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Lecture PDF

This document discusses test and measurement instruments. It describes analog instruments that have a scale and movable pointer, and digital instruments that use logic circuits to display a numerical reading. The key types of instruments are indicating, recording, and controlling. An electronic instrument has a transducer, signal modifier, and indicating device. Measurement standards include international, primary, secondary, and working standards. The D'Arsonval meter is described as a common current-responding device. Characteristics like full-scale deflection current and internal resistance are defined. Circuits for ammeters, voltmeters and ohmmeters are shown. Sources of ammeter error are insertion error and calibration error.

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Brea Tanya
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75 views

Lecture PDF

This document discusses test and measurement instruments. It describes analog instruments that have a scale and movable pointer, and digital instruments that use logic circuits to display a numerical reading. The key types of instruments are indicating, recording, and controlling. An electronic instrument has a transducer, signal modifier, and indicating device. Measurement standards include international, primary, secondary, and working standards. The D'Arsonval meter is described as a common current-responding device. Characteristics like full-scale deflection current and internal resistance are defined. Circuits for ammeters, voltmeters and ohmmeters are shown. Sources of ammeter error are insertion error and calibration error.

Uploaded by

Brea Tanya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TEST AND

MEASUREMENT
E C E 5 2 2 E – E L E C T R O N I C I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N
AND MEASUREMENT
INTRODUCTION

Tests and measurements are important in


designing, evaluating, maintaining and servicing electrical
circuits and equipment.
ANALOG INSTRUMENTS
These are deflection
type instruments with a
scale and movable
pointer.
ANALOG INSTRUMENTS
Two types of Scale:
✓ Linear Scale- where the
divisions or graduations
are evenly spaced.
✓ Non-linear Scale- where
the scale is cramped at
the beginning and the
graduations are uneven
throughout the range.
DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS
Those instruments which use
logic circuits and techniques
to obtain a measurement and
then display it in numerical-
reading (digital) form.
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
INSTRUMENTS OVER ANALOG
✓easy readability
✓greater accuracy
✓better resolution
✓automatic polarity and zeroing
FUNCTIONS OF INSTRUMENTS:
✓Indicating Instruments- these are the
instruments which indicate the instantaneous value
of quantity being measured, at the time it is being
measured.
✓Recording Instruments- such instruments
provide a graphic record of the variations in the
quantity being measured over a selected period of
time.
FUNCTIONS OF INSTRUMENTS:
✓Controlling Instruments- these are widely used
in industrial processes. Their function is to control
the quantity being measured with the help of
information feed back to them by monitoring
devices.
ESSENTIALS OF AN ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT
ESSENTIALS OF AN ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT
• Transducer - it is the first sensing element and is required
only when measuring a non-electrical quantity.
• Signal Modifier - it is the second element and its function is
to make the incoming signal suitable for application to the
indicating device.
• Indicating device - for general purpose instruments like
voltmeters, ammeters or ohm meters, the indicating device is
usually a deflection type meter.
MEASUREMENT STANDARDS
✓International Standards- these are defined by
international agreement and are maintained at the
international Bureau of Weights and Measurements in Paris.

✓Primary Standards- these are maintained at national


standards laboratories in each country. They are not
available for use outside these laboratories. Their principal
function is to calibrate and verify the secondary standards
used in industry.
MEASUREMENT STANDARDS
✓Secondary Standards- These are the basic reference
standards used by industrial laboratories and are
maintained by the particular industry to which they belong.
They are periodically sent to national laboratory for
calibration and verification against primary standards.

✓Working Standards- These are the main tools of a


measurement laboratory and are used to check and
calibrate the instrument used in the laboratory.
D’ ARSONVAL METER
✓It is also known as permanent-magnet moving-coil
(PMMC)
✓This meter movement works on
the motor principle and is a
current-responding device. The
deflection of the pointer is
directly proportional to the
amount of current passing through
the coil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PMMC
➢Full-scale Deflection Current (𝑰𝑭𝑺 )- it is the current
needed to deflect the pointer all the way to the right to
the last mark on the calibrated scale.
Typical values of 𝑰𝑭𝑺 for D’ Arsonval movement vary from
2 μA to 30 mA.

➢Internal Resistance (𝑹𝒎 )- It is the dc ohmic resistance


of the wire of the moving coil.
Typical values of 𝑹𝒎 range from 1.2 Ω for a 30 mA
movement to 2 kΩ for a 50 μA movement.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PMMC
• Sensitivity (𝑺)- It is also known as current sensitivity or
sensitivity factor. It is given by the reciprocal of full- scale
deflection current 𝑰𝑭𝑺 .

1
𝑆= 𝑜ℎ𝑚/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐼𝐹𝑆
EXAMPLE 1:
Solve for the sensitivity of a 50 𝜇𝐴 meter
movement.

Ans. 20 𝑘Ω/V
SEATWORK 1:
Given a sensitivity of 16 𝑘Ω/V, solve for the
full-scale deflection current.

Ans. 62.5 μ𝐴
VARIATIONS OF BASIC METER
MOVEMENT
The basic moving-coil system can be converted into an
instrument to measure dc as well as ac quantities like
current, voltage and resistance etc.
SEATWORK 2:
Identify each circuit drawn whether it is a/an:
a. Ammeter
b. Voltmeter
c. Ohmmeter
DC AMMETER
The basic meter movement can carry a maximum
current of 𝑰𝑭𝑺 , its full-scale deflection current.
However, its current range can be increased to any
value by connecting a low resistance in parallel with it.
This resistance is called a shunt.
❖ NOTE:
The shunted meter works as an ammeter with an
extended range.
MULTIPLYING FACTOR/POWER
𝐼𝑇
𝑛=
𝐼𝐹𝑆

This means that a shunt allows the meter to measure


current 𝐼𝑇 which is n times larger than 𝐼𝐹𝑆 .
EXAMPLE 2:
It is required to convert a 5-mA meter with 20 Ω
internal resistance into a 5-A ammeter. Calculate (a)
the value of shunt resistance required (b) multiplying
factor of the shunt.

Ans. 0.02 Ω & 1000


SWITCH SHUNT

It is also known as the universal shunt. Through


this, we can obtain a multirange ammeter.
AYRTON SHUNT
It is called ‘add on’ method of shunting the meter
because resistances can be added one after another
for changing the range. It basically increases the range
of ranges.
AMMETER ERROR
✓Insertion Error – caused by internal resistance
✓Calibration Error – (in terms of full scale)
greatest inaccuracy that will occur for small
detection
If not given, use:
𝑪𝒆𝒓𝒓 = ±𝟑% 𝑰𝑭𝑺
EXAMPLE 3:
An ammeter having a resistance of 20Ω, gives a full
scale deflection when the current is 1mA. Upon
measuring the current of a resistor in a circuit, the
ammeter reads 0.35mA. If the ammeter has a
calibration error of ±5%, what is the range of values
of the current?

Ans. 0.3mA – 0.4mA

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