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Lyceum of Iligan Foundation College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2016-2017

The document discusses different types of fallacies in arguments. It defines a fallacy as invalid or faulty reasoning. There are two main types of fallacies: formal fallacies which involve logical flaws in the structure of the argument, and informal fallacies which involve defects in the content or premises that fail to support the conclusion. Examples of formal fallacies provided are logically valid versus invalid arguments. Examples of informal fallacies given are appeals to force or pity that inappropriately leverage emotion rather than reason.

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MaLiza Lofranco Ramo
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46 views3 pages

Lyceum of Iligan Foundation College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2016-2017

The document discusses different types of fallacies in arguments. It defines a fallacy as invalid or faulty reasoning. There are two main types of fallacies: formal fallacies which involve logical flaws in the structure of the argument, and informal fallacies which involve defects in the content or premises that fail to support the conclusion. Examples of formal fallacies provided are logically valid versus invalid arguments. Examples of informal fallacies given are appeals to force or pity that inappropriately leverage emotion rather than reason.

Uploaded by

MaLiza Lofranco Ramo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lyceum of Iligan Foundation

College of Engineering and Architecture


S.Y. 2016-2017

Humanities 2
(Logic)

Fallacy
Topic

Submitted by:

Janeth L. Ramo
BS-Arch. 5

APPROVED:

Mr. Camar C. Mambuay


Instructor
What is a Fallacy?

 Fallacy comes from the word “fallo” or “fallere” it means to deceive.


 It is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning or wrong moves in the construction
of an argument.

Example:
1. Appeal to ignorance - An appeal to ignorance occurs when one person uses another
person’s lack of knowledge on a particular subject as evidence that their own argument
is correct.

“You can’t prove that there aren’t Martians living in caves under the surface of Mars, so it
is reasonable for me to believe there are.”

2. Appeal to popular opinion - This type of appeal is when someone claims that an idea or
belief is true simply because it is what most people believe.

“Lots of people bought this album, so it must be good.”

There are two forms of fallacies in language. This are:

A. Formal Fallacy
B. Informal Fallacy
Formal Fallacy

 A formal fallacy is a common error of thinking that can neatly be expressed in standard
system of logic. An argument that is formally fallacious is rendered invalid due to a flaw
in its logical structure. The point in question is not whether a conclusion is true or false,
but whether the form of argument is correct or incorrect, valid or invalid.

Example:
Formally Valid Arguments: Formally Invalid Arguments:
1. True and Valid 1. False and Invalid
All men are mortal. Some men are green.
Socrates is a man. Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Therefore, Socrates is green.

2. False but Valid 2. True but Invalid


All men are green. Some men are mortal.
Socrates is a man. Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is green. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Informal Fallacy

 Informal fallacies are defects found in the content of the argument, which could be
inductive or deductive. It occurs when the contents of an argument's stated premises fail
to adequately support its proposed conclusion.

Example:
1. Appeal to Force
"I deserve a good grade, wouldn't you agree? If you don't agree, I'm afraid about what might
happen: I just can't control Bruno here".

2. Appeal to Pity
“I need to pass this class in order to graduate, if I don't graduate, my parents will kill me.
Therefore, I should receive a passing grade in the class".

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