Hyperloop

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is Hyperloop?

Hyperloop is the new and fifth form of transport that aims in transporting passengers and
goods at greater speeds and lower cost. According to Elon Musk “It’s a cross between a
Concorde, a rail gun, and an air hockey table”. Hyperloop brings airplane speeds to ground
level, safely. Hyperloop is actually not the name of the concept, it is a name trademarked by
Spec X, a venture of the billionaire Elon Musk. It was early known in many names, including
atmospheric railway, but the name Hyperloop stuck. Existing conventional modes of
transportation of people consists of four unique types: rail, road, water, and air. These modes
of transport tend to be either relatively slow (e.g., road and water), expensive (e.g., air), or a
combination of relatively slow and expensive (i.e., rail). Hyperloop is a new mode of transport
that seeks to change this paradigm by being both fast and inexpensive for people and goods.
Hyperloop is also unique in that it is an open design concept, similar to Linux. And now there
are different companies working on the same concept. The idea is to transport a pod with
passengers and goods through a near vacuum pipe/tunnel. The speed of the pod will be twice
that of an airline. Since wheels are not capable of withstanding such speeds the pod will be
suspended in air using maglev or by creating an air cushion. This is so far the most energy
efficient concept for high speed transportation, since the air resistance is no or negligible the
whole system can be operated at low power consumption.

Fig. 1.1: Hyperloop concept

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1.2 History of Hyperloop

Musk is not the first person to suggest air pressure-driven transportation. the concept
behind the Hyperloop originated in the late 17th century with the invention of the world's first
artificial vacuum, which led to designs for "underground rapid transit systems" powered by
pneumatics (i.e. pressurized air) in the decades that followed. Hyperloop concept was invented
and designed in 1812 by the British Mechanical Engineer George Wenger and later on polished
by various people like George Medhurs in 1827 and Alfred ely beach in 1869. Concepts for
high-speed trains in vacuum or evacuated tubes can be traced back as far as 1909, when rocket
pioneer Robert H. Goddard proposed high-speed passenger-carrying pods traveling through
evacuated tubes. Bachelet introduced the core idea behind magnetically levitating trains as
early as 1910. Over the years these ideas have been further renamed, for instance by the Rand
Corporation in 1972 with their “Very High Speed Transport System”. The concept of
Hyperloop is now developed and redesigned by the billionaire Elon Musk in 2012. Hyperloop
is in some countries a registered trademark of the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation
(SpaceX) for the high speed transportation of passengers and goods in partially evacuated
tubes. Earlier, in all types of transportation mode, we have encountered many accidents, cost
issues, comfort issues, affordability, conservation issues and environmental issues. Hyperloop
confront all the above point issues to provide better way to future with help of modern science
and engineering solutions.

Fig 1.2: George Medhurst, Alfred Ely Beach & Elon Musk

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The first tube transportation system was proposed by George Medhurst In 1799, he proposed
an idea to move goods through cast-iron pipes using air pressure (figure 1.3). In 1844, he built
a railway station (for passenger carriages) in London that relied on pneumatics until 1847.

Fig 1.3: George Medhurst’s cast iron pipes to move goods

And in 1870 The Beach Pneumatic Transit, which operated in Manhattan, was New York City's
earliest subway predecessor. Designed by Alfred Ely Beach, it had one stop and a one-car
shuttle that used compressed air to move riders.

Fig 1.4: The Beach Pneumatic Transit

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
E.E. Dudnikov [1] in his paper briefly explains the features and advantages of Hyperloop
transport system, In this paper, he considered the features of the new revolutionary
transportation technology (the Hyperloop technology) proposed in the USA and associated
with the use of ultra-high-speed vacuum trains moving inside tubes with a reduced internal air
pressure. He focused on Hyperloop cargo systems for transporting standard 20-foot containers.
Now Russia has plans to build such a transport system in the Far East. In his paper, he examined
the technical parameters of the tube and the capsule for the Hyperloop cargo systems and gave
some estimates for such technical and economic indicators as the cost of construction and the
carrying capacity of the road.

