

<p>Enter a number: <input type = "number" ng-model = "number" /></p>
<button ng-click = "square()">X²</button>
<p>Result: {{result}}</p>
</div>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};

factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b
}
return factory;
});

mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService) {
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});

mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService) {

$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
}
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Result
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Enter a number: X2

Result:

AngularJS - Dependency Injection

Dependency Injection is a software design pattern in which components are given their
dependencies instead of hard coding them within the component. This relieves a component from
locating the dependency and makes dependencies configurable. This helps in making components
reusable, maintainable and testable.

AngularJS provides a supreme Dependency Injection mechanism. It provides following core

components which can be injected into each other as dependencies.

value

factory

service

provider

constant

value
value is simple javascript object and it is used to pass values to controller during config phase.

//define a module
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

//create a value object as "defaultInput" and pass it a data.

mainApp.value("defaultInput", 5);
...

//inject the value in the controller using its name "defaultInput"

mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService, defaultInput) {
$scope.number = defaultInput;
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);

$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
}
});

factory
factory is a function which is used to return value. It creates value on demand whenever a service
or controller requires. It normally uses a factory function to calculate and return the value.

//define a module
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

//create a factory "MathService" which provides a method multiply to return multiplication of two numbers
mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};

factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b
}
return factory;
});

//inject the factory "MathService" in a service to utilize the multiply method of factory.
mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService) {
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});
...
service
service is a singleton javascript object containing a set of functions to perform certain tasks.
Services are defined using service() functions and then injected into controllers.

//define a module
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
...

//create a service which defines a method square to return square of a number.

mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService) {
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});

//inject the service "CalcService" into the controller

mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService, defaultInput) {
$scope.number = defaultInput;
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);

$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
}
});

provider
provider is used by AngularJS internally to create services, factory etc. during config phase(phase
during which AngularJS bootstraps itself). Below mention script can be used to create
MathService that we've created earlier. Provider is a special factory method with a method get()
which is used to return the value/service/factory.

//define a module
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
...

//create a service using provider which defines a method square to return square of a number.
mainApp.config(function($provide) {
$provide.provider('MathService', function() {
this.$get = function() {
var factory = {};

factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b;
}
return factory;
};
});
});

constant
constants are used to pass values at config phase considering the fact that value can not be used
to be passed during config phase.

mainApp.constant("configParam", "constant value");

Example
Following example will showcase all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS Dependency Injection</title>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "CalcController">

<p>Enter a number: <input type = "number" ng-model = "number" /></p>
<button ng-click = "square()">X²</button>
<p>Result: {{result}}</p>
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.config(function($provide) {
$provide.provider('MathService', function() {
this.$get = function() {
var factory = {};

factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b;
}
return factory;
};
});
});

mainApp.value("defaultInput", 5);

mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};

factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b;
}
return factory;
});

mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService) {
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});

mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService, defaultInput) {

$scope.number = defaultInput;
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);

$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
}
});
</script>

</body>
</html>
Result
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Enter a number: 5 X2

Result: 25

AngularJS - Custom Directives

Custom directives are used in AngularJS to extend the functionality of HTML. Custom directives
are defined using "directive" function. A custom directive simply replaces the element for which it
is activated. AngularJS application during bootstrap finds the matching elements and do one time
activity using its compile() method of the custom directive then process the element using link()
method of the custom directive based on the scope of the directive. AngularJS provides support to
create custom directives for following type of elements.

Element directives − Directive activates when a matching element is encountered.

Attribute − Directive activates when a matching attribute is encountered.

CSS − Directive activates when a matching css style is encountered.

Comment − Directive activates when a matching comment is encountered.

Understanding Custom Directive

Define custom html tags.

<student name = "Mahesh"></student><br/>

<student name = "Piyush"></student>

Define custom directive to handle above custom html tags.

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

//Create a directive, first parameter is the html element to be attached.