Ryan Janzen [2] discusses about the dynamic considerations to be taken in Hyperloop
transportation technology, tube environment is designed for levitation systems, stability
systems, and safety support systems, to permit multiple Trans Pod vehicles to run
simultaneously with high-frequency departures. The design of this vehicle and tube structure
is aided by analysis of structural dynamics and aerodynamics, presented in this paper with
selected novel topics in physical-fourier-amplitude-domain analysis, and machine-learning-
based vibration sensing and control. In his work he examined selected dynamics of the tube
structure and vehicle interaction, related to the following systems and phenomena, Propulsion
and levitation systems, Aerodynamic effects of vehicle travel inside the tube, Tube response to
a moving load (moving vehicle inside the tube), Tube natural oscillation and dynamics and
Tube dynamic forces caused by wind aerodynamics outside the tube.

Ahmed S. Abdelrahman, Jawwad Sayeed, Mohamed Z. Youssef [3] studied a novel

methodology based on an extensive mathematical analysis, performed from basic
electromagnetic principles, with an optimized cost for a magnetic levitation Hyperloop system.
This new approach uses both permanent magnets and electromagnets to levitate, propel, and
control a pod. The electrodynamic suspension system is emulated as a small pod attached with
permanent magnets from the bottom which resembles a short-rotor linear synchronous motor
(LSM) (figure 2.1). A comprehensive finite element analysis using ANSOFT Maxwell

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software on the effects of the magnetic field distribution of the coils due to the AC current
flowing through them is investigated (figure 2.2). The effects of the magnetic force exerted on
the permanent magnet secondary are examined as well. The whole magnetic levitation system
prototype was implemented in the laboratory as a proof of concept in order to validate and
verify the simulation results. The simulation results are in full agreement with the mathematical
analysis which assure the validity of the design procedure, and the magnetic analysis.

Fig. 2.1: Linear Synchronous Motor

Fig 2.2: CAD drawing for pod

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
To travel at high speeds air resistance is the major concern. For example, to travel twice
as fast a vehicle must overcome four times the aerodynamic resistance, and input eight times
the power. To overcome air resistance, one way is to evacuate the entire tube, in other words
the tube is in vacuum.

But this is practically impossible as this will require high power vacuum pumps and
any pores or holes in tube can halt the entire operation of the tube. The other way around is by
reducing the air pressure in the tubes which will need significantly less power and any pressure
losses can be easily compensated by the industrial vacuum pumps that are available now.

And hence the pressure of air in Hyperloop is 100 Pascal, which reduces the drag force
of air by 1000 times and would be equivalent to flying above 150,000 feet altitude. But this
opens a new challenge, Kantrowitz limit.

3.1 Kantrowitz limit

In gas dynamics, the Kantrowitz limit refers to a theoretical concept describing choked
flow at supersonic or near-supersonic velocities. When a fluid flow experiences a reduction in
area, the flow speeds up in order to maintain the same mass-flow rate, per the continuity
equation. If a near supersonic flow experiences an area contraction, the velocity of the flow
will increase until it reaches the local speed of sound, and the flow will be choked. This is the
principle behind the Kantrowitz limit: it is the maximum amount of contraction a flow can
experience before the flow chokes, and the flow speed can no longer be increased above this
limit, independent of changes in upstream or downstream pressure.

Whenever you have a capsule moving at high speed through a tube containing air, there
is a minimum tube to capsule area ratio below which you will choke the flow. What this means
is that if the walls of the tube and the capsule are too close together, the capsule will behave
like a syringe and eventually be forced to push the entire column of air in the system. This was
solved by using axial compressors in front of the capsule. Hyperloop consist of Reduced

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pressure tubes in which pressurized capsules ride on air bearings driven by linear induction
motors and axial compressors.

3.2 Working Principle of Hyperloop

Hyperloop is based on a principle of magnetic levitation. The principle of magnetic

levitation is that a vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a guidance track made with
magnets. The vehicle on top of the track may be propelled with the help of a linear induction
motor.

Fig 3.1: Working Principle of Hyperloop System

In Hyperloop system an air compressor fan is fitted on front side of pod which sucks the air. It
transfers high pressure air front side to the rear side of capsule (pod) and it propels the pod.
(Figure 3.1). This creates an air cushion around the pod, so that the pod is suspended in air
within the tube. On the basis of magnetic levitation principle the pod will be propelled by the
linear induction motor. By the linear induction motor the capsule send from one place to
another place to a subsonic velocity that is slower than the speed of sound. The pod will be
self-powered. There are solar panels fitted on top of the tube.