//We are attaching student html tag.
//This directive will be activated as soon as any student element is encountered in html

mainApp.directive('student', function() {
//define the directive object
var directive = {};

//restrict = E, signifies that directive is Element directive

directive.restrict = 'E';

//template replaces the complete element with its text.

directive.template = "Student: <b>{{student.name}}</b> ,
Roll No: <b>{{student.rollno}}</b>";

//scope is used to distinguish each student element based on criteria.

directive.scope = {
student : "=name"
}

//compile is called during application initialization. AngularJS calls

 it once when html page is loaded.

directive.compile = function(element, attributes) {

element.css("border", "1px solid #cccccc");

//linkFunction is linked with each element with scope to get the element specific data.
var linkFunction = function($scope, element, attributes) {
element.html("Student: <b>"+$scope.student.name +"</b> ,
Roll No: <b>"+$scope.student.rollno+"</b><br/>");
element.css("background-color", "#ff00ff");
}
return linkFunction;
}

return directive;
});

Define controller to update the scope for directive. Here we are using name attribute's value as
scope's child.

mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.Mahesh = {};
$scope.Mahesh.name = "Mahesh Parashar";
$scope.Mahesh.rollno = 1;

$scope.Piyush = {};
$scope.Piyush.name = "Piyush Parashar";
$scope.Piyush.rollno = 2;
});

Example
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Custom Directives</title>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "StudentController">

<student name = "Mahesh"></student><br/>
<student name = "Piyush"></student>
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.directive('student', function() {
var directive = {};
directive.restrict = 'E';
directive.template = "Student: <b>{{student.name}}</b> ,
Roll No: <b>{{student.rollno}}</b>";

directive.scope = {
student : "=name"
}

directive.compile = function(element, attributes) {

element.css("border", "1px solid #cccccc");

var linkFunction = function($scope, element, attributes) {

element.html("Student: <b>"+$scope.student.name +"</b> ,
Roll No: <b>"+$scope.student.rollno+"</b><br/>");
 element.css("background-color", "#ff00ff");
}
return linkFunction;
}

return directive;
});

mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.Mahesh = {};
$scope.Mahesh.name = "Mahesh Parashar";
$scope.Mahesh.rollno = 1;

$scope.Piyush = {};
$scope.Piyush.name = "Piyush Parashar";
$scope.Piyush.rollno = 2;
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Result
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

Student: Mahesh Parashar , Roll No: 1

Student: Piyush Parashar , Roll No: 2

AngularJS - Internalization
AngularJS supports inbuilt internationalization for three types of filters currency, date and
numbers. We only need to incorporate corresponding js according to locale of the country. By
default it handles the locale of the browser. For example, to use Danish locale, use following
script.

<script src = "https://code.angularjs.org/1.2.5/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js">

</script>

Example using Danish locale

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "StudentController">

{{fees | currency }} <br/><br/>
{{admissiondate | date }} <br/><br/>
{{rollno | number }}
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

 </script>
<script src = "https://code.angularjs.org/1.3.14/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js">
</script>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.fees = 100;
$scope.admissiondate = new Date();
$scope.rollno = 123.45;
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Result
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

100,00 kr

06/05/2019

123,45

Example using Browser's locale

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "StudentController">

{{fees | currency }} <br/><br/>
{{admissiondate | date }} <br/><br/>
{{rollno | number }}
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>
<!-- <script src = "https://code.angularjs.org/1.3.14/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js">
</script> -->

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.fees = 100;
$scope.admissiondate = new Date();
$scope.rollno = 123.45;
});
</script>

</body>
</html>
Result
Open textAngularJS.htm in a web browser. See the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

$100.00

May 6, 2019

123.45

AngularJS - Internationalization
AngularJS supports inbuilt internationalization for three types of filters : Currency, Date, and
Numbers. We only need to incorporate corresponding java script according to locale of the
country. By default, it considers the locale of the browser. For example, for Danish locale, use the
following script −

<script src = "https://code.angularjs.org/1.2.5/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js">

</script>

Example Using Danish Locale

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "StudentController">

{{fees | currency }} <br/><br/>
{{admissiondate | date }} <br/><br/>
{{rollno | number }}
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>
<script src = "https://code.angularjs.org/1.3.14/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js">
</script>

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.fees = 100;
$scope.admissiondate = new Date();
$scope.rollno = 123.45;
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Open the file testAngularJS.htm in a web browser and see the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

100,00 kr

06/05/2019

123,45

Example Using Browser Locale

testAngularJS.htm
 Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>

<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app = "mainApp" ng-controller = "StudentController">

{{fees | currency }} <br/><br/>
{{admissiondate | date }} <br/><br/>
{{rollno | number }}
</div>

<script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js">

</script>
<!-- <script src = "https://code.angularjs.org/1.3.14/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js">
</script> -->

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.fees = 100;
$scope.admissiondate = new Date();
$scope.rollno = 123.45;
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Open the file testAngularJS.htm in a web browser and see the result.

AngularJS Sample Application

$100.00

May 6, 2019

123.45

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