This solar panel there is enough energy is stored in battery packs to operate at night
and in cloudy weather for some periods. The energy is also is stored in the form of compressed
air. The air between the capsule acts as a cushions to prevent two capsules from colliding
within the tube.
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3.3 COMPONENTS OF HYPERLOOP

1. Tubes
2. Capsules
3. Compressors
4. Propulsion
5. Suspension

3.3.1 TUBES

The tube is made of steel. There are two tubes which are welded together side by side
configuration to allow the capsules to travel in both directions (Figure 3.2). The tube will be
supported by pillars. Solar arrays are provided on a top of the tubes to power the entire system.

Fig 3.2: Hyperloop capsule in tube cutaway with attached solar arrays

A specifically designed cleaning and boring machine will make it possible to surface finish the
inside of the tube and welded joints for a better gliding surface. In addition, safety emergency
exits and pressurization ports will be added in key locations along the length of the tube. A
tube wall thickness between 20 to 23 mm is necessary to provide sufficient strength for the
load cases considered in this study. These cases included, but were not limited to, pressure

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differential bending and buckling between pillars, loading due to the capsule weight and
acceleration, as well as seismic considerations.

In order to keep cost to a minimum, a uniform thickness steel tube reinforced with
stringers was selected as the material of choice for the inner diameter tube. Tube sections would
be pre-fabricated and installed between pillars supports spaced 100 ft (30 m) on average,
varying slightly depending on location. This relatively short span allows keeping tube material
cost and deflection to a minimum.

3.3.2 CAPSULES

Just like train have bogeys and engine Hyperloop have capsules, for increasing speed
and efficiency of capsules certain geometrical changes are brought in capsule design by
minimizing frontal surface area which makes it more comfortable for passengers. The vehicle
is streamlined to reduce drag. Interior design was highly concentrated for comfort of
passengers. The seats are design as to nullify high speed acceleration discomfort produced
during the travel. Entertainment of passengers are kept in mind and modern accessories are
equipped to suffice also passengers will be provided with access to landscape scenery.

Fig 3.3 Hyperloop Capsule

Assuming an average departure time of 2 minutes between capsules, a minimum of 28

passengers per capsule are required to meet 840 passengers per hour. It is possible to further
increase the Hyperloop capacity by reducing the time between departures. The current
baseline requires up to 40 capsules in activity during rush hour, 6 of which are at the terminals
for loading and unloading of the passengers in approximately 5 minutes.

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3.3.3 COMPRESSORS

Since need of vacuum was not sufficed in tube, capsule travelling in low pressure tube
accumulates air on its front side, which is further compressed by motion of capsule, this
compressed air will resist motion of capsule decreasing its velocity, forming a choke inside the
tube and eventually stopping it. Compressor fans were introduced to nullify effect of
Kantrowitz limit. Another important feature of the capsule is the onboard compressor, which
serves two purposes. This system allows the capsule to traverse the relatively narrow tube
without choking flow that travels between the capsule and the tube walls (resulting in a build-
up of air mass in front of the capsule and increasing the drag) by compressing air that is
bypassed through the capsule. It also supplies air to air bearings that support the weight of the
capsule throughout the journey.

3.3.4 PROPULSION

Hyperloop requires a propelling machine. And thus, linear induction motor is used in
Hyperloop, the same motor used in tesla cars which in Hyperloop can produce velocity of
20000 meter per second. The moving motor element (rotor) will be located on the vehicle for
weight savings and power requirements while the tube will incorporate the stationary motor
element (stator) which powers the vehicle.

Fig 3.4: Linear Induction Motor

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3.3.5 SUSPENSION

Suspending the capsule within the tube presents a substantial technical challenge due
to transonic cruising velocities. Conventional wheel and axle systems become impractical at
high speed due frictional losses and dynamic instability. A viable technical solution is magnetic
levitation; however the cost associated with material and construction is prohibitive. An
alternative to these conventional options is an air bearing suspension. Air bearings offer
stability and extremely low drag at a feasible cost by exploiting the ambient atmosphere in the
tube. Air bearing suspension offers stability and extremely low drag at a feasible cost. A stiff
air bearing suspension is superb for reliability and safety. When there is a gap between ski and
tube walls is high then it shows the nonlinear reaction and which results in large restoring
pressure.

Fig 3.5: Air Suspension

Externally pressurized and aerodynamic air bearings are well suited for the Hyperloop due to
exceptionally high stiffness, which is required to maintain stability at high speeds. When the
gap height between a ski and the tube wall is reduced, the flow field in the gap exhibits a highly
non-linear reaction resulting in large restoring pressures. The increased pressure pushes the ski
away from the wall, allowing it to return to its nominal ride height. While a stiff air bearing
suspension is superb for reliability and safety, it could create considerable discomfort for
passengers onboard. To account for this, each ski is integrated into an independent mechanical
suspension, ensuring a smooth ride for passengers. The capsule may also include traditional
deployable wheels similar to aircraft landing gear for ease of movement at speeds under 100
mph (160 kph) and as a component of the overall safety system.

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CHAPTER 4

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

4.1 ADVANTAGES

1. It saves the travelling time.

2. There is no problem of traffic.
3. It is powered by the solar panel.
4. It can travel in any kind of weather.
5. Cost of Hyperloop is low.
6. Not disruptive to those along the route.
7. More convenient.
8. Resistance to earthquake.
9. Pollution Free
10. Light Weight
11. Weight ¼ for the Same Strength
12. Corrosion & Chemical Resistance
13. Excellent Elastic Properties
14. Extremely Strong
15. High Speed of 760mph

4.2 DISADVANTAGES

1. Turning will be critical.

2. Less movable space for passenger.
3. High speed might cause dizziness in some passenger.
4. Punctured tunnel could cause shockwaves.
5. High Cost of Fabrication.
6. Complex repair procedure.
7. Compressive strength not dependable.

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CHAPTER 5

PRESENT WORK
The idea of Hyperloop was first proposed for route between San Francisco, California
and Los Angeles in 35 minutes. This requirement tends to size other portions of the system.
Given the performance specification of the Hyperloop, a route has been devised to satisfy this
design requirement. Since Hyperloop is considered an open source transportation concept. The
authors encourage all members of the community to contribute to the Hyperloop design
process. And the three leading companies that are working on the Hyperloop concept are,

1. Virgin Hyperloop one

2. Hyperloop Transportation Technology
3. Transpod Hyperloop

All three companies have built their capsules and have successfully tested them. Virgin
Hyperloop was the first one to test the concept and hence the name one.

Virgin Hyperloop one has made preliminary agreements with U.S, India and U.A.E to
build Hyperloop systems connecting major cities (Figure 5.1).

Fig 5.1: Travel Times from MUMBAI to PUNE

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
The Train of future is reviewed in this paper. This technology can reduce travel time
between Los Angeles and San Francisco up till 35 minutes, Mumbai and Pune in 13 minutes.
The Hyperloop is at development stage in future the price will be much lower than present
price. Hyperloop transportation system can be used over the conventional modes of
transportation that are rail, road, water and air. At very high speed it provides better comfort
and cost is also low. By reducing the pressure of the air in the tube which reduces simple air
drag and enables the capsule to move faster than through a tube at atmospheric pressure. As it
has number of advantages it will very help full for transport public as well as goods in a very
short period of time (at a top speed of 1220 kmph) and also in lower cost. Conventional means
of transportation (road, water, air, and rail) tend to be some mix-off expensive, slow, and
environmentally harmful. Road travel is particularly problematic, given carbon emissions and
the fluctuating price of oil. As the environmental dangers of energy consumption continue to
worsen. Rail travel is relatively energy efficient and offers the most environmentally friendly
option, but is too slow and expensive to be massively adopted. These problems are solved by
Hyperloop. Hyperloop is the next big thing in the transport sector and with many companies
developing this concept, we can expect the next big thing very soon. Hyperloop systems are
expected to be launched by 2021.

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CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES
[1] E.E. Dudnikov, “Advantages of a New Hyperloop Transport Technology” 978-1-5386-
0798-2017 IEEE.

[2] Ryan Janzen, “TransPod Ultra-High-Speed Tube Transportation: Dynamics of Vehicles

and Infrastructure”, 1877-7058, 2017-Published by Elsevier Ltd

[3] Ahmed S. Abdelrahman, Jawwad Sayeed, Mohamed Z. Youssef, “Hyperloop

Transportation System: Analysis, Design, Control and Implementation”, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, 2017

